Deprecated: The each() function is deprecated. This message will be suppressed on further calls in /home/zhenxiangba/zhenxiangba.com/public_html/phproxy-improved-master/index.php on line 456
% pf.sty % % last modified on Mon Jul 13 15:55:55 1992 by lamport %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % THE pf STYLE % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % CONTENTS % 1. Introduction % 2. The Basic Commands % 3. Different Styles of Numbering % 4. Indentation % 5. Assumptions % 6. Portions of a Proof % 7. Conjunctions and Disjunctions % 8. Miscellany % 9. List of all Commands and Environments % % 1. INTRODUCTION % % The pf style provides commands and environments for typesetting % hierarchically structured proofs. Below is an example of what % such a proof looks like, and the commands that generate it. % The commands are explained individually below. Then % % THE OUTPUT THE INPUT % ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ % Any text... Any text % \begin{proof} % 1. Text of step 1. \step{label-1}{Text of step 1.} % \begin{proof} % 1.1. Text of step. \step{label-1.1}{Text of step} % \begin{proof} % Proof: Paragraph \pf\ Paragraph proof.~\qed % proof. [] \end{proof} % % 1.2. Text of step. \step{label-1.2}{Text of step.} % \begin{proof} % Proof: Paragraph \pf\ Paragraph proof.~\qed % proof. [] \end{proof} % % 1.3. QED \qedstep % \begin{proof} % 1.3.1. Text of step \step{label-1.3.1}{Text...} % Proof: ... [] \begin{proof} ... \end{proof} % % 1.3.2. QED \qedstep % Proof: ... \begin{proof}...\end{proof} % \end{proof} % \end{proof} % % 2. Text of step 2. \step{label-2}{Text of step 2.} % Proof: ... \begin{proof} \pf\ ... \end{proof} % % 3. QED \qedstep % Proof: ... \begin{proof} \pf\ ... \end{proof} % % % The best way to read such proofs is hierarchically. To find out % how, search below for the \pfhidelevel command and the \hideqedproof % command. % % % 2. THE BASIC COMMANDS % % The proof Environment: % Increments the proof depth, and indents the enclosed text the % appropriate amount. For example, if the proof environment follows a % \step command that produces step number 2.6.7, then the first \step % command inside the environment will produce step number 2.6.7.1. % % \step{LABEL}{TEXT} % This command produces a proof step such as % 2.6.7.1. TEXT % The step number 2.6.7.1 is determined by the position of the \step % command in the proof. The LABEL is a symbol label used to refer to the % step number. A subsequent \stepref{LABEL} command will generate the % step number 2.6.7.1. The same LABEL may be re-used, but % not in a context where it is legal to refer to a previous step with the % same label. (See the discussion of step numbering below.) % % This command is equivalent to % \begin{step+}{LABEL} % TEXT % \end{step+} % The step+ environment form is more convenient if TEXT is long or % complicated. % % \qedstep % This command produces something like % % 2.6.7.5. QED % % If the proof of step 2.6.7 is a sequence of steps (rather than a % paragraph proof), then the last step in its proof is normally of this % form. The "QED" in the statement simply denotes the current % goal---what must be proved to prove step 2.6.7. The proof of this QED % step will be followed immediately by the % \end{proof} command that ends the proof of step 2.6.7. % % The pf style does not enforce this method of structuring proofs; % the proof of statement 2.6.7 could end with an ordinary \step % command. % % \pf, \qed % These are simple text-producing commands that normally begin and end a % paragraph-style proof. However, they are not required. Remember to % put a "\ " after the \pf command, and to tie the \qed command to the % last word of the proof with a "~". % % \pfsketch % % An intuitive prook sketch often introduces a multi-step proof, as in % % 1.3. All odd numbers are prime. % Proof sketch: The proof is by induction, with the % base case proved in step 1 and the induction step in % step 2. % 1.3.1. The number 1 is a prime. % Proof: ... % 1.3.2. If n is an odd prime, then n+2 is prime. % Proof: ... % 1.3.3. QED % Proof: 1.3.1, 1.3.2, and mathematical induction. % % This is entered as % % \step{label-1.3}{All odd numbers are prime} % \begin{proof} % \pfsketch\ The proof is by induction... % \step{label-1.3.2}{The number 1 is a prime} % ... % \end{proof} % % The \pfsketch command is, like \pf, just produces the text. It isn't % required by the pf style. % % % 3. DIFFERENT STYLES OF NUMBERING % % In the long style of proof numbering, a step number is something like % 2.6.7.5, meaning that it is the fifth step in the proof of statement % 2.6.7, which is the seventh step in the proof of statement 2.6, which % is... Statement 2.6.7.5 has the short name <4>5, meaning it is the % fifth statement in the current level-4 proof. Numbering style is % controlled by the commands % % \pfshortnumbers{N} : Use short step numbers for all levels % >= N (Default is N = 1, using only short % numbers. % % These are local declarations that obey the usual scoping rules. Thus, % putting a \pfshortnumbers declarations right after a \begin{proof} % command causes all steps in that proof to have short numbers. % % Steps 2.6.7.5, 2.6.6.5, and 4.9.1.5 all have the same short numbers % <4>5. However, no ambiguity arises from the use of short numbers % because at most one of these steps can be mentioned at any point in a % proof. Let the ANCESTORS of step 2.6.7.5 be steps 2.6.7, 2.6, and 2. % Let the ELDER SIBLINGS of step 2.6.7.5 be steps 2.6.7.1, 2.6.7.2, % 2.6.7.3, and 2.6.7.4. The proof statement 2.6.7.5 may refer only % to steps in the following two sets: % (i) The elder siblings of itself and of its ancestors. % (ii) Itself and its ancestors. % The steps in (i) are the previously-proved assertions that can be used % in the proof of 2.6.7.5. The assumptions of the steps in (ii) are the % ones that are being assumed in the proof. (Assumptions are discussed % below.) % % The command \stepref{LABEL} anywhere in the proof of step 2.6.7.5 (or in % the step itself) produces the step number of a step lying in sets (i) % or (ii) having LABEL as its label (the first argument of its \step % command). An error message is generated if the \step command has a % label that is the label of a step in set (i) or (ii). % % Note that the last step of a proof is never an elder sibling, so it % can't be in the set (i) for any statement. A QED-step has no % assumptions, so it can't be in the set (ii) for any statement. That is % why the \qedstep command does not specify a label. Actually, \qedstep % is defined to equal \label{qedstepN}{...}, where N is the current %. level number. Thus, an error will be generated if two \qedstep commands % occur in the same proof, since they will have the same labels. % % Short step numbers are really nice. They take up less space and are % easier to read. They are the preferred form for long proofs. However, % long step numbers are better for referring to a proof step from outside % the proof. The pf style allows you to print the long numbers of steps as % marginal notes, something like % % Theorem: ... % ... % 2.4.5.6. <4>6. All odd numbers greater than 2 are prime. % 2.4.5.6.1. <5>1. The number 3 is prime. % ... % % (The long numbers are printed in a smaller font, so it looks % better than you'd guess from this.) The relevant commands are: % % \pfsidenumbers{N}{D} % Print side numbers for proof steps of all levels \geq N, left-aligned % a distance D to the left of the left margin of the text. % % \pfnosidenumbers % Do not print side numbers (the default) % % % 4. INDENTATION % % There are two styles of indentation: % % Long Style % 1. XXXXX % 1.1. XXXXX % 1.1.1. XXXXX % 1.1.1.1. XXXX % Proof: ... % % Short Style % 1. XXXXX % 1.1. XXXXX % 1.1.1. XXXXX % 1.1.1.1. XXXX % Proof: ... % % In the long style, the proof of a statement lines up with the text of % the statement. In the short form, each level is indented the same % distance from the next higher level. The relevant declarations % are % % \pflongindent % Indent proofs to full width of item label % % \pfshortindent % Indent proofs by the length parameter \pfindent (the default) % % % 5. ASSUMPTIONS % % A common form of a step is % % <4>5. Assume: 1. n is an odd number % 2. n > 2 % Prove: n is prime % % This asserts that the Prove clause follows from the Assume clause. The % "QED" at the end of the proof of this step refers to the Prove clause. % The input to produce this is % % \step{label-4.5}{ % \assume{\begin{enumerate} % \item $n$ is an odd number % \item $n>2$ % \end{enumumerate}} % \prove{$n$ is prime}} % % The relevant command syntax is % % \assume{TEXT} % \prove{TEXT} % % The formatting of the enumerate environment is changed to work % propertly inside a proof environment. (It is actually redefined % to be the pfenum environment, described far below.) Note that % \label and \ref command for subitem b of item 3 produces the label % "3b". Note: there is an enumerate* environment that is like % enumerate, except it indents the items. % % % Another form of assumption is a Case assumption. The statement % % <5>1. Case: n is of the form 4n+1 % % means % % <5>1. Assume: n is of the form 4n+1 % Prove: QED % % where QED is the current goal. A proof by cases is structured % as follows % % <4>5. Assume: 1. n is an odd number % 2. n > 2 % Prove: n is prime % % <5>1. Assume: n equals 4m+1 for some m % Prove: QED % Proof: ... [] % % <5>2. Assume: n equals 4m+3 for some m % Prove: QED % Proof: ... [] % % <5>3. QED % Proof: By <5>1, <5>2, and assumption <4>.2 (which % states that n is odd), since any odd number has % the form 4m+1 or 4m+3. [] % % A case assumption is produced with a \case command, which works like % \assume and \prove. It has the syntax % % \case{TEXT} % % Corresponding to the \assume, \prove, and \case commands are % the assume+, prove+, and case+ environments. For example, \prove{TEXT} % is equivalent to \begin{prove+} TEXT \end{prove+} % % Note the reference, in the proof of <5>3, to the second conjunct of the % Assume clause in statement <4>5 as "assumption <4>.2". Since a proof % of a step can only use assumptions in that step or its ancestors, a % level number suffices to identify an assumption. The Assume clause of % statement <4>5 is called "assumption <4>". The ".2" refers to the % second item in that clause. As mentioned below, this use of ".2" to % refer to the second component of a conjunction can be used % in other circumstances as well. % % When long numbering is used, assumptions must be referred to by the % name of the statement containing the assumption. Thus, "assumption % 2.6.7.5.2" could potentially mean either the Assume clause of statement % 2.6.7.5.2, or the second item in the Assume clause of 2.6.7.5. One way % to remove the ambiguity is to use something other than "." in long step % numbers. The possibilities 2:6:7:5 and 2-6-7-5 don't look too good; % the best alternative to "." seems to be a raised period ($\cdot$). The % "." is changed by redefining \pfdot, as described below. Assumptions % are referred to with the following commands: % % \levelref{LABEL} % If \stepref{LABEL} produces <4>5, then \levelref{label} % produces <4>. % If \stepref{LABEL} produces 2.6.7.5, then \levelref{label} also % produces 2.6.7.5. % % \toplevel % If \stepref{LABEL} produces <4>5, then \toplevel % produces "<0>". % If \stepref{LABEL} produces 2.6.7.5, then \toplevel % produces "0". % % % 6. PORTIONS OF A PROOF % % You may want to format only part of a proof--for example, you might % want to write the proof of statement 2.1.3 as a separate proof. You'd % want something like % % 2.1.3. All odd numbers are prime. % 2.1.3.1. ... % % To do this, first imagine the shortest proof you can that has a % statement numbered 2.1.3: % % 1. X % 2. X % 2.1. X % 2.1.1. X % 2.1.2. X % 2.1.3. All odd numbers are prime. % 2.1.3.1. ... % % Write this using the \step command and prove environment. Now, change % every \step{LABEL}{X} command to \nostep{LABEL}, and change the proof % environments surrounding the proofs of steps 2 and 2.1 by noproof % environments. This yields % % \begin{proof} % \nostep{label-1} % \nostep{label-2} % \begin{noproof} % \nostep{label-2.1} % \begin{noproof} % \nostep{label-2.1.1} % \nostep{label-2.1.2} % % \step{label-2.1.3} All oddnumbers are prime % \begin{proof} % \step{label-2.1.3.1} ... % \end{proof} % \end{noproof} % \end{noproof} % \end{proof} % % which produces the desired result. Note that the labels of the \nostep % commands can be used to refer to the corresponding step numbers. % % 7. CONJUNCTIONS AND DISJUNCTIONS % % It is very convenient to write conjunctions as lists bulleted by \land. % This is done with the conj environment, where % % $X = \begin{conj} PRODUCES X = /\ A % A \\ B \\ C /\ B % \end{conj}$ /\ C % % The conj* environment is similar, except it numbers the conjuncts. % % $X = \begin{conj*} PRODUCES X = 1./\ A % A \\ B \\ C 2./\ B % \end{conj*}$ 3./\ C % % If X is defined in this way, then X.2 denotes the formula B. % % The disj and disj* environments are similar. Disjuncts % are numbered a, b, c % % These environments are implemented with the array environment. % They should nest properly. They can be used only in math mode. % % % 8. MISCELLANY % % \pfhidelevel{N} : A counter that controls what levels of proof % are shown. The command \setcounter{pfhidelevel}{2} causes % only level-1 and level-2 steps to be printed, and the proofs % of level-2 steps (including all level-3 and higher steps) % to be omitted. The default value of the counter is very large. % The value of the counter should always be positive. % % \unhideqedproof % \hideqedproof : Used in conjunction with the pfhidelevel counter. % The \unhideqedproof command causes one extra level of proof % to be displayed for the lowest level \qedstep. The \hideqedproof % returns to the default of not showing this extra level. % % \pflet : like \prove and \assume, but with keyword "Let" % % \kwfont : Selects the font for the keywords "Proof", "Assume", % "Prove", and "Case". Default is \sc; you can % change it by something like \renewcommand{\kwfont}{\em} % % \pfdot : Defines the "." in long step numbers. Try % \renewcommand{\pfdot}{\mbox{$\cdot$}} for variety. % % \pfindent : The amount by which proof levels are indented in % the short indent option. Changed with \setlength. % This is a local declaration. % % \pfstepnumber{LEVEL}{NUMBER}{LONGNUMBER} : % Generates either NUMBER or LONGNUMBER, depending % on the numbering style in effect. % % \pflevelnumber{LEVEL}{LONGNUMBER} : % Generates either or LONGNUMBER, depending % on the numbering style in effect. % % The following parameters control vertical spacing. % % \pftopsep : space above first proof environment % \pfbotsep : space below first proof environment % \pfsep : space above and below inner proof environment % \stepsep : space above and below proof step % % The last two are set to zero, and probably should remain there. It % might be desirable to have vertical spacing depend more finely on the % level number. This can be done using the \makefcn command (see far % below), and will be if there seems to be a need. However, % zero extra vertical spacing seems to be fine. % % \pf, \qed, \pfsketch : Described above. Can be changed with % \renewcommand % % % 9. LIST OF ALL COMMANDS AND ENVIRONMENTS % % Text-Producting Commands Environments % \pf, \pfsketch proof % \qed noproof % \step step+ [version of \step] % \nostep assume+ [version of \assume] % \qedstep prove+ [version of \prove] % \assume case+ [version of \case] % \prove conj, conj* % \pflet disj, disj* % \case pfenum, enumerate* % \pfdot ["." in long names] % \stepref, \levelref, \toplevel % \pfstepnumber, \pflevelnumber % % Declarations % \kwfont [keyword font] % \pfshortnumbers % \pfsidenumbers, \pfnosidenumbers % \pflongindent, \pfshortindent % \pfindent % \pftopsep, \pfbotsep % \pfsep, \stepsep %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % SPACING % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % COMMANDS % \pflongindent == Indent proofs to full width of item label % \pfshortindent == Indent proofs by \pfindent [the default] \newif\if@pfLongIndent % true if indent proof to width of label. \@pfLongIndentfalse \newcommand{\pflongindent}{\@pfLongIndenttrue} \newcommand{\pfshortindent}{\@pfLongIndentfalse} % PARAMETERS % \pfindent == indentation at beginning of a proof % \pftopsep == space above first proof environment % \pfbotsep == space below first proof environment % \pfsep == space above and below inner proof environment % \stepsep == space above and below proof step % pfhidelevel == counter, specifying level at which proofs are hidden \newlength{\pfindent} \newlength{\pftopsep} \newlength{\pfbotsep} \newlength{\pfsep} \newlength{\stepsep} \newbox{\pfbox} \newcounter{pfhidelevel} \setcounter{pfhidelevel}{9999} \newcommand{\pfhidelevel}[1]{\setcounter{pfhidelevel}{#1}} \setlength{\pfindent}{1em} \setlength{\pftopsep}{1ex} % space above first proof environment \setlength{\pfbotsep}{1ex} % space below first proof environment \setlength{\pfsep}{0pt} % space above and below inner proof environment \setlength{\stepsep}{0pt} % space above and below proof step %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % STEP NUMBERING % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % COMMANDS % \pfshortnumbers{N} == Use short step numbers for all levels >= N % % \pfsidenumbers{N}{D} == print side numbers for proof steps of all % levels >= N, left-aligned length D % to left of left margin % \pfnosidenumbers == do not print side numbers (the default) %\newcommand{\pflongnumbers}{\@pfLongNumberstrue} \newcommand{\pfshortnumbers}[1]{\pfshortNumberLevel=#1\relax} \newcount\pfshortNumberLevel \pfshortNumberLevel=0 % \@pfLongNumbersfalse} % \newif\if@pfLongNumbers % true if indent proof to width of label. %\@pfLongNumbersfalse \newcommand{\pfstepnumber}[3]{% \ifnum \pfLevelCount < \pfshortNumberLevel #3% \else $\langle#1\rangle#2$% \fi} \newcommand{\pflevelnumber}[2]{% \ifnum \pfLevelCount < \pfshortNumberLevel #2% \else $\langle#1\rangle$% \fi} \newif\if@pfSideNumbers % true if putting long numbers at margin \@pfSideNumbersfalse \newcounter{pf@sidenumberdepth} \newlength{\pf@sidenumberoutdent} \newcommand{\pfsidenumbers}[2]{\@pfSideNumberstrue \setcounter{pf@sidenumberdepth}{#1}% \addtocounter{pf@sidenumberdepth}{-1}% \setlength{\pf@sidenumberoutdent}{#2}} \newcommand{\pfnosidenumbers}{\@pfSideNumbersfalse} \newcount\pfLevelCount \pfLevelCount=0 % current level number \newcount\pfStepCount \pfStepCount=0 % current step number \newcommand{\pfLongLevel}{} % The long version of current level--e.g., 2.7.5 \newcommand{\pfLongStep}{} % The long version of current step--e.g., 2.7.5.2 \newcommand{\pfStepName}{} % {current level name}{current step name} % \pfSetName == LongStep := current long step name % StepName := current step name \newcommand{\pfSetName}{% \edef\pfLongStep{% \ifnum\pfLevelCount>\@ne \pfLongLevel\pfdot\the\pfStepCount \else\the\pfStepCount\fi}% \edef\pfStepName{% \ifnum \pfLevelCount < \pfshortNumberLevel {\pfLongStep}{\pfLongStep}% \else {$\langle\the\pfLevelCount\rangle$}% {$\langle\the\pfLevelCount\rangle\the\pfStepCount$}% \fi}} % \pfSetRef{foo} == IF \pf@foo UNDEFINED % THEN \pf@foo := StepName % ELSE WARNING \newcommand{\pfSetRef}[1]{% \@ifundefined{pf@#1}% {\expandafter \edef\csname pf@#1\endcsname{\pfStepName}}% {\typeout{WARNING: proof step "#1" (<\the\pfLevelCount>\the\pfStepCount) already defined}}% } \newcommand{\pfPrintStepNumber}[2]{#2} \newcommand{\pfPrintLevelNumber}[2]{#1} % \stepref{FOO} == Print \pf@FOO as a step number \newcommand{\stepref}[1]{\@ifundefined{pf@#1}{{\bf ??}\typeout{WARNING: proof step "#1" undefined}}{\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \pfPrintStepNumber\csname pf@#1\endcsname}} \newcommand{\levelref}[1]{\@ifundefined{pf@#1}{{\bf ??}\typeout{WARNING: proof step #1 undefined}}% {\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter \pfPrintLevelNumber\csname pf@#1\endcsname}} \newcommand{\toplevel}{\pflevelnumber{0}{0}} \newlength{\pf@outdent} \newcommand{\pfSideNumber}{% \if@pfSideNumbers \ifnum\pfLevelCount>\value{pf@sidenumberdepth}% \hspace*{-\pf@outdent}% \makebox[0pt][l]{\footnotesize\pfLongStep}% \hspace*{\pf@outdent}% \else\fi \else\fi} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % THE pflist ENVIRONMENT % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % %% The pflist environment is the same as list environment except %% it can be nested deeper. \def\pflist#1#2{\ifnum \@listdepth >15\relax \@toodeep \else \global\advance\@listdepth\@ne \fi \rightmargin \z@ \listparindent\z@ \itemindent\z@ \csname @list\romannumeral\the\@listdepth\endcsname \def\@itemlabel{#1}\let\makelabel\@mklab \@nmbrlistfalse #2\relax \@trivlist \parskip\parsep \parindent\listparindent \advance\linewidth -\rightmargin \advance\linewidth -\leftmargin \advance\@totalleftmargin \leftmargin \parshape \@ne \@totalleftmargin \linewidth \ignorespaces} \def\endpflist{\global\advance\@listdepth\m@ne \endtrivlist} \let\@listvii=\@listv \let\@listviii=\@listv \let\@listix=\@listv \let\@listx=\@listv \let\@listxi=\@listv \let\@listxii=\@listv \let\@listxiii=\@listv \let\@listxiv=\@listv \let\@listxv=\@listv \let\@listxvi=\@listv %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % THE proof ENVIRONMENT % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % \newenvironment{proof}{% BEGIN: \edef\pfLongLevel % LongLevel := {\ifnum\pfLevelCount>\z@ % IF LevelCount > 0 \ifnum\pfLevelCount>\@ne% THEN IF LevelCount > 1 \pfLongLevel\pfdot\else\fi % THEN LongLevel * "." FI \the\pfStepCount % * StepCount \else\fi}% % ELSE FI \advance\pfLevelCount\@ne % LevelCount := LevelCount + 1 \@tempcnta=\value{pfhidelevel}% \ifnum\@tempcnta<\@ne \setcounter{pfhidelevel}{1}% \typeout{WARNING: pfhidelevel < 1, setting to 1}% \@tempcnta=\@ne\fi \advance\@tempcnta\@ne \if@qedstep \advance\@tempcnta\@ne \ifnum\pfLevelCount = \@tempcnta \sbox{\pfbox}\bgroup\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}\fi \else \ifnum\pfLevelCount = \@tempcnta \sbox{\pfbox}\bgroup\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}\fi\fi \pfStepCount=\z@ % StepCount := 0 \ifnum\pfLevelCount>\@ne % IF LevelCount > 1 \begin{pflist}{}{% % THEN Begin List with \topsep=\pfsep\relax % \topsep := \pfsep \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 \if@pfLongIndent % IF LongIndent \settowidth{\leftmargin}%% THEN {\expandafter % \leftmargin := width of step name \pfPrintStepNumber % + \labelsep \pfStepName.}% \advance\leftmargin \labelsep \else % ELSE \leftmargin=\pfindent % \leftmargin := \pfindent \fi\relax } \item[] \else \par % ELSE \par \addvspace{\pftopsep}% % addvspace of \pftopsep \parindent=\z@ % \parindent := 0 \parskip = \z@ % \parskip := 0 \@ifundefined{mathindent}{% \abovedisplayskip=\z@ plus .2ex % set display skips \abovedisplayshortskip=\z@ plus .2ex \belowdisplayskip=\z@ plus .2ex \belowdisplayshortskip=\z@ plus .2ex}{% \mathindent=1em}% \let\enumerate\pfenum % enumerate environment <- pfenum \let\endenumerate\endpfenum % \fi \@qedstepfalse }% % END: {\ifnum\pfLevelCount>\@ne % IF LevelCount > 1 \end{pflist}% % THEN End List \else \par % ELSE \par \addvspace{\pfbotsep}% % addvspace of \pfbotsep \fi \@tempcnta=\value{pfhidelevel}% \advance\@tempcnta\@ne \if@qedstep \advance\@tempcnta\@ne \ifnum\pfLevelCount = \@tempcnta \end{minipage}\egroup\sbox{\pfbox}{}\@qedstepfalse\fi \else \ifnum\pfLevelCount =\@tempcnta \end{minipage} \egroup\sbox{\pfbox}{}\fi \fi} \newenvironment{noproof}{% % BEGIN: \edef\pfLongLevel % LongLevel := {\ifnum\pfLevelCount>\z@ % IF LevelCount > 0 \ifnum\pfLevelCount>\@ne% THEN IF LevelCount > 1 \pfLongLevel.\else\fi % THEN LongLevel * "." FI \the\pfStepCount % * StepCount \else\fi}% % ELSE FI \advance\pfLevelCount\@ne % LevelCount := LevelCount + 1 \pfStepCount=\z@ % StepCount := 0 \par % \par \parindent=\z@ % \parindent := 0 \parskip = \z@ % \parskip := 0 \@ifundefined{mathindent}{% \abovedisplayskip=\z@ plus .2ex % set display skips \abovedisplayshortskip=\z@ plus .2ex \belowdisplayskip=\z@ plus .2ex \belowdisplayshortskip=\z@ plus .2ex}{% \mathindent=1em}% \let\enumerate\pfenum % enumerate environment <- pfenum \let\endenumerate\endpfenum % }% % END: {\par} % \par %% step %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % \step, \assume, ETC. % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % \newcommand{\step}[2]{\begin{step+}{#1}#2\end{step+}} \newif\if@qedstep % true right after a \qedstep if in the scope of an % \unhideqedproof declaration \@qedstepfalse \newif\if@unhideqedstep % set true by \unhideqproof, false by \hideqproof. \@unhideqedstepfalse \newcommand{\unhideqedproof}{\@unhideqedsteptrue} \newcommand{\hideqedproof}{\@unhideqedstepfalse} \newcommand{\qedstep}{\step{qedstep\the\pfLevelCount}{Q.E.D.} \if@unhideqedstep\@qedsteptrue\fi} \newcommand{\nostep}[1]{% \advance\pfStepCount\@ne % StepCount := StepCount + 1 \pfSetName % SetName \pfSetRef{#1}% % SetRef } \newenvironment{step+}[1]% {\endgroup % Move Outside environment scope \advance\pfStepCount\@ne % StepCount := StepCount + 1 \pfSetName % SetName \pfSetRef{#1}% % SetRef \begingroup\@endpefalse % Move inside environment scope \def\@currenvir{step+}% % by simulating \begin{step+} \begin{pflist}{}{% % Begin list environment with \setlength {\pf@outdent}{\textwidth}% % \pf@outdent = outdent \addtolength % for side numbers {\pf@outdent}{-\linewidth}% \addtolength {\pf@outdent}% {\pf@sidenumberoutdent}% \topsep=\stepsep\relax % \topsep := \stepsep \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 \settowidth{\labelwidth}% % \labelwidth := width of step name. {\expandafter \pfPrintStepNumber \pfStepName.}% \leftmargin=\labelwidth\relax % \leftmargin := \labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep % + \labelsep \relax}% \item[\pfSideNumber% % \item[ \pfSideNumber \expandafter % StepNumber] \pfPrintStepNumber\pfStepName.]}% {\end{pflist}} %%%%% \assume, \prove, and \case commands \newenvironment{assume+}{% \begin{pflist}{}{% % Begin list environment with \topsep=\z@ % \topsep := 0 \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 \settowidth{\labelwidth}% % \labelwidth := width "Assume:" {{\kwfont Assume\/}:}% \leftmargin=\labelwidth\relax % \leftmargin := \labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep % + \labelsep \relax}% \item[{\kwfont Assume\/}:]}% % \item[Assume:]] {\end{pflist}} \newcommand{\assume}[1]{\begin{assume+}#1\end{assume+}} \newcommand{\prove}[1]{\begin{prove+}#1\end{prove+}} \newenvironment{prove+}{% \begin{pflist}{}{% % Begin list environment with \topsep=\z@ % \topsep := 0 \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 \settowidth{\labelwidth}% % \labelwidth := width "Assume:" {{\kwfont Assume\/}:}% \leftmargin=\labelwidth\relax % \leftmargin := \labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep % + \labelsep \relax}% \item[{\kwfont Prove\/}:\hfill]}% % \item[Prove:]] {\end{pflist}} \newcommand{\pflet}[1]{\begin{pflet+}#1\end{pflet+}} \newenvironment{pflet+}{% \begin{pflist}{}{% % Begin list environment with \topsep=\z@ % \topsep := 0 \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 \settowidth{\labelwidth}% % \labelwidth := width "Assume:" {{\kwfont Let\/}:}% \leftmargin=\labelwidth\relax % \leftmargin := \labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep % + \labelsep \relax}% \item[{\kwfont Let\/}:\hfill]}% % \item[Let:]] {\end{pflist}} %\newcommand{\prove}[1]{% % \begin{pflist}{}{% % Begin list environment with % \topsep=\z@ % \topsep := 0 % \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 % \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 % \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 % \settowidth{\labelwidth}% % \labelwidth := width "Assume:" % {{\kwfont Assume\/}:}% % \leftmargin=\labelwidth\relax % \leftmargin := \labelwidth % \advance\leftmargin\labelsep % + \labelsep % \relax}% % \item[{\kwfont Prove\/}:\hfill] % \item[Prove:]] % #1 % \end{pflist}} \newcommand{\case}[1]{% \begin{pflist}{}{% % Begin list environment with \topsep=\z@ % \topsep := 0 \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 \settowidth{\labelwidth}% % \labelwidth := width "Case:" {{\kwfont Case\/}:}% \leftmargin=\labelwidth\relax % \leftmargin := \labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep % + \labelsep \relax}% \item[{\kwfont Case\/}:] % \item[Case:]] #1 \end{pflist}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % MISCELLANY % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % \newcommand{\pf}{{\kwfont Proof\/}:} \newcommand{\pfsketch}{{\kwfont Proof sketch\/}:} %\newcommand{\qed}{\rule{.4em}{1.75ex}} \newcommand{\qed}{{\fboxsep=\z@\fbox{\rule{.5em}{0pt}\rule{0pt}{2ex}}}} \let\kwfont=\sc \def\pfdot{.} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % STACKS % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % \@push{\stack}{element} == \stack := <> :o: \stack % \@pop{\stack}{\cmd} == \cmd := head(\stack) % \stack := tail(\stack) % \newstack{\stack} == \stack := emptystack % % \@head{\stack}{\var} == \var := head(\stack) % Note: to push a counter value, use \the\value{ctr} % to push a length \foo, use \the\foo % \def\@push#1#2{{\let\@nil\relax\let\@elt\relax\xdef#1{#2\@elt#1}}} \def\@pop#1#2{{\let\@nil\relax\let\@elt\relax \xdef#2{\expandafter\@innerhead#1} \xdef#1{\expandafter\@innerpop#1}}} \def\@innerpop#1\@elt#2\@nil{#2\@nil} \def\@head#1#2{{\let\@elt\relax\xdef#2{\expandafter\@innerhead#1}}} \def\@innerhead#1\@elt#2\@nil{#1} \def\newstack#1{\gdef#1{\@nil}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % LISTS OF CONJUNCTIONS AND DISJUNCTIONS % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % \begin{conj} -> /\ A % A \\ B \\ C /\ B % \end{conj} /\ C % % \begin{conj*} -> 1./\ A % A \\ B \\ C 2./\ B % \end{conj*} 3./\ C % % The disj and disj* environments are similar. Disjuncts % are numbered a, b, c % % These environments are arrays; they must be used in math mode. \newcounter{pf@conjCounter} % counter for conj* and disj* \newstack\pf@conj % stack of counters \newenvironment{conj}{% \begin{array}[t]{@{\land\;}l@{}}% }{% \end{array}} \newenvironment{disj}{% \begin{array}[t]{@{\lor\;}l@{}}% }{% \end{array}} \newenvironment{conj*}{% \@push\pf@conj{\the\value{pf@conjCounter}}% \setcounter{pf@conjCounter}{0}% \begin{array}[t]{@{\addtocounter{pf@conjCounter}{1}% \mbox{\protect\small\protect\arabic{pf@conjCounter}.} \land\;}l@{}}% }{% \end{array}% \@pop\pf@conj\pf@temp \setcounter{pf@conjCounter}{\pf@temp}} \newenvironment{disj*}{% \@push\pf@conj{\the\value{pf@conjCounter}}% \setcounter{pf@conjCounter}{0}% \begin{array}[t]{@{\addtocounter{pf@conjCounter}{1}% \mbox{\protect\small\protect\alph{pf@conjCounter}.} \lor\;}l@{}}% }{% \end{array}% \@pop\pf@conj\pf@temp \setcounter{pf@conjCounter}{\pf@temp}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % ENUMERATED LISTS % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % pfenum environment : In proofs, the enumerate environment % is redefined to be the pfenum environment % % enumerate* environment : Like pfenum, except with additional % indentation. % % \enumindent : The indentation for enumerate* % pfenumdepth : Depth of current pfenum list % pfenum : pfenum list counter % % Uses counters pfenumi, ... , pfenumiii just like the % ordinary enumerate environment uses counters enumi, ... , enumiv. % \pf@setEnumWidth{\cmd} : Sets \cmd to the width of the label of the % item number 2 for the current enumeration level. % % \pf@enumLabel : prints the current pfenum label, using the % pfenumi... counter. \newcounter{pfenum} \newcounter{pfenumdepth} \newlength{\enumindent} \setlength{\enumindent}{1em} \@definecounter{pfenumi} \@definecounter{pfenumii} \@definecounter{pfenumiii} %\@definecounter{pfenumiv} \def\labelpfenumi{\thepfenumi.} \def\thepfenumi{\arabic{pfenumi}} \def\labelpfenumii{(\thepfenumii)} \def\thepfenumii{\alph{pfenumii}} \def\p@pfenumii{\thepfenumi} \def\labelpfenumiii{\thepfenumiii.} \def\thepfenumiii{\roman{pfenumiii}} \def\p@pfenumiii{\thepfenumi\thepfenumii} %\def\labelpfenumiv{\thepfenumiv.} %\def\thepfenumiv{\Alph{pfenumiv}} %\def\p@pfenumiv{\p@pfenumiii\thepfenumiii} \newcommand{\pf@setEnumWidth}[1]{% \settowidth{#1}{\setcounter{\@pfenumctr}{2}% \csname the\@pfenumctr\endcsname.% \setcounter{\@pfenumctr}{0}}} \newcommand{\pf@enumLabel}{% \hfill\makebox[0pt][r]{\csname the\@pfenumctr\endcsname.}} \newenvironment{pfenum}{% % BEGIN \ifnum \value{pfenumdepth}>2% % IF pfenumdepth > 2 \relax\@toodeep \else % THEN error \addtocounter{pfenumdepth}{1}% % ELSE pfenumdepth := pfenumdepth + 1 \edef\@pfenumctr{pfenum% % @pfenumctr := pfenumN \romannumeral\the % where N = Roman(pfenumdepth) \value{pfenumdepth}}% % \fi % FI \begin{pflist}% % Begin list environment with {\pf@enumLabel}{% % Default label = pf@enumlabel \labelsep= % \labelsep = \ifcase\value{pfenumdepth} % CASE OF pfenumdepth \labelsep % \or .67\labelsep % 1 -> .67\labelsep \or .67\labelsep % 2 -> .67\labelsep \else \labelsep % >2 -> \labelsep \fi % \topsep=\z@ % \topsep := 0 \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 \pf@setEnumWidth\labelwidth % set \labelwidth with setEnumWidth \leftmargin=\labelwidth\relax % \leftmargin := \labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep % + \labelsep \relax \usecounter{\@pfenumctr}% % counter @pfenumctr }% }{% % END \end{pflist}% % End list \addtocounter{pfenumdepth}{-1}% pfenumdepth := pfenumdepth - 1 } \newenvironment{enumerate*}{% % BEGIN \ifnum \value{pfenumdepth}>2% % IF pfenumdepth > 2 \relax\@toodeep \else % THEN error \addtocounter{pfenumdepth}{1}% % ELSE pfenumdepth := pfenumdepth + 1 \edef\@pfenumctr{pfenum% % @pfenumctr := pfenumN \romannumeral\the % where N = Roman(pfenumdepth) \value{pfenumdepth}}% % \fi % FI \begin{pflist}% % Begin list environment with {\pf@enumLabel}{% % Default label = pf@enumlabel \labelsep= % \labelsep = \ifcase\value{pfenumdepth} % CASE OF pfenumdepth \labelsep % \or .67\labelsep % 1 -> .67\labelsep \or .67\labelsep % 2 -> .67\labelsep \else \labelsep % >2 -> \labelsep \fi % \topsep=\z@ % \topsep := 0 \itemsep=\z@ % \itemsep := 0 \parsep=\z@ % \parsep := 0 \partopsep=\z@ % \partopsep := 0 \pf@setEnumWidth\labelwidth % set \labelwidth with setEnumWidth \leftmargin=\labelwidth\relax % \leftmargin := \labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep % + \labelsep \advance\leftmargin\enumindent% + \enumindent \relax \usecounter{\@pfenumctr}% % counter @pfenumctr }% }{% % END \end{pflist}% % End list \addtocounter{pfenumdepth}{-1}% pfenumdepth := pfenumdepth - 1 } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % FUNCTIONS % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % \makefcn{\FOO}{V0}{{V1}...{Vk}} : % Defines \FOO{n} == CASE n = 0 -> V0 % n = 1 -> V1 % ... % n \geq k -> Vk % % Useful when Vi is a dimension applying to a depth-i environment \def\makefcn#1#2#3{{\let\or\relax \gdef\fcn@temp{}% \gdef\fcn@tempb{#2}% \@tfor\foo:=#3\do{\xdef\fcn@temp{\fcn@temp\or\foo}\xdef\fcn@tempb{\foo}}% \let\ifcase\relax\let\else\relax\let\fi\relax \xdef#1##1{\ifcase ##1 #2\fcn@temp\else\fcn@tempb\fi}}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % FUNCTIONS % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % % \pfif{A}{B}{C} : if A then B \pfIF{A}{B}{C} : if A % else C THEN B % ELSE C \newcommand{\pfmathdef}[1]{\relax\ifmmode #1\else $#1$\fi} \newcommand{\pfif}[3]{{\pfmathdef{% \begin{array}[t]{@{}l@{\;\;}l@{\;\;}l@{}} {\bf if}\;\;#1&{\bf then}\\ &{\bf else} \end{array}}}} \newcommand{\pfIF}[3]{{\pfmathdef{% \begin{array}[t]{@{}l@{\;\;}l@{}} {\bf if}\;\;#1\\ \begin{array}[t]{@{\hspace{1em}}l@{\;\;}l@{}} {\bf then}\\ {\bf else} \end{array} \end{array}}}}