non-とは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From 中期英語 non- (“not, lack of, failure to”), from 中期英語 non (“no, not any; not, not at all”, literally “none”) and 古期英語 nān- (prefix), both from 古期英語 nān (“no, not any”), from Proto-West Germanic *nain, from Proto-Germanic *nainaz (“none, nought, zero”), see none. Merged with and reinforced by 中期英語 non- (“not”), from Old French non- and Medieval Latin nōn (“not”), from Old Latin noinu, noinom, from ne oinom (“not one”).

接頭辞

non-

1. Used in the sense of no or none, to show lack of or failure to perform; or in the sense of not, to negate the meaning of the word to which it is prefixed.

   nonpayment (“lack of payment, failure to pay”)

   nonaggressive (“not aggressive”)

   1. Not, the negation of the root word (a quality).

      nonaboriginal is a person who is not aboriginal, nonabrasive is a substance that is not abrasive, nonabstract is not abstract

      • 2013 May 13, Judith Shulevitz, “The Lethality of Loneliness”, in The New Republic‎, archived from the original on 31 March 2015:

        Back in the mid-’90s, when Cacioppo was at Ohio State University (he is now at the University of Chicago), he and his colleagues sorted undergraduates into three groups—the non-lonely, the sort-of-sometimes lonely, and the lonely.

   2. Absence, the absence of the root (a quantity).

      nonaccountability is absence of accountability, nonacceleration is lack of acceleration, nonaction is the absence of action; failure to act

   3. Avoiding an action.

      nonabiding is the practice of avoiding mental constructs during daily life, nonacceptance is a neglect or refusal to accept, nonaccumulative is tending to avoid accumulation

   4. Neutral in quality.

      nonaccent is a spoken accent that is neutral and undistinctive; nonacrocentric is having the centromere near the middle, and thus having roughly equal-sized arms; nonaccent is an unaccented beat or syllable, as in music or poetry

使用する際の注意点

• Non- may be attached to nouns (nonspace), adjectives (nonaggressive), adverbs (nonaggressively, nonstop), or—infrequently—even verbs (nontender).
• Non- may be joined to a word with a hyphen, standard in British usage as evidenced by OED's typically including only the hyphenated forms, but some OED entries are spelled without hyphen only. In American usage, non- is often joined without a hyphen. (For example, nonbaseball is relatively common, but noncricket, referring to a primarily British sport, is rare.) Some non- words rarely or never use a hyphen (such as nonentity). By contrast, un- is almost always spelled without a hyphen. GPO manual item 6.29. recommends to spell non- prefixed words without a hyphen unless an overriding consideration applies.
• For combinations with capitalized words such as proper nouns and some adjectives, hyphen is almost always used, e.g. non-Aristotelian or non-English. This matches GPO manual recommendation.
• Semantically, non- suggests objective quality and logical opposition (hence ungradable), whereas un- suggests subjective quality and polar/diametric opposition (often gradable).
• Meaning "not" in phrases taken from Latin and some other languages, non is a separate word and is not hyphenated: non compos mentis, persona non grata.
• As non- is a living and highly productive prefix, the list of words having the prefix non- is practically unlimited: Wiktionary currently has over 9000 such word forms. It is particularly common in the sciences.

同意語

• (not): a-, an-, dys-, i-/il-/im-/in-/ir-, mal-, un-
• (absence): hypo-, pero-, ex-, se-
• (avoiding): de-, isch-
• (neutral): anti-, neutro-

派生語

関連する語

語源 2

From Latin nona (“nine”).

接頭辞

non-

1. prevocalic form of nona-

派生語

• nonad
• nonillion

関連する語

• nonet
• nonuplet

参照

Further reading

• “non-”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “non-”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.

副詞

non (not comparable)

1. Obsolete form of none.
2. (nonstandard) Used to negate or invert the meaning of the following adjective. More properly written as the prefix non-.

名詞

non (plural nons)

1. (Malaysia, slang) A non-Muslim citizen.

発音

• IPA: /noːn/
• 韻: -ōn

名詞

nōn n

1. (historical) Nones, the ninth hour after sunrise
2. (Christianity) Nones, the religious service appointed to this hour

語形変化

Strong a-stem:

同意語

• (time): nōntīd, nōntīma
• (religious service): nōnsang

派生語

• nōngereord, nōnmete, nōnsang, nōntīd, nōntīma
• ofernōn (“afternoon”)

派生した語

• Middle English: non, none, noon, noun, noune
  • English: noon

語源 2

発音

• IPA: /non/
• 韻: -on

名詞

non m

1. a form of address from younger to older monks

参照

• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “nōn”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Joseph Bosworth; T. Northcote Toller (1898), “non”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎, second edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

語源

Uncertain. Maybe from Old Latin noenum, from Proto-Indo-European *né (“not”) + *óynos (“one”). Equivalent to ne + ūnus. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *nó-h₁ ne (“not at all”) and cognate with the uncertain Gaulish nane (“not”) and Luwian [Term?] (/⁠nā̆na⁠/, “not”).

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈnoːn]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈnɔn]

不変化詞

nōn (negative particle)

1. not

   Lingua Graeca est; potest nōn legī.

   It's Greek; it can not be read.

   Sit ut est, aut nōn sit.

   Let it be as it is, otherwise it would not be.

使用する際の注意点

The particle nōn may be used to negate verbs, adjectives, nouns, or phrases.

派生語

関連する語

• nē (“not”, + subjunctive)
• nī (“if not, that not”)

派生した語

参照

Further reading

• non in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• non in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “non”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.