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(* ========================================================================= *) (* Misc library functions to set up a nice environment. *) (* ========================================================================= *) let identity x = x;; let ( ** ) = fun f g x -> f(g x);; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* GCD and LCM on arbitrary-precision numbers. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let gcd_num n1 n2 = abs_num(num_of_big_int (Big_int.gcd_big_int (big_int_of_num n1) (big_int_of_num n2)));; let lcm_num n1 n2 = abs_num(n1 */ n2) // gcd_num n1 n2;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* A useful idiom for "non contradictory" etc. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let non p x = not(p x);; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Kind of assertion checking. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let check p x = if p(x) then x else failwith "check";; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Repetition of a function. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec funpow n f x = if n < 1 then x else funpow (n-1) f (f x);; let can f x = try f x; true with Failure _ -> false;; let rec repeat f x = try repeat f (f x) with Failure _ -> x;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Handy list operations. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec (--) = fun m n -> if m > n then [] else m::((m + 1) -- n);; let rec (---) = fun m n -> if m >/ n then [] else m::((m +/ Int 1) --- n);; let rec map2 f l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with [],[] -> [] | (h1::t1),(h2::t2) -> let h = f h1 h2 in h::(map2 f t1 t2) | _ -> failwith "map2: length mismatch";; let rev = let rec rev_append acc l = match l with [] -> acc | h::t -> rev_append (h::acc) t in fun l -> rev_append [] l;; let hd l = match l with h::t -> h | _ -> failwith "hd";; let tl l = match l with h::t -> t | _ -> failwith "tl";; let rec itlist f l b = match l with [] -> b | (h::t) -> f h (itlist f t b);; let rec end_itlist f l = match l with [] -> failwith "end_itlist" | [x] -> x | (h::t) -> f h (end_itlist f t);; let rec itlist2 f l1 l2 b = match (l1,l2) with ([],[]) -> b | (h1::t1,h2::t2) -> f h1 h2 (itlist2 f t1 t2 b) | _ -> failwith "itlist2";; let rec zip l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with ([],[]) -> [] | (h1::t1,h2::t2) -> (h1,h2)::(zip t1 t2) | _ -> failwith "zip";; let rec forall p l = match l with [] -> true | h::t -> p(h) & forall p t;; let rec exists p l = match l with [] -> false | h::t -> p(h) or exists p t;; let partition p l = itlist (fun a (yes,no) -> if p a then a::yes,no else yes,a::no) l ([],[]);; let filter p l = fst(partition p l);; let length = let rec len k l = if l = [] then k else len (k + 1) (tl l) in fun l -> len 0 l;; let rec last l = match l with [x] -> x | (h::t) -> last t | [] -> failwith "last";; let rec butlast l = match l with [_] -> [] | (h::t) -> h::(butlast t) | [] -> failwith "butlast";; let rec find p l = match l with [] -> failwith "find" | (h::t) -> if p(h) then h else find p t;; let rec el n l = if n = 0 then hd l else el (n - 1) (tl l);; let map f = let rec mapf l = match l with [] -> [] | (x::t) -> let y = f x in y::(mapf t) in mapf;; let rec allpairs f l1 l2 = match l1 with h1::t1 -> itlist (fun x a -> f h1 x :: a) l2 (allpairs f t1 l2) | [] -> [];; let rec distinctpairs l = match l with x::t -> itlist (fun y a -> (x,y) :: a) t (distinctpairs t) | [] -> [];; let rec chop_list n l = if n = 0 then [],l else try let m,l' = chop_list (n-1) (tl l) in (hd l)::m,l' with Failure _ -> failwith "chop_list";; let replicate n a = map (fun x -> a) (1--n);; let rec insertat i x l = if i = 0 then x::l else match l with [] -> failwith "insertat: list too short for position to exist" | h::t -> h::(insertat (i-1) x t);; let rec forall2 p l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with [],[] -> true | (h1::t1,h2::t2) -> p h1 h2 & forall2 p t1 t2 | _ -> false;; let index x = let rec ind n l = match l with [] -> failwith "index" | (h::t) -> if Pervasives.compare x h = 0 then n else ind (n + 1) t in ind 0;; let rec unzip l = match l with [] -> [],[] | (x,y)::t -> let xs,ys = unzip t in x::xs,y::ys;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Whether the first of two items comes earlier in the list. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec earlier l x y = match l with h::t -> (Pervasives.compare h y <> 0) & (Pervasives.compare h x = 0 or earlier t x y) | [] -> false;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Application of (presumably imperative) function over a list. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec do_list f l = match l with [] -> () | h::t -> f(h); do_list f t;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Association lists. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec assoc a l = match l with (x,y)::t -> if Pervasives.compare x a = 0 then y else assoc a t | [] -> failwith "find";; let rec rev_assoc a l = match l with (x,y)::t -> if Pervasives.compare y a = 0 then x else rev_assoc a t | [] -> failwith "find";; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Merging of sorted lists (maintaining repetitions). *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec merge ord l1 l2 = match l1 with [] -> l2 | h1::t1 -> match l2 with [] -> l1 | h2::t2 -> if ord h1 h2 then h1::(merge ord t1 l2) else h2::(merge ord l1 t2);; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Bottom-up mergesort. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let sort ord = let rec mergepairs l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with ([s],[]) -> s | (l,[]) -> mergepairs [] l | (l,[s1]) -> mergepairs (s1::l) [] | (l,(s1::s2::ss)) -> mergepairs ((merge ord s1 s2)::l) ss in fun l -> if l = [] then [] else mergepairs [] (map (fun x -> [x]) l);; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Common measure predicates to use with "sort". *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let increasing f x y = Pervasives.compare (f x) (f y) < 0;; let decreasing f x y = Pervasives.compare (f x) (f y) > 0;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Eliminate repetitions of adjacent elements, with and without counting. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec uniq l = match l with x::(y::_ as t) -> let t' = uniq t in if Pervasives.compare x y = 0 then t' else if t'==t then l else x::t' | _ -> l;; let repetitions = let rec repcount n l = match l with x::(y::_ as ys) -> if Pervasives.compare y x = 0 then repcount (n + 1) ys else (x,n)::(repcount 1 ys) | [x] -> [x,n] | [] -> failwith "repcount" in fun l -> if l = [] then [] else repcount 1 l;; let rec tryfind f l = match l with [] -> failwith "tryfind" | (h::t) -> try f h with Failure _ -> tryfind f t;; let rec mapfilter f l = match l with [] -> [] | (h::t) -> let rest = mapfilter f t in try (f h)::rest with Failure _ -> rest;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Find list member that maximizes or minimizes a function. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let optimize ord f l = fst(end_itlist (fun (x,y as p) (x',y' as p') -> if ord y y' then p else p') (map (fun x -> x,f x) l));; let maximize f l = optimize (>) f l and minimize f l = optimize (<) f l;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Set operations on ordered lists. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let setify = let rec canonical lis = match lis with x::(y::_ as rest) -> Pervasives.compare x y < 0 & canonical rest | _ -> true in fun l -> if canonical l then l else uniq (sort (fun x y -> Pervasives.compare x y <= 0) l);; let union = let rec union l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with ([],l2) -> l2 | (l1,[]) -> l1 | ((h1::t1 as l1),(h2::t2 as l2)) -> if h1 = h2 then h1::(union t1 t2) else if h1 < h2 then h1::(union t1 l2) else h2::(union l1 t2) in fun s1 s2 -> union (setify s1) (setify s2);; let intersect = let rec intersect l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with ([],l2) -> [] | (l1,[]) -> [] | ((h1::t1 as l1),(h2::t2 as l2)) -> if h1 = h2 then h1::(intersect t1 t2) else if h1 < h2 then intersect t1 l2 else intersect l1 t2 in fun s1 s2 -> intersect (setify s1) (setify s2);; let subtract = let rec subtract l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with ([],l2) -> [] | (l1,[]) -> l1 | ((h1::t1 as l1),(h2::t2 as l2)) -> if h1 = h2 then subtract t1 t2 else if h1 < h2 then h1::(subtract t1 l2) else subtract l1 t2 in fun s1 s2 -> subtract (setify s1) (setify s2);; let subset,psubset = let rec subset l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with ([],l2) -> true | (l1,[]) -> false | (h1::t1,h2::t2) -> if h1 = h2 then subset t1 t2 else if h1 < h2 then false else subset l1 t2 and psubset l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with (l1,[]) -> false | ([],l2) -> true | (h1::t1,h2::t2) -> if h1 = h2 then psubset t1 t2 else if h1 < h2 then false else subset l1 t2 in (fun s1 s2 -> subset (setify s1) (setify s2)), (fun s1 s2 -> psubset (setify s1) (setify s2));; let rec set_eq s1 s2 = (setify s1 = setify s2);; let insert x s = union [x] s;; let image f s = setify (map f s);; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Union of a family of sets. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let unions s = setify(itlist (@) s []);; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* List membership. This does *not* assume the list is a set. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec mem x lis = match lis with [] -> false | (h::t) -> Pervasives.compare x h = 0 or mem x t;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Finding all subsets or all subsets of a given size. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec allsets m l = if m = 0 then [[]] else match l with [] -> [] | h::t -> union (image (fun g -> h::g) (allsets (m - 1) t)) (allsets m t);; let rec allsubsets s = match s with [] -> [[]] | (a::t) -> let res = allsubsets t in union (image (fun b -> a::b) res) res;; let allnonemptysubsets s = subtract (allsubsets s) [[]];; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Explosion and implosion of strings. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let explode s = let rec exap n l = if n < 0 then l else exap (n - 1) ((String.sub s n 1)::l) in exap (String.length s - 1) [];; let implode l = itlist (^) l "";; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Timing; useful for documentation but not logically necessary. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let time f x = let start_time = Sys.time() in let result = f x in let finish_time = Sys.time() in print_string ("CPU time (user): "^(string_of_float(finish_time -. start_time))); print_newline(); result;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Polymorphic finite partial functions via Patricia trees. *) (* *) (* The point of this strange representation is that it is canonical (equal *) (* functions have the same encoding) yet reasonably efficient on average. *) (* *) (* Idea due to Diego Olivier Fernandez Pons (OCaml list, 2003/11/10). *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) type ('a,'b)func = Empty | Leaf of int * ('a*'b)list | Branch of int * int * ('a,'b)func * ('a,'b)func;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Undefined function. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let undefined = Empty;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* In case of equality comparison worries, better use this. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let is_undefined f = match f with Empty -> true | _ -> false;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Operation analogous to "map" for lists. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let mapf = let rec map_list f l = match l with [] -> [] | (x,y)::t -> (x,f(y))::(map_list f t) in let rec mapf f t = match t with Empty -> Empty | Leaf(h,l) -> Leaf(h,map_list f l) | Branch(p,b,l,r) -> Branch(p,b,mapf f l,mapf f r) in mapf;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Operations analogous to "fold" for lists. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let foldl = let rec foldl_list f a l = match l with [] -> a | (x,y)::t -> foldl_list f (f a x y) t in let rec foldl f a t = match t with Empty -> a | Leaf(h,l) -> foldl_list f a l | Branch(p,b,l,r) -> foldl f (foldl f a l) r in foldl;; let foldr = let rec foldr_list f l a = match l with [] -> a | (x,y)::t -> f x y (foldr_list f t a) in let rec foldr f t a = match t with Empty -> a | Leaf(h,l) -> foldr_list f l a | Branch(p,b,l,r) -> foldr f l (foldr f r a) in foldr;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Mapping to sorted-list representation of the graph, domain and range. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let graph f = setify (foldl (fun a x y -> (x,y)::a) [] f);; let dom f = setify(foldl (fun a x y -> x::a) [] f);; let ran f = setify(foldl (fun a x y -> y::a) [] f);; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Application. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let applyd = let rec apply_listd l d x = match l with (a,b)::t -> let c = Pervasives.compare x a in if c = 0 then b else if c > 0 then apply_listd t d x else d x | [] -> d x in fun f d x -> let k = Hashtbl.hash x in let rec look t = match t with Leaf(h,l) when h = k -> apply_listd l d x | Branch(p,b,l,r) when (k lxor p) land (b - 1) = 0 -> look (if k land b = 0 then l else r) | _ -> d x in look f;; let apply f = applyd f (fun x -> failwith "apply");; let tryapplyd f a d = applyd f (fun x -> d) a;; let tryapplyl f x = tryapplyd f x [];; let defined f x = try apply f x; true with Failure _ -> false;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Undefinition. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let undefine = let rec undefine_list x l = match l with (a,b as ab)::t -> let c = Pervasives.compare x a in if c = 0 then t else if c < 0 then l else let t' = undefine_list x t in if t' == t then l else ab::t' | [] -> [] in fun x -> let k = Hashtbl.hash x in let rec und t = match t with Leaf(h,l) when h = k -> let l' = undefine_list x l in if l' == l then t else if l' = [] then Empty else Leaf(h,l') | Branch(p,b,l,r) when k land (b - 1) = p -> if k land b = 0 then let l' = und l in if l' == l then t else (match l' with Empty -> r | _ -> Branch(p,b,l',r)) else let r' = und r in if r' == r then t else (match r' with Empty -> l | _ -> Branch(p,b,l,r')) | _ -> t in und;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Redefinition and combination. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let (|->),combine = let newbranch p1 t1 p2 t2 = let zp = p1 lxor p2 in let b = zp land (-zp) in let p = p1 land (b - 1) in if p1 land b = 0 then Branch(p,b,t1,t2) else Branch(p,b,t2,t1) in let rec define_list (x,y as xy) l = match l with (a,b as ab)::t -> let c = Pervasives.compare x a in if c = 0 then xy::t else if c < 0 then xy::l else ab::(define_list xy t) | [] -> [xy] and combine_list op z l1 l2 = match (l1,l2) with [],_ -> l2 | _,[] -> l1 | ((x1,y1 as xy1)::t1,(x2,y2 as xy2)::t2) -> let c = Pervasives.compare x1 x2 in if c < 0 then xy1::(combine_list op z t1 l2) else if c > 0 then xy2::(combine_list op z l1 t2) else let y = op y1 y2 and l = combine_list op z t1 t2 in if z(y) then l else (x1,y)::l in let (|->) x y = let k = Hashtbl.hash x in let rec upd t = match t with Empty -> Leaf (k,[x,y]) | Leaf(h,l) -> if h = k then Leaf(h,define_list (x,y) l) else newbranch h t k (Leaf(k,[x,y])) | Branch(p,b,l,r) -> if k land (b - 1) <> p then newbranch p t k (Leaf(k,[x,y])) else if k land b = 0 then Branch(p,b,upd l,r) else Branch(p,b,l,upd r) in upd in let rec combine op z t1 t2 = match (t1,t2) with Empty,_ -> t2 | _,Empty -> t1 | Leaf(h1,l1),Leaf(h2,l2) -> if h1 = h2 then let l = combine_list op z l1 l2 in if l = [] then Empty else Leaf(h1,l) else newbranch h1 t1 h2 t2 | (Leaf(k,lis) as lf),(Branch(p,b,l,r) as br) -> if k land (b - 1) = p then if k land b = 0 then (match combine op z lf l with Empty -> r | l' -> Branch(p,b,l',r)) else (match combine op z lf r with Empty -> l | r' -> Branch(p,b,l,r')) else newbranch k lf p br | (Branch(p,b,l,r) as br),(Leaf(k,lis) as lf) -> if k land (b - 1) = p then if k land b = 0 then (match combine op z l lf with Empty -> r | l' -> Branch(p,b,l',r)) else (match combine op z r lf with Empty -> l | r' -> Branch(p,b,l,r')) else newbranch p br k lf | Branch(p1,b1,l1,r1),Branch(p2,b2,l2,r2) -> if b1 < b2 then if p2 land (b1 - 1) <> p1 then newbranch p1 t1 p2 t2 else if p2 land b1 = 0 then (match combine op z l1 t2 with Empty -> r1 | l -> Branch(p1,b1,l,r1)) else (match combine op z r1 t2 with Empty -> l1 | r -> Branch(p1,b1,l1,r)) else if b2 < b1 then if p1 land (b2 - 1) <> p2 then newbranch p1 t1 p2 t2 else if p1 land b2 = 0 then (match combine op z t1 l2 with Empty -> r2 | l -> Branch(p2,b2,l,r2)) else (match combine op z t1 r2 with Empty -> l2 | r -> Branch(p2,b2,l2,r)) else if p1 = p2 then (match (combine op z l1 l2,combine op z r1 r2) with (Empty,r) -> r | (l,Empty) -> l | (l,r) -> Branch(p1,b1,l,r)) else newbranch p1 t1 p2 t2 in (|->),combine;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Special case of point function. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let (|=>) = fun x y -> (x |-> y) undefined;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Idiom for a mapping zipping domain and range lists. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let fpf xs ys = itlist2 (|->) xs ys undefined;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Grab an arbitrary element. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec choose t = match t with Empty -> failwith "choose: completely undefined function" | Leaf(h,l) -> hd l | Branch(b,p,t1,t2) -> choose t1;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Install a (trivial) printer for finite partial functions. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let print_fpf (f:('a,'b)func) = print_string "";; #install_printer print_fpf;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Related stuff for standard functions. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let valmod a y f x = if x = a then y else f(x);; let undef x = failwith "undefined function";; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Union-find algorithm. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) type ('a)pnode = Nonterminal of 'a | Terminal of 'a * int;; type ('a)partition = Partition of ('a,('a)pnode)func;; let rec terminus (Partition f as ptn) a = match (apply f a) with Nonterminal(b) -> terminus ptn b | Terminal(p,q) -> (p,q);; let tryterminus ptn a = try terminus ptn a with Failure _ -> (a,1);; let canonize ptn a = fst(tryterminus ptn a);; let equivalent eqv a b = canonize eqv a = canonize eqv b;; let equate (a,b) (Partition f as ptn) = let (a',na) = tryterminus ptn a and (b',nb) = tryterminus ptn b in Partition (if a' = b' then f else if na <= nb then itlist identity [a' |-> Nonterminal b'; b' |-> Terminal(b',na+nb)] f else itlist identity [b' |-> Nonterminal a'; a' |-> Terminal(a',na+nb)] f);; let unequal = Partition undefined;; let equated (Partition f) = dom f;; (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* First number starting at n for which p succeeds. *) (* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let rec first n p = if p(n) then n else first (n +/ Int 1) p;;