NZ621904B2 - Hydrazide containing nuclear transport modulators and uses thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The disclosure relates to a family of nuclear transport modulators (CRM1 inhibitors) with a general formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the values of the unspecified functional groups are described within the specification. The disclosure also relates to the use these compounds for the treatment of disorders such as proliferative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, an autoimmune disorder, a viral infection, an ophthalmological disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a disorder of abnormal tissue growth, a disorder related to food intake, allergies, cancer and a respiratory disorder and methods of manufacturing these compounds. compounds for the treatment of disorders such as proliferative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, an autoimmune disorder, a viral infection, an ophthalmological disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a disorder of abnormal tissue growth, a disorder related to food intake, allergies, cancer and a respiratory disorder and methods of manufacturing these compounds.

Description

HYDRAZIDE CONTAINING NUCLEAR TRANSPORT MODULATORS AND USES THEREOF RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. ional ation No. ,428, filed July 29, 2011, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/513,432, filed July 29, 2011, U.S.

Provisional Application No. 61/610,178, filed March 13, 2012, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/654,651, filed June 1, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/653,588, filed May 31, 2012. The contents of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Cells from most major human solid and hematologic malignancies t al cellular localization of a variety of oncogenic proteins, tumor suppressor ns, and cell cycle regulators (Cronshaw et a1. 2004, Falini et a1 2006). For e, certain p53 mutations lead to localization in the cytoplasm rather than in the nucleus. This s in the loss of normal growth regulation, despite intact tumor suppressor function. In other tumors, wild—type p53 is sequestered in the cytoplasm or rapidly degraded, again leading to loss of its suppressor function. Restoration of appropriate nuclear localization of functional p53 protein can normalize some properties of neoplastic cells (Cai et a1. 2008; o et a1. 2008; Lain et al. 1999a; Lain et al, 1999b; Smart et a1. 1999), can restore sensitivity of cancer cells to DNA damaging agents (Cai et a1. 2008), and can lead to regression of established tumors (Sharpless & DePinho 2007, Xue et a1. 2007). Similar data have been obtained for other tumor suppressor proteins such as forkhead (Turner and Sullivan 2008) and c—Abl (Vignari and Wang 2001). In addition, abnormal localization of several tumor ssor and growth regulatory proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (Davis 2007, Nakahara 2009). CRMl inhibition may provide ularly interesting utility in al cancer syndromes (e.g., Li-Fraumeni Syndrome due to loss of one p53 allele, BRCAl or 2 cancer syndromes), where specific tumor suppressor proteins (TSP) are deleted or dysfunctional and Where increasing TSP levels by systemic (or local) administration of CRMl inhibitors could help restore normal tumor suppressor function. 2012/048319 Specific proteins and RNAs are carried into and out of the nucleus by specialized ort molecules, which are classified as importins if they transport molecules into the nucleus, and exportins if they transport molecules out of the nucleus (Terry et a1. 2007; Sorokin et al. 2007). Proteins that are transported into or out of the nucleus contain nuclear import/localization (NLS) or export (NES) sequences that allow them to interact with the relevant transporters. Chromosomal Region Maintenance 1 (Crml or CRMl), which is also called exportin—l or Xpol, is a major exportin. pression of Crml has been reported in several tumors, including human ovarian cancer (Noske et al. 2008), cervical cancer (van der Watt et al. 2009), pancreatic cancer (Huang et al. 2009), cellular carcinoma (Pascale et al. 2005) and arcoma (Yao et al. 2009) and is independently correlated with poor clinical outcomes in these tumor types.

Inhibition of Crml blocks the exodus of tumor suppressor proteins and/or growth regulators such as p53, c-Abl, p21, p27, pRB, BRCAl, IkB, ICp27, E2F4, KLFS, YAPl, ZAP, KLF5, HDAC4, HDACS or forkhead proteins (e.g., FOXO3 a) from the nucleus that are associated with gene expression, cell proliferation, angiogenesis and epigenetics. Crml inhibitors have been shown to induce sis in cancer cells even in the presence of activating oncogenic or growth stimulating signals, while sparing normal (untransformed) cells. Most studies of Crml tion have utilized the natural product Crml inhibitor Leptomycin B (LMB). LMB itself is highly toxic to neoplastic cells, but poorly ted with marked gastrointestinal toxicity in animals (Roberts et al. 1986) and humans (Newlands et al. 1996). Derivatization of LMB to improve drug-like properties leads to compounds that retain antitumor activity and are better tolerated in animal tumor models (Yang et al. 2007, Yang et a1. 2008, Mutka et a1. 2009). Therefore, nuclear export inhibitors could have beneficial effects in neoplastic and other proliferative disorders.

In addition to tumor suppressor proteins, Crml also exports several key proteins that are involved in many inflammatory processes. These e IkB, NF-kB, Cox-2, RXROL, Commdl , HIFl, HMGB 1, FOXO, FOXP and others. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB/rel) family of transcriptional tors, named for the discovery that it drives immunoglobulin kappa gene expression, regulate the mRNA expression of variety of genes involved in inflammation, proliferation, immunity and cell al. Under basal conditions, a n inhibitor of NF-kB, called IkB, binds to NF-kB in the nucleus and the complex IkB-NF-kB renders the NF-kB transcriptional function inactive. In response to inflammatory stimuli, IkB dissociates from the IkB-NF—kB x, which releases NF-kB and unmasks its potent transcriptional activity. Many signals that te NF-kB do so by targeting lkB for proteolysis (phosphorylation of lkB renders it “marked” for ubiquitination and then proteolysis). The nuclear IkBa—NF-kB complex can be exported to the cytoplasm by Crml Where it dissociates and NF-kB can be reactivated. Ubiquitinated lkB may also dissociate from the NF—kB complex, restoring NF-kB transcriptional ty. Inhibition of Crml d export in human neutrophils and macrophage like cells (U937) by LMB not only results in accumulation of transcriptionally ve, nuclear IkBa-NF-kB complex but also prevents the initial activation of NF—kB even upon cell stimulation (Ghosh 2008, Huang 2000). In a different study, treatment with LMB inhibited lL—lB induced NF~kB DNA binding (the first step in NF—kB transcriptional activation), IL-8 expression and intercellular adhesion molecule expression in pulmonary microvascular elial cells (Walsh 2008).

COMMDl is another nuclear inhibitor of both NF-kB and hypoxia—inducible factor 1 (HIFl) transcriptional activity. Blocking the r export of COMMDl by inhibiting Crml s in increased inhibition of NF-kB and HIFl transcriptional activity (Muller 2009).

Crml also mediates retinoid X receptor (1 ) transport. RXROL is highly sed in the liver and plays a central role in regulating bile acid, terol, fatty acid, steroid and otic metabolism and homeostasis. During liver inflammation, nuclear RXROL levels are significantly reduced, mainly due to inflammation—mediated nuclear export of RXROL by Crml. LMB is able to prevent lL-1[3 induced cytoplasmic increase in RXRa levels in human liver derived cells rman 2006).

The role of ediated nuclear export in NF-kB, HIF-l and RXROL signalling suggests that blocking nuclear export can be ially beneficial in many inflammatory processes across multiple tissues and organs including the vasculature (vasculitis, arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatic, atherosclerosis), dermatologic (see below), rheumatologic (rheumatoid and related arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, crystal arthropathies, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, myositis syndromes, dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, undifferentiated connective tissue e, Sjogren’s syndrome, scleroderma and overlap syndromes, etc).

CRMl inhibition affects gene expression by inhibiting/activating a series of transcription factors like ICp27, E2F4, KLFS, YAPl, and ZAP.

Crml inhibition has potential therapeutic effects across many dermatologic syndromes including inflammatory dermatoses (atopy, allergic dermatitis, chemical dermatitis, sis), sun-damage (ultraviolet (UV) ), and infections. CRMl inhibition, best d with LMB, showed minimal effects on normal keratinocytes, and exerted anti-inflammatory activity on keratinocytes subjected to UV, TNFoc, or other inflammatory stimuli (Kobayashi & Shinkai 2005, Kannan & l 2006). Crml inhibition also upregulates NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2) activity, which protects nocytes (Schafer et al. 2010, Kannan & Jaiswal 2006) and other cell types (Wang et al. 2009) from oxidative damage. LMB s sis in keratinocytes infected with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) strains such as HPVl6, but not in uninfected keratinocytes (Jolly et a1. 2009).

Crml also mediates the transport of key neuroprotectant proteins that may be useful in neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). For example, by (1) forcing nuclear retention of key neuroprotective regulators such as NRF2 (Wang 2009), FOXA2 (Kittappa et al. 2007), parking in al cells, and/or (2) ting NFKB transcriptional activity by sequestering IKB to the nucleus in glial cells, Crml inhibition could slow or prevent al cell death found in these disorders. There is also evidence linking abnormal glial cell proliferation to abnormalities in CRMl levels or CRMl function (Shen 2008).

Intact nuclear export, primarily mediated through CRMl, is also required for the intact maturation of many viruses. Viruses where nuclear export, and/or CRMl itself, has been implicated in their lifecycle include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), adenovirus, simian retrovirus type 1, Borna e virus, influenza (usual strains as well as H1N1 and avian H5Nl strains), hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Dungee, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, herpes simplex Virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV). (Bhuvanakantham 2010, Cohen 2010, Whittaker 1998). It is anticipated that additional viral infections reliant on intact r export will be uncovered in the future.

The HIV~1 Rev protein, which traffics through nucleolus and shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, facilitates export of unspliced and singly spliced HIV transcripts containing Rev Response Elements (RRE) RNA by the CRMl export pathway. tion of Rev—mediated RNA ort using CRMl inhibitors such as LMBor PKF050-638 can arrest the HIV-1 transcriptional process, inhibit the production of new HIV—l s, and thereby reduce HIV-1 levels (Pollard 1998, Daelemans 2002).

PCT/U82012/048319 Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of the common arthropod—borne Viral e, Dengue fever (DF), and its more severe and potentially deadly Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DHF appears to be the result of an over exuberant inflammatory response to DENV. N85 is the t and most conserved protein of DENV. CRMl regulates the transport ofN85 from the s to the cytoplasm, where most of the N85 functions are mediated. Inhibition of CRMl-mediated export ofN85 results in altered kinetics of virus production and reduces induction of the inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL—8), presenting a new avenue for the ent of diseases caused by DENV and other medically important flaviviruses including hepatitis C virus (Rawlinson 2009).

Other encoded RNA—binding proteins that use CRMl to exit the s include the HSV type 1 tegument protein (VP13/l4, or hUL47), human CMV protein pp65, the SARS Coronavirus ORF 3b Protein, and the RSV matrix (M) n (Williams 2008, Sanchez 2007, Freundt 2009, Ghildyal 2009).

Interestingly, many of these viruses are associated with specific types of human cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to chronic HBV or HCV infection, cervical cancer due to HPV, and Merkel cell carcinoma associated with MCV. CRMl inhibitors could therefore have beneficial effects on both the Viral infectious process as well as on the process of neoplastic transformation due to these viruses.

CRMl controls the r localization and therefore ty of multiple DNA metabolizing enzymes ing histone deacetylases (HDAC), e acetyltransferases (HAT), and histone methyltransferases (HMT). Suppression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with irreversible CRMl inhibitors has been demonstrated and is believed to be linked to nuclear retention (and activation) of HDAC 5, an enzyme known to suppress a hypertrophic genetic m (Monovich et al. 2009). Thus, CRMl inhibition may have beneficial effects in hypertrophic syndromes, including certain forms of congestive heart failure and rophic cardiomyopathies.

CRMI has also been linked to other disorders. s disorder, a hereditary disorder characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and Visual loss, is associated with inaction of the CRMl switch (Gupta N 2008). There is also evidence linking neurodegenerative disorders to abnormalities in nuclear transport.

To date, however, small—molecule, drug—like Crml inhibitors for use in Vitro and in vivo are uncommon.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, useful as nuclear transport modulators. The invention also provides pharmaceutically able compositions comprising compounds of the present invention and methods of using said nds and compositions in the treatment of various ers, such as those associated with abnormal cellular responses triggered by improper nuclear transport.

In one ment of the invention, the nds are represented by formula I: CF3 (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the values and alternative values for each variable are as defined and described herein.

Another ment of the invention is a composition comprising a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method for treating a disorder 2O associated with CRMl activity, the method sing administering to a t in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition sing a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is use of a compound of the invention for treating a disorder associated with CRMl ty in a subject.

Another embodiment of the invention is use of a compound of the invention for the manufacture of a ment for treating a disorder associated with CRMl ty in a subject.

The nuclear transport modulators of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or compositions f, provide excellent in vivo exposure as measured by AUC in mouse, rat, dog and monkey, while exhibiting low levels of brain penetration.

Therefore, compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or compositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions, associated with abnormal cellular responses triggered by improper nuclear transport, such as those diseases, disorders, or conditions described herein. Compounds ed by this invention are also useful for the study of nuclear transport tion in biological and pathological phenomena; the study of intracellular signal transduction pathways mediated by kinases; and the comparative evaluation of nuclear transport modulators.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES is a graph of tumor volume as a function of time and shows the effect of Compound 1-3 on tumor volume in a mouse xenograft model of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). is a Western blot image showing the effect of increasing concentrations of Compound 1-3 on CRMl and apoptosis marker proteins in MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells. is a Western blot image g the effect of increasing concentrations of Compound 1—3 on CRMl and apoptosis marker proteins in DU4475 luminal BC cells. is a n blot image g the effect of increasing concentrations of Compound 1—3 on CRMl and apoptosis marker proteins in HSS78T TNBC cells. is Western blot images showing the effect of increasing concentrations of Compound 1—3 on anti-apoptosis and cell cycle proteins in -468 and HSS78T TNBC cell lines. is a graph of mean body weight versus time for days 0 to 12 in antibody- induced male BALB/c tic mice ted to the indicated treatment. is a graph of mean total paw clinical arthritic scores versus time for days 0 to 12 in antibody-induced male BALB/c tic mice subjected to the indicated treatment. is a bar graph of scoring for mean ear thickness, g and folding determined from day 0 to 7 in PMA-induced male BALB/c psoriatic mice subjected to the indicted treatment. is a set of graphs showing object preference of rats treated as indicted in the Novel Object Recognition Model. is a set of graphs showing cumulative and average food intake versus time in obese and lean Zucker rats treated as indicated. is a set of graphs showing average and t body weight versus time in obese and lean Zucker rats treated as indicated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon examination of the ing detailed description of the invention. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description of the invention and the specific examples presented, while indicating n embodiments of the present invention, are provided for illustration purposes only because various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art from the detailed description of the invention and claims that follow.

Compounds ofthe Invention One embodiment of the invention is compounds ented by formula 1: N’Nf/‘>/_NH\ / o ,N—RZ F3C / N R1 CPS (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R1 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; R2 is selected from pyridin-Z-yl, pyridin—3-yl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, and quinoxalin—2—y1, pyrimidinyl, 1,1-dioxotetrahydrothiophen-3—yl and cyclopropyl, wherein R2 is optionally substituted with one or more ndent substituents selected from methyl and halogen; or R1 and R2 are taken together with their ening atoms to form 4—hydroxypiperidin— l-yl, pyrrolidin—l-yl, azepan-l-yl, ylpiperazin—1-yl, 4-ethylpiperazin—1-yl, 3— hydroxyazetidin-l -yl, or morpholinyl; R3 is selected from hydrogen and halo; and mrepresents a single bond wherein a carbon-carbon double bond bound thereto is in an (E)— or (Z)—conf1guration.

As bed generally above, R1 is ed from hydrogen and methyl. In some embodiments, R1 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R1 is .

As described generally above, R2 is selected from pyridin—Z-yl, pyridinyl, pyridin- 4-yl, pyrazin-Z-yl, quinoxalin-Z—yl, pyrimidinyl, 1,1-dioxotetrahydrothiophen—3-yl and cyclopropyl, wherein R2 is optionally substituted with one or more ndent substituents selected from methyl and n. In some ments of formula I, R2 is pyridin-Z—yl. In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is pyridinyl. In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is pyridin—4-y1. In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is pyrazin—Z-yl. In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is pyrimidin—4-y1. In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is quinoxalin—2—yl.

In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is selected from pyridin-2—yl, pyridin—3—yl and pyridin- 4-yl. In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is selected from pyridin-2—yl, n-3—yl, pyridinyl, pyrazin-Z—yl and pyrimidin—4-yl. In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is selected from pyridin-Z-yl, pyridiny1, pyrazin-Z-yl and pyrimidin—4-yl.

In some embodiments, R2 is selected from: PRU 5U“ U 5U >9t2; \ \ \ iii\ tUtU‘\ \ 1:1) UV "“5 /S\\ In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is ally substituted with a single substituent selected from methyl and chloro. In some ments of formula I, R2 is ally substituted with a methyl group. In some embodiments of formula I, R2 is optionally substituted with a chloro group. In some embodiments, R2 is selected from: x >31%N\ if \ | 1 In some embodiments, R2 is selected from: ff|N\U fI\N f’\ \fNfi / / N LN \f3\[Nj/ ‘3le ‘9le lefi fhk / u EN \E / In some embodiments, R2 is selected from: 2012/048319 L“;LL‘tZ3,film In some embodiments of formula I, R1 and R2 are taken together with their ening atoms to form 4—hydroxypiperidin-l-yl, pyrrolidin-l-yl, azepan-l-yl, 4- benzylpiperazin-l -yl, 4-ethylpiperazin- l -yl, 3-hydroxyazetidinyl, or morpholin—4-yl. In some embodiments of formula I, R1 and R2 are taken together with their intervening atoms to form 4-hydroxypiperidin— 1 -yl.

As described generally above, R3 is selected from hydrogen and halogen. In some embodiments, R3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3 is halogen (e.g., , bromo, iodo or fluoro). In some such embodiments, R3 is chloro.

As described generally above, the carbon—carbon double bond in between the le moiety and the carbonyl moiety is in an (E)—configuration or a (Z)-conf1guration. In some embodiments, that double bond is in a (E)-configuration. In some embodiments, that double bond is in a (Z)~configuration and the compound is represented by formula II: N’N NH /N/> o 2 F30 Rg—NR “3 <11), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined above and described herein.

A r embodiment of the ion is a compound represented by formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the values and alternative values for the variables are as defined above for a compound of formula I.

In a first aspect of this further embodiment, R1 is as defined above; and R2 is selected from pyridin-Z-yl, pyridinyl, pyrazin—Z-yl and pyrimidinyl, wherein R2 is optionally substituted with a single substituent selected from methyl and chloro; or R1 and R2 are taken together with their intervening atoms to form 4-hydroxypiperidin-l-yl.

In a specific aspect of the first aspect R3 is en. The values and alternative values for the remaining variables are as described above for a compound of formula I, or in the further embodiment, or first aspect thereof.

Exemplary nds of formula I are set forth in Table 1.

Table l. Exemplary compound of a I.

N’N NH N_ N’N NH N_ F30 N/ o HN —> ’ N) F30 o HNQ CFs CF3 .._{ 1-3 1-4 N’N NH N’N NH ’ N) F30 0 Q ’ N) F30 o {I} CF3 CFg ___l .—__._..‘ 1-5 1-6 N’N NH N_ ’N NH N— I N/> F3C O /N / N//—O>v /N"<\_N/ \ / F3C CF3 CFa 1—7 1-8 _ 'T N’N N\H N_ N’N NH N__ HOOK“) o /N / N) \ / F3C o H‘Nflv CFa CF3 1—9 1—10 N’N NH MN N’N/ NH NQN F30 IN) 0 /N O \ / FaC lN/> EMU CF3 CF3 1-1 1 1-12 N’Nf:>iNH / m N/ ‘ NH F30 IN) —N . 0 HNQ F36 NW) 0 ”kg 1-13 1-14 , M NH NH N N N’N 'NH O O'N FaC ’N) org F30 /N/> ”SQO CF; CF3 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-18 N’N NH N’” Nii N> o NH I 0 l / F 00%/> F30 3 LIN» CF3 d 1-19 1-20 NH ...

I—2l 1—22 1-24 N’N/—>VN‘H’ F30 x) o N N [l ‘ OH 1-26 In some embodiments, the nd of the invention is selected from any one of compounds 1—3 to 1-26. In one aspect of these embodiments, the compound is selected from compounds 1-3, 1—4, 1—5, 1-7, 1—8, I~lO, 1—12, 1-18, 1-19 and 1—24, In a more specific aspect, the compound of the ion is selected from 1-3 and 1-4.

Pharmacokinetics (PK) play an increasing role in drug discovery and development.

Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of the time course of drug absorption, bution, lism and/or excretion. When a drug is administered, it distributes rapidly from its administration site into the systemic blood circulation. One measure of the extent of a therapeutic agent’s distribution is the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), calculated to the last measured concentration (AUCt) and extrapolated to infinity (AUCInf).

AUC is thus a useful metric to quantitate drug exposure, Generally, the higher the exposure of a therapeutic agent, the r the effects of the agent. However, high exposure of a therapeutic agent may have deleterious effects on certain tissues such as the brain. While the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a protective network consisting of tight junctions between endothelial cells, restricts the ion of hydrophilic and/or large molecules, drugs with high AUC are still e of penetrating the BBB and/or cerebrospinal fluid. Such penetration is often undesirable and can lead to unwanted side effects. Current drug discovery efforts are aimed, in part, at striking a balance between maximizing drug exposure (e.g., AUC), while zing brain penetration.

The brain to plasma (B:P) ratio is one method of quantifying the relative distribution of a therapeutic agent in brain tissue to that in circulation and, as such, provides one indication of the brain penetration of a given therapeutic agent. A high brain to plasma ratio is preferred when targeting diseases localized in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid. However, a lower brain to plasma ratio is generally preferable for non-CNS therapeutic agents to minimize brain penetration and avoid potential side effects caused by unwanted accumulation of the therapeutic agents in the brain and CNS tissue.

As set forth in more detail in the Exemplification, the compounds of the present invention display a higher AUC and/or a lower B:P as compared to other r ort tors, such as those disclosed in co-owned US. Patent Application No. ,377, filed March 5, 2011 and published as US 2009/0275607 on November 10, 2011. In some embodiments of the present invention, the compound of formula I has a r export activity of less than about 1 uM, an AUCInf of greater than about 3300 (e. g., greater than about 3500), and a B:P ratio of less than about 2.5 when closed in a mouse at 10 mg/kg po.

Synthetic Methods ofthe Invention In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing (Z)- olefm derivatives of a compound of formula Z useful in ing nd of the invention (e. g., precursors to the compounds of the invention): AV5V/ ,\ 3 (Rx)m@‘Y (Z), or a ceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is an optionally substituted ring selected from , an 8membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5membered monocyelie heteroaryl ring having 1—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and an 8membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and Y is a covalent bond or —L—; L is a bivalent C1_g saturated or unsaturated, ht or branched, hydrocarbon radical, wherein one or two methylene units of L is ally replaced by ~NR—, —N(R)C(O)—, -C(O)N(R) , 0—, C(0) , OC(O) , —C(O)O , 8—, SO , SOZ , C(S) , —C(NOR)— or -C(NR)—; each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group selected from C1_ 6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 4—7-membered saturated or lly unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 4—7— membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a mbered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, an 8—lO—membered bicyclic aryl ring, and an 8-lO-membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 atoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or two R groups on the same nitrogen are taken together with the en atom to which they are attached to form a 4—7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or a 5 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; each of V1, V2 and V3 is independently C(Ry) or N; each Rx and Ry is independently ed from —R, halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)2, —CN, ~NOz, —N3, -SOR, -SOZR, -SOZNR, , -C02R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)N(R)2, —NRC(O)R, ~ OC(O)R,—OC(O)N(R)2, —NRC(O)OR, -NRC(O)NR2 and ~NRSOgR; each R1 and R2 is independently hydrogen, deuterium, tritium or halogen; W is —CN, haloalkyl, ~N02 or —C(=Z)R3; 3O Z is O, S, or NR; R3 is selected from hydrogen, —R, OR, —SR and —N(R4)2; each R4 is independently —R; or two R4 on the same en are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4 atoms independently ed from nitrogen, oxygen, and , or a 5-6— membered heteroaryl ring having 1—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with —(R5)n; each R5 is independently selected from ~R, halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)2, —CN, —N02, —N3, -SOR, -SOZR, -SOZNR, -C(O)R, —C02R, —C(O)OR, ¥C(O)N(R)2, —NRC(O)R, R, N(R)2, )OR, —NRC(O)NR2 and —NRSOzR; and each m and n is independently an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Compounds of formula Z have been described, for example, in US 13/041,377, filed March 5, 2011, and in US. Provisional Application Nos. 6l/513,428, filed July 29, 2011, and 61/653,588, filed June 1, 2012. Compounds of formula Z are generally synthesized as a mixture of (E)— and (Z)-olefin isomers, which must be separated. The separation of (E)— and (Z)-olefin isomers requires extensive chromatography and s in a loss of 50% of the advanced intermediate A, as the undesired isomer cannot typically be converted to the desired isomer. A 50% yield is inefficient and costly at any step of a synthesis, but such unacceptable yields are even more problematic at the end of a multi—step synthesis. It has now been surprisingly discovered that the use of sterically hindered bases in a 1,4— nucleophilic on can effect (Z)-selectivity of the reaction, thereby providing the cis— olefin isomer as the major or exclusive product. Accordingly, the t ion provides a (Z)-selective synthesis of compounds of formula Z, and methods of preparing synthetic intermediates useful for preparing nds of formula Z. A key step in the synthesis of compounds of formula Z is depicted in Scheme I.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of formula Z are prepared according to Scheme 1, set forth below: SchemeI R2 R1 H R2 LG w . H ’N\H B M, w //V3 ——~————-—-————> / (Rx)m ‘Yi 0V3 V2 s-1 1 (Rx)m —Y v2 2 wherein LG is a leaving group and each of Ring A, Y, V1, V2, V3, Rx, R1, R2, W and m is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z and described in ments herein.

In some embodiments of step S—l.l, intermediate A is coupled with intermediate B via a 1,4—nucleophilic addition/elimination reaction. In some embodiments of step S-1.1, LG is a suitable leaving group. In some such embodiments of step 8-1.1, LG is a halogen. In some embodiments, LG is iodo. In some embodiments of step S-1.l, LG is bromo. In some embodiments of step S-l.1, LG is a ate. In some such ments, LG is methanesulfonate (mesylate).

In some embodiments of step 8—1.1, intermediate A is coupled with intermediate B in the presence of a sterically—hindered nucleophilic base. One of ordinary skill will be able to select a suitable sterically-hindered base. Suitable sterically-hindered nucleophilic bases for use in the present invention include l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7—enie (DBU), 1,5— diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non—5—ene (DBN), 1,4—diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO), N,N— dicyclohexylmethylamine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl—4~methylpyridine, quinuclidine, 1,2,2,6,6- ethylpiperidine (PMP), 7-methyl—l,5,7—triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5—ene (MTBD), triphenylphosphine, tri—tert—butylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine.

In certain embodiments, the nds of formula Y are prepared according to Scheme II, set forth below: Scheme 11 R2 R1 R2 / N’NH W y LG fiw 17’ />ny UCN\ \ NH \ B —————» 0* a c N s.2.1 (Rx)m/ s—2.3 (Rm (Rm! s—2.2 D (Rx C )m E Y wherein LG is a leaving group and each of Rx, Ry, R1, R2, W and m is as defined above With respect to a compound of formula Z and described in embodiments herein.

In some embodiments of step 8—2.1, intermediate C is reacted with a thiolate salt to provide intermediate D. In some embodiments of step S-2.1, the thiolate salt is sodium thiolate. In some embodiments of step 8-2.1, the thiolate salt is potassium thiolate.

At step S—2.2, intermediate D is reacted with a hydrazine equivalent to provide intermediate B.

At step 8-2.3, ediate E is coupled with intermediate B to provide a compound of formula Y. In some embodiments of step 8-2.3, LG is a suitable leaving group. In some such embodiments of step 8-2.3, LG is a halogen. In some embodiments, LG is iodo. In some embodiments of step 8-2.3, LG is bromo. In some embodiments of step 8-2.3, LG is a sulfonate. In some such ments, LG is methanesulfonate (mesylate).

In some embodiments of step S-2.3, intermediate E is coupled with intermediate B in the presence of a ally-hindered nucleophilic base. One of ordinary skill will be able to select a suitable sterically—hindered base. le sterically—hindered nucleophilic bases for use in the present invention include l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene (DBU), 1,5 — icyclo[4.3.0]nonene (DBN), 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO), N,N- -1 7- dicyclohexylmethylamine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4—methylpyridine, lidine, 1,2,2,6,6— pentamethylpiperidine (PMP), 7—methyl-l,5,7~triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec—5-ene (MTBD), triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine. ing to one aspect, the present invention provides a method for providing a compound of formula Z: / /\ 3 (Ram—@W/kvz’v (Z): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ring A, Y, V1, V2, V3, RX, R, R1, R2, W and m is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a compound of formula A: (Rx)m‘®_Y/Lv2// /\V3 (A): n each of Ring A, RX, Y, V1, V2, V3 and m is as defined above for a compound of formula Z; and (b) reacting said compound of formula A with an olefin of formula B: RKKKW LG (B) n: LG is halogen, ~0802R or -OSOZCF3; and each of R, W, R1 and R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula Z; in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to form a compound of formula Z.

As described above, a nd of a A is d with intermediate B Via a 1,4—nucleophilic addition/elimination reaction. In some embodiments, a compound of formula A is coupled with intermediate B in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base. Suitable sterically-hindered bases e tertiary amine bases. In some embodiments, a suitable sterically—hindered bases includes sterically—hindered secondary amine bases. In some embodiments, the sterically—hindered nucleophilic base is selected from l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene (DBU), l,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonene (DBN), —18- azabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO), N,N—dicyclohexylmethylamine, —tert-butyl—4- methylpyridine, quinuclidine, l,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP), 7-methyl-l,5,7— triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec—5—ene (MTBD), triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine. In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is l,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO). In some embodiments, the sterically—hindered nucleophilic base is 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene (DBU).

In some embodiments, the sterically—hindered philic base is a ine. In some such embodiments, the sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is nylphosphine.

In some embodiments, step (b) above is performed at a ature range of about 0 °C to about 100 °C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about 0 0C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about 25 °C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about 50 °C. In some ments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about 100 °C.

One of ordinary skill will recognize that the 1,4—nucleophilic addition/elimination reaction of a compound of formula A and intermediate B requires the use of a polar, aprotic organic solvent. Suitable polar, aprotic organic solvents include ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofiiran and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA). One of ordinary skill is capable of selecting the appropriate solvent for the desired reaction temperature.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method of providing a nd of formula Y: N’N W / />\Ry gj/ ‘N (Rx)m (Y), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R, RX, Ry, R1, R2, W and m is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a compound of formula E: N’NH / />\Ry \ N <R">m (E), WO 19548 wherein each of RX, Ry and m is as defined above for a compound of formula Y; and (b) reacting said compound of formula E with an olefin of formula B: 112%“, LG (B), wherein: LG is halogen, -OSOZR or —OSOZCF3; and each of R, W, R1 and R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula Y, in the presence of a ally-hindered nucleophilic base to form a compound of formula Y.

As described above, a compound of formula E is coupled with intermediate B via a 1,4-nucleophilic addition/elimination reaction. In some ments, a compound of formula E is coupled with intermediate B in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base. Suitable steric‘ally—hindered bases include tertiary amine bases. In some ments, a suitable sterically—hindered bases includes sterically—hindered ary amine bases. In some embodiments, the sterically—hindered nucleophilic base is selected from 1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene (DBU), l,5—diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non—5-ene (DBN), 1,4- diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO), N,N—dicyclohexylmethylamine, 2,6-di-tert—butyl—4- pyridine, quinuclidine, 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP), 7—methyl-l,5,7- triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec—5—ene (MTBD), triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine. In some embodiments, the sterically—hindered nucleophilic base is l,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO). In some embodiments, the ally-hindered nucleophilic base is 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec—7-ene (DBU).

In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is a ine. In some such embodiments, the sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is triphenylphosphine.

In some embodiments, step (b) above is performed at a temperature range of about 0 °C to about 100 0C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about 0 0C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about 25 °C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a ature of about 50 °C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about 100 0C.

One of ry skill will recognize‘that the 1,4—nucleophilic addition/elimination reaction of a compound of formula E and intermediate B requires the use of a polar, aprotic organic t. Suitable polar, aprotic organic solvents include ethers such as dioxane, 2012/048319 tetrahydrofuran and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA). One of ordinary skill is capable of selecting the appropriate solvent for the desired reaction temperature.

In some embodiments of a compound of formula Y, W is —CN. In some embodiments, W is haloalkyl. In some such embodiments, W is —CF3. In some embodiments, W is -NOz.

In some embodiments, W is —C(=Z)R3. In some such embodiments, Z is O. In some embodiments, W is ~C(O)R3, wherein R3 is selected from —OR, -SR or —N(R4)2. In some embodiments, W is ~C(O)OR. In some embodiments, W is —C(O)OR, wherein R is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl and sec-butyl. In some embodiments, W is -C(O)OCH3. In some embodiments, W is -C(O)OCH2CH3. In some embodiments, W is —C(O)OCH(CH3)2.

In some embodiments, W is ——C(O)N(R4)2. In some embodiments, W is ~(O)NH(R4).

In some embodiments, W is —C(O)NH2. In some embodiments, W is —C(=O)N(R4)2, wherein both R4 groups are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are ed to form a 2O 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1—4 heteroatoms independently selected from en, oxygen, and sulfilr, wherein the ring thereby formed is optionally tuted with ~(R5)n. In some embodiments, W is —C(O)N(R4)2, n both R4 groups are taken together with the en atom to which they are ed to form a 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1—3 heteroatoms independently ed from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the ring thereby formed is ally substituted with ~(R5)n. In some embodiments, W is (R4)2, wherein both R4 groups are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1—2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with ~(R5)n. In some embodiments, W is 3O —C(O)N(R4)2, wherein both R4 groups are taken together with the en atom to which they are attached to form a 4-7—membered ted heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with —(R5)n.

In some embodiments, W is —C(O)N(R4)2, wherein both R4 groups are taken together with the en atom to which they are attached to form a 4membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is ally substituted with ~(R5)n. In some embodiments, W is —C(O)N(R4)2, wherein both R4 groups are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with —(R5)n. In some embodiments, W is —C(O)N(R4)2, wherein both R4 groups are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4- membered ted heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is ally substituted with —(R5)n. In some embodiments, W is (R4)2, wherein both R4 groups are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is substituted with at least one fluorine. In some embodiments, W is —C(O)N(R4)2, wherein both R4 groups are taken er with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is substituted with at least two fluorines. In some E N\jVFF. ments, W is In some embodiments, R1 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R1 is deuterium. In some embodiments, R2 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R2 is deuterium. In some embodiments, R1 and R2 are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some such embodiments, Rx is haloalkyl. In some embodiments, RX is —CF3.

In some embodiments, Ry is hydrogen.

In some ments, the present invention es a method of providing a compound of formula E: N/NH / />\Ry (Rx)m (E), wherein Rx, Ry and m are as described for a nd of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a compound of a D: | NH2 <Rx>m// (D), wherein each of RK and m is as defined above for a compound of formula E; and (b) reacting said compound of formula D to form a compound of formula E.

In some embodiments, conditions ive to form a nd of formula D includes a hydrazine equivalent. Thus, in some embodiments, step (b) of the method of providing a compound of formula E includes reaction said compound of formula D with a hydrazine equivalent to the form the compound of formula E. In some embodiments, intermediate D is reacted with hydrazine hydrate to provide a compound of formula E. In some embodiments, intermediate D is reacted with a protected form of ine such as tert- butyl hydrazinecarboxylate and subsequently deprotected to provide ediate D.

One of ordinary skill will recognize that the addition of ine to intermediate D requires a polar, aprotic organic solvent. Suitable polar, aprotic organic solvents include ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol, and amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA). One of ordinary skill is capable of selecting the riate solvent for the d on temperature.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula D: l\ NH2 (Rx)m// (D), wherein RX and m are as d above for a compound of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a nd of formula C: <R">m/ / (C), wherein each of RK and m is as defined above for a compound of formula D; and (b) reacting said compound of formula C to form a compound of formula D.

As described above, in some embodiments, intermediate C is treated with a thiolate salt to provide intermediate D. In some embodiments, the thiolate salt is sodium thiolate.

One of ordinary skill will recognize that the reaction of intermediate C with a te salt es the use of a polar, aprotic solvent. Suitable polar, aprotic solvents include ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).

In some embodiments, the present invention es a method for preparing a compound of a B: R2Y/LW LG (B), wherein: LG is n, —OSOZR or -OSOZCF3; and each of R, R1, R2 and W are as defined above for a compound of formula Z, sing the steps of: (a) providing a compound of formula F: R2 : W (F), wherein each of R2 and W is as defined above for a compound of formula B; and (b) reacting said compound of formula F to form a compound of formula B.

As described above, in some embodiments of intermediate B, LG is a halogen. In some such embodiments, a compound of formula F is treated with a halide salt. In some embodiments, a compound of formula F is treated with a sodium halide. In some such embodiments, a compound of formula F is treated with sodium iodide. In some embodiments, intermediate F is treated with a halide salt in the presence of an acid. Suitable acids include both mineral acids and organic acids. In some embodiments, intermediate F is treated with a halide salt and an organic acid such as acetic acid. In some embodiments, intermediate F is treated with sodium iodide in the presence of acetic acid to provide a compound of formula B.

One of ordinary skill will recognize that the addition of a halide salt to intermediate F requires a polar, aprotic organic solvent. Suitable polar, aprotic c solvents include ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofiiran and methyl tert—butyl ether (MTBE). ing to another aspect, the present ion provides a method of providing a compound of formula X: <R">m (X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R, Rx, Ry, R1, R2, R4 and m is as defined above with respect to a nd of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a nd of formula E: N’NH / />\Ry \ N <R">m// (E), wherein each of Rx, Ry and m is as defined above for a compound of a X; and (b) reacting said compound of formula E with an olefin of formula G: LG is halogen, -OSOzR or —OSOZCF3; and each of R, R1, R2 and R4 is as defined above for a nd of formula X, in the presence of a sterically~hindered nucleophilic base to form a compound of formula X.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method of providing a compound of formula W: (mm (W), or a pharrnaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R, RX, Ry, R1, R2, R5, m and n is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a compound of formula E: N’NH / />\Ry \ N <R">m/ (E), wherein each of Rx, Ry and m is as defined above for a compound of formula W; and W0 2013/019548 PCT/U82012/048319 (b) reacting said compound of formula E with an olefin of formula H: / /\ 0 (H), wherein: LG is halogen, -OSOzR or -OSO;2CF3; and each of R, R1, R2, R5 and n is as defined above for a compound of formula W, in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to form a compound of a W. ing to another aspect, the present invention provides a method of providing a compound of formula V: N”N O / />\Ry \ N (Rx)m// (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R, RX, Ry, R1, R2, and m is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a compound of formula E: b/IzNH)‘Ry \ N (R">m// (E), n each of Rx, Ry and m is as defined above for a compound of formula V; and (b) reacting said compound of formula E with an olefin of formula J: wherein: LG is halogen, -OSOZR or F3; and each of R, R1 and R2 is as defined above for a compound of a V, in the presence of a sterically—hindered.nucleophilic base to form a compound of formula V. -26— In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for ing a compound of formula G: wherein: LG is halogen, —OSOZR or F3; and each of R, R1, R2 and R4 is as described herein with respect to a compound of formula comprising the steps of: (a) providing a compound of formula K: \N—R“ 112% O (K), wherein each of R2 and R4 is as defined above for a nd of formula G; and (b) reacting said compound of formula K to form a nd of formula G.

As described above, in some embodiments of ediate G, LG is a halogen. In some such embodiments, a compound of formula K is treated with a halide salt. In some embodiments, a compound of formula K is d with a sodium halide. In some such embodiments, a compound of formula K is treated with sodium iodide. In some embodiments, intermediate K is treated with a halide salt in the presence of an acid. Suitable acids include both mineral acids and organic acids. In some embodiments, intermediate K is treated with a halide salt and an organic acid such as acetic acid. In some embodiments, intermediate K is treated with sodium iodide in the presence of acetic acid to provide a compound of formula G.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula K: R2 -R4 O (K), n each of R2 and R4 is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a compound of formula L: R2 : 0 (L), wherein R2 is hydrogen, deuterium, m or halogen; and (b) reacting said compound of formula L with HN(R4)2, wherein each R4 is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula K, to form a compound of formula K.

In some embodiments, a compound of formula L is treated with an amide coupling agent in the presence of HN(R4)2 to form a compound of formula K. Suitable amide coupling agents include HOBt, HOAt, HAMDU, HAMTU, PyBOP, PyBrOP, TBTU, HATU and T3P.

One of ry skill will recognize that the use of such amide coupling reagents requires the use of a base. le bases include organic bases, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine, pyridine, 4—dimethylpyridine , and the like.

In some embodiments, a compound of formula L is reacted with a chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride to form an acyl chloride, which is then reacted with HN(R4)2 to form a compound of formula K.

In some ments, the present invention provides a method for preparing a compound of formula G: wherein: LG is halogen, -OSOzR or -OSOZCF3; and each of R, R1, R2 and R4 is as defined above with respect to a nd of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a propargylic acid of formula L: R2 : O (L), wherein R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula G; (b) reacting said compound of formula L with an l having the formula HO- R to form a propargylic ester of a M: R2 : O (M), wherein each of R and R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula G; PCT/U82012/048319 -28— (c) reacting said propargylic ester of formula M to form a compound of formula 0 (N) wherein each of R, R1, R2 and LG is as defined above for a nd of formula G; (d) hydrolyzing said compound of a N to form a compound of formula Q: 0 (Q), wherein each of R, R1, R2 and LG is as defined above for a compound of formula G; (e) reacting said compound of formula Q with HN(R4)2, wherein each R4 is as defined above for a compound of a G, to form a nd of formula G.

In some embodiments, a propargylic acid of formula L is d with an alcohol to form a gylic ester of formula M. le alcohols include methanol, ethanol and isopropanol. One of ordinary skill will recognize that the esterification of a propargylic acid of formula L can be effected by tic acid. Thus, in some embodiments, a propargylic acid of formula L is treated with methanol or ethanol in the presence of catalytic sulfuric acid to provide a propargylic ester of formula M.

One of ordinary skill will recognize that such esterification can be performed at temperatures of about 25 °C to about 100 °C, or up to the boiling point of the alcohol. In some embodiments, the esterification of a propargylic acid of formula L is heated to reflux (the boiling point of the alcohol).

As described above, in some embodiments of a compound of formula N, LG is a halogen. In some such embodiments, a compound of formula M is treated with a halide salt.

In some embodiments, a compound of formula M is treated with a sodium halide. In some such ments, a compound of formula M is treated with sodium iodide. In some embodiments, a compound of formula M is treated with a halide salt in the ce of an acid. Suitable acids include both mineral acids and organic acids. In some embodiments, a compound of formula M is treated with a halide salt and an organic acid such as acetic acid.

In some embodiments, a compound of formula M is treated with sodium iodide in the presence of acetic acid to provide a nd of formula N. 2012/048319 In some embodiments, the ester of a compound of formula N is hydrolyzed to the acrylic acid. Suitable hydrolysis conditions are known to those skilled in the art and include ide such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and cesium hydroxide in the presence of water. One of ordinary skill will recognize that such hydrolysis can be performed at temperatures of about 25 °C to about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the hydrolysis of an te of formula N is heated to reflux.

In some embodiments, an acrylic acid of formula Q is reacted with HN(R4)2 to form a compound of formula G. In some embodiments, an c acid of formula Q is treated with an amide coupling agent in the presence of HN(R4)2 to form a compound of formula G.

Suitable amide coupling agents include HOBt, HOAt, HAMDU, HAMTU, PyBOP, PyBrOP, TBTU, HATU and T3P. One of ordinary skill will recognize that the use of such amide coupling reagents requires the use of a base. Suitable bases e organic bases such as triethylarnine, diisopropylethyl amine, pyridine, 4-dimethy1pyridine , and the like.

In some ments, a compound of formula Q is reacted with a chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride to form an acyl de, which is then reacted with HN(R4)2 to form a compound of formula G.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of providing a compound of formula V: R2 F N’NWNyF / />\Roy \ N (Rx)m (V), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, n each of R, Rx, Ry, R1, R2 and m is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z, comprising the steps, of: (a) providing a compound of formula L: R2 :: O (L), wherein R2 is as defined above for a nd of formula V; (b) . reacting said compound of formula L with FF><:NH to form a compound of formula R: PCT/U82012/048319 -3 0- 112% O (R) wherein R2 is as defined above for a compound of a V; (c) reacting said compound of formula R to provide a nd of formula J: wherein: LG is halogen, ~OSOZR or-OSOZCFg; and each of R, R1 and R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula V; and (d) reacting said compound of formula J with a compound of formula E: N’NH I />\Ry \ N mm (B), wherein each of Rx, Ry and m is as defined above for a compound of formula V, in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to provide a nd of formula V.

In some embodiments, the present ion provides a method of providing a compound of formula V: R2“flag NI M9 \ N (R )mx // (V) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, n each of R, Rx, Ry, R1, R2 and m is as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a compound of formula L: R2 : 0 (L), wherein R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula V; (b) reacting said compound of formula L with an alcohol having the formula HO— R to form a compound of formula M: R2 : O (M), wherein each of R and R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula V, (c) reacting said compound of formula M to provide a compound of formula N: O (N), wherein: LG is halogen, —OSOZR or -OSOZCF3; and each of R, R1 and R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula V; (d) hydrolyzing said compound of formula N to form a compound of a Q: LGWm 0 , (Q), wherein each of R1, R2 and LG is as defined above for a nd of formula V; (e) reacting said compound of formula Q with IE>CNH to form a compound of formula J : RWNOJFLG2 0 (J), wherein: LG is halogen, -OSOZR or —OSOZCF3; and each of R, R1 and R2 is as defined above for a compound of formula V; and (f) reacting said compound of a J with a compound of formula E: N’NH / />\Ry \ N (Rx)m// (E), wherein each of Rx, Ry and m is as defined above for a compound of formula V, in the presence of a sterically-hindered philic base to e a compound of formula V.

PCT/U82012/048319 Definitions Compounds of this invention include those described generally above, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species sed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For es of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, ito: 1999, and “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5th Ed., Ed.: Smith, MB. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Unless specified otherwise within this specification, the nomenclature used in this specification generally follows the es and rules stated in Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, which is incorporated by reference herein for its exemplary chemical structure names and rules on naming chemical structures. ally, a name of a compound may be generated using a al naming program: ACD/ChemSketch, Version ptember 2001, Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, Canada.

Compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers, chiral axes, and chiral planes (e.g., as bed in: E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen, —chemistry of Carbon Compounds, John Wiley& Sons, New York, 1994, pages 1119-1190), and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual diastereomers or enantiomers, with all le s and es thereof, including optical s, being included in the t invention.

The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group,” as used herein, denotes a monovalent hydrocarbon radical that is straight-chain (i.e., unbranched), branched, or cyclic (including fused, bridged, and Spiro—fused polycyclic). An aliphatic group can be saturated or can contain one or more units of unsaturation, but is not aromatic. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1—6 carbon atoms. However, in some embodiments, an aliphatic group contains 1-10 or 2-8 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1— 4 carbon atoms and, in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1—3 carbon atoms.

Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not d to, linear or branched, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

The terrn“alkyl,” as used herein, means a saturated, straight—chain or branched aliphatic group. In one , an alkyl group contains 1-10 or 2-8 carbon atoms. Alkyl es, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n—butyl, sec-butyl, t—butyl, and the like.

The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, means a straight—chain or branched tic group having one or more carbon—carbon double bonds (1'. e., -CH=CH-). In one aspect, an l group has from two to eight carbon atoms, and includes, for example, and without being limited thereto, ethenyl, l-propenyl, 1—butenyl and the like. The term “alkenyl” encompasses radicals having carbon-carbon double bonds in the “cis” and ” or, atively, the “E” and “Z” configurations. If an alkenyl group includes more than one carbon—carbon double bond, each carbon—carbon double bond is independently a cis or trans double bond, or a mixture thereof.

The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, means a straight—chain or ed aliphatic radical having one ore more -carbond triple bonds (216., -CEC-). In one aspect, an alkyl group has from two to eight carbon atoms, and includes, for example, and without being limited thereto, l—propynyl (propargyl), l—butynyl and the like.

The terms “cycloaliphatic,39 (Gcarbocycly 9, C6 , carbocyclo,” and “carbocyclic,” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, refer to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic aliphatic monocyclic or bicyclic ring , as described herein, having from 3 to 10 members, wherein the aliphatic ring system is optionally tuted as defined above and described herein. Cycloaliphatic groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, eptenyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, and cyclooctadienyl. The terms “cycloaliphatic,” “carbocyclyl,” 3O “carbocyclo,” and “carbocyclic” also e aliphatic rings that are fused to one or more aromatic or nonaromatic rings, such as decahydronaphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, decalin, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

The term “cycloalkyl,” as used herein, means a saturated cyclic aliphatic monocyclic or bicyclic ring system having from 3-10 members. A cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted as described herein. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl has 3—6 carbons.

The term ocycloalkyl,” as used herein, means a saturated or rated aliphatic ring system in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, S and O. A heterocycloalkyl can contain one or more rings, which may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused. In one aspect, a cycloalkyl is a three— to membered ring system and includes, for example, and without being limited thereto, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl and the like.

The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or n; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen; and a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4—dihydro—2H—pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR+ (as in N- substituted pyrrolidinyl).

The term urated,” as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.

The term “halo” or “halogen,” as used herein, means halogen and includes, for example, and without being limited thereto, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo and the like, in both radioactive and dioactive forms.

The term “haloalkyl,” as used herein, means an aliphatic group which is tuted with one or more halogen atoms. In some embodiments, haloalkyl refers to a perhalogenated aliphatic group. In some embodiments, haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group which is substituted with one or more halogen atoms. Exemplary haloalkyl groups include -CF3, -CC13, -CF2CH3, -CH2CF3, ~CH2(CF3)2, -CF2(CF3)2, and the like.

The term “aryl,” alone or in combination, as used herein, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one or more rings, which may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused. In particular embodiments, aryl is one, two or three rings. In one , the aryl has five to twelve ring atoms. The term “aryl” encompasses aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, yl, thryl, anthryl and hthyl. An “aryl” group can have 1 to 4 substituents, such as lower alkyl, hydroxyl, 3O halo, haloalkyl, nitro, cyano, , lower alkylamino and the like.

The term “heteroaryl,” alone or in combination, as used herein, means an aromatic system wherein at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, S and O. A heteroaryl can contain one or more rings, which may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused. In particular embodiments, heteroaryl is one, two or three rings. In one aspect, the heteroaryl has five to twelve ring atoms. The term oaryl” encompasses heteroaromatic groups such as triazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, furyl, benzofuryl, thienyl, benzothienyl, quinolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, and the like. A “heteroaryl” group can have 1 to 4 substituents, such as lower alkyl, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkoxy, lower mino and the like.

It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below. In general, the term ituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless ise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group can have a suitable tuent at each substitutable position of the group and, when more than one position in any given structure may be tuted with more than one tuent selected from a specified group, the substituent can be either the same or different at every position. Alternatively, an nally substituted” group can be unsubstitued.

Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically le compounds. If a substituent is itself substituted with more than one group, it is tood that these le groups can be on the same carbon atom or on different carbon atoms, as long as a stable structure s. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; —(CH2)MR°; ~(CH2)040R°; —O(CH2)0_4R°, -O—(CH2)04C(O)OR°; —(CH2)MCH(OR°)2; —(CH2)(HSR°; ~(CH2)MPh, which may be substituted with R°; —(CH2)040(CH2)0_1Ph which may be substituted with R°; —CH=CHPh, which may be tuted with R°; —(CH2)040(CH2)0_1-pyridyl which may be substituted 3O With R°; —N02; —CN; —N3; '(CH2)MN(R°)2; "(CHleN(R°)C(O)R°; —N(R°)C(S)R°; *(CH2)0~4N(R°)C(0)NR°2; -N(R°)C(S)NR°2; —(CH2)04N(R°)C(O)OR°; -N(R°)N(R°)C(O)R°'u -N(R°)N(R°)C(O)NR°2; -N(R°)N(R°)C(O)OR°; *(CH2)04C(O)R°; —C(S)R°; "(CH2)0-4C(O)OR°; —(CH2)MC(O)SR°; "(CH2)MC(O)OSiR°3; ”(CH2)04OC(O)R°; (CH2)MSR—, SC(S)SR°; ‘(CH2)0—48C(O)R°3 ”(CH2)0—4C(O)NR02§ —C(S)NR°2; -C(S)SR°; ~SC(S)SR°, —(CH2)MOC(O)NR°2; -C(O)N(OR°)R°; —C(O)C(O)R°; -C(0)CH2C(O)R°; —C(NOR°)R°;-(CH2)MSSR°; ‘(CH2)0—48(O)2R03 “(CH2)0—48(O)20R°§ -(CH2)040$(0)2R°; -S(0)2NR°2; ‘(CH2)0—48(O)R°§ -N(R°)S(0)2NR°2; —N(R°)S(0)2R°; -3 6- -N(OR°)R°; —C(NH)NR°2; -P(O)2R°; -P(O)R°2; -OP(O)R°2; ~OP(O)(OR°)2; SiR°3;_(C1—4 straight or branched alkylene)O—N(R°)2; or ——(CM straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O-N(R°)2, wherein each R° may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, CH, aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0_1Ph, -CH2—(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5—6—membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and , or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R°, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3—12—membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl monocyclic or bicyclic ring having 0~4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below. le monovalent substituents on R° (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R° together with their ening atoms), are independently halogen, -(CH2)0-2R’, —(haloR°), ~(CH2)HOH, 0.20R', 0_2CH(OR°)2; -O(haloR°), —CN, —N3, —(CH2)HC(O)R°, —(CH2)0_2C(O)OH, —(CH2)0_2C(O)OR°, —(CH2)O_ZSR', —(CH2)HSH, —(CH2)0_2NH2, —(CH2)HNHR', —(CH2)0_2NR°2, ~—N02, —SiR°3, —OSiR°3, -C(O)SR°, —(CH straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR°, or —SSR' wherein each R' is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is ndently selected from C14 aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)(HPh, or a 5—6—membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R° include :0 and :8.

Suitable divalent tuents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: =0, =S, =NNR*2, =NNHC(O)R*, =NNHC(O)OR*, =NNHS(O)2R*, =NR*, =NOR*, *2))2—3O-, and —S(C(R*2))2_3S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C1_6 tic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5—6—membered ted, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 04 atoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vioinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: —O(CR*2)2_3O—, wherein each independent ence of R* is ed from hydrogen, C1_6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted mbered saturated, partially rated, or aryl ring having 0—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. -3 7- Suitable substituents on the tic group of R* include halogen, —R°, -(haloR°), —OH, —OR', —O(haloR°), —CN, ~C(O)OH, —C(O)OR°, —NH2, —NHR°, ~NR'2, and —N02, wherein each R’ is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more ns, and is independently C14 aliphatic, ~CH2Ph, )0_1Ph, or a 5—6— membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0—4 heteroatoms ndently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

Suitable substituents on a substitutable en of an “optionally substituted” group include —RT, —NRT2, —C(O)RT, —C(O)ORT, —C(O)C(O)RT, -C(O)CH2C(O)RT, —S(0)2RT, NRT2, ——C(S)NRT2, ~C(NH)NRT2, and S(O)2RT; wherein each RT is independently hydrogen, C1_6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5—6—membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two ndent occurrences of RT, taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3—12—membered ted, lly unsaturated, or aryl monocyclic or bicyclic ring having 0—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of RT are independently halogen, —R', -(haloR°), —OH, —OR°, oR°), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR°, -—NH2, —NHR‘, ~—NR'2, or —N02, wherein each R' is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently CM aliphatic, ~CH2Ph, —-O(CH2)(HPh, or a 5—6- membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0—4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.

As used herein, “hydrazine equivalent” means a chemical reagent that can be used to introduce a —N—N- moiety into a molecule. Hydrazine equivalents e hydrazine hydrate as well as protected forms of hydrazine, such as tert—butyl ine carboxylate. 3O As used herein, “leaving group” refers to a onal group that is displaced from a molecule during a chemical reaction. Leaving groups include halogens, as well sulfonate groups, such as tosylate and mesylate.

As used herein, the term aceutically able salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically -3 8- acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1—19, the relevant teachings of which are incorporated herein by nce in their entirety. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include salts derived from le nic and organic acids and bases that are compatible with the ent of patients.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, ic acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2—hydroxy— ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2—naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3—phenylpropionate, phosphate, te, nate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p—toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

In some embodiments, exemplary inorganic acids which form suitable salts include, but are not limited thereto, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid and acid metal salts such as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate and potassium hydrogen sulfate.

Illustrative organic acids which form suitable salts include the mono—, di— and tricarboxylic acids. rative of such acids are, for example, acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, c, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicylic, 2-phenoxybenzoic, p-toluenesulfonic acid 3O and other ic acids such as methanesulfonic acid and 2—hydroxyethanesulfonic acid.

Either the mono- or di-acid salts can be , and such salts can exist in either a ed, solvated or ntially‘anhydrous form. In general, the acid addition salts of these nds are more soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic ts, and generally demonstrate higher melting points in comparison to their free base forms.

In some embodiments, acid addition salts of the compounds of formula I are most suitably formed from pharmaceutically acceptable acids, and include, for example, those formed with inorganic acids, e. g., hydrochloric, sulfuric or phosphoric acids and c acids e. g. succinic, maleic, acetic or c acid.

Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g, oxalates can be used, for example, in the isolation of compounds of formula I for laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. Also included within the scope of the ion are base addition salts (such as sodium, ium and ammonium salts), solvates and hydrates of compounds of the invention. The conversion of a given compound salt to a desired nd salt is achieved by applying standard techniques, well known to one d in the art.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salt” is any non-toxic organic or inorganic base addition salt of the acid compounds represented by formula I, or any of its intermediates. Illustrative inorganic bases which form suitable salts include, but are not limited o, lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or barium hydroxides.

Illustrative organic bases which form suitable salts include tic, alicyclic or aromatic organic amines such as methylamine, trimethyl amine and picoline or a. The selection of the appropriate salt may be important so that an ester functionality, if any, elsewhere in the le is not hydrolyzed. The selection criteria for the appropriate salt will be known to one skilled in the art.

Salts derived from riate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+(C1—4alkyl)4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when riate, ic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, ylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond s, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention.

Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include nds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds produced by the replacement of a hydrogen with deuterium or tritium, or of a carbon with a 13C— or 14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention.

The term “stereoisomers” is a general term for all isomers of an individual molecule that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes mirror image isomers (enantiomers), ric (cis/trans) isomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).

The term “treat” or “treating” means to alleviate one or more symptoms, to eliminate the ion of one or more symptoms, either on a temporary or permanent basis, or to prevent or delay the onset of one or more symptoms associated with a disorder or ion.

The term “therapeutically effective ” means an amount of a nd that is effective in treating or lessening the severity of one or more symptoms of a disorder or condition.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a non-toxic t, dispersant, excipient, adjuvant or other material which is mixed with the active ingredient in order to permit the formation of a pharmaceutical composition, i.e., a dosage form capable of being administered to a patient. One example of such a carrier is pharmaceutically acceptable oil typically used for parenteral administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art.

When introducing elements sed , the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “having” and “including” are intended to be open-ended and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

Formulation and Administration Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions Another embodiment of the ion is a composition sing a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable r, adjuvant, or vehicle. The amount of compound in a composition of the invention is an amount that is effective to measurably inhibit CRMl in a biological sample or in a patient.

In n embodiments, a composition of the invention is formulated for administration to a patient in need of the composition. The term “patient,” as used herein, means an animal. In -4 1 - some embodiments, the animal is a mammal. In n embodiments, the patient is a veterinary patient (116., a non—human mammal patient). In some embodiments, the patient is a dog. In other embodiments, the patient is a human.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle” refers to a non- toxic carrier, adj uvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the nd with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, a, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose- based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, hylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

Compositions of the present ion may be administered orally, erally (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal), by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. In some embodiments, provided compounds or itions are administrable enously and/or intraperitoneally.

The term “parenteral,” as used herein, includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraocular, intravitreal, intra—articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intraperitoneal intralesional and intracranial injection or on techniques.

Preferably, the compositions are stered orally, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile inj e forms of the itions of this ion may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile inj ectable solution or sion in a non- toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, a on in 1,3-butanediol.

Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending . ceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, -42_ tablets, aqueous sions and solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers ly used include lactose and corn . Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are ed for oral use, the active ingredient is ed with fying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added. In some embodiments, a provided oral formulation is formulated for immediate release or sustained/delayed release.

In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for buccal or sublingual administration, including tablets, es and pastilles. A provided compound can also be in micro- encapsulated form.

Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this ion may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

Topical ation for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. lly—transdermal patches may also be used.

For ophthalmic use, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated as micronized suspensions or in an ointment such as petrolatum.

Pharmaceutically acceptable itions of this invention can also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are ated for intra—peritoneal administration.

The amount of compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. In one embodiment, a ition is formulated so that a dosage of between 0 mg/kg body weight/day of the inhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving the composition. In another embodiment, the dosage is from about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight, or between 1 mg and 1000 mg/dose, every 4 to 120 hours, or according to the requirements of the particular drug.

Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be stered from about 1 to about 6 times per day.

It should also be understood that a c dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the ition.

In some embodiments, the ition further includes one or more additional eutic or prophylactic agents. When the compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of the formulae described herein and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more ably n about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally stered in a monotherapy regimen. The additional agents can be administered tely, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention. Alternatively, the additional agents can be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of the invention in a single composition.

Upon improvement of a patient’s condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this ion can be administered, if necessary.

Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, can be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved ion is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any ence of disease symptoms Uses ofCompounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions 3O Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the inhibition of CRMl and are, therefore, useful for treating one or more disorders associated with ty of CRMl. Thus, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a CRMl—mediated disorder comprising the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the t invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof. The compounds and compositions described herein can also be administered to cells in culture, e.g., in vitro or ex vivo, or to a subject, e. g., in vivo, to treat, prevent, and/0r diagnose a variety of disorders, including those described herein below.

The activity of a compound utilized in this invention as an inhibitor of CRMl may be assayed in vitro, in vivo or in a cell line. Detailed conditions for assaying a compound ed in this invention as an inhibitor of CRMl are set forth in the Exemplification.

As used herein, the term “CRMl —mediated disorder or condition” or “disorder or condition associated with CRMl activity” means any disease or other deleterious condition in IO which CRMl plays a role. Accordingly, another embodiment of the present ion relates to treating or lessening the severity of one or more diseases in which CRMl plays a role. In some ments, the present ion'provides methods of treating a disease associated with expression or activity of p53, p73, p21, pRB, p27, IKB, NFKB, c-Abl, FOXO proteins, COX—2 in a subject comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein. In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease or ion selected from a proliferative disorder (e. g, cancer), an inflammatory er, an autoimmune disorder, a viral infection, an ophthalmological er or a neurodegenerative disorder, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound or composition according to the present invention. In a more specific embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of treating or lessening the severity of cancer. Specific examples of the above ers are set forth in detail below.

Cancers treatable by the compounds of this invention e, but are not limited to, hematologic malignancies (leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas, myelodysplastic and roliferative syndromes) and solid tumors (carcinomas such as prostate, breast, lung, colon, pancreatic, renal, ovarian as well as soft tissue and osteosarcomas, and stromal tumors). Breast cancer (BC) can include, Basal-like Breast Cancer (BLBC), Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and breast cancer that is both BLBC and TNBC. In addition, breast cancer can include invasive or non-invasive ductal or lobular carcinoma, tubular, medullary, 3O mucinous, papillary, cribriform carcinoma of the breast, male breast cancer, recurrent or metastatic breast , phyllodes tumor of the , paget’s disease of the nipple.

Inflammatory disorders treatable by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, systemic lupus, systemic sis, itis syndromes (small, medium and large vessel), atherosclerosis, atory bowel disease, irritable bowel me, Crohn's disease, mucous colitis, tive colitis, gastritis, sepsis, psoriasis and other dermatological atory disorders (such as eczema, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, urticaria, scleroderma, psoriasis, and derrnatosis with acute inflammatory components, pemphigus, pemphigoid, ic itis), and urticarial syndromes. In some ments, the disorder or condition associated With CRMl activity is multiple sclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis or other dermatological inflammatory disorders.

Viral diseases treatable by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, acute febrile pharyngitis, pharyngoconj unctival fever, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, infantile gastroenteritis, Coxsackie infections, infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, cellular carcinoma, primary HSV—l infection (e. g., gingivostomatitis in children, tonsillitis and pharyngitis in , conjunctivitis), latent HSV-l infection (e.g, herpes labialis and cold sores), primary HSV—2 infection, latent HSV-2 infection, aseptic meningitis, infectious mononucleosis, Cytomegalic inclusion disease, Kaposi’s sarcoma, multicentric Castleman e, primary effusion lymphoma, AIDS, influenza, Reye syndrome, s, postinfectious encephalomyelitis, mumps, hyperplastic epithelial lesions (6. g, common, flat, r and ital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis), cervical carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas, croup, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, common cold, poliomyelitis, rabies, influenza—like syndrome, severe bronchiolitis with pneumonia, German measles, congenital rubella, varicella, and herpes zoster. Viral es treatable by the compounds of this invention also include chronic Viral infections, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Exemplary lmology ers include, but are not limited to, macular edema (diabetic and nondiabetic macular edema), age-related macular degeneration (wet and dry forms), aged disciform macular degeneration, cystoid macular edema, palpebral edema, retina edema, ic retinopathy, chorioretinopathy, neovascular maculopathy, neovascular glaucoma, uveitis, iritis, retinal vasculitis, endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis, metastatic 3O lmia, choroiditis, retinal pigment epitheliitis, conjunctivitis, cyclitis, scleritis, episcleritis, optic neuritis, ulbar optic neuritis, keratitis, blepharitis, exudative l detachment, corneal ulcer, conjunctival ulcer, chronic nummular keratitis, lmic disease associated with hypoxia or ischemia, retinopathy of urity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, l angiomatous proliferation, retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, Coats' disease, familial exudative Vitreoretinopathy, pulseless disease (Takayasu’s disease), Eales disease, antiphospholipid antibody me, leukemic pathy, blood hyperviscosity syndrome, macroglobulinemia, interferon- -46— associated retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, radiation retinopathy, corneal epithelial stem cell deficiency or cataract.

Neurodegenerative es treatable by a nd of the invention include, but are not limited to, son’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS/Lou ’s e). In some embodiments, the disorder or condition associated with CRMl ty is ALS.

Compounds and compositions described herein may also be used to treat disorders of abnormal tissue growth and fibrosis including dilative cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, ulonephritis, and other renal disorders.

Compounds and compositions described herein may also be used to treat disorders d to food intake, such as obesity and hagia. In some embodiments, the disorder or condition associated with CRMl activity is obesity.

In some ments, the disorder or condition associated with CRMl activity is muscular dystrophy, tis, for e, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondilitis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, sepsis, rheumatic disease, cancer sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, leptospiriosis renal disease, glaucoma, l disease, ageing, headache, pain, complex regional pain syndrome, cardiac hypertrophy, musclewasting, catabolic disorders, obesity, fetal growth retardation, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, chronic heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion, stroke, cerebral aneurysm, angina is, pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, acid-induced lung injury, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, hyaline membrane disease, kidney disease, glomerular disease, alcoholic liver disease, gut diseases, peritoneal endometriosis, skin es, nasal sinusitis, mesothelioma, anhidrotic ecodermal dysplasia-ID, behcet’s disease, incontinentia pigmenti, tuberculosis, asthma, crohn’s disease, colitis, ocular allergy, appendicitis, paget’s disease, pancreatitis, onitis, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory lung disease, silica-induced diseases, sleep apnea, AIDS, HIV-1, autoimmune diseases, antiphospholipid syndrome, lupus, lupus nephritis, familial mediterranean fever, hereditary periodic fever syndrome, social stress diseases, athological diseases, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, inflammatory neuropathy, parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, alzheimer’s disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, huntington’s disease, cataracts, or hearing loss.

In other embodiments, the disorder or condition associated with CRMI activity is head injury, uveitis, atory pain, allergen induced asthma, non—allergen induced asthma, glomerular tis, tive colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever (HIDS), TNF receptor associated ic syndrome (TRAPS), cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, Muckle-Wells syndrome aria deafness amyloidosis),familial cold urticaria, neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), periodic fever, aphthous itis, pharyngitis and adenitis .(PFAPA syndrome), Blau me, pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum,acne (PAPA), deficiency of the interleukin-lmreceptor antagonist (DIRA), subarachnoid hemorrhage, polycystic kidney disease, transplant, organ transplant, tissue transplant, myelodysplastic syndrome, irritant~induced inflammation, plant nt-induced inflammation, poison ivy/ urushiol oil—induced inflammation, chemical irritant-induced inflammation, bee sting-induced inflammation, insect bite-induced inflammation, sunburn, burns, dermatitis, endotoxemia, lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, alcoholic hepatitis, or kidney injury caused by parasitic infections.

In another embodiment, a compound or composition described herein may be used to treat or prevent allergies and respiratory disorders, ing asthma, bronchitis, ary fibrosis, allergic rhinitis, oxygen toxicity, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and any chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Another embodiment of the invention is use of a compound of a I in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder or condition associated with CRMI activity. In r aspects, the t invention provides a use of a compound of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease associated with sion or activity of p53, p73, p21, pRB, p27, IKB, NFKB, c—Abl, FOXO proteins or COX-2 in a subject. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a use of a nd of formula I in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any of cancer and/or neoplastic disorders, angiogenesis, autoimmune ers, inflammatory disorders and/or diseases, epigenetics, hormonal disorders and/or diseases, viral diseases, egenerative disorders and/or diseases and ophthalmologic disorders.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting CRMl in a biological sample or a patient comprising contacting the biological sample with, or stering to the patient, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof.

PCT/U82012/048319 —48- Neoplastic Disorders A compound or composition described herein can be used to treat a neoplastic disorder. A “neoplastic disorder” is a disease or disorder characterized by cells that have the capacity for autonomous growth or replication, e.g., an abnormal state or condition characterized by proliferative cell growth, benign or malignant. ary neoplastic disorders include: carcinoma, sarcoma (e.g., soft tissue), arcoma, metastatic disorders (e. g., tumors arising from prostate, brain, bone, gastrointestinal, lung, breast, ovarian, cervical, pancreas, kidney, head and neck, and liver origin), hematopoietic neoplastic disorders (e.g., leukemias, mas, myeloma and other malignant plasma cell disorders), and metastatic tumors. In one embodiment, the cancer to be treated is selected from breast, ovarian, al, intestinal, prostate, colon, lung, renal, brain, liver, and pancreatic . Treatment with the compound may be in an amount effective to ameliorate at least one symptom of the neoplastic disorder, e. g., reduced cell eration, reduced tumor mass, etc.

In one embodiment, the neoplastic disorder is a Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC).

BLBCs account for up to 15% of breast cancers (BC) and are usually triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by lack of ER, progesterone receptor PR, and HER-2 amplification. In a specific embodiment, the breast cancer is TNBC. In addition, most BRCAl—associated BCs are BLBC and TNBC, expressing basal ratins and EGFR.

BLBC is characterized by an aggressive phenotype, high histological grade, and poor clinical outcomes with high recurrence and metastasis rates.

Combination ies In some embodiments, a compound described herein is administered together With an 3O additional d” therapeutic agent or treatment. The choice of second eutic agent may be made from any agent that is typically used in a monotherapy to treat the indicated e or condition. As used herein, the term “administered together” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For e, a nd of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present invention provides a single unit dosage form comprising a compound of a I, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable r, adjuvant, or vehicle.

In one embodiment of the invention, in which a second therapeutic agent is administered to a t, the effective amount of the compound of the invention is less than ' its ive amount would be were the second therapeutic agent not administered. In another embodiment, the effective amount of the second therapeutic agent is less than its ive amount would be were the compound of the invention not administered. In this way, undesired side effects associated with high doses of either agent may be minimized. Other potential ages (including, without limitation, improved dosing regimens and/or reduced drug cost) will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

Exemplary additional cancer treatments include, for example: chemotherapy, targeted therapies such as antibody therapies, kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, and hormonal y, epigenetic therapy, proteosome inhibitors, and anti—angiogenic therapies. Examples of each of these treatments are provided below.

Examples of chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer therapy e, for example, antimetabolites (e.g., folic acid, purine, and pyrimidine derivatives) and alkylating agents (e.g., nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, platinum, alkyl sulfonates, hydrazines, triazenes, aziridines, e poison, cytotoxic agents, topoisomerase tors and others). ary agents include aclarubicin, actinomycin, tinoin, altretamine, aminopterin, evulinic acid, amrubicin, amsacrine, anagrelide, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, atrasentan, belotecan, bexarotene, bendamustin, bleomycin, bortezomib, busulfan, camptothecin, capecitabine, carboplatin, carboquone, carmofur, carmustine, celecoxib, chlorambucil, chlormethine, cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, crisantaspase, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, decitabine, demecolcine, docetaxel, doxorubicin, efaproxiral, elesclomol, trucin, enocitabine, epirubicin, estramustine, etoglucid, etoposide, dine, fludarabine, fluorouracil (SFU), stine, gemcitabine, gliadel implants, hydroxycarbamide, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, irofulven, ixabepilone, larotaxel, leucovorin, liposomal doxorubicin, liposomal daunorubicin, lonidamine, lomustine, lucanthone, ulfan, masoprocol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, methyl aminolevulinate, mitobronitol, mitoguazone, mitotane, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, nedaplatin, nimustine, oblimersen, omacetaxine, ortataxel, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pegaspargase, pemetrexed, pentostatin, pirarubicin, pixantrone, plicamycin, r , prednimustine, procarbazine, raltitrexed, ranimustine, rubitecan, sapacitabine, semustine, WO 19548 sitimagene ceradenovec, strataplatin, streptozocin, talaporfin, tegafur-uracil, temoporfin, temozolomide, teniposide, tesetaxel, testolactone, tetranitrate, thiotepa, tiazofurine, tioguanine, tipifarnib, topotecan, trabectedin, quone, triethylenemelamine, triplatin, tretinoin, treosulfan, famide, uramustine, valrubicin, orfin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinflunine, Vinorelbine, vorinostat, zorubicin, and other cytostatic or cytotoxic agents described herein.

Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more drugs are often given at the same time. Often, two or more chemotherapy agents are used as combination chemotherapy. In some embodiments, the chemotherapy agents (including combination chemotherapy) can be used in combination with a compound described herein.

Targeted therapy constitutes the use of agents specific for the deregulated proteins of cancer cells. Small le targeted therapy drugs are generally inhibitors of enzymatic domains on mutated, overexpressed, or otherwise critical ns within a cancer cell.

Prominent examples are the tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as axitinib, bosutinib, cediranib, desatinib, erolotinib, imatinib, ib, lapatinib, lestaurtinib, nilotinib, semaxanib, sorafenib, sunitinib, and vandetanib, and also cyclin—dependent kinase inhibitors such as alvocidib and seliciclib. Monoclonal antibody y is another strategy in which the therapeutic agent is an antibody which specifically binds to a protein on the e of the cancer cells. Examples include the anti—HERZ/neu antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin®) typically used in breast , and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab and tositumomab typically used in a variety of B—cell malignancies. Other exemplary antibodies include cetuximab, panitumumab, trastuzumab, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, edrecolomab, and umab. Exemplary fusion ns include aflibercept and denileukin ox. In some embodiments, ed therapy can be used in combination with a compound described herein, e. g., Gleevec (Vignari and Wang 2001).

Targeted therapy can also involve small peptides as “homing s” which can bind to cell surface receptors or affected extracellular matrix nding a tumor. Radionuclides which are attached to these peptides (e. g., RGDS) eventually kill the cancer cell if the nuclide decays in the vicinity of the cell. An example of such therapy es BEXXAR®.

Anti-angiogenic therapy can include kinase inhibitors targeting ar endothelial growth factor (VEGF) such as sunitinib, sorafenib, or monoclonal antibodies or receptor “decoys” to VEGF or VEGF receptor including bevacizumab or VEGF-Trap, or thalidomide or its analogs (lenalidomide, pomalidomide), or agents targeting non-VEGF angiogenic s such as ast growth factor (FGF), angiopoietins, or angiostatin or endostatin.

Epigenetic therapies include inhibitors of enzymes controlling epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases, which have shown promising anti—tumorigenic effects for some malignancies, as well as antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA.

Cancer immunotherapy refers to a diverse set of therapeutic strategies designed to induce the patient's own immune system to fight the tumor. Contemporary methods for generating an immune response against tumors include intravesicular BCG immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, prostate cancer vaccine Provenge, and use of interferons and other cytokines to induce an immune response in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma patients.

Allogeneic poietic stem cell transplantation can be ered a form of immunotherapy, since the donor’s immune cells will often attack the tumor in a graft-versus— tumor effect. In some ments, the immunotherapy agents can be used in ation with a compound described herein. al therapy agents include the administration of e agonists or hormone nists and include retinoids/retinoic acid, compounds that inhibit estrogen or testosterone, as well as administration of progestogens.

The above disclosure generally describes the t invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by nce to the following specific Examples. These Examples are described solely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of tion, EXEMPLIFICATION Abbreviations atm Atmosphere aq. Aqueous BINAP 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1 ,1 '—binaphthyl Boc tert—butoxycarbonyl CD1 N,N’—Carbonyldiimidazole CH2C12 romethane DCC N,N—Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide DCM Dichloromethane DBU 1,3)bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane DIC N,N’—Diisopropylcarbodiimide DIPEA isopropylethylamine DMAP N,N—Dimethylaminopyridine DMF N,N—Dimethylformamide DMSO ylsulfoxide DPPF Diphenylphosphinoferrocene EA Ethyl acetate EDCI N— [3—(dimethylamino)propyl]-N'—ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride EDC 1 -Ethy1-3 -(3 ~dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide eq. equivalent(s) Et2O Diethylether EtOAc Ethyl acetate EtOH Ethanol EtI Iodoethane Et Ethyl Fmoc 9—fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl GC Gas chromatography h hour(s) HetAr Heteroaryl HOBt N—Hydroxybenzotriazole HBTU O—(Benzotriazol- 1 —yl)~N,N,N',N'—tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate 3O HPLC High performance liquid chromatography LAH Lithium aluminium hydride LCMS Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry MCPBA m—Chloroperbenzoic acid MeCN Acetonitrile MeOH Methanol min Minutes Mel Iodomethane W0 2013/019548 PCT/U82012/048319 MeMgCl Methyl magnesium chloride Me Methyl NaOAc Sodium acetate NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance NMP N—Methyl pyrrolidinone o.n. Over night RT Room Temperature or Retention Time T3P Propylphosphonic anhydride TEA Triethylamine THF Tetrahydrofuran TLC Thin Layer tography hout the following ption ofprocesses it is to be understood that, where appropriate, suitable protecting groups will be added to, and subsequently removed from, the various reactants and intermediates in a manner that will be readily understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Conventional procedures for using such protecting groups, as well as examples of suitable protecting groups, are bed, for e, in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, T.W. Green, P.G.M. Wuts, Wiley-Interscience, New York, (1999). It is also to be understood that a ormation of a group or substituent into another group or substituent by chemical manipulation can be conducted on any intermediate or final product on the synthetic path toward the final product, in which the le type of transformation is limited only by inherent incompatibility of other functionalities carriedby the molecule at that stage to the conditions or reagents employed in the ormation. Such nt incompatibilities, and ways to circumvent them by carrying out appropriate transformations and synthetic steps in a suitable order, will be readily understood to the one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Examples of transformations are given below, and it is to be tood that the described transformations are not limited only to the generic groups or substituents for which the transformations are exemplified. References and descriptions on other suitable transformations are given in “Comprehensive c Transformations — A Guide to Functional Group Preparations” R. C. Larock, VHC Publishers, Inc. (1989).

References and descriptions of other suitable reactions are described in textbooks of organic chemistry, for example, “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, March, 4th ed. McGraW Hill (1992) or, “Organic Synthesis”, Smith, McGraw Hill, . Techniques for purification of intermediates and final products include, for example, normal and reverse—phase chromatography on column or rotating plate, recrystallization, distillation and liquid-liquid or solid—liquid extraction, which will be readily tood by the one d in the art. The definitions of substituents and groups are as described for formula I, except where defined differently. The terms “room temperature” and “ambient temperature” shall mean, unless otherwise ed, a temperature between 16 and 25 °C. The term “reflux” shall mean, unless otherwise stated, in nce to asolvent, a temperature at or above the boiling point of the solvent.

Example 1: Synthesis of Intermediate (Z)(3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4— triazol- 1 —yl)acrylic acid.

N/NH HCOOHO IWWO N’NWOH,_. 0 N’ ’N O f / /) 0 LiOH FC /> F3C K Synthesis of 3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide: F30 CN NaSH /Mgol2 F30 —~——-—-—> CFs CF3 A 2-L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of 3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (200 g) in DMF (l L). The solution was then treated with NaSH (123.7 g, 2.0 eq.) and MgClz (186.7 g, 1.0 eq.) and the on mixture was stirred at RT for 3 hours. The mixture was poured into an ice-water slurry (10 L) and the compound was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 1 L). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous saturated brine (3 x 100 mL), dried over anhydrous NaZSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 205 g of desired crude 3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (yield: 90 %), which wasused without purification in the following step.

Synthesis of 3 -(3 ,5 -bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)— 1 H—l ,2,4—triazole: HCOOH F c3 N, NH2 N2H4.H20 F30 "1; —--———--——> A 5—L, 3—necked, round—bottomed flask was charged with a solution of 3,5- ifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (205.65 g) in DMF (1.03 L). Hydrazine hydrate (73.2 mL, 2.0 eq.) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for l h. HCOOH (1.03 L) was added dropwise and the on mixture was refluxed at 90 °C for 3 hours.

After being allowed to cool to RT, the reaction e was poured into saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate on (7 L) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X l L). The combined organic layers were washed with s saturated brine (3 x 500 mL), dried over ous NaZSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 180 g of crude nd. This crude material was stirred with petroleum ether (3 x 500 mL) filtered and dried to obtain 160 g. of 3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)-lH— 1,2,4—triazole obtained as a pale yellow solid (yield: 75%).

Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol yl)acrylate: N/NH F30 IN» WOWchfiNWOV A 2—L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of 3-(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)-lH-1,2,4—triazole (160 g) in DMF (960 mL). The solution was treated with DABCO (127.74 g, 2 eq.) and stirred for 30 min before adding opropyl 3— iodoacrylate (150.32 g, 1.1 eq.) dropwise. After ca. 1 hour, the reaction mixture was poured into an ice-water slurry (5 L) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 1 L). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueous saturated brine (3 x 100 mL), dried over anhydrous -56— NaZSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 250 g of crude compound that was purified by column chromatography (60/120 silica gel) using a ethyl e/n-hexane gradient (the column was packed in hexane and the desired compound d eluting from 2% EtOAC/n—hexane). Fractions containing the d compounds were combined to afford 138 g the pure desired compound (yield: 61%).

Synthesis of (Z)—3~(3 -(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol—1-yl)acrylic acid: /N/> O f LiOH F30 ’N/> —_....—> CF3 CF13 In a 5-L, 3—necked, round-bottomed flask, (Z)-isopropyl 3-(3-(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—1,2,4-triazol-l-y1)acrylate (130 g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in THF (1.3 L). A solution of LiOH (69.3 g, 5.0 eq.) in water (1.3 L) was added dropwise to the on and the on mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h before being quenched with 400 mL ice-water slurry and made acidic (pH = 2-3) with dilute aqueous HCl.

The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 1 L) and the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over ous NaZSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 110 g of desired carboxylic acid (yield: 94 %) (cis content = 90.0%, trans content = 8.2% by LCMS).

Example 2: Synthesis of (Z)—3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol- 1—yl)-N'—(pyrazin—2-yl)acrylohydrazide (L3). / 23: N OH HN / — N’N 2 ’ O 1 ] WNW—NH F3C /> N FsC / / O NH T3P,DIPEA (\‘/N CF3 F3C A 50—mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a suspension of (Z)-3—(3- (3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH—1,2,4-triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.200 g) in 1:1 CH2Cl2: AcOEt (25 mL). 2-Hydrazinopyrazine (0.062 g) was added at ~40 °C followed by T3P (50%) g) and DIPEA (0.147 g). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at -40 °C before being concentrated under reduced pressure (35 0C, 20 mmHg). The crude oil was purified by preparative TLC using 5% MeOH in CH2C12 as mobile phase (under ammonia atmosphere) to afford 40 mg (yield: 16%) of (Z)—3—(3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)~lH—l,2,4-triazol —(pyrazin-2—yl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO—d6) 5 ,10.53 (s, 1H), 9.59 (s, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.06-8.07 (m, 1H), 7.92-7.93 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.53 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.07-6.10 (d, J=10.4 Hz,1H); LCMS for C17H12F6N7O [MJrH]+ predicted: 444.31, found: 444.49 (RT 2.70 min, purity: 95.78%).

Example 3: Synthesis of (Z)—3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH—l,2,4~triazol- l—yl)—N'-(pyridinyl)acrylohydrazide hydrochloride (1—4).

H N HZN’ 1) /l " n. \ —N\H N’NW0” ~> T3P,D|PEA F30 o I) 0 NH ~——~—~+ N N— 2)HC|/Dioxane \ / A 500-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a suspension of (Z)-3— (3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazolyl)acrylic acid (10 g, 1.0 eq.) in 1:1 :ACOEt (200 mL). azinopyridine (3.11 g) was added at -40°C. T3P (50% in ethylacetate) (21.75 g) was added dropwise followed by DIPEA (7.36 g) and the reaction e was stirred for 30 min at —40 °C before being concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mm Hg) to afford a crude brown oil that was purified by column chromatography (the compound eluted with 1.3% MeOH in CHzClz). Fractions containing desired nd were combined to afford 6.0 g (yield: 48%) (Z)(3-(3,5—bis-(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)-1H- 1,2,4-triazol—1-yl)-N'—(pyridinyl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400MHz, 6) 8 ,10.41(s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.06-8.08 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48—7.53 (In, 1H), 7.49-7.52 (d, J=10.4, 1H), 6.71-6.75 (m, 1H), 6.66-6.68 (d, J=8.4Hz,1H), 6.07-6.09 (d, J=10.4, 1H). LCMS for C18H12F6N60 [M+H]+ predicted: 443.33, found: 443.44 (RT 2.45 min, purity: 100%).

Synthesis of (Z)(3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazolyl)-N'— (pyridin—2~yl)acrylohydrazide hydrochloride: —58- N/N/—_>/—NHH N/N/——>—N\H DioxaneHCl F30 / /) 0 NH N/ N N_ HCI \ / A 500~mL, ed, round—bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (Z)-3—(3— (3,5-bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4-triazol—1 —yl)-N’-(pyridinyl)acrylohydrazide (5.5 g) in Et2O (250 mL). The solution was cooled to 5 °C, treated with HCl in oxane, allowed to warm to RT and stirred until completion, as shown by TLC analysis (about 1 h).

The solids were filtered on a r funnel, washed with Et20 and dried under vacuum to afford 5.5 g (yield: 92%) (Z)-3—(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)—1H—1,2,4-triazolyl)-N'- (pyridin-2—yl)acrylohydrazide hydrochloride. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO~d6) 5 ,11.26 (s, 1H), 10.89 (s, 1H), 9.55 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.03—8.07 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.59 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 7.21—7.24 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.09 (m, 1H), 6.16-6.19(d, J=10.4Hz,1H), LCMS for C13H13F6N60 [M+H]Jr 443.33; found 443.44 (RT 3.54 min, purity: 99.0%).

Example 4: Synthesis of (3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazol—1- yl)(4-hydroxypiperidin~1-yl)propenone (I—5).

N’NWOH N’N O HN::>—OH /) ’ o / F3C N/> N —“——————> T3P, DIPEA CF3 CF3 A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (Z)—3-(3- (3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazoly1)acry1ic acid (0.20 g) in CH2C12 ( 10mL). Piperidin—4—ol (0.07 g, 1.2 eq.) was added and the on was cooled to -60 °C for the addition of T3P l phosphonic anhydride) (0.40 mL, 1.2 eq.) and DIPEA (0.19 mL, 2.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min before being poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with CHzClz (2 x 50 mL). The ed organic layers were washed with aqueous saturated brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (25 0C, 20 mmHg). Purification by column chromatography using silica 60/120 and MeOHzCH2C12 as mobile phase. (desired compound started eluting using 3.0% MeOH/CHzClg) afforded 0.025 g (yield: 10%) of (Z)—3-(3-(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)— 1 H— 1 ,2,4-triazol- 1 —yl)— 1 ~(4~hydroxypiperidin—1 -yl)prop-2—en one. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDC13) 8 ,8.75 (s,1H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.08-7.11 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H) ,6.01-6.04 (d, Hz, 1H), 4.02-4.14 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.78— 3.85 (m, 1H), 3.47-3.52 (s, 1H), 3.32—3.38 (s, 1H), 1.96 (s, 1H), 1.83 (s, 1H), 1.27 (s, 1H), 0.90 (s, 1H); LCMS for Chemical Formula: C18H17F6N402 [M+H]+ 435.34; found 435.24 (RT 2.408 min, purity: 89.6%).

Example 5 : Synthesis of (Z)(3 -(3,5 —bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)— 1 H—l ,2,4~triazol—1 — yl)-N-(pyrrolidin—1-yl)acrylamide (1—6). 1H2 O , N __ N OH L7 ' / /> 0 F3C / / O F30 -———-——————————> N N T3P, DIPEA A cold (~40 OC) solution of (Z)—3-(3-(3,5~bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—1,2,4- triazol-l-yl)acrylic acid (0.35 g) in 1:1 CHzClzzEtOAc (200 mL) was treated with 1- aminopyrrolidine HCl (0.134 g). The mixture was then treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.77 ml, 1.3 eq.) followed by the slow addition of DIPEA (0.51 ml, 3.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at —40 °C before being quenched with ice-water, and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with s saturated brine, dried with ous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure (35 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.275 g of crude solid. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (60—120 mesh size) using MeOH in CH2C12 as mobile phase afforded the pure desired (Z)—3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—l,2,4-triazol-1—yl)—N—(pyrrolidin—1- yl)acrylamide (7.0 mg yield: 1.7%): 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO—d6) 6 ,9.49 (s, 1H), 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.4—7.38 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), .84 (d, J=10.4Hz, 1H), 2.86—2.81 (m, 4H), 1.74-1.73 (m, 4H); LCMS for C17H16F6N50 [M+H]+ 420.33; found 420.13 (RT 7.76 min, : 92.4%).

Example 6: sis of (Z)~3—(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazol- 1-yl)—N'-methyl—N'—(pyridin—Z-yl)acrylohydrazide (1—7).

NfNWOH (t1 NH2 N N/N/—>~N\H F3C / / O N— F3C ———> N T3P,DIPEA \ xN Synthesis of 2—(1~methy1hydrazinyl)pyridine: QBf—W»CH3NHNH2 \ / ,NHZ N '1 A 25-mL, 3—necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with 2—bromopyridine (0.31 g) and methyl hydrazine (5.09 g, 34.2 eq.) under nitrogen atmosphere and the mixture was stirred and heated to reflux temperature at 80-85°C for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure (40 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford a yellow oil that was d with 10% w/V aqueous Na2C03 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na2804, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (40 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford a yellow oil (0.40 g), which was used as such in the following step.

A 50-mL, ed, bottomed flask was charged with (Z)—3—(3—(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.43 g), 2-(1- methylhydrazinyl)pyridine (0.15 g, 1.0 eq.) in EtOAc (10 mL). T3P (50% in EtOAc; 1.1 g, 1.5 eq.) and DIPEA (0.40 g, 2.5 eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere at -60°C and the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (using 10% MeOH2CH2C12 as mobile phase and Visualization with UV light). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure (25 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.65 g of crude solid. Purification was performed on Flash Column tography in CH2C12 and MeOH (desired compound started g at 3.3% MeOH in ). The fractions containing the desired compound were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mm Hg) to afford 90.0 mg (yield: 18%) (3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—l,2,4-triazol-1—yl)~N'-methyl-N'— (pyridinyl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO~d6) 6 9.89 (s, 1H), 9.79 (brs, 1H), 8.57—8.62 (d, 2H), 7.92-7.94 (d, J=11.2Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.19—7.25 (q, 1H), 6.75—6.89 (m, 2H), 5.85-5.88 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (d, 3H); LCMS for C19H15F6N60 [Mi-H]+ 457.35; found 456.26 (RT 2.52 min, purity: 100.0%).

PCT/U82012/048319 -61— Example 7: Synthesis of (Z)(3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-1,2,4—triazol- l—yl)-N'—methyl-N’—(pyrazinyl)acrylohydrazide (1-8).

N’NW, r1 — N/ r|\I,NH2 ’N\H T3P, DIPEA N\\ //N CF3 F30 sis of 2—(1-methylhydraziny1)pyrazine: r lN\ Hg N\ --————» N C] t l N/ N H2 In a 25-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, 2—chloropyrazine (0.5 g) was dissolved in methyl hydrazine (0.5 g, 1.5 eq.) under nitrogen here at room temperature. Solid K2C03 (0.9 g, 1.5 eq.) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred and heated to reflux at 80-85 0C for 1.0 h. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to RT and was concentrated under reduced pressure (40°C, 20 mmHg) to afford a yellow oily residue that was treated with 10% w/V aqueous N32CO3 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2S04, d and concentrated under reduced pressure (40 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford yellow 0.43 g of a yellow oil that was used as such in the following step.

A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with (Z)(3—(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—1,2,4—triazol-l-yl)acrylic acid (0.3 g), 2-(1- methylhydrazinyl)pyrazine (0.12 g, 1.1 eq.) and CH2C12 (10 mL). T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.38 g, 1.5 eq.) and DIPEA (0.50 g, 3.5 eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere at —60°C. ring the progress of the reaction by TLC (using 10% H2Cl2as mobile phase and Visualizing under UV light). The reaction mixture was concentrated under d pressure (25 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.265 g of solid crude. Purification using Combi-Flash Column chromatography using CH2C12:MeOH as eluent (desired compound started eluting at 1.5% MeOH in CHzClz) afforded 75.0 mg of pure compound (yield 23%); (Z)—3—(3—(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-l ,2,4-triazol—l—yl)—N'-methyl-N'-(pyrazin yl)acrylohydrazide: 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO-d6) 5 10.77 (s, 1H), 9.40—9.36 (br s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H), 8.29-8.27 (d, 2H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.925-7.92 (d, 1H), 7.56—7.54 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.13—6.10(d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d, 3H); LCMS for C18H14F6N7O [M+H]+ 458.34; —62- found 458.24 (RT 2.83 min; purity: 96.31%).

Example 8: Synthesis (Z)—3-(3~(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol yl)-N'—methyl—N'—(3-methylpyridin-2~y1)acrylohydrazide (1-9).

,. |N\ N‘NHZ / O F30 WNW“/ N >N:NHN/ T3P,D|PEA A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (Z)(3— (3,5 -bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.25 g) in EtOAc (20 mL). The solution was cooled to -70 °C and was treated consecutively with 3-methy1(1— hydrazinyl)pyridine (0.135 g, 1.0 eq.), T3P (50% in EtOAc; 1.4 mL, 4 eq.) and DIPEA (0.6 mL, 6 eq.). The clear reaction mixture was stirred at -60 °C for 4 hr. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis using 2.5% MeOH in CH2C12 as mobile phase and Visualizing under UV. The reaction mixture was trated under reduced pressure (25 °C, mm Hg) to afford a crude compound that was purified by column chromatography (60/120 mesh SiO2 and eluting with a MeOH:CH2C12 gradient). The desired compound started eluting with 4% MeOH in dichloromethane. ons containing the desired material were combined to obtain 0.21 g (yield: 40%) (Z)(3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H- triazolyl)-N'-methyl—N'-(3-methylpyridin—2-y1)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 = 10.73 (s, 1H), 9.32 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H), 8.45—8.46 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.97—7.99 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.50 (d, J = 10 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 1H), 5.86- .88 (d, J = 10 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (s, 3H); LCMS for C20H14F9N6O [M+H]+ 525.35; found 525.19 (RT 3.31 min, purity 99.40%).

Example 9: Synthesis of (Z)(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—1,2,4-triazol- 1-y1)—N'—(5—methy1pyridin—2-yl)acrylohydrazide (1-1 0). -63— , H2N N— IN) F30 F3C _OHNO\ / T3P,DIPEA CF30 F30 A 50—mL, 3-necked, round bottom flask, d with a solution of (Z)(3—(3,5- ifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—1,2,4—triazol-l-y1)acrylic acid (0.25 g) in EtOAc (10 mL) was treated with 2-hydrazinyl—5-methylpyridine (0.97 g, 1.1 eq.). The mixture was cooled to —60 °C and treated with T3P (propyl phosphonic anhydride; 0.85 mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.5 mL, 4.0 eq.). The mixture was stirred for 30 min then poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with CH2C12 (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO4, d, and trated under d pressure (250C, mmHg) to afford a crude compound that was purified by column chromatography (SiOz, 60/120 mesh, MeOH:CH2C12 as mobile phase). The desired compound started eluting with 2.5% MeOHzCHZClg. Fractions containing the d compound were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 0.130 g( yield: 40%) (Z)(3-(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 1 H—l ,2,4—triazol— 1 -yl)-N'—(5 -methylpyridinyl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDC13) 5 ,10.38 (s, exchangeable, 1H), 9.65 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 2H), 8.40 (s, exchangeable,1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.48—7.51 (d, J: 10.4 Hz,1H), 7.33—7.36 (dd, J: 2 Hz, J: 6 Hz, 1H), 6.61—6.63 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.20-6.23 (d, J: , 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H); LCMS for C19H15F6N60 [M+H]+457.35; found 457.24 (RT 2.61 min, purity: 99.13 %).

Example 10: Synthesis of (Z)—3 —(3—(3 ,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 1 H—l ,2,4—triazol- 1—yl)-N'-methyl-N’-(pyridin-3 —yl)acrylohydrazide (LI 1).

N’N N’. __ / \ o N F30 / 0 NO F30 IN> ———> N) / \ N/ T3P,D|PEA A 50—mL, 3-necked, round bottom flask charged with a solution of (Z)(3—(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH—1,2,4—triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.25) in CHzClz (12 mL) was 2012/048319 —64— treated with 3-(1-methylhydraziny1)pyridine (0.105 g, 1.2 eq.). The mixture was cooled to -60 °C and treated with T3P l phosphonic anhydride; 0.50 mL, 1.2 eq.) and DIPEA (0.24 mL, 2.0 eq.) and d for 1h. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis using 10% MCOHZCH2C12 as mobile phase and Visualizing under UV light. The reaction mixture was then poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with CH2C12 (2 x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (25 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford crude compound which was purified by column chromatography (8102, 60/120 mesh, MeOHzCH2C12 as mobile phase). The desired compound started eluting in 3.0% MeOH2CH2C12. The ons containing the compound were collected and concentrated under reduced re to afford 140 mg (yield243 %) (Z)—3-(3—(3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- l H—l riazol- 1 —y1)-N'-methyl-N'—(pyridin—3 -yl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO-d6) 5 ,10.55 (s, 1H), 9.41 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 2H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.54 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H), 7.18—7.22 (m, 2H), 6.05-6.07 (d, J= 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (s, 3H); LCMS for C19H15F6N60 [M+H]Jr 457.35; found 457.19 (RT 2.43 min, purity: 83.48%).

Example 11: Synthesis of (Z)—3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazolyl)-N'—(6-chloropyrimidinyl)acrylohydrazide (I- 12).

Cl N M» m, \ \ mm—— CI / /> V O F30 / / o HN \ N F30 mw_.

N N NJ T3P,DIPEA C F3 A 25-mL, 3—necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (Z)(3— is(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—l,2,4-triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.5 g) and r0—6— hydrazinopyrimidine (0.20 g, 1.0 eq.) in EtOAc (5.0 mL). The mixture was cooled at -40 °C and treated with T3P (2.3 mL, 2.5 eq.) and DIPEA (0.98 mL, 4.0 eq.). TLC analysis (using % MeOH-CH2C12 as eluent) showed that the starting material was consumed after 30 min.

The on mixture was then diluted with CHZClz, washed with water, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (25°C, 20 mmHg) to afford crude material that was subjected to preparative TLC purification using 5% MeOH-CH2C12 with as 2012/048319 —65— the mobile phase. This afforded 250 mg (yield: 36.74%) (Z)(3-(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4-triazol-1—yl)-N’~(6—chloropyrimidinyl— )acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), 5: 10.59 (br s, exchangeable, 1H), 9.85 (br s, exchangeable, 1H), 9.52 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.52—7.55 (d, 1H, J: 10.4 Hz), 6.69 (s, 1H), 6.05-6.08 (d, 1H, J: 10.4 Hz); LCMS: Calculated for C17H11C1F6N7O (M+H)+ 478.76; found: 478.09 (RT 2.79 min, purity: 97.51%).

Example 12: Synthesis of (Z)-3 —(3 bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-l,2,4—triazol- 1-y1)-N'—(pyridin-3 -yl)acrylohydrazide (I—13).

N’NPM U / N __ / N ~F>~H I o N F30 / /) o HN / T3P,DIPEA A 50-mL, 3-necked, round—bottomed flask was charged with (Z)—3—(3-(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH-l,2,4-triazol-1—y1)acrylic acid (0.25 g) and 3- hydrazinopyridine (0.077 g, 1.0 eq.) in EtOAc (10 mL). T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.52 g, 1.2 eq.) and DIPEA (0.27 g, 2.0 eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere at —55 to -60 °C. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis using 10% MeOH:CH2C12 as mobile phase and Visualization under UV light. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure (25°C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.475 g of a crude solid. Purification was performed using Combi-Flash Column chromatography (with H2C12). The desired compound started eluting at 2.3% MeOH in CHzClz. The fractions containing the compound were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure (35 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 20.0 mg : 6%) (Z)—3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4~triazol-l—y1)-N'—(pyridin— crylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO—d6) 5 10.35 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.93—7.95 (m, 1H),7.52—7.54 (d, J: , 1H), 7.09 —7.15 (m, 2H), 6.04—6.07 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H), LCMS for C18H13F6N6O [M+H]Jr 443.33 found 443.19 (RT 2.19 min, purity: 99.60%).

Example 13: Synthesis of (Z)—3-(3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH—1,2,4—triazol- l -y1)-N'-(quinoxalin—2-y1)acrylohydrazide (I—14).

» N 11 / 1 \NHZ N’N / NH N... / o N F3C N/N)— // O HN T3P,DIPEA Synthesis of 2-hydrazinquuinoxaline: :18”NHNH”/ N owl In a 30-mL sealed tube, 2—chloroquinoxaline (1.0 g) was dissolved in ethanol (8 mL) and hydrazine e (8 mL) was added under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature.

The mixture was stirred and heated to reflux temperature (80 CC) for 1 hr. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis using 10% H2C12 as mobile phase and Visualization under UV light and/or with rin. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure (40 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 240 mg of a white solid, which was used as such in the following step.

A 50-mL, 3-necked, round—bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (Z)—3—(3- (3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—l,2,4-triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.25 g) and 2- hydrazinquuinoxaline (0.14 g, 1.2 eq.) in EtOAc. T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.83 mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.5 mL, 4.0 eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere at -55 to -60 °C and the reaction mixture was d for 2 hr before being concentrated under reduced pressure (25 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.150 g of crude solid. Purification using Combi-Flash column chromatography (eluting with MeOHzCH2C12; desired compound started eluting at 5% MeOH in CHzClz) afforded 60 mg (yield: 20%) (Z)—3—(3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)— 1H—1,2,4—triazoly1)—N'-(quinoxalin—2-yl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHz, 6) 8: 10.851 (s, 1H), .87 (s, 1H), 9.67 (s, 1H), 8.49-8.54 (m, 3H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.86—7.88 (d, J: 8 Hz, 1H), 7.45 - 7.66 (m, 4H), 6.17-6.20 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for C21H14F6N7O [M+H]+ 494.37; found 494.19 (RT 2.88 min, : 100%).

Example 14: Synthesis of (Z)—3 -(3 —(3 ,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazoly1)-N'-(1 ,1 -dioxotetrahydrothiophen—3yl)acrylohydrazide (1—1 5). -67..

W0H 68°C N/N NH / / F3C N/> o F30 / o N HN—Cl ;S\\ T3P, DIPEA A 5O—mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask charged with a on of (3—(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4—triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.5 g) in EtOAc (20.0 mL) was treated with 2-(1,1-dioxotetrahydrothiophen—3-yl)hydrazine (0.3 g, 1.2 eq.). The mixture was cooled to —60 °C and d aneously with T3P (50% in EtOAc; 2.0 mL, 2 eq.) and DIPEA (1 mL, 4 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at -60 °C before being concentrated under reduced pressure (35 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.60 g of a solid e.

Purification by column chromatography (SiQZ; elution with MeOH2CH2C12; desired compound eluted at 5% MeOH in CHZCIZ) afforded 100 mg (yield: 15 %) (Z)—3-(3—(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4—triazol-1 —yl)-N'—(tetrahydrothi0phen— 1 —1-dioxide-3 - y1)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, CD3OD) 8 = 9.57 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 2H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.36 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.89-5.92 (d, J= 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.04— 3.26 (m, 4H), 2.27- 2.34 (m, 2H). LCMS for C17H15F6N5038 [M+H]+ 484.40; found 483.39 (RT 2.63 min, purity: ).

Example 15: Synthesis of (Z)-N—(azepan—1-y1)—3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)- 1H~l,2,4-triazol-1—yl)acrylamide (I-16).

H2N\ N’NWOH Q N’NW'NH N N T3P, DIPEA A 500-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (Z)-3—(3— (3,5-bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.3 g) in CH2C12zEtOAc (1:1, 200 mL) and the solution was treated with azepan—l-amine (0.137 g) at room temperature. The mixture was cooled to —60 °C and treated first with T3P (50% in EtOAc, 2012/048319 0.78 ml) and then with DIPEA (0.58 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at -60 °C before being quenched with ice-cold water and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over ous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.57g of solid.

Purification by column chromatography (SiO2, MeOHzCH2C12 as mobile phase; compound d eluting with 0.1% MeOH in CH2C12) afforded 90 mg (yield: 24%) (Z)—N-(azepan~1- yl)—3-(3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4-triazol—1—yl)acrylamide. 1H NMR z, DMSO-d6) 8 ,9.61 (s, 1H), 9.49 (s, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.39—7.97 (d, J=10 Hz, 1H), 6.52-6.49 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.86—5.83 (d, J=10.4Hz, 1H), 3.00- 2.97 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.54 (m, 8H) LCMS for C19H19F5N50 [M+H]+ 448.39; found 448.30 at RT 3.22 min purity (96.48%).

Example 16: Synthesis of (Z)—3 -(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazol— 1 -y1)-N'-(2,6—dimethylpyrimidin-4—y1)acrylohydrazide (I-l 7).

H2N\NH NM» Ix M»_2 ~ / /> O ___'L____, FsC // o HN \ N N N T3P, DIPEA N‘< A 50—mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (Z)-3—(3- (3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—1,2,4-triazol-1—yl)acry1ic acid (0.20 g.) dissolved in ethyl e (15 mL). The solution was cooled to -40 °C and treated with 4-hydrazinyl-2,6— dimethylpyrimidine (0.078 g, 1 eq.). T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.7 g, 3.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.367 g, 4.0 eq.) were then added simultaneously and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at -40 OC. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and was concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.340 g of oily crude compound that was purified by combi-flash using MeOH1CH2C12 as mobile phase (the d compound was eluted with 7—8% MeOH in CH2C12) to afford 50 mg : 18%) (Z)— 3 -(3 —(3 5 -bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)~1H—1,2,4—triazol-1—yl)-N'-(2,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4— yl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO—d6) 5 ,10.54 (s, 1H), 9.19 (b, 1H), 8.54 (s, 2H), 8.30 (s, 1H), .55 (d, 1:104, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 6.06-6.08 (d, J=10.4, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), LCMS for C19H15F5N7O [M+H]+ 472.37; found 472.24 (RT 2.88 min, PCT/U82012/048319 -69— purity: 99.59%).

Example 17: sis of (E)-3 —(3 -(3,5—bis(trifluorornethyl)pheny1)—1H—l ,2,4-triazoly1)- N'—(pyrazin—2-y1)acrylohydrazide F 03 CN Fac NI’NH ””2 0 NaSH IMgCl _____2, HCOOH CF3 CF3 “WOT 0 N’N/vo—/ FC $0 )0” 3 "’ ’N/> 0 /‘N F3C + N9 N’N LiOH curs N/> *— F30 CIS trans T3P, DIPEA HZNMK:1, F30 /N\N/\/lku/HNWl/\NNJ My Synthesis of 3,5~bis(trifluoromethy1)benzothioamide: F C3 CN F3C NaSH IMgCI2 NH2 —____> CF3 CF3 A 2-L, 3—necked, round-bottomed flask, charged with a solution of 3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitri1e (200 g) in DMF (1 L), was treated with NaSH (123.7 g, 2.0 eq.) and MgClz (186.7 g, 1 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h before being poured into an ice-water slurry ( 10 L) and was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 1 L). The combined c extracts were washed with brine (3 x 100 mL), dried over anhydrous NaZSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (25°C, 20 mmHg) to afford 205 g of crude W0 19548 PCT/U82012/048319 compound : 90 %), which was used in the following step t further purification.

Synthesis of 3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-l,2,4—triazole: F36 F3° N’N>H/ / NH2 N2H4.H20 N HCOOH CF3 CF3 A 5—L, 3—necked, round—bottomed flask, charged with a solution of 3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (205.65 g) in DMF (1.03 L) was treated with hydrazine hydrate (73.16 mL, 2.0 eq.) added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h before being treated with HCOOH (1.028 L) added dropwise. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 90°C for 3 h then cooled to room temperature and poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution (7 L) and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 1L). The combined organic layers were washed with brine'(3 x 500 mL), dried over anhydrous NaZSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced re (35°C, 20 mmHg) to afford 180 g of a solid. The solid was suspended in petroleum ether and the suspension was d, filtered and dried to afford the desired triazole as a pale yellow solid (160 g, yield: 75%). sis of (Z)-isopropyl 3—(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—1,2,4-triazol—1- yl)acry1ate and (E)-isopropy1 3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)-1H-1,2,4-triazol yl)acry1ate: CF3 cis trans A 2—L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, charged with a solution of 3-(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4—triazole (160 g,) in DMF (0.96 L, 6V),'was d with DABCO (127.74 g, 2 eq.) and stirred for 30 min. (Z)~isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate (150.32 g, 1.1 eq.) was added dropwise to the above reaction mixture and stirred for 1 h before being poured into an ice-water slurry (5 L) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 1 L). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (3 x 100 mL), dried over anhydrous , filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (35°C, 20 mmHg) to afford 250 g of crude compound.

Purification by column chromatography (Si02, 60/120 mesh, elution with EtOAczhexanes nt; the desired compounds started eluting in 2—2.5 % EtOAc in hexanes) afforded pure cis ester (138 g, yield: 61.6%) and pure trans ester (11.6 g, yield: 5.2%).

Synthesis of (E)(3 bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—l,2,4—triazolyl)acrylic acid: F30 \ 0 ” N§ LiOH / A ————-—> N’N N / CF3 N/> A 500-mL, 3—necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (E)- isopropyl 3-(3—(3,5-bis(triflu0romethyl)phenyl)-1H-l,2,4—triazol-l-yl)acrylate (5.0 g) in THF (5 0 mL). The solution was treated with a solution of LiOH (2.66 g, 5.0 eq.) in water (50 mL) and the on e was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. before being diluted with 40 mL water, acidified (pH = 2—3) with dilute aqueous HCl and ted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2S04, filtered and concentrated under reduced re to afford 2.75 g of the desired unsaturated carboxylic acid (yield: 61.6 %, purity: 99.0 % by LCMS).

Synthesis of (E)(3-(3,5-bis(trifiuoromethyl)pheny1)-1H—l,2,4-triazol—1-yl)-N'- (pyrazinyl)acrylohydrazide: N\[Nj O HZN/ F3C 0 N\ /\/U\ N/ “LN/\JLN’NWN N/ / F c , T3P, DIPEA N’ 3 F3C To a solution of (E)(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4—triazol—1- yl)acrylic acid (0.75 g,) in EtOAc (25 mL) and THF (12.5 mL) was added a solution of 2- hydrazinopyrazine (0.23 g) in 12 mL THF at room temperature. T3P (50% in ethyl acetate, 1.52 mL) and DlPEA (1.46 mL) were added dropwise and simultaneously and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at room ature before being quenched with ice-cold water and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2804 and concentrated under reduced pressure (35°C, 20 mmHg), affording 0.698 g of a crude solid. Trituration first with petroleum ether then with Eth afforded 275 mg (yield: 29%) (E)—3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) )-1H—1,2,4— triazol—l—yl)—N'-(pyrazin-Z-yl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO—d6) 8 ,10.3 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 2H), 8.59 (s, 2H), 8.30-8.26 (d, J: 14.8 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.06—8.07 (m, W0 2013/019548 1H), 6.98-6.95 (d, J= 13.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for C17H12F6N7O [M-tH]+ 443.31; found 444.19 (RT 2.625 min, purity: ).

Example 18: Synthesis of (3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH-l,2,4-triazolyl)—N'—(pyridinyl)acrylohydrazide hydrochloride (1- 1 9).

NVOH HNC/\N _ , /_>_ NINWNH N,N ”2'" _ N NON)C—NHH Dioxane HCI F3C / /) O NH F3C ’ N T3P, DIPEA . \N / A 5O-mL, 3—necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with (Z)_—3—(3—(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH-l,2,4-triazolyl)acrylic acid (0.25 g) and EtOAc (10.0 mL). 4-Hydrazinylpyridine hydrochloride (0.16 g, 1.2 eq.) was added at —40 °C followed by the simultaneous addition of T3P (50% in EtOAc, 0.85 mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.49 mL, 4.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at —40 °C before being concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.35 g of crude material. Purification by column chromatography using MeOH2CH2C12 as a mobile phase (compound was eluted with 4% MeOH in ) afforded 80 mg (yield: 29.85%) (Z)~3—(3—(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)— 1 H- 1 ,2,4-triazol— 1 -yl)-N'-(pyridin44-yl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO-d6) 5 ,10.53 (br s, NH exchangeable, 1H), 9.58 (s, 1H), 8.88 (br s, NH exchangeable, 1H), 8.84 (s, 2H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.09—8.11 (d, 2H), 7.52—7.54 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.66—6.69 (m, 2H), 6.06-6.10 (d, J: 14.4 Hz, H); LCMS for C13H13F6N60 [M+H]+ 443.33; found 443.24 (RT 2.241 min, purity: ).

A 25—mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was d with a cold (0°C) solution of (Z)~3 —(3 -(3 ,5 —bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 1 H-l riazol—1 -yl)-N'-(pyridin—4- yl)acrylohydrazide (0.08 g) in CH2C12 (5.0 mL) and treated with 4N HCl in dioxane (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 4 h before being concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.05 g : 40.81 %) (Z)~3-(3 -(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH-l,2,4—triazolyl)—N'-(pyridin—4— yl)acrylohydrazide-HCI salt. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO-d6) 5 13.67 (br s, exchangeable, 1H), 10.67 (s, exchangeable, 1H), 9.43 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 8.35—8.38 (m, 4H), 7.60-7.62 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.96 (m, 2H), 611-613 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for F6N60 [M+H]+ 443.33; found 44324 (RT 3.00 min, purity: 90.97%). -73 _ Example 19: Synthesis of (Z)—N—(4—benzylpiperazinyl)-3 —(3 —(3 ,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH-1,2,4-triazolyl)acrylarnide (I—20).

N'N M} IN) 0 HZN__—*K©F3C NNTRZO T3P DIPEA Synthesis of ylpiperazin—1-amine. pN pN LAH NaN 02 TH F HNQ ’ pN/\© NNd H2N’N\} A 50-mL, 3-necked, bottomed flask was charged with cone. HCl and water, and the solution was cooled at 0-5 °C for the on of NaNOz and benzyl piperazine (5.0 g) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2.5 h at 0—5°C before being diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na2S04, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (40 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 4.40 g a colorless solid. Purification using combi-flash chromatography (elution with 25.5% EtOAczhexane) afforded 2.0 g of desired nd (yield: 34.3%).

A cold (—70 °C) on of 1-benzyl—4-nitroso-4—piperizine (0.8 g) in THF was treated with excess LAH under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to ambient temperature and stirred 1.0 h before being quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 10mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (40 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.70 g 4- benzylpiperazin—l—amine as a colorless solid.

Synthesis of (Z)~N—(4—benzylpiperazin—1—yl)(3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 1H— 1 ,2,4~triazol- 1 —yl)acrylamide.

A 50-mL, 3—necked, round—bottomed flask was charged with (Z)(3—(3,5— bis(trifiuoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)acrylic acid (0.220 g, 1.2 eq.), 4- benzylpiperazin-l-amine (0.10 g, 1.0 eq. ) and EtOAc (15 m1). T3P (50% in EtOAc 0.99 g, 3.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.27 mg, 4.0 eq.) were added under en atmosphere to the cold (-60 °C) on. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis ($02, 15% H2C12 as mobile phase, Visualization under UV light). The reaction mixture was quenched in water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 15 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous NaZSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (25 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.35 g of crude solid. Purification on Combi-flash ng with % MeOH/CHgClz) afforded 20 mg (yield: 6%) (Z)—N—(4-benzylpiperazinyl)—3-(3-(3,5- ifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-l,2,4-triazol-1—yl)acrylamide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO- d6) 6 9.44-9.48 (t, 3H), 9.10 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 2H), 7.23-7.41 (m, 6H), 6.46-6.49 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.83—5.86 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 2.81 (s, 4H), 2.23-2.33 (d, 2H) LCMS for C24H23F6N60 [M+H]+ ; found 525.20 (RT 9.87 min, purity: 100%).

Example 20: Synthesis of (Z)-3 ~(3 -(3 ,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- 1 H- l ,2,4-triazol— 1~yl)—N—(4-ethylpiperazinyl)acrylamide (L21).

MW,. H2N~N OH N/NWNH_ N N ——» L TSP, DIPEA CF3 F3C N) A cold (—40 °C) solution of (Z)(3—(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H~1,2,4-triazol— crylic acid (0.25 g) in EtOAc (20 mL) was treated with 4-ethylpiperazin-1—amine (0.12 g). T3P (50% in EtOAc, 0.84 mL) and DIPEA (0.24 mL) were added simultaneously and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at —40 °C before being quenched with ice—cold water and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 20 mL). The combined c extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous NaZSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.280 g of crude compound. Purification by combi-flash chromatography (eluting with 2% MeOH in ) followed by purification on a preparative TLC plate (eluting with 10% MeOH in CH2C12) afforded 60 mg (Z)-3—(3-(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)— 1 H-l ,2,4—triazoly1)-N—(4—ethylpiperazin-1—yl)acrylamide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, CF3COOD) 8: 10.75 (s, 1H), 8.31-8.29 (d, J=10.2 H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.21— 7.23 (d, 1H), .10(d, 1H), 3.52-3.54 (m, 3H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 3.11 (m, 8H), 1.19-1.22 (m, 3H) ; LCMS for C19H21F5N60 [M+H]+ ; found 463.23 (RT 2.43 min, purity: 98.63%).

Example 21: Synthesis of (Z)(3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4~triazol- 1-yl)-N—morpholinoacrylamide (1-22).

NzN/::>/“OH f0 / N) 0 “fig/NEG F3C H2“, F30 N/ T3P,D1PEA LoNW CF3 CFs A 50—mL, ed, round-bottomed flask was charged with (3-(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH—l,2,4-triazol—1-yl)acrylic acid (0.250 g), morpholin-4—amine (0.072 g, 1.0 eq.) and EtOAc (10 mL). The solution was cooled to —60 °C and treated with T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.63 mL, 1.5 eq.) and DIPEA (0.24 mL, 2.0 eq.) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis using 10% MeOH:CH2C12 as mobile phase and Visualization under UV light. Upon tion, the reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 15 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na2804, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (25 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.35 g of a crude solid. Purification (Combi-flash, elution with 3 % MeOHzCH2Clz) afforded 100 mg (yield: 33 %) (Z)—3-(3-(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH—l,2,4-triazol—l~yl)-N-morpholinoacrylamide. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO—d6) 8: 9.52 (3, NH exchange, 1H), 8.51 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.38—7.42 (m, 1H), 6.50-6.53 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.84—5.86 (d, J =10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (s, 4H), 2.87 (s, 4H); LCMS for C17H16F6N502 r 436.33; found 436.18 (RT 2.64 min, purity: 100%).

Example 22: Synthesis of (Z)(3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH—l,2,4-triazol- l-yl)—N'~(pyrimidin-4—yl)acrylohydrazide (I-23).

OH H N2 N ——-— — H N:\N F3C N/ / F30 I / o ————~———> ‘ N T3P, DIPEA CF3 FSC Synthesis of 4-hydrazinylpyrimidine: Cl Cl N:< NHZNHg H2N\ N_ Pd/C H2N\ N=\ CI—(\_//N —---> HN \ /N —-——> HN \ /N A on of 2,4-dichloropyrimidine (2.0 g) in EtOH (25 mL) was cooled to 0—20 °C and treated with hydrazine (2.8 mL). The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC using WO 19548 —76— 10% MeOHzCH2Cl2 as mobile phase and visualizing under UV light. The mixture was trated under reduced pressure to afford 3.1 g of crude 2—chlorohydrazinyl- pyrimidine (yield: 94.8%).

To a on of 2-chloro~4-hydrazinyl-pyrimidine (200 mg) dissolved in MeOH (10 mL) was added 10%Pd/C (200 mg) and the suspension was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere until shown to be complete by TLC analysis (using 10% MeOH:CH2C12 as mobile phase and visualizing under UV light). The mixture was filtered h Celite® and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 250 mg of 4—hydrazinylpyrimidine.

Synthesis of (Z)-3—(3 -(3 ,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol—1-yl)—N’- (pyrimidin-4—yl)acrylohydrazide.

A 5O—mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with (Z)—3—(3-(3,5- bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)-1H—l,2,4-triazol—l-yl)acrylic acid (250 mg, 1.0 eq.) and EtOAc (20.0 mL). 4-Hydrazinylpyrimidine (231 mg, 3 eq.) was added at —60 °C ed by the simultaneous addition of T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.84 mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.24 mL, 2.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at -60 °C before being concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mm Hg) to afford 0.20 g of a solid. Purification by column chromatography ng with 5% MeOH in CHzClz) afforded 75 mg of material that was purified by preparative TLC (using MeOHzCHgClz as mobile phase) to provide 13 mg : %) (Z)-3 —(3 —(3 ,5 —bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4—triazol—l-yl)—N’—(pyrimidin ylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO-d6) 5: 10.59 (s, 1H), 9.68 (s, NH exchange, 1H), 9.47 (s, NH exchange, 1H), 8.53—8.59 (t. 2H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.19-8.20 (d, 1H), 7.53-7.56 (d, J: 11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.66-6.67 (d, 1H), 6.06—6.09 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for C17H12F6N7O [M+H]Jr 444.31; found 44419 (RT 239 min, purity: 94.97%).

Example 23: Synthesis of (Z)(3—(4—chloro-3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)—1H— 1,2,4-triazol—l ~yl)-N'—(pyrazinyl)acrylohydrazide (I-24). _77_ O S F3C CN Lawesson's H202 F C rea ent F C 3 9 3 NH2 NH2 Cl K2003 CF3 CF3 NH2NH2.H20 HCOOH N’NH MW NNWO x no 'N) , o o F c /> ”/> 3 F C3 N LiOH W0 DABCO Cl Cl CF3 CF3 T3P, DIPEA H2N\~H~Q‘N \ / Synthesis of 4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide: F C CN K2003 0' CFs CF3 A solution 4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (1.0 g) in DMSO (10 mL) was treated with solid K2C03 (0.55 g, 1.1 eq.) and H202 (30% V/V, 1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h before being poured into ice-cold water (20 mL). The precipitate was filtered and washed with petroleum ether to afford 1.0 g of crude d primary amide : 90 %).

Synthesis of 4—chloro-3,5~bis(trifluoromethyl)beniothioamide: —78— o 8 F30 Lawesso n's F3C NH2 NH2 Cl 0 CF3 CFS To a solution of 4—chloro-3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (1.2 g) in toluene (20 mL) was added Lawesson’s reagent (3.32 g, 2.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90 0C for 8 h before being cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3 X 100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2804, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (25 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 2 g of crude compound. The crude compound was purified by combi-flash chromatography (eluting with 7% EtOAczhexane) to afford 1.0 g of desired compound : 79%).

Synthesis of 3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH—l,2,4-triazole: S NINH F30 ’ F30 /> NHZ H20 N ——-—-—_—-> Cl HCOOH Q CF3 CF3 A solution of 4-chlor0~3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (1 g) in DMF (10 mL) was treated with hydrazine e (0.32 g, 2.0 eq.) and the reaction e was stirred at room temperature for l h before adding formic acid (3 mL). Thereaction mixture was refluxed at 90 °C for 3 h then cooled to room temperature, poured into s saturated NaHCO3 (slowly, maintaining temperature 25-30 0C) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (3 x 50 mL), dried over ous Na2804, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (25 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 1.5 g of crude compound. Purification by column chromatography (eluting with 40% EtOAc in hexane) afforded 0.50 g of desired compound : 36 %).

Synthesis of (Z)—isopropyl 3—(3 -(4—chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH—l ,2,4-triazol-l- yl)acrylate: Cl DABCO C] CF3 CF3 A solution of 3-(4-chloro—3,5—bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)-1H—l,2,4—triazole (2.1 g) in DMF (20 mL) was treated with DABCO (1.5 g, 2 eq.) and the mixture was stirred for 30 min before adding (Z)—isopropy1 3—iodoacry1ate (1.76 g, 1.1 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h then poured into ice-cold water (50 mL) and extracted with ‘EtOAc (3 x 15 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (3 X 10 mL), dried over anhydrous NagSO4, filtered, and concentrated under d pressure (25 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 3.0 g of crude compound. Purification by column chromatography using (60/120 mesh $102, elution with 1—1.2% MeOH in CH2C12) afforded desired unsaturated ester (1.33 g, yield: 52%).

Synthesis of (3—(4-chloro—3,5—bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)-lH—l,2,4-triazol-1— y1)acry1ic acid: a O? “”ka , F C / LiOH / 3 F3C N’NQOH/ N N Cl CI CFs CF3 A 25—mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution of (Z)- isopropyl 3—(3—(4-chloro—3,5—bis(trifiuoromethyl)pheny1)-lH—l,2,4-triazol—l—y1)acry1ate (1.33 g) in 1:1 er (26 mL). The on was treated with solid LiOH (0.53 g, 4 eq.) and stirred at room temperature for 4 h before being diluted with 400 ml water, acidified to pH = 2—3 with dilute aqueous HCl, and ted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous NaZSO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 0.8 g of crude nd (yield: 66 %).

Synthesis of (Z)(3 -(4—chloro-3 ,5-bis(trifluoromethy1)pheny1)—1H-l,2,4-triazol—l- y1)—N'-(pyrazin-2—y1)acrylohydrazide: i": N“ / MW ~N F30 NH N L/\ // O N FSC N> NH‘Q/N CI M” T3P,DIPEA Cl or:3 In a 50—mL, 3-necked, round—bottomed flask charged with a on of (Z)—3-(3-(4- chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—1,2,4—triazol-1~yl)acry1ic acid (0.8 g) in 1:1 EtOAczTHF (20 mL). The solution was cooled to ~70 °C and treated sequentially with 2— hydrazinopyrazine (0.275 g, 1.2 eq.), T3P (50% in EtOAc; 2.5 mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (1.44 mL, 4.0 eq.), added dropwise. The clear reaction mixture was stirred at —60°C for 1 h before being concentrated under reduced pressure (25 °C, 20 mm Hg) to afford crude compound.

Purification by column chromatography using (60/120 mesh SiOz, elution with 3-4% MeOH in CH2C12) afforded 0.30 g (yield: 30%) (Z)—3-(3-(4—chloro—3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- lH—l ,2,4-triazolyl)-N'-(pyrazin—2-yl)acrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO—d6) 8 = 10.53 (s, 1H), 9.58 (s, 1H), 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.55 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.08—6.11 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for C17H11C1F6N7O [M+H]+ 478.76 found 478.1 (RT 2.64 min, purity: 100%). e 24: Synthesis of (Z)—3-(3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—l,2,4—triazol— 1-y1)-N'~cyclopropylacrylohydrazide (I—25).

/’ ’ OH D—NH . NH [\f’N> O HN / / DCC,DIPEA CFa CF3 A 100-mL, 3-necked, round—bottomed flask was charged with (Z)—3—(3—(3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4-triazol-1—yl)acry1ic acid (0.50 g.) and CH2C12 (25 mL).

DCC (0.29 g, 1.0 eq.) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0 °C for the sequential addition of cyclopropylhydrazine hloride (0.15 g, 1.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.24 mL, 1.0 eq.). The on mixture was stirred for 1h before being poured into water (50 mL) and 2012/048319 —81- extracted with CH2C12 (2 X 50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure (250C, 20 mmHg) to afford crude compound. Purification by combi-flash chromatography (elution with 1.5-2.5 % MeOH in CH2C12) followed by fithher purification on a preparative TLC plate (eluting with 70% EtOAc in hexane) afforded 15 mg (yield: 2.6%) (3—(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)— l H— 1 ,2,4-triazol~1 —yl)-N'-cyclopropylacrylohydrazide. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, DMSO—d6) 5 ,9.16 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.26 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H) ,6.40-6.43 (d, J: 10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 4.63 (s, 1H), 3.18-3.20 (m, 1H), 0.83-0.87 (m, 2H), 0.65—0.69 (m, 2H); LCMS for Chemical a: C16H14F6N50 [M+H]+ 406.31 found 406.19 (RT 2.74 min, purity: 98.85%). e 25: Synthesis of (Z)(3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H—l,2,4—triazolyl)— N-(3 xyazetidin—1-y1)acry1amide (I-26).

,. Nd , /> o F3C HO—<:N-NH2 N’NWNH / /> O N —_____> F3C T3P DIPEA Synthesis of l—aminoazetidin-3—ol: HOACNH NaN02 Zn.HC| ___—__> Ho~<:N-I\l\ —__.+ Hoa<:N—NH2 A cooled (15-20 °C) solution of azetidin-3—ol hloride (2.0 g) in water (20 ml) was treated with NaOH (0.8 g in 10 mL water) and the mixture was stirred at 15~20 °C for l h. Thee reaction e was then cooled to 0 °C and treated sequentially with a NaNOz solution (1.89 g in 10 mL water) and acetic acid (1.3 mL). After being stirred for 2 h at 0-5 2‘5 0C, the reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL), acidified to pH = 2—3 with dilute aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 25 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous NaZSO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 0.26 g d compound, which was used as such in the following step (LCMS purity: 59.84%).

A solution of 1-nitrosoazetidin—3-ol (0.25 g) in MeOH (15 mL) was cooled to -75 °C —82- and d with dilute s HCl (1.5 mL). Zinc powder (1.35 g) was then added portionwise and the reaction mixture was stirred at ca. ~70 °C for 3 h before being filtered through Celite® and trated under reduced pressure to afford 90 mg 1—aminoazetidin—3— 01, which was used as such in the following step.

Synthesis of (Z)—3-(3—(3,5 ~bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-l,2,4—triazolyl)~N—(3- yazetidinyl)acrylamide.

A 50-mL, 3-necked, round—bottomed flask was charged with (Z)—3—(3-(3,5- ifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—l,2,4—triazolyl)acrylic acid (200 mg) and THF (20.0 mL).

The solution was cooled to -60 °C and treated with a solution of 1-aminoazetidinol (65 mg, 1.3 eq.) in THF. T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.67 mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.51 mL, 2.0 eq.) were added simultaneously and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at ~60 °C before being allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure (35 °C, 20 mmHg), affording 100 mg of solid. cation by column chromatography (elution with 3% MeOH in ) afforded 20 mg (Z)—3-(3—(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4-triazol-1—yl)—N—(3 —hydroxyazetidinyl)acrylamide. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 8 9.60 (s, 1H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.32- 7.35 (d, I: 10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (d, exchangeable, 1H), 5.78-5.81 (d, J= 10.8 Hz,1H), 4.14-4.15 (d, 1H), 3.82 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 2H); LCMS for Chemical Formula C16H14F6N502 [M+H]+ 422.31 found; 422.19 (RT 2.46 min, purity: 91.49%).

EXAMPLES 26-31: Examples 26-31 describe novel synthetic methods useful in preparation of compounds of the invention (e. g., as precursors to nds of the invention, such a compounds described by Formula Z above).

Example 26.

N’NW, mF I /> O Synthesis of isopropyl propiolate: 0 BF3.OEt2 0 k %OH IPA, 90°C X0 A 20-L, four-necked, round-bottomed flask, equipped with addition funnel, thermometer socket and a mechanical stirrer was charged with lic acid (1000 g, 1 equiv.) and IPA ( 8 L, 8 Vol.). BF3-etherate (4.54 kg, 2.0 equiv.) was added slowly from an addition funnel at 25 °C over a period of 30 minutes. The temperature of the reaction mixture was gradually increased up to 90 °C and the reaction mass was maintained at that temperature for 3 hrs. GC monitoring after 3 hrs showed the completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with 20 L of ice cold DM water and stirred for 30 minutes. 10L of dichloromethane was added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mass was stirred for r 30 minutes. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was acted with 5 L of dichloromethane. The combined c layers was washed with 10 L of saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, and concentrated under vacuum at 35 0C to 40 °C (product is volatile) to yield the product as a brown liquid (1.32 kg, 81.25 %). Purity 89.67 % (GC); 1H NMR (300 MHZ, CDCl3) 5: 1.22 (d, 6H, J = 6.6 Hz), 2.85 (s, 1H), .05 (m, 1H).

Synthesis of (Z)—isopropyl 3—iodoacrylate: O k Nal, ACOH é/lLO W0/ I o Y A 20-L, ecked, round-bottomed flask equipped with addition , thermometer socket and mechanical stirrer was charged with isopropyl propiolic ester (1000 g, 1 equiv.) and acetic acid (3.7 L, 3.7 Vol.) at 25 °C and the on mass was stirred for 10 minutes. Sodium iodide (2.138 Kg, 1.6 Vol.) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred (a dark brown colour was observed). The ature was increased to 110 OC and the reaction was maintained at that temperature for 1.5 hrs. GC monitoring showed the completion of the reaction after 1.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with ice cold DM water (18.75L, 18.75 V) and stirred for 30 mins.

MTBE (5 L) was added to the reaction mass and stirred for another 30 minutes. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was reextracted with MTBE (5 L). The combined organic layer was washed with NaHCO3 (2 x 10 L), NaHSO3 (2 x 5 L), saturated brine solution (5.2 L, 5.2 V), dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under vacuum at 35 °C to yield opropyl 3—iodoacrylate as a brown liquid (1.49 kg, 70 %). Purity 87.34 % (GC); 1H NMR (300 MHZ, CDCl3) 8: 1.28 (d, 6H, J = 6.3 Hz), 5.08-5.131 (m, 1H), 6.83 (d, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz), 7.38 (d, 1H, J = 8.7 Hz). ' Synthesis of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide: .;84_ F C3 CN MngeHgNDMF A 20-L, multi-necked flask equipped with an over—head stirrer, and thermometer socket was charged with bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (1.25 kg, 1.0 ) and DMF (6.25 L, 5V), and the resulting mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature (28 ° C).

The reaction mixture was cooled to 10 °C and 0.775 g NaSHHzO (2 equiv.) was added over a period of 10 mins. After stirring for 15 minutes, MgCl2.6H20 (1.169 kg, 1.1 equiv.) was added portionwise over a period of 15 minutes and the reaction was stirred for r 35 minutes. The progress of the reaction (green—colored solution) was monitored by HPLC which showed 99.6% product and 0.03% benzonitrile. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0- °C and 30% dil. HCl (3.75 L) was added dropwise to adjust the pH to 2-3. The resulting mass was extracted with MTBE (5 L x 1). The layers were separated and 1 L ofDM water was added to the s layer, which was re—extracted with MTBE (2.5 L x 1). The ed organic layers were washed with brine (4.5 L x 3), dried and concentrated under vacuum. Hexane was added to the solid obtained, chased and the product was ed as yellow solid (1.400 Kg, 98.0 %). Purity: 99.28% (HPLC). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 5: 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.53(s, 2H), 10.0 (s, 1H), 10.38 (s, 1H).

Synthesis of -bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-1,2,4—triazole: s N’NH F30 NH2NH2H20 / N) NH2 F30 ________, Formic acid, 90-100 °C CF3 CF3 A 20-L, multi-necked flask equipped with an over-head stirrer and thermometer socket was charged with thioamide (1378 g, 1 equiv.) and DMF (6.89 L, 5V), and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature (28 °C). The on mass was cooled to 10 OC and hydrazine hydrate (505.4 g, 2.0 equiv.) was added dropwise over 2 hours with ng.

The reaction mass was cooled to 0 °C to 5 °C and formic acid was added over a period of l hour (6.89 L, 5V) (exotherm was ed and the temperature increased to 20 °C). The reaction mixture was then heated at 95 to 100 0C for another 12 hrs. The progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC which showed the formation of 99.5% product. The reaction mass was cooled to 35 to 40 °C, added to 20.6 L of pre—cooled DM water (10 to 15 OC) and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mass was extracted with MTBE (8.26 L). The -85— aqueous layer was again extracted with MTBE (5.512 L) and the combined organic layers were washed with 10% sodium bicarbonate (6.89 L, 2V), brine (6.89 L X 3), dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. Dichloromethane (2V) was added to the yellow solid obtained and stirred at 0 to 5 °C for 1 hour, which, on filtration, gave the product as a yellow solid (1156 g, 82.2 %). Purity: 99.7 % (HPLC); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) 8: 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 2H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 14.5 (s, 1H, NH). sis of (Z)—isopropyl 3-(3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4-triazol—l— ylate: -11 / “~> W to o f F30 N I 0 F30 N DABCO/DMF A 10—L, four-necked, round-bottomed flask, equipped with addition funnel, thermometer socket, mechanical stirrer, and stopper was charged with 3-(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—l,2,4-triazole (600 g, 1.0 eq.), DABCO (480 g, 2.0 eq) and DMF (30 L). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. After 30 s, a solution of iodo ester 8 g, 2.0 eq) in DMF (1200 mL) was added dropwise over a period of 1 hour.

The progress of the on was monitored by HPLC and showed (Z)—isopropyl 3-(3-(3,5~ bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-l,2,4-triazoly1)acrylate: 62.36% and 3-(3,5—‘ bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole: 15.1%. After 1 hour further, one equivalent of DABCO (258 g) was added and the on was maintained for another hour. HPLC analysis showed the conversion as 75.63% (Z)-isopr0pyl 3—(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H- 1,2,4-triazol-1—yl)acry1ate and 2% 3—(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole. The on mixture was quenched with cold DM water (12 L), stirred for 15 minutes, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 X 6 L). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine solution (30%, 2 X 3 L), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (100 g) and trated. The crude mass (840 g) was taken in a 10 L round bottomed flask and methanol (1200 mL) was added. The on was maintained at 0-5 °C and stirred for 30 minutes. The obtained solid was filtered and washed with methanol (200 mL), which yielded the product as a white solid (550 g, 65.0 %). Purity: 87.34 % (HPLC); 1H NMR (300 MHZ, CDC13) 6: 1.30 (d, 6H, J = 6.0 Hz), 5.12 (m, 1H), 5.73 (d, 1H, J = 10.8 Hz), 7.24 (d, 1H, J = .8 Hz), 7.91 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 9.70 (s, 1H). Cis-isomer: Trans-isomer ratio is 83:8.

Synthesis of (Z)(3~(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4—triazolyl)acrylic acid: ,NW0>/ ,N/ N O N l / F30 N Aq- LiOH F3C N CF3 CF3 A 5—L, four-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with addition funnel, thermometer socket, mechanical stirrer and stopper was charged with THF (1.25 L) and (Z)- isopropyl 3-(3—(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazoly1)acrylate (125 g, 1 eq.) at room temperature. The reaction e was cooled to 0 °C. To the stirring solution was added ice cold lithium hydroxide solution (66.58 g in 1.25 L water) over a period of 30 s through an addition funnel. The on temperature was slowly raised to 25 °C and the reaction mass was maintained at that temperature for 2 hours. HPLC monitoring showed the following status: (3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)-lH—l,2,4—triazol-1—yl)acrylic acid: 87.66%; (E)—3~(3-(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)-lH-l,2,4-triazoly1)acrylic acid: 9.91%, (Z)-isopropy1 3 —(3 -(3 ,5—bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)— 1 H— 1 ,2,4—triazol- 1 —yl)acrylate 2%. The reaction was continued for another 30 minutes and submitted for HPLC monitoring ((Z)—3-(3—(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)pheny1)-1H-l,2,4-triazolyl)acry1ic acid: ; (E) (3 -(3,5—bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazoly1)acrylic acid: 1 1.03%. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water (385 mL) and stirred for 30 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 1—2 with dilute hydrochloric acid (30%, 400 mL) and the reaction mass was ted with ethyl acetate (3 x 625 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine on (30%, 650 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (12.5 g) and concentrated under reduced pressure at 30—35 °C.

Hexane was added to the crude material and stirred for 30 minutes. The obtained solids were filtered through a Buchner funnel and washed with hexane (250 mL). The solid obtained was dried for 30 minutes under vacuum and at room temperature for 3-4 hours. The product was isolated as a white powder (92.8 g, 84.36%). Purity: 93% (HPLC); 1H NMR (300 MHZ, DMSO—d6) 6: 5.98(d, 1H, J = 10.2 Hz), 7.48 (d, 1H, J = 10.2 Hz), 8.2 (s, 1H), 8.50—8.54 (m, 2H), 9.39 (s, 1H).

Synthesis of (Z)-3 -(3 ~(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazoly1)—1-(3 ,3- oazetidin- 1 —y1)propen-1 —one: —87- N WN/jéF Nl/ O / Nl/N/ 0 F30 N E><:NH HOBT, EDCI.HC| N + F30 ‘ 'HC' DIPEA, DCM CFS CF3 To a3—L, four-necked, round—bottomed flask equipped with nitrogen inlet, addition funnel, thermometer socket, mechanical stirrer was added (Z)(3-(3,5— , ifluoromethyl)phenyl)—lH—l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)acrylic acid (100 g, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (1.8 L, 18 V). The reaction mixture was cooled to -100C. To the cooled solution, were added HOBT (4.4 g, 0.1 eq.), EDC-HCl (80.6 g, 1.5 eq.) and 3,3—difluoroazetidine hydrochloride (44 g, 1.2 eq.). To the resulting mixture at -10 0C, was added DIPEA (72 mL, 1.5 eq) dropwise over a period of 1.5 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC analysis which showed the completion of the reaction at the end of DIPEA addition. The on temperature was slowly raised to 15 °C to 20 °C (~ 2h). The reaction mixture was quenched with lL ter slurry. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (400 mL x 2). The organic layer was washed with saturated brine on (2 x 500 ml), dried over anhydrous NaZSO4 (10g) and concentrated under reduced pressure (~35 0C) to afford crude compound. The crude compound thus ed was 2O dissolved in 5 vol. of DIPE and stirred at rt for 30 min. and then filtered. Crude weight was 100 g (yield = 82.39 %) 5.07% by HPLC, Trans-14.36% by HPLC].

The crude compound thus obtained was further purified by recrystallisation with ethyl acetate ing to the following procedure. To a 500-mL, four-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with ical stirrer, thermometer socket and stopper was added 100 g of (Z)-3—(3 -(3 ,5 —bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)~ 1 H— l ,2,4—triazol- l —y1)(3 ,3 roazetidin—l - yl)propen-l—one. To this compound at rt was added ethyl acetate (7 volumes) under stirring. However, nd was not completely soluble. Hence, the resulting solution was heated to 60 0C to obtain a clear solution and was then slowly cooled to -30 0C. At -30 0C, solution was stirred for 2.0 min. and filtered under suction. The compound obtained was dried under vacuum at 40-45 °C for 3 h - 4hrs to yield the product as a white solid. (Cis- 98.9% by HPLC); (Z)(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4—triazol-l-y1)(3,3- difluoroazetidin-l-yl)prop-2—en—l—one. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) 8 9.57(s, 1H), 8.56(s, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.18—7.21 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.61-5.65 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.39- 4.45(m, 4H). —88- Example 27.

Synthesis. of (Z)—3-iodoacry1ic acid: /OH N3| | O A 250-mL? three-necked, roubd-bottomed flask equipped with nitrogen inlet was added propiolic acid (7.0 g,l .0 eq) dissolved in acetic acid (70 mL,10V) and sodium iodide (29.96 g, 2.0eq). The reaction mixture was refluxed at 1000 C for 2-3 h. The progress of the on was followed by TLC is on silica gel with 10% MeOH:DCM as mobile phase.

SM Rf:03 and Product Rf = 0.5. Reaction mixture was poured into ice water (700 mL) and neutralized with ted solidum bicarbonate solution. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 100 mL). The ed organic layers were washed with brine solution (3 x 100 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation (25 0C, 20 mmHg) to afford 12.0 g of crude compound which was d by column tography using silica 60/120 using MeOH:DCM as mobile phase. The column (5 x 10 cm) was packed in DCM and started g in MeOH in gradient manner starting with fraction collection (50- mL fractions) from 2% to 5% MeOH in DCM. Compound started eluting with 2% MeOH in DCM. ons containing such TLC profile were combined to obtain 8.0 gm of desired compound (yield 40.44%).

Synthesis of (Z)(3,3-difluoroazetidin-l~yl)—3—iodoprop-2—en0ne: :>CN.HHCI F WOH / ————-—» | O flow?“ In a 25—mL, three-necked, round—bottomed flask equipped with nitrogen inlet and a rubber septum, (Z)—3-iodoacrylic acid (0.250 g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (10 mL,40 V). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C, and DIPEA (0.168g ,l.1 eq), HATU (0.494g,1.1 eq) and 3,3-difluoroazetidine hydrochloride (0.179 g,1.1) were added. The reaction e was stirred at 0 0C for 2—3 hr. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis on silica gel with 40% ethyl acetate in hexane. The reaction mixture was filtered and trated by rotary evaporation (25 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.3 g of crude compound which was purified by column chromatography using silica 60/120 using 40% ethyl acetate in hexane as mobile phase. The column (5 x 10 cm) was packed in 5% ethyl acetate in hexane and started eluting in ethyl acetate in gradient manner starting with fraction collection (50- —89— mL fractions) from 20% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexane. Compound started eluting with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane. Fractions containing such TLC profile were combined to obtain 0.18 g of desired compound (yield 52.33%). Mass:[M+H]+ :273.8.

Synthesis of (Z)—3—(3—(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-l,2,4-triazol—1-yl)—1-(3,3- difluoroazetidin- 1 —yl)prop—2-en-1 —one: H / N94 N/N F / N’NW I /> /> 0 F30 N IWNOQF 0 F30 N DABCO/DMF CF3 CF3 In a 25-mL, three-necked, round—bottomed flask equipped with nitrogen inlet, 3-(3,5— bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—l,2,4-triazole (0.18 g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in DMF (5.0 mL, 27.0 V), and DABCO (0.143 g, 2.0 eq) and (Z)-1—(3,3—difluoroazetidin—1-yl)iodoprop- 2-enone (0.192 g,1.1 eq) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2-3 hr.

The ss of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis on silica gel with 80% ethyl acetate-hexane as mobile phase, SM Rf =0.60 and Product Rf = 0.4. Reaction mixture was poured in to ice water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine solution (3 x 25 mL), dried over MgSO4, d, and concentrated by rotary ation (25 °C, 20 mmHg) to afford 0.3 g of crude compound which was purified by column chromatography using silica 60/120 using ethyl acetatezhexane as mobile phase. The column (5 X 10 cm) was packed in hexane and started eluting in ethyl e in gradient manner starting with fraction collection (5O-mL fractions) from 40% to 45% ethyl acetate in hexane. nd started eluting with 40% ethyl e in hexane. ons containing such TLC profile were combiend to obtain 70 mg of desired compound (yield 25.64%). e 28. Synthesis of (Z)—isopropyl 3-(3-(3 -isopropoxy(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H- 1 ,2,4-triazol-1—yl)acrylate: N/N/—>—O F3C // o N )7 WO 19548 Synthesis of isopropyl propiolate. To a mixture of propiolic acid (500 g, 7.1 moles) in isopropanol (4000 mL) was added BF3 etherate (2015 g ,14.2 moles) at 10 °C. After stirring for 10 minutes, the on e was heated to 90 °C and stirred for 2 hours. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was brought down to 25 to 30 °C and quenched with crushed ice ed by extraction with dichloromethane.

The organic layer was washed with water and then with brine on. Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give the isopropyl propiolate (440 g; 55%). Product was confirmed by 1H NMR.

Synthesis of (Z)—isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate. To a mixture of isopropyl propiolate (350g, 3.1 moles ) in AcOH (1300 mL) was added NaI (930 g, 6.2 moles) at 25 CC. The reaction mixture was heated to 115 °C and d for 1.5 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25 to 30 oC and quenched with water followed by extraction with MTBE. The organic layer was washed with saturated bicarbonate, bisulfite and brine solution. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give the product (Z)-isopropyl 3—iodoacrylate (626 g; 83.5%). Product was confirmed by 1H NMR.

Synthesis of 3—isopropoxy(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile: F EFEF To a mixture of propan-2—ol (102.96 g 1.76 moles) in DMF (3200 mL, 8 V) at 5 °C was added NaH (122 g, 5.08 moles). The mixture was stirred for 2 hours. To this mixture 3- fluoro-S—(trifluoromethyl)benzonitiile (400, 2.1 moles) was added dropwise. The temperature of the mass was increased to 25 to 30 °C and maintained at same ature for 1 hour.

Reaction was monitored by HPLC. After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water and ted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and then concentrated under vacuum to give 530 g (2.31 moles; 110 %) of 3-isopropoxy—5-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile, which was taken as such to next step with no r purification, HPLC purity — 96.5% by area (a/a).

Synthesis of 3—isopropoxy(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide: PCT/U82012/048319 F F 3—Isopropoxy~5~(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (1000 g, 4.3 moles) was ved in DMF (4000 mL) and sodium hydrogensulfide hydrate (636 g;8.6 moles) was added followed by magnesium chloride drate (960.2 g, 4.7 . The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hr at 25 to 30 OC. Reaction completion was monitored by TLC using ethyl acetatezhexane (2:8) as the mobile phase. The reaction mixture was ed in an ice-water slurry (250 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 5 by addition of 10% aqueous HCl. The reaction mixture was extracted with MTBE and was washed with 20% brine on. The organic layer was concentrated under vacuum to give 1136 g (4.3 moles; 100%) of the title compound, which was taken as such to next step. HPLC purity -— 97.37 % a/a.

Synthesis of 3-(3-isopropoxy—5-(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)- lH-l ,2,4—triazole: 3—Isopropoxy—5-(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (646 g; 2.74 moles) was combined with hydrazine hydrate (140 g; 4.4 moles) and DMF (3200 mL; 5V). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and cooled to 10 °C. To this reaction mixture was added formic acid (3200 mL) dropwise. Reaction mixture was heated to 90 to 100 °C and maintained for 12 hrs. After reaction completion by HPLC, reaction mass was cooled to 25 to 30 oC and quenched with ld water. The mixture was extracted in MTBE. The organic layer was washed with brine followed by s sodium bicarbonate, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was chased off using hexane, the resulting residue was slurried at 10 °C for 1 hour. The solid obtained was filtered and dried for 12 hours at 25 to 30 °C to yield 550 g (2.26 moles: 82 %) of the product 3-(3-methoxy-5—(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H-1,2,4—triazole. HPLC purity ~— 95.24 % a/a.

Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl 3-(3-(3-isopropoxy(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)-1H—l,2,4— triazol-l—y1)acrylate: wo 2013/019548 F30 / O N )— A mixture of 3—(3—methoxy(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H—1,2,4-triazole (500 g,l.8 moles) and DABCO (417.6 g; 3.6 moles) in DMF (1200 mL) was stirred for 30 minutes. To this mixture was added (Z)—isopropyl acrylate (864 g; 3.6 moles) in DMF (1200 mL) slowly at 25 to 30 OC and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour. After 1 hour, DABCO (208 g; 1 eq) was added and the reaction mixture was d for 1 hour. HPLC analysis showed 3—(3 -methoxy(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH—1,2,4-triazole 9.59%, (Z)—isopropy1 3- (3 -(3 ~isopropoxy-5 —(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)— l H—l ,2,4-triazol- l -y1)acrylate: 73.76%, (E)— isopropyl 3 —(3 -(3 -isopropoxy-5 -(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-lH-1,2,4—triazol—1-yl)acrylate: 6.66%. The reaction mass was quenched with water, extracted with dichloromethane and concentrated under vacuum to give the crude product. The crude product was chromatographed using ethyl acetate-hexane system in 60-120 silica gel to give 310 g (0.8 moles; 44%). HPLC purity — 99% a/a.

Example 29. sis of (Z)-isopropyl 3—(3—(3 -methoxy—5—(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)—1H- 1 ,2,4-triazolyl)acrylate: F30 // o N )— To a solution of 3-(3—methoxy—5~(trifluoromethy1)phenyl)-1H-l,2,4—triazole (0.50g) (prepared according to Example 3) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added DABCO (2 equiv). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature then (Z)—isopropyl 3— iodoacrylate (2.0 equiv; ed according to Example 3) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 3 hrs. The reaction e was quenched with ice-cold water, and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 . Organic layers were separated and the combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. LC-MS and HPLC is revealed 62% cis—isomer and 36% trans-isomer. 1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDCl3) 6: 9.72(s, 1H), 8.02(s, 1H), 7.86(s, 1H), 7.30(s, 1H), 7.28(d, J =8.8Hz, 1H), 5.71—5.73(d, J =10.8HZ, 1H), 5.12- W0 2013/019548 PCT/U82012/048319 5.l8(m, 1H), 3.94(s, 3H), , 6H) : LCMS for F3N303 [M+1]+ 355.31 found 355.92 at 4.317 min (LCMS 99.82%).

Example 30. sis of (Z)—isopropyl 3-(3—(2—chloro~6-isopropoxypyridinyl)- ,4—triazol—1-yl)acrylate: \ N T To 2—chloro~6—isopropoxy—4-(lH—l,2,4-triazolyl)pyridine (0.5g) (prepared as in Example'3) in 3 mL of DMF, was added DABCO (0.467g, 2 equiv) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. A solution of (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate (0.990 g, 2 equiv) (prepared as in Example 3) was added to the reaction mixture, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. Reaction mixture was worked up as in Example 3, to obtain 53% cis-isomer and 34% trans isomer 34%.

Example 31. Synthesis of (Z)—isopropyl 3-(3-(3—(cyclobutylamino)—5~ (trifluoromethyl)pheny1)-lH-1 ,2,4-triazol- l —yl)acrylate: N/N/—>—O E To obutyl(lH—l,2,4-triazolyl)(trifluoromethyl)aniline (0.5g) (prepared as in Example 3) in 1.5 mL of DMF, was added DABCO (0.188g) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. A solution of opropyl 3—iodoacrylate g) (prepared as in Example 3) was added to the reaction mixture, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. Reaction mixture was worked up as in Example 3, to obtain 44% cis- isomer and 20% trans-isomer.

Example 32: Assays. Exemplary compounds of the invention were tested in parallel with Compounds X—l, X2 and X—3 (depicted in Table 2), in various assays. The results are set forth in Table 2 below.

Inhibition ofNuclear Export The y of exemplary compounds of the invention to inhibit CRMl-mediated nuclear export was ed in a RevGFP assay. Rev is a protein from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and contains a nuclear export signal (NES) in its C- al domain and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in its N—terminal domain. Nuclear export of Rev protein is dependent on the classical NES/CRMI pathway (Neville et a1. 1997).

Nuclear accumulation of Rev can be observed in cells treated with specific tors of CRMl, such as LMB (Kau et a1. 2003).

In this assay, UZOS-RevGFP cells were seeded onto clear—bottomed, black, 384-well plates the day before the experiment. Compounds were serially diluted 1:2 in DMEM, ng from 40 uM in a separate, 384-well plate, and then transferred onto the cells. The cells were incubated with compound for about 1 hr before n with 3.7% formaldehyde and nuclei staining with Hoechst 33258. The amount of GFP in cell nuclei was measured and the IC50 of each compound was determined (Kau et a1. 2003). Compounds of the ion are considered active in the P assay outlined above if they have an ICso of less than about 10 uM, with the most preferred compounds having an IC50 of less than about 1 uM.

The results of the RevGFP assay appear in Table 2.

Cell Proliferation Assay The CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution cell proliferation assay (Promega) was used on MM. 1 S multiple myeloma cell line to study the cytotoxic and cytostatic properties of the compounds. The assay is based on the ge of the tetrazolium salt, MTS, in the presence of an electron-coupling reagent PES (phenazine ethosulfate). The MTS tetrazolium compound is bioreduced by cells into a colored formazan product that is soluble in tissue culture medium. This conversion is presumably accomplished by NADPH or NADH produced by dehydrogenase enzymes in metabolically active cells. Assays are performed by adding a small amount of the CellTiter 96® AQueous One solution reagent directly to culture wells, incubating for 1—4 hours and then recording the absorbance at 490nm with a 96-well plate reader. The ance revealed directly correlates to the cell number and their lic activity.

The cells were seeded at 5x103 to 1.5X104 cells in each well of a 96-we11 plate in 100 ML of fresh culture medium and adherent cells were allowed to attach overnight. The stock solutions of the compounds were diluted in cell culture medium to obtain eight concentrations of each drug, ranging from 1 nM to 30 HM and DMSO at less than 1% V/V was used as a negative control. The resulting drug solutions were transferred onto the cells. After 72 h of ent, 20 ul of CellTiter 96® AQueous reagent was added into each well of the 96-well assay plates and the plate was incubated at 37°C for 1—4 hours in a humidified, 5% C02 here. Then the absorbance of each well was ed at 490 nm using a 96—well plate reader. In most cases, the assay was med in triplicate and the results were presented as half maximal inhibitory concentration (1C50). Optical density versus compound concentration was plotted and analyzed using non—linear regression equations (IDBS XLfit) and the ICso for each compound was calculated.

Pharmacokinetz'c (PK) Assay and BrainsPlasma Ratio Determination AUC. Blood was collected from mice (N = 3) to bute to the total of 10 time points (pre-dose, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours post close). Mice were bled on a ng basis, each mouse contributing 3 time points to the blood collection. At the designated time points, animals were hetized under isoflurane, and approximately 110 uL of blood per time point was collected Via retro—orbital puncture into oled KzEDTA (anti—coagulant) tubes. Blood samples were put on wet ice and centrifuged (2000g, 5 min at 4 °C) to obtain plasma within 30 minutes of sample collection. All samples were stored frozen at approximately —80 °C until analysis. Prior to analysis, s were mixed with internal standard (dexamethasone) in acetonitrile, vortexed, centrifuged, and supernatant was injected for analysis. Concentration of compounds in plasma was determined using LC-MS—MS instrumentation (AP14000, Triple Quadruple with electrospray ionization; Acuity Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography column C18, with MeOH and formic acid as organic solvents). AUC values were calculated using WinNonlin Professional 6.2 software package, non—compartmental pharrnacokinetic model NCA200.

Brain t0 Plasma (B:P) Ratio. A te group of mice (N = 3) were dosed (PO at 10 mg/kg) and then sacrificed at the time of l plasma concentration (estimated Tmax at 2 hours post—dose), at which time terminal plasma and brain tissue were ted. Following collection, brain tissue was rinsed with cold saline, dried on filter paper, weighed and snap- frozen by placing on dry ice. All samples were stored frozen at approximately —80 °C until analysis. At the time of analysis, brain tissue was nized (homogenizing solution PBS, pH 7.4), mixed with internal standard (dexamethasone) in itrile, vortexed, centrifuged, and supernatant was injected for analysis of compound concentration using MS methodology (API 4000, Triple Quadruple with electrospray ionization; Acuity Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography column C18, with MeOH and formic acid as organic solvents). Plasma samples were treated with the identical method (except homogenization step) and the concentration of compound in each matrix was calculated based on generated standard curves. The results of the PK assay and the B:P ratio determination are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Asay Results for Compounds of Formula I and Comparators o (A = ICso value of <==l uM; B = lC50 Value from 1-10 uM; C = IC50 value of>10 uM; NT = not ). ’7"— Cmpd. - . AUCInf Structure Rev N0. Cylitoxmty (hr-ng/ B:P* Export ssay mL)* N’NW/ o X_1** A A 2091C NT F30 ’N/> O f X_2m A A 68,3T 1.27T N, WNyF F c /> O X-3 N A A 12300 5.0 W0 2013/019548 Cmpd. AUCM Structure Rev xicity N0 (hr'ng/ EX ort Assa N/N NH N._ ’ N) F30 o H‘N \‘> 1'3 A A 10100 0.71 01:3 N/N/Z}NH N_ /N/> 0 HNO\/ 1'4 A A 10800 1.8 N/N/:>_9 1'5 NT A 3850 1.4 N/N //—o>r— NH F C3 ‘N 1‘6 O NT . A NT NT “—T‘ N/N NH N._ F30 N/ O ”Q 1-7 A A 12200 1.5 N/N N F c3 //—o>r H \N=>/ N / N 1-8 (:X A A 4600 2.1 01:3 W0 2013/019548 PCT/U82012/048319 Cmpd. . . AUCI r Structure Rev Cyt0t0x1c1ty l B:P* N0. Export Assay mL)* ’7’N/:>7N\H N_ F3C N/ o /N \ / 1'9 NT A NT NT N’N NH N_ / N/fig—H‘N—Q 1-10 NT A 4170 0.77 /’N> N\H _.N F3C N/ O /N \ / 1'11 NT A NT NT CFg, N’NWNHN,4 N/ ’ N9 O \TN Fsc H 1'12 A A 24900 0.13 N’N N\H __ F30 ’N) o HNQ 1-13 NT A NT NT ” N’ N’N ~ / F30 /> O {Ni/XN 1'14 N NT A NT NT 2012/048319 Cmpd.

Structure Rev Cytotoxicity AUFM * N0 (hr ng/ B'P_ . EXport Assay N’N .

F30 ’N/> 0 I-15 (g NT A NT NT 0/ O F30 ’N/> O I—16 NT A NT NT ’ ”4 , NH '7 W ”M 147 UKN NT A NT NT ,, NH N’N — I—18 FSCQ/MN) MUN NT A 7140 0.28 «N’ NH ”I /> 0 NH 1-19 / I NT A 4020 02 N’N/ O NE FC /> 3 N L? 1'20 A NT A NT NT -100— Cmpd.

Structure Rev Cytotoxicity 312311;; B:P* N0. Export Assay * NO>/ 1-21 [:3ch L’N: NT A NT NT N/N/:>—N‘H F30 / o N 1—22 Q NT A NT NT /va\H/ N) F30 0 NH 1-23 / N NT A NT NT CF3 N 1-24 l\ N NT’ A 3350 0.7 01:3 F30 ’N) 0 NHH 1—25 <rNH NT A NT NT N’N/:>»NHI \ F3C / o N 1-26 @ NT OH A NT NT Dosed in mice at 10 mg/kg po.

Compound 26 from US 2009/0275607 Compound 44 from US 2009/0275607.

I AUCInf values for compound X- 1 dosed1n mice at 10 mg/kg po were below the limit of quantitation. Data reported for 5 mg/kg iV. —101— T Dosed in rats at 10 mg/kg po.

The AUCInf for compound X-l was below the limit of detection when dosed in mice at 10 mg/kg po. When dosed at 5 mg/kg iv, compound X-l showed l exposure, as indicated by the low AUCInf of 209 hr'ng/mL. The brain to plasma ratio for compound X—l was not determined due to its negligible exposure levels when dosed po.

The AUCInf for compound X—2 was calculated to be 68.3 hr'ng/mL when closed in rats at 10 mg/kg po. Such exposure levels are exceedingly low when compared to compound X—3 and compounds of formula I of the present invention. However, compound X-2 exhibits a moderate brain to plasma ratio. The low AUCInf coupled with a non-negligible brain to plasma ratio suggests that compound X-2 can cross the BBB despite the low exposure levels.

It is believed that Compound X-2 would have a significantly higher brain to plasma ratio if its AUCInf were increased.

The AUCInf for compound X-3 was calculated to be 12300 hr'ng/mL when dosed in rats at 10 mg/kg po, ting good exposure. However, compound X—3 demonstrated a high B:P ratio of 5.0.

The compounds of Formula I are characterized by AUCInf of greater than about 3300 hr-ng/mL, in most instances greater than about 3500 hr'ng/mL, and a relatively low B:P ratio (<25). Generally, r re levels of a therapeutic agent increase the likelihood of brain penetration. It is therefore surprising and cted that compounds of a I exhibit high AUCInf levels and relatively low brain to plasma ratios.

In vivo and In vitro Activity ounds 0fthe Invention Against Breast Cancer Basal-like breast cancers (BLBC) compose up to 15% of breast cancer (BC) and are usually triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and characterized by lack of ER, progesterone or PR, and HER—2 amplification. In addition, most BRCAl-associated BCs are BLBC and TNBC, expressing basal cytokeratins and EGFR. BLBC is terized by an aggressive phenotype, high histological grade, and poor clinical outcomes with high recurrence and metastasis rates. Additional therapies are needed. The activity of the compounds of the invention, for example, Compound 1-3 was ed in s breast cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo.

Inhibition ofTNBC (Triple Negative Breast Cancer) Xenograft In Vivo -102— MDA—MB-468 (ATCC #HTB-l32) triple negative breast cancer cells were obtained from ATCC. These cells were grown in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 1% penicillin and streptomycin, and 2mM L-glutamine. Cells were sub—cultured by dilution at a ratio of 1:3. Fifty (50) female SCID mice (Charles River Labs), aged 5 to 6 weeks, with a mean eatment body weight of 19.2 grams were used. SCID mice were inoculated s.c. in the left flank with 5 x 106 -468 cells. When the tumors reached a mean size of n 100 and 200 mm3, mice were randomly and ctively divided into a vehicle control group of ten (10) mice and five treatment groups of eight (8) mice per group. The groups were as follows: e (1% Pluronic, 1% PVP in distilled water) 5 FU 50mg/kg Compound 1-3 5mg/kg Monday (M), Wednesday (W), Friday (F) Compound 1—3 15 mg/kg, M, W, F Compound I-3 25 mg/kg M, W, F Compound 1-3 25 mg/kg M, Thursday (Th).

All administrations were via the oral route. s were fed with sterile Labdiet® 5053 (pre-sterilized) rodent chow and sterile water was provided ad libitum. Tumors were measured once every two days with micro—calipers, and tumor volume was calculated as (length x width x width)/2. All animals were weighed every day in order to assess differences in weight among treatment groups and monitor wellness of animals. Any animals ting a loss of greater than 20% of starting weight during the course of the study were euthanized. Any animals with a tumor over 1500 mm3 in volume were also euthanized.

Survival was recorded daily. Dosing solutions were prepared freshly each day. Compound 1—3 was supplied as a lyophilized powder containing 67.8% drug product with the balance madeup of Pluronic F-68 and PVP K29/32. This was prepared by dissolving the lyophilized . powder at a rate of 6.64 mg/9O uL in sterile water, and diluting as necessary in vehicle (1% ic F—68 and 1% PVP K29/32) in sterile water. All dosing solutions of Compound 1—3 were dosed at 0.1 mL/10 g. Statistical differences between treatment groups were ined using Mann-Whitney Rank Sum or ANOVA tests with a critical value of 0.05.

On day 33 post inoculation, the tumors were excised. is a graph of tumor volume as a function of time and shows that Compound I-3 displayed efficacy in a dose dependent manner, inhibiting from approximately 60% (5 mg/kg , Wednesday, ~103— Friday) to nearly 100% of tumor growth (for 25 mg/kg Monday, Thursday regimen) compared with vehicle-treated animals. In addition, Compound 1-3 was well tolerated.

Upon excision, the tumors were also stained for the tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) FOXO3 a, IKB, and p27, and nuclear localization of the TSPs was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.

Inhibition ofProlzferatz'on and Cytotoxicz'ty in TNBC and Luminal BC Cell Lines The CellTiter 96® AQueous One on cell proliferation assay (Promega) was used to study the cytotoxic and cytostatic properties of Compound 1-3 in various TNBC and l BC cell lines.

The cells were seeded at 5x103 to 4 cells (depending on cell type) in each well of a 96-well plate in 100 uL of fresh culture medium and adherent cells were allowed to attach overnight. The stock solutions of the compounds were diluted in cell culture medium to obtain eight trations of each drug, ranging from 1 nM to 30 uM and DMSO at less than 1% v/v was used as a negative l. The resulting drug solutions were transferred 2O onto the cells. After 72 h of treatment, 20 ul of CellTiter 96® AQueous t was added into each well of the 96—well assay plates and the plate was incubated at 37°C for 1—4 hours in a humidified, 5% C02 atmosphere. Then the absorbance of each well was recorded at 490 nm using a 96-well plate reader. In most cases, the assay was performed in triplicate and the s were presented as half maximal tory concentration (ICso). Optical density versus compound concentration was plotted and analyzed using non-linear regression equations (Excel Fit) and the ICso for each cell line t Comopund 1—3 was calculated.

The results of the cell proliferation assay are shown in Table 3. The results demonstrate the potent cytotoxicity of Compound I-3 on nine of n BC cell lines tested.

The compound was considered potent in a cell line if it had an ICso value of less than about 3O 1.0 uM. Cell lines in which Compound 1-3 had an IC50 value of less than 1.0 uM were considered sensitive cell lines, while cell lines in which Compound 1-3 had an ICso value of greater than 1.0 uM were considered resistant cell lines. Seven of the nine sensitive cell lines were TNBC. Genomic analyses on all BC lines indicated that p53, PI3K/AKT and BRCA1 or 2 status did not affect cyototoxicity. -104— Table 3. IC50 values for nd L3 in various breast cancer cell lines.

' Cell Line ‘Type IC50 (uM) Cell Line Type IC50 (nM) MDA-MB-468 BaB 0.01 HCC-1569 BaA 0.96 MDA-MB-231 BaB 0.01 —157 BaB 1.3 DU4475 Lu 0.013 HSS78T BaB 1.5 BT—549 BaB 0.02 BT—20 BaA 1.5 MCF12A BaB 0.15 HCC-202 Lu/HER+ 5.2 MCFIOA BaB 0.18 HCC-1428 Lu 10.4 2 Lu 0.59 ZR753O Lu/HER+ 19 HCC-1143 BaA 0.6 Compound [—3 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Long-term BC Growth The ability of Compound L3 to induce apoptosis and to inhibit the long-term growth of selected BC cell lines was assessed.

MDA-MB-468 TNBC, DU4475 and HSS78T TNBC cells were exposed to concentrations of Compound I-3 ranging from O to 10 uM for 24 hours. After 24 hours, whole protein cell extracts were run on immunoblots and were exposed to antibodies t the proteins indicated in FIGS. 2A-2C.

FIGS. 2A-2C are images of immunoblots obtained from a few of the most resistant and most sensitive breast cancer cell lines described above, including MDA-MB-468 TNBC, DU4475 and HSS78T TNBC. The study shows that Compound I-3 induces sis in the sensitive TNBC and luminal BC cell lines (MDA—MB—468 and DU4475, respectively) after 24 hours, as ted by the decrease in PARP and caspase 3, two apoptosis markers, and the increase in cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3, In contrast, only a negligible increase in d PARP and cleaved caspase 3 was observed when a resistant cell line, , was treated with Compound I-3.

Long-term growth assays were also conducted, in which —468, MDA-MB— 231 and HSS78T cells were treated with 1 uM Compound I-3 and incubated for 7 (HSS78T) or 10 (MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-23 1) days. At the end of the assay, media was removed frOm the cells and the remaining cells were stained with crystal violet. The study showed that Compound I-3 inhibited the long—term growth of all three cell lines, including both sensitive (MDA—MB—468 and MDA—MB-23 1) and resistant (HSS78T) BC cell lines.

C0mp0und1—3 ses Nuclear F0X03a and [KB in TNBC Cell Lines MDA-MB-468 TNBC Basal A and BT-20 TNBC Basal B cells were exposed to DMSO or luM Compound 1-3 for 24 hours and then stained for FOXO3a or IKB with or without DAPI nuclear stain. The d cells were examined for nuclear localization.

Following treatment with Compound 1-3, both FOXO3a and IKB were localized in the cell nucleus, while in reated cells, both FOXO3a and IKB were localized in the cytoplasm.

Eflecz‘ ofCompound [—3 0n Anti-Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Proteins in Tw0 TNBC Lines The effect of increasing concentrations of Compound 1-3 on MDA-MB-468 and HSS78T cellswas examined. MDA-MB-468 and HS578T cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of Compound 1-3 for 24 hours and total cellular protein levels of various proteins was probed with antibodies against the proteins indicated in FIG..3. shows that, despite the approximately ld difference in the ICso of Compound 1—3 in the two cell lines after 72 hours (lOnM versus 1.5 uM), a reduction in MCL— 1 is observed in both cell lines in response to sing concentrations of Compound 1—3.

The experiments described in Example 32 indicate that inhibition of CRMl—mediated r export by the compounds of the invention, including Compound 1—3, induces r localization and tion of tumor suppressor gene proteins, resulting in selective apoptosis, cancer cell cytotoxicity and tumor growth tion.

EXAMPLE 33: MONOCLONAL—ANTIBODY INDUCED ARTHRITIS (CAIA) Bale mice were randomly assigned to cages on arrival Day (—1) and each group (n=8) was assigned to the treatment groups shown below with the following regimen: 3O Vehicle: PO Day 4, 6, 8, 10 Dexamethasone: 1mg/kg IP Days 4, 6, 8, 10 Compound 1—4: 4 mg/kg PO, Day 4, 6, 8, 10 Compound 1-4: 7.5 mg/kg PO, Day 4, 6, 8, 10 Compound 1-4: 15 mg/kg PO, Day 4, 6, 8, 10 The health status of the animals was ed on arrival. Only animals in good health were acclimatized to tory conditions and were used in the study. Animals were provided ad libitum a commercial rodent diet and free access to drinking water, supplied to each cage Via polyethylene bottles with stainless steel sipper tubes. Automatically controlled —106- environmental conditions were set to maintain temperature at 20-24°C with ve humidity (RH) of 30—70%, a 12: 12 hour dark cycle and 10—30 air changes/hr in the study room Temperature, RH and light cycle were monitored daily by the control computer. Animals were given a unique animal identification number and on Day 0 of the study each animal received a tail vein injection of antibody cocktail (200 uL of 10 mg/mL). The dy cocktail was supplied by MD Biosciences (Catalog #: CIA—MAB—SO). On day 3, post the single mAb administration, all animals were subjected to LPS (200 uL of 0.5 mg/mL) administration by a single intraperitoneal (1P) ion. LPS was supplied by MD Biosciences (Catalog #: MDLPS.5). Mice were examined for signs of arthritogenic responses in peripheral joints on day 0. From disease onset, arthritogenic response will be examined on study days 3—8, 10,and 12. Arthritis reactions are reported for each paw ing to a 0—4 scale in ascending order of ty.

Animals found in a moribund condition, s with broken skin on an arthritic paw, or with a greater than a 20% decrease in body weight and animals showing severe pain and ng signs of severe distress were humanely ized. Severe pain or distress was assessed on a case by case basis by experienced animal technicians. Briefly however, assessments lookedfor abnormal vocalizations, isolation from other animals, unwillingness to use limbs, abnormal response to handling, tremors and posture. Animals were euthanized by C02 inhalation followed by cervical dislocation. Evaluation is primarily based on the mean values for arthritis 'Scoring and paw thiCkness measurements. Statistical analysis was also be carried out on body weight. Where appropriate, analysis Of the data by ANOVA with Tukey poSt hOc analysis was applied to determine significance of treatment effects.

As part of this model, animals lose weight quickly for the first 5—8 days and slowly start gaining/losing weight depending on the disease progression. 1-4 sed the rate of weight gain compared to vehicle or dexamethasone ent groups. is a graph of —107- mean body weight versus time for days 0 to 12 in the antibody—induced male BALB/c arthritic mice subjected to the model.

In addition, animals subjected to the CAIA model typically begin to display signs of arthritis around Day 4 (and as the disease progresses total arthritis scores increase as a function of time. Treatment with Compound I—4 significantly sed the total score when compared with vehicle and displayed a dose dependent effect. is a graph of mean total paw clinical arthritic scores versus time for days 0—12 in antibody-induced male BALB/c arthritic mice subjected to the indicated treatment.

EXAMPLE 34: PMA INDUCED PSORIASIS MODEL BALB/c mice were housed in individually ventilated cages in a controlled environment (temperature 22 i 1°C, humidity 70 d: 5%, and 12h light/12 h dark cycle) in the animal facility. The mice had access to commercially available feed pellets and UV-treated potable water ad m. 4 mice were housed per individually ventilated cage. Each animal in the cage was identified by a tail. 8 mice per group mice were randomized into different treatment groups according to body weight. ing randomization the mean body weight for all groups was equivalent. Study design was Group 1: Naive, 1% DMSO vehicle (10-30 ul, topical once , Group 2: PMA, 1% DMSO e (10-30 111, topical once daily), Group 3: PMA, 1-4 10 mg/kg in PVP/Pluronics (oral, M-W-F; Day 1-Day 3-Day 5-Day 7), Group 4: PMA, 0.1% betamethasone — 25 mg (reference standard) (topical once daily) 4 ug Phorbol l2-myristate tate (PMA) in 20 uL of acetone was applied every day to mouse ears. Starting from Day 2, duction of dermal inflammation/psoriasis sted with increases in clinical disease activity index associated with increased thickness of ear, scaling of ear-skin, and folding of ear-skin. The following parameters were evaluated: (i) the thickness of the ear, (ii) scaling on the skin of ear. This will be based on a scoring index - 0, no scaling; 1, mild scaling; 2, moderate scaling; 3, severe scaling. (iii) folding on the skin of the ear. This will be based on a scoring index - 0, no folding; 1, mild g; 2, moderate folding; 3, severe folding, (iv) the weight of the ear (on sacrifice day). is a bar graph providing scoring for thickness of the ear, scaling of the skin on the ear and folding of the skin of the ear. The results show that oral administration of nd 1-4 at 10 mg/kg reduced mean ear thickness in a statistically significant manner compared to vehicle. Efficacy obtained with 1-4 was comparable to positive control betamethasone. In on, nd 1-4 was well tolerated. —108- EXAMPLE 35: NOVEL OBJECT ITION For novel object recognition test, Zucker rats were placed into a test chamber (dimension 26" x 18" x 18"; L x W X H). Food and water was not be permitted during the test. The test had 3 phases: a) Familiarisation phase: Rats were singly placed in test r .and allowed to freely explore for 60min. The distance travelled by the animal during this phase was recorded using tracking software (AnyMaze system). The purpose of this phase was to familiarise the animals to the test apparatus. This test phase was conducted on day 1. b) Sample phase: On day 2, the rats were singly placed in the test chamber for 3min and allowed to freely explore the test arena which contained 2 identical novel objects (6. g metal cube, plastic cylinder) positioned at 2 corners of the test chamber. The distance travelled by the animal during this sample phase was automatically recorded, as well as the time spent by the animal interacting with the novel objects, using a tracking software system and visual observation. Interaction with the object was defined as active ction with the animals snout in contact or ate proximity to the object. 0) Test phase: 1h after the sample phase, the rats were singly returned to the test chamber for 3min and allowed to freely 2O explore the test arena which contained 2 objects, one of which was the object presented during the sample phase, and the second a novel object which was unique to the test phase.

The 2 objects were positioned at the same 2 corners of the test chamber as used for the sample phase. The distance travelled by the animal during the test phase was automatically recorded, as well as the time spent by the animal interacting with the novel and familiar objects, using a tracking re system and visual observation. Object interaction scores during both the sample and test phase were independently ed by 2 observers. The final score ents the difference score between each reading. Object preference scores presented as Dl (i.e time spent exploring novel object — time spent exploring familiar object; therefore positive score represents novel object preference), and D2 (i.e Dli/a + b; D1 score 3O divided by l object exploration time). provides a set of graphs g object preference of untreated and I-4 d Zucker rats. From it can be seen that Compound I—4 orally administered at 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg doses induced trends of improved novel object recognition in Zucker rats and I-4 was well tolerated. -109— EXAMPLE 36: OBESE ZUCKER RATS FEEDING STUDY Male Zucker (fa/fa) rats and male Zucker lean rats (both from s River) at 10 weeks of age — a timepoint at which the Zucker fa/fa rats should show elevated food intake, body mass and elevated plasma lipid profile relative to their “lean” counterparts were singly housed in plastic bottomed cages and were given 14 days of habituation. During this period, animal body weight, food and water intakes were recorded daily. All animals were given ad- lib access to standard lab chow and water hout the study. Once the 14 day baseline intake data were collected, the Zucker obese rats were assigned into treatment groups based on equivalent ne data, i.e. all Zucker obese rats had equivalent daily food/water intakes and body weights. During this phase the rats also received two vehicle administrations as familiarisation to the dosing procedure. Immediately after the baseline phase, the treatment phase commenced. Test article and vehicle were administered at approximately 1h prior to onset of the dark cycle. Dose scheduling varied according to group: 5X weekly dosing was Monday—Friday The study design was the following: Group A = Zucker lean male rats, vehicle ent 5x week, oral, n=6, Group B = Zucker obese male rats, vehicle treatment 5x week, oral, n=6, Group C = Zucker obese male rats, 1-4 2.5 mg/kg 5x week, oral, n=6.

Daily body weight, food and water intake were measured at approximately the same time of the day. .At day -1 and day 7 of treatment phase. provides tive and average food intake in obese and lean Zucker rats (W/O indicates washout period). Oral administration of Compound 1-4 at 2.5 mg/kg 5X weekly reduced mean and cumulative food intake in obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Compound I- 4 was well tolerated.

Figure 8B es average and percent body weight in obese and lean Zucker rats (W/O indicates washout period). Oral administration of 1-4 at 2.5 mg/kg 5X weekly significantly d weight gain compared to Zucker fa/fa controls. 2 day washout phase, body weight gain still reduced compared to Zucker fa/fa controls. 1-4 was well tolerated.

Bibliography Cronshaw JM and Matunis MJ. 2004. The nuclear pore complex: e ations and functional correlations TRENDS Endocrin Metab. 15:34-39 —110- Falini B et a1. 2006. Both y-terminus NES motif and mutated tryptophan(s) are l for aberrant r export of nucleophosmin ic mutants in NPMc+ AML Blood. 107:4514—4523.

Cai X and Liu X. 2008. Inhibition of Thr—5 5 orylation restores p53 nuclear localization and sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damagePNAS. 105: 1695 8-16963.

Daelemans D, Afonina E, Nilsson J 2002 A synthetic HIV-1 Rev tor interfering with the CRMl—mediated nuclear export. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(22): 14440 2517.

Davis JR et al. 2007. Controlling protein compartmentalization to overcome disease Pharmaceut Res. 24:17-27.

Freundt E, Yu L, Park E, et a1 2009 Molecular determinants for subcellular localization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus open g frame 3b protein. J Virol 83(13):6631—40.

Ghildyal R, Ho A, Dias M, et a1 2009 The respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein possesses a Crml-mediated nuclear export ism. J Virol 83(11):5353-62.

Ghosh CC et al 2008 Analysis of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling ofNF kappa B proteins in human leukocytes.Methods Mol Biol. 457:279-92.

Gupta N et al 2008 Retinal tau pathology in human glaucomas. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008 Feb;43(1):53-60.

HoshinoL et a1. 2008. Combined effects of p53 gene therapy and leptomycin B in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology. 75:113—119.

Lain S et al. 1999a An inhibitor of nuclear export activates the p53 response and induces the localization of HDM2 and p5 3 to UlA-positive nuclear bodies associated with the PODS Exp Cell Res. 248:457-472.

Lain S et al. 1999b. Accumulating active p53 in the nucleus by inhibition of r export: a novel gy to promote the p53 tumor suppressor function Exp Cell Res. 253 :3 15.

' Muller PA et al. 2009 Nuclear—cytosolic transport of COMMDl regulates NF-kappaB and HIF—l activity. Traffic 10(5):514-27.

Mutka S 2007 Nuclear Export Inhibitors (NEIs) as novel cancer therapies VAACR Annual Meeting. Poster 5609.

Mutka S, Yang W, Dong S, et a1. 2009. Identification of nuclear export inhibitors with potent anticancer activity in vivo. Cancer Res. 69: 510-7. —1 1 1- Nakahara J et al. 2009. Abnormal expression of TIP3O and ed cytoplasmic transport within oligodendrocyte precursor cells in multiple sclerosis J Clin Invest. 119: 169—1 81.

Noske A et al. 2008. Expression of the nuclear export protein chromosomal region maintenance/exportin l/Xpol is a prognostic factor in human ovarian cancer. Cancer. 112:1733-1743.

Pollard V & Malim M. 1998 The HIV—l Rev protein Annu Rev Microbiol 52:491- 532.

Rawlinson S, Pryor M, Wright P, Jans D 2009 CRMl-mediated nuclear export of dengue virus RNA polymerase NSS modulates eukin-8 induction and virus production. J Biol Chem 284(23):15589—97.

Sanchez V, Mahr J, Orazio N, et al 2007 Nuclear export of the human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pp65 requires cyclin-dependent kinase activity and the Crml exporter. J Virol 81(21):11730-6.

Sorokin AV et al. 2007. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins . Biochemistry 2O 72:1439-1457.

Terry LJ et al. 2007. Crossing the nuclear envelope: hierarchical tion of nucleocytoplasmic transport. Science 318:1412-1416.

Van der Watt PJ et al. 2008. The Karyopherin ns, Crml and Karyopherin betal, are pressed in cervical cancer and are critical for cancer cell survival and proliferation.

Int J Canc. 12421829—1840.

Walsh MD et al. 2008 Exportin 1 inhibition attenuates nuclear factor—kappaB- dependent gene expression. Shock 29: 160—166.

Williams P, Verhagen J, Elliott G 2008 Characterization of a CRMl-dependent r export signal in the C terminus of herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument protein UL47. J Virol 82(21):10946—52.

Yang W 2007 Anti-tumor activity of novel nuclear export inhibitors (NETS) in le murine leukemia . AACR Annual Meeting. Poster 5597.

Yao Y et al. 2009. The expression of CRMl is associated with prognosis in human osteosarcoma. Oncol Rep. 212229-35.

Zimmerman TL et al 2006 r export of retinoid X receptor alpha in response to interleukin-lbeta—mediated cell signaling: roles for JNK and SER260. J Biol Chem281215434—15440. -l 12- The relevant teachings of all patents, published applications and references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

While this ion has been particularly shown and bed with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

I/WE

Claims (18)

CLAIM :

1. A compound of structural formula I: (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, n: R1 is selected from hydrogen and methyl; R2 is selected from pyridinyl, pyridinyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, and quinoxalinyl, pyrimidinyl, oxotetrahydrothiophenyl and cyclopropyl, wherein R2 is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from methyl and halogen; or R1 and R2 are taken together with their ening atoms to form 4- hydroxypiperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, yl, 4-benzylpiperazinyl, 4- ethylpiperazinyl, 3-hydroxyazetidinyl, or morpholinyl; R3 is selected from hydrogen and halo; and represents a single bond wherein a carbon-carbon double bond bound thereto is in an (E)- or (Z)-configuration.

2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by structural formula II: (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

3. The compound of claim 2, wherein: R1 is ed from hydrogen and methyl; and AH26(11266598_1):JIN R2 is selected from pyridinyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl and pyrimidinyl, wherein R2 is ally substituted with a single substituent selected from methyl and chloro; R1 and R2 are taken er to form 4-hydroxypiperidinyl.

4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R3 is hydrogen.

5. The compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound is represented by any one of the following structural formulas: I-3, I- I-6, I-7, I- I-9, I-10, I-11, I-12, I-13, I-14, AH26(11266598_1):JIN I-15, I-16, I-17, I-18, I-19, I-20, I-21, I-22, I-23, I-24, I-25 or I-26.

6. The compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound is ented by any one of the following structural formulas: I-3, I- AH26(11266598_1):JIN I-7, I- I-10, I-12, I-18, I-19 or I-24.

7. A ition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-6, or a ceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

8. The composition of claim 7, further including a second therapeutic agent useful for treating cancer.

9. A compound according to any one of claims 1-6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt f, or a composition according to claim 7 or 8, for use in treating a disorder associated with CRM1 ty in a subject in need thereof.

10. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1-6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition according to claim 7 or 8, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder associated with CRM1 activity. AH26(11266598_1):JIN

11. The compound according to claim 9, wherein the disorder is selected from a proliferative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, an autoimmune er, a viral infection, an ophthalmoligical disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a disorder of abnormal tissue growth, a disorder related to food intake, allergies, and respiratory disorder.

12. The compound according to claim 11, wherein the er is cancer.

13. The compound according to claim 12, n the composition is administered together with a second therapeutic useful for treating cancer.

14. The nd according to claim 12 or 13, n the cancer is a hematological cancer selected from a leukemia, a lymphoma or a myeloma or a solid tumor cancer ed from head and neck, prostate, breast, lung , ovarian, glioblastoma, squamous cell, colon and renal.

15. The use according to claim 10, wherein the disorder is ed from a proliferative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, an autoimmune disorder, a viral infection, an ophthalmological disorder, a neurodegenerative disorder, a disorder of abnormal tissue growth, a disorder related to food intake, allergies, and a respiratory disorder.

16. The use according to claim 15, wherein the disorder is .

17. The use according to claim 16, wherein the composition is administered together with a second therapeutic useful for treating .

18. The use according to claim 16 or 17, wherein the cancer is a hematological cancer selected from a leukemia, a lymphoma or a myeloma or a solid tumor cancer selected from head and neck, prostate, breast, lung , ovarian, glioblastoma, squamous cell, colon and renal. Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc. By the Attorneys for the Applicant SPRUSON & FERGUSON Per: AH26(11266598_1):JIN