NZ622535B2 - Apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed is an apparatus for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material or wood to produce charcoal. The apparatus comprises a reactor vessel; a reheater in fluid communication with the reactor to receive inorganic heat carrier particles and char. The reheater is configured to form a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, the inorganic heat carrier particles, and the char and to operate at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles; An inorganic particle cooler is in fluid communication with the reheater and comprising a shell portion and a tube portion that is disposed in the shell portion. The inorganic particle cooler is configured such that the tube portion receives a portion of the heated inorganic particles and the shell portion receives a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the portion of the heated inorganic particles to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles that are fluidly communicated to the reheater and a heated cooling medium comprising heated air. The reheater and the inorganic particle cooler are cooperatively configured to combine the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles in the reheater to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. A dryer that is in fluid communication with the inorganic particle cooler to receive the heated air, and wherein the dryer is configured to receive the carbonaceous material and to remove water from the carbonaceous material with the heated air to form a water-depleted carbonaceous material. red to form a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, the inorganic heat carrier particles, and the char and to operate at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles; An inorganic particle cooler is in fluid communication with the reheater and comprising a shell portion and a tube portion that is disposed in the shell portion. The inorganic particle cooler is configured such that the tube portion receives a portion of the heated inorganic particles and the shell portion receives a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the portion of the heated inorganic particles to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles that are fluidly communicated to the reheater and a heated cooling medium comprising heated air. The reheater and the inorganic particle cooler are cooperatively configured to combine the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles in the reheater to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. A dryer that is in fluid communication with the inorganic particle cooler to receive the heated air, and wherein the dryer is configured to receive the carbonaceous material and to remove water from the carbonaceous material with the heated air to form a water-depleted carbonaceous material.

Description

/055384 APPARATUSES AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING HEAT FOR RAPID THERMAL PROCESSING OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL STATEMENT OF PRIORITY

[0001] This application claims priority to US. Application No. 13/240,570 which was filed on September 22, 2011, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to apparatuses and methods for l processing of carbonaceous material, and more particularly s to tuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The processing of carbonaceous feedstocks (e.g. biomass) to produce chemicals and/or fuels can be accomplished by fast (rapid or flash) pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis is a generic term that encompasses various methods of rapidly imparting a vely high temperature to feedstocks for a very short time, and then rapidly reducing the temperature of the primary products before al equilibrium can occur. Using this approach, the complex structures of carbonaceous feedstocks are broken into reactive chemical fragments, which are initially formed by depolymerization and volatilization ons.

The non-equilibrium ts are then preserved by rapidly reducing the temperature.

More recently, a rapid thermal process (RTP) has been developed for carrying out fast pyrolysis of aceous material. The RTP utilizes an upflow transport reactor and reheater arrangement, and makes use of an inert inorganic solid particulate heat carrier (e.g. lly sand) to carry and transfer heat in the process. The RTP reactor provides an extremely rapid heating rate and excellent le ablation of the carbonaceous material, which is particularly well-suited for processing of biomass, as a result of direct turbulent contact n the heated inorganic solid particulates and the carbonaceous material as 2012/055384 they are mixed er and travel upward through the reactor. In particular, the heated inorganic solid particulates transfer heat to pyrolyze the carbonaceous material forming char and gaseous products including high quality pyrolysis gas, which are removed from the reactor to a cyclone. The cyclone separates the gaseous products and solids (e.g. inorganic solid particulates and char), and the solids are passed to the reheater.

The er is a vessel that burns the char into ash and reheats the inorganic solid particulates, which are then returned to the reactor for zing more carbonaceous material. An oxygen-containing gas, typically air, is supplied to the er for g the char. The inorganic solid particulates and char are contained in the lower portion of the er and are fluidized by the air, forming a fluidized bubbling bed also referred to as the dense phase. The er also has a dilute phase that is above the dense phase and comprises primarily flue gas, entrained inorganic particles, and ash, which are the byproducts formed from combusting the char with the air. The flue gas, entrained inorganic particles, and ash are removed from the reheater to a cyclone which separates the solids from the flue gas. tly, higher capacity RTP arrangements are desired that are capable of handling carbonaceous ock rates of up to 400 bone dry metric tons per day (BDMTPD) or higher compared to previously lower feedstock rates of less than 100 . The increased capacity results in more char being produced in the RTP reactor, and the RTP reheater and auxiliary equipment (e.g. cyclone, air blower, etc.) need to be larger in size to support the increased feedstock rate. In particular, many newer RTP reheaters require onal volume to accommodate additional air supplied to the reheaters for cooling to l the otherwise rising temperatures from burning the additional char, and can have sizes of up to 12 meters (m) or greater in diameter and heights of up to 25 m or greater. Unfortunately, the larger sizes of these reheaters substantially increase the cost and complexity of shipping, installing, and operating the reheaters.

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing that can adequately support higher carbonaceous feedstock rates without exceeding the design temperature of the reheater from burning the additional char. Moreover, it is also desirable to provide apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing without ntially increasing the cost and complexity of shipping, installing, and operating the reheaters. Furthermore, other desirable features and teristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended , taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal sing of carbonaceous material are provided herein. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, an tus for controlling heat for rapid thermal sing of carbonaceous material comprises a reheater configured to contain a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, inorganic heat carrier particles, and char and to operate at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic les. An inorganic particle cooler is in fluid communication with the reheater to receive a first n of the heated inorganic particles and is red to receive a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the first portion of the heated inorganic particles to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. The reheater and the inorganic particle cooler are cooperatively configured to combine the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles in the reheater to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. A reactor is in fluid communication with the reheater to receive the second partially-cooled heated inorganic les.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, an apparatus for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material is provided. The apparatus comprises a reactor and a reheater that is in fluid ication with the reactor to e nic heat carrier particles and char. The reheater is configured to form a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, the inorganic heat carrier particles, and the char and to operate at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the nic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. An inorganic particle cooler is in fluid ication with the reheater and comprises a shell portion and a tube portion that is ed in the shell portion. The inorganic particle cooler is configured such that the tube portion receives a portion of the heated inorganic particles and the shell portion receives a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the portion of the heated inorganic les to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic les and a heated cooling medium comprising heated air. The reheater and the inorganic particle cooler are cooperatively configured to combine the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles in the reheater to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. A dryer is in fluid communication with the inorganic particle cooler to receive the heated air, and the dryer is configured to receive the carbonaceous material and to remove water from the carbonaceous material with the heated air to form a water-depleted carbonaceous material.

Other embodiments of the invention may be claimed in one or more divisional applications. A description of them is retained herein for clarity and completeness.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, a method for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material is provided. The method comprises the steps of combining an oxygen-containing gas, inorganic heat carrier particles, and char at tion ions effective to bum the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. Heat from a first portion of the heated inorganic particles is ctly exchanged to a cooling medium to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. The first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles are combined with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] Embodiments of the present ion will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, n like numerals denote like elements, and wherein: schematically illustrates an apparatus for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;

[0013] is a l sectional view of the apparatus depicted in including an inorganic le cooler in accordance with an ary embodiment; is a sectional view of the nic particle cooler depicted in along line 3-3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following Detailed Description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the ion.

Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding Background of the ion or the following ed Description.

Various ments contemplated herein relate to apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material. Unlike the prior art, the exemplary embodiments taught herein provide an apparatus comprising a reactor, a reheater that is in fluid ication with the reactor, and an inorganic particle cooler that is in fluid ication with the reheater. The reactor rapidly pyrolyzes a carbonaceous feedstock with heated inorganic particles to form gaseous products and solids that include cooled nic heat carrier particles and char. A cyclone separates the s products from the solids. The reheater receives the solids and fluidizes the cooled inorganic heat carrier particles and char with an oxygen-containing gas to form a fluidized bubbling bed. The reheater is operating at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and reheat the cooled inorganic heat r particles to form heated inorganic particles.

In an exemplary embodiment, a portion of the heated inorganic particles and a g medium are fluidly communicated to the inorganic particle cooler. Some of the heat from the heated inorganic particles is indirectly exchanged with the cooling medium to partially cool the heated inorganic particles, g a heated cooling medium and first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. The heated cooling medium is d from the inorganic particle cooler. The f1rstpartially-cooled heated inorganic particles are fluidly communicated to the reheater and combined with the remaining portion of the heated inorganic particles to partially cool the heated inorganic particles, forming second lly-cooled heated inorganic particles. The second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles are fluidly communicated to the reactor for ued rapid pyrolysis of the carbonaceous feedstock. The inventors have found that partially cooling the heated inorganic particles with the nic particle cooler facilitates controlling the temperatures from excessively rising in the reheater even if the fluidized bubbling bed contains higher levels of char. Accordingly, the reheater does not require additional volume that would otherwise be needed to odate onal air for cooling to control the reheater temperatures and therefore, the cost and complexity of shipping, ling, and operating the reheater is not substantially impacted.

[0018] Referring to a schematic depiction of an apparatus 10 for rapid thermal processing of a carbonaceous material in accordance with an exemplary embodiment is provided. The apparatus 10 comprises an upflow ort reactor 12, a reheater l4, and an inorganic particle cooler 15. The reactor 12 is configured for achieving a relatively high temperature within a minimum amount of time as well as providing a relatively short residence time at the high temperature to affect fast pyrolysis of a carbonaceous feedstock (e.g. s including biomass waste). The relatively high temperature is achieved in a lower portion 16 of the r 12 using heated inorganic heat carrier particles 18 (e.g., heated sand) that are supplied from the reheater 14 to drive the pyrolysis process.

As illustrated and will be discussed in further detail below, a dryer 13 removes water from a moisture-containing carbonaceous feedstock 11 to form a carbonaceous feedstock 20 that preferably has a re content of 6 weight percent (wt. %) or less.

The carbonaceous feedstock 20 is supplied to a feed bin 22 where a reactor feed conveyor 24 introduces the carbonaceous feedstock 20 to the lower portion 16 of the reactor 12. A carrier gas 25, which can be a recirculation gas collected from a suitable location along the apparatus 10, is also introduced to the lower portion 16 of the reactor 12. The carrier gas preferably contains less than 1 wt. % of , and more preferably, less than 0.5 wt. % of oxygen so that there is very little or no oxygen present thus minimizing or preventing oxidation and/or tion of the carbonaceous feedstock 20 in the reactor 12.

Rapid mixing of the heated inorganic heat carrier les 18 and the carbonaceous feedstock 20 occur in the lower portion 16 of the reactor 12. As the e advances up the reactor 12 in turbulent flow with the carrier gas 25, heat is transferred from the heated inorganic heat carrier particles 18 to the carbonaceous feedstock 20. In an exemplary embodiment, mixing and rapid heat transfer occurs within 10% of the desired overall reactor resident time. Accordingly, the mixing time is preferably less than 0.1 seconds, and more preferably within 0.015 to 0.030 seconds. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature in the lower portion 16 of the reactor 12 is from 600 to 780°C, and the heating rate of the carbonaceous feedstock 20 is preferably 1000°C per second or greater. The use of sand or other le nic particulate as a solid heat carrier enhances the heat transfer e of the higher heat carrying capacity of the inorganic particles, and the ability of the nic particles to mechanically ablate the surface of the ng carbonaceous al.

[0021] As the heated mixture is carried towards an upper portion 17 of the reactor 12 with the carrier gas 25, fast pyrolysis of the carbonaceous ock 20 occurs. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature in the upper portion 17 of the reactor 12 is from WO 43485 450 to 600°C. The sand or other inorganic heat carrier particles and the carrier gas 25, along with product vapors 30 and char form a product stream 26 that is carried out of the upper portion 17 of the reactor 12 to a cyclone 28. The e 28, preferably a reverse flow cyclone, removes the solids 32, e.g., sand and char, from the product vapors 30, which comprise the carrier gas 25, non-condensible product gases and the primary sible vapor products. The product vapors 30 are removed from the cyclone 28 and passed to a Quench Tower (not , for example, for rapid cooling or quenching to preserve the yields of the valuable non-equilibrium products in the product vapors 30. The solids 32 are removed from the cyclone 28 and passed to the reheater 14.

[0022] The reheater 14 receives an oxygen-containing gas 34, which is typically air.

The solids 32 are contained in a lower portion 36 of the reheater l4 and are fluidized by the oxygen-containing gas 34 from a gas distributor 86 (see to form a fluidized bubbling bed of char, inorganic heat carrier particles, and the oxygen-containing gas 34.

The reheater 14 is operating at combustion conditions to burn the char into ash and flue gas. The energy released from combustion of the char reheats the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. In an exemplary embodiment, the heated inorganic particles have a ature of from 600 to 780°C.

The flue gas, entrained sand, and ash rise to an upper portion 37 of the reheater l4 and are carried out of the reheater 14 as an exhaust stream 41 to a cyclone 43. The e 43, preferably a reverse flow cyclone, removes the sand and ash from the flue gas.

The flue gas is passed along as a gas stream 51 for exhausting, subsequent processing, recirculation, or a combination thereof, and the sand and ash are passed along as a - containing stream 49 for disposal or subsequent processing.

Referring also to in an exemplary embodiment, a portion of heated inorganic les 38 is removed from the er l4 and introduced to the inorganic particle cooler 15. As illustrated, the portion of heated inorganic particles 38 is removed from the lower portion 36 of the reheater l4 and passed along a cooler inlet pipe 40 through at least one bubble breaking grating 39 to an exchanger vessel 42. The bubble breaking grating 39 breaks up any larger bbles, for example, from the fluidized inorganic particles that otherwise may be passed along countercurrent to the portion of heated nic particles 38, back up to the bubbling bed at the lower portion 36 of the reheater 14. Big bubbles in the fluidized bed affect the reheater's 14 performance and solid entrainment. The bubble breaking grating 39 also serves as a er to prevent bigger chunks of material, such as refractory from directly blocking or plugging the tube portion 45 and reducing the inorganic particle cooler capacity.

In an exemplary embodiment, the exchanger vessel 42 is configured as a heat exchanger and comprises a shell portion 44 and a tube portion 45 that is disposed in the shell portion 44. The portion of the heated inorganic particles 38 is passed through the tube n 45. The shell portion 44 of the exchanger vessel 42 receives a cooling medium 52 for indirect heat exchange with the n of heated inorganic particles 38 passing through the tube portion 45 to form partially-cooled heated nic les 54 and a heated cooling medium 53. In an exemplary embodiment, the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles 54 have a temperature of from 500 to 680°C.

Preferably, the cooling medium 52 comprises air and the heated cooling medium 53 comprises heated air. As illustrated in the heated cooling medium 53 (e. g. heated air) may be passed along to the dryer 13 for removing water from the moisture- ning carbonaceous feedstock ll. Alternatively, the cooling medium 52 may be any other thermally conductive fluid known to those skilled in the art. ably, the cooling medium 52 has a temperature of 40°C or less, and the heated cooling medium 53 has a temperature of 125°C or r.

Referring to in an exemplary embodiment, the tube portion 45 comprises a plurality of tubes 58 that are juxtaposed, spaced apart, and longitudinally disposed substantially parallel to a vertical axis. Each of the tubes 58 has an outer e with one or more cooling fins 60 that can , for example, radially or longitudinally outward from the outer e. The cooling fins 60 facilitate indirect heat exchange between the portion of the heated inorganic particles 38 advancing through the tube portion 45 and the cooling medium 52 advancing through the shell portion 44.

As illustrated in the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles 54 are removed from the exchanger vessel 42 and passed along a cooler standpipe 73. The cooler standpipe 73 has an expansion joint-slide valve 74 for controlling the flow rate of the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles 54. A lift riser 76 is downstream from the exchanger vessel 42 and is fluidly coupled to the cooler standpipe 73 for receiving the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles 54. Disposed in a lower portion 78 of the lift riser 76 is an air nozzle 80 that is configured to direct the lly-cooled heated nic particles 54 through the lift riser 76 to an upper portion 82 of the lift riser 76.

A ir distributor 84 is disposed in the reheater l4 and is fluidly coupled to the lift-riser 76 to receive the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles 54. The sand-air distributor 84 is configured to bute the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles 54 in the reheater 14, preferably above the gas butor 86, to partially cool the remaining portion of the heated nic particles and form the heated inorganic heat carrier particles 18. Referring also to in exemplary embodiment, the heated inorganic heat carrier particles 18 have a temperature of from 600 to 780°C and are passed along to the reactor 12 for rapidly pyrolyzing additional carbonaceous material.

Accordingly, apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material have been described. Unlike the prior art, the ary embodiments taught herein e an apparatus comprising a reactor, a reheater, and an inorganic particle cooler. The reactor rapidly pyrolyzes a carbonaceous feedstock with heated inorganic particles to form pyrolysis oil and solids that include cooled inorganic heat carrier particles and char. The reheater receives the solids and fluidizes the cooled inorganic heat r particles and char with an oxygen-containing gas to form a fluidized bubbling bed. The reheater is operating at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the cooled inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. The inorganic particle cooler receives a n of the heated inorganic particles and removes some of the heat via indirect exchange to form partially-cooled heated nic les that are combined with the remaining portion of the heated inorganic particles to partially cool the heated inorganic les. It has been found that partially cooling the heated inorganic particles with the inorganic particle cooler facilitates lling the temperatures from excessively rising in the reheater even if the fluidized bubbling bed contains higher levels of char. ingly, the reheater does not require additional volume that would otherwise be needed to accommodate additional air for cooling to control the reheater temperatures and therefore, the cost and complexity of shipping, installing, and operating the reheater is not substantially impacted.

[0031] While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing Detailed Description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. , the foregoing Detailed Description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention, it being understood that various changes may be made in the fianction and arrangement of elements described in an ary embodiment t departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended Claims and their legal equivalents.

Claims (10)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. An apparatus for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous al, the apparatus comprising: a r; a reheater in fluid communication with the r to receive inorganic heat carrier les and char, wherein the reheater is configured to form a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, the inorganic heat carrier particles, and the char and to operate at combustion ions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles; and an nic particle cooler in fluid ication with the reheater and sing a shell portion and a tube portion that is disposed in the shell portion, n the inorganic particle cooler is configured such that the tube n receives a portion of the heated inorganic particles and the shell portion receives a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the portion of the heated inorganic particles to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles and a heated cooling medium comprising heated air, wherein the reheater and the inorganic particle cooler are cooperatively configured to combine the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles in the er to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles; and a dryer that is in fluid communication with the inorganic particle cooler to receive the heated air, and wherein the dryer is configured to receive the carbonaceous material and to remove water from the carbonaceous material with the heated air to form a water-depleted carbonaceous material.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tube portion comprises a plurality of tubes each having an outer surface and at least one cooling fin that is disposed along the outer surface.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the tube portion comprises a plurality of juxtaposed tubes that are spaced apart and longitudinally disposed substantially parallel to a vertical axis.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic particle cooler comprises: an exchanger vessel comprising the shell and tube portions; a lift riser disposed downstream from the exchanger vessel; and a sand-air distributor disposed within the er ream from the lift riser, and wherein the lift riser is configured to e and fluidly communicate the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles to the sand-air distributor and the sand-air distributor is configured to distribute the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles in the reheater.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the lift riser has a lower portion extending to an upper portion, the lower portion is configured to receive the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles and the upper portion is y coupled to the sand-air distributor, and wherein the lift riser comprises an air nozzle that is positioned in the lower portion and that is configured to direct the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles through the lift riser from the lower portion to the upper portion for introduction to the sand-air distributor.

6. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the reheater has a lower section for ning the fluidized bubbling bed and comprises a gas butor that is disposed in the lower section and that is configured to fluidly icate the oxygen-containing gas to the fluidized bubbling bed, and wherein the sand-air distributor is disposed above the gas distributor.

7. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the inorganic particle cooler further comprises at least one bubble breaking g that is disposed upstream from the tube portion.

8. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the reactor is in fluid communication with the er to receive the second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

9. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the r is configured to receive the water-depleted carbonaceous material and to y pyrolyze the water-depleted carbonaceous material with the second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

10. An apparatus according to claim 1, substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in the anying drawings.