hawkとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From 中期英語 hauk, hauke, hawke, havek, from 古期英語 hafoc (“hawk”), from Proto-West Germanic *habuk, from Proto-Germanic *habukaz, controversially derived from Proto-Indo-European *kopuǵos, perhaps ultimately derived from *kap- (“seize”).

See also West Frisian hauk, German Low German Haavke, Dutch havik, German Habicht, Swedish hök, Danish høg, Norwegian Bokmål hauk, Norwegian Nynorsk hauk, Faroese heykur, Icelandic haukur, Finnish haukka, Estonian haugas; also Latin capys, capus (“bird of prey”), Albanian gabonjë, shkabë (“eagle”), Russian ко́бец (kóbec, “falcon”), Polish kobuz (“Eurasian Hobby”)).

名詞

hawk (plural hawks)

1. A diurnal predatory bird of the family Accipitridae, smaller than an eagle.

   It is illegal to hunt hawks or other raptors in many parts of the world.

   • c. 1503–1512, John Skelton, Ware the Hauke; republished in John Scattergood, editor, John Skelton: The Complete English Poems, 1983, →OCLC, page 63, lines 47–48:

     He made his hawke to fly,
     With hogeous showte and cry.

2. Any diurnal predatory terrestrial bird of similar size and appearance to the accipitrid hawks, such as a falcon.
3. (entomology) Any of various species of dragonfly of the genera Apocordulia and Austrocordulia, endemic to Australia.
4. (politics) An advocate of aggressive political positions and actions. [from 1962]

   Synonyms: warmonger, war hawk

   Antonym: dove

   • 1990, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game, Folio Society, published 2010, page 106:

     A hawk by nature, Ellenborough strongly favoured presenting St Petersburg with an ultimatum warning that any further incursions into Persia would be regarded as a hostile act.

   • 2012 October 11 [1962], Michael Dobbs, quoting McGeorge Bundy, “The original hawks and doves”, in Foreign Policy‎:

     “Everybody knows who were the hawks and who were the doves,” Bundy told the ExComm on the morning of October 28, after Khrushchev announced that he was withdrawing his missiles. “Today was the day of the doves.”

   • 2019, “The World in 2020”, in The Economist:

     President Donald Trump has spent years playing the role of a China hawk.

5. (game theory) An uncooperative or purely selfish participant in an exchange or game, especially when untrusting, acquisitive or treacherous. Refers specifically to the prisoner's dilemma, a.k.a. the Hawk-Dove game.

   Antonym: dove

6. (US, especially Chicago, and nationwide in African-American, often with "the") Cold, sharp or biting wind.
   • 2000 September 26, William Anderson, A Season of Flames, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 27:

     […] take-out sandwich from Arnie's on Jackson, then a brisk walk to Michigan Avenue in the face of the "Hawk," blowing newspapers and skirts and the gulls wheeling over the Michigan Avenue Bridge in front of […]

   • 2002 June 25, Charles W. Dryden, A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman, University of Alabama Press, →ISBN, page 215:

     […] a hand-fired coal furnace that required little attention and kept the cottage coy in spite of "the hawk" blowing icy blasts outside. So in spite of Thumper's continuing discomfort we enjoyed a fairly merry Christmas. But then the base daily bulletin was published with the roster of OGs (officers of the guard) for the […]

   • 2007 December 1, Gay G. Gunn, Pride and Joi, Kensington Books, →ISBN, page 47:

     I wanna learn by Ruby's birthday party." Pride turned up his collar against the hawk blowing from the river."

   • 2017 May 30, Samantha Irby, We Are Never Meeting in Real Life.: Essays, Vintage, →ISBN, page 95:

     […] in Chicago […] I can't help but love winter and fall. Mostly fall, because fuck snow, and that hawk blowing off the lake is enough to make your teeth drop right out of your skull , but winter can be kind of okay if it doesn't snow a whole lot and no one asks me to go sledding or do some other Hallmark-movie nonsense.

下位語

派生語

関連する語

関連する語

• creshawk
• goshawk
• sparhawk

派生した語

• Sranan Tongo: aka

動詞

hawk (third-person singular simple present hawks, present participle hawking, simple past and past participle hawked)

1. (transitive) To hunt with a hawk.
   • c. 1503–1512, John Skelton, Ware the Hauke; republished in John Scattergood, editor, John Skelton: The Complete English Poems, 1983, →OCLC, page 62, lines 9–10:

     To hawke, or els to hunt
     From the auter to the funt

   • 2003, Brenda Joyce, House of Dreams, page 175:

     He rode astride while hawking; she falconed in the ladylike position of sidesaddle.

2. (intransitive) To make an attack while on the wing; to soar and strike like a hawk.

   to hawk at flies

   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

     A falcon, towering in her pride of place, / Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed.

   • 1687, [John Dryden], “(please specify the page number)”, in The Hind and the Panther. A Poem, in Three Parts, 2nd edition, London: […] Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC:

     But whether upward to the moon they go, Or dream the winter out in caves below, Or hawk at flies elsewhere

   • 1999, Simpson and Day, The Birds of Australia, page 366:

     Dollarbirds hawk from high bare branches.

派生語

• hawk after
• hawk at
• hawk for
• hawker
• hawking

語源 2

Uncertain; perhaps from 中期英語 hache (“battle-axe”), or from a variant use of the above, for this compare with Russian со́кол (sókol, “falcon, but also a hawk (plaster's tool), mortarboard”).

名詞

hawk (plural hawks)

1. A plasterer's tool, made of a flat surface with a handle below, used to hold an amount of plaster prior to application to the wall or ceiling being worked on: a mortarboard.

   Synonym: mortarboard

派生語

• hawk boy, hawk-boy

語源 3

Back-formation from hawker.

動詞

hawk (third-person singular simple present hawks, present participle hawking, simple past and past participle hawked)

1. (transitive) To sell; to offer for sale by outcry in the street; to carry (merchandise) about from place to place for sale; to peddle.

   The vendors were hawking their wares from little tables lining either side of the market square.

   • 1713, Jonathan Swift, Imitation of Horace, Book I. Ep. VII:

     His works were hawked in every street.

同意語

派生語

• hawked
• hawkery
• hawking
• hawky

関連する語

• hawker

語源 4

Probably imitative, like hock (“cough”), hack (“cough”), although see the latter entry for more.

名詞

hawk (plural hawks)

1. A noisy effort to force up phlegm from the throat.

   Synonym: hawking

動詞

hawk (third-person singular simple present hawks, present participle hawking, simple past and past participle hawked)

1. (transitive, intransitive) To expectorate, to cough up (something, such as mucus) from one's throat; to produce (something) by coughing or clearing one's throat.

   to hawk a loogie

   • c. 1603 (date written), Iohn Marston, The Malcontent, London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for William Aspley, […], published 1604, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii:

     [I]s a trobled with the cough a the Lunges ſtill? does he hawke anights ſtill?

   • 1751, [Tobias] Smollett, chapter 117, in The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: Harrison and Co., […], →OCLC:

     He hawked up, with incredible straining, the interjection ah!

   • 1953 September 18, Saul Bellow, chapter III, in The Adventures of Augie March […], New York, N.Y.: The Viking Press, →OCLC:

     He had a new tough manner of pulling down breath and hawking into the street.

2. (transitive, intransitive) To try to cough up something from one's throat; to clear the throat loudly; to cough heavily, especially causing uvular frication.

   Grandpa sat on the front porch, hawking and wheezing, as he packed his pipe with cheap tobacco.

派生語

• hawk tuah
• hawking (noun)

参考

• Hawkshaw, hawkshaw
• Hawkubite
• winkle-hawk

Further reading

• hawk on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

参照

アナグラム

• Khaw