NZ703195B2 - Pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting autophagy of motor neurons and use thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting autophagy of motor neurons containing an effective amount of an active ingredient. The active ingredient is selected from the following groups: a compound of formula (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof and a combination of the foregoing, wherein A is C1-C5 hydrocarbyl with one or more unsaturated bond as needed and is substituted by one or more substituent selected from the following groups as needed: -O?, =O, and C1-C3 hydrocarbyl; X is ?, -O?, formula (II) or formula (III); Y is O or S, and can form a five-membered ring by binding with A as needed; and R1 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 hydrocarbyl, wherein one or more -CH2- of the hydrocarbyl is replaced by -NH- or -O- as needed. sters thereof and a combination of the foregoing, wherein A is C1-C5 hydrocarbyl with one or more unsaturated bond as needed and is substituted by one or more substituent selected from the following groups as needed: -O?, =O, and C1-C3 hydrocarbyl; X is ?, -O?, formula (II) or formula (III); Y is O or S, and can form a five-membered ring by binding with A as needed; and R1 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 hydrocarbyl, wherein one or more -CH2- of the hydrocarbyl is replaced by -NH- or -O- as needed.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR INHIBITING AUTOPHAGY OF MOTOR NEURONS AND USE THEREOF Field of the Invention Described herein is a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons and its applications, especially for delaying the onset of motor neuron degenerative diseases and/or treating motor neuron degenerative diseases.

Descriptions of the Related Art A neuron, also known as a nerve cell, is one of the structural and functional units of the nervous system of the organism. Neurons can transmit messages to other cells by chemical and electrical signals. Neurons can vary in shape and size, and the diameters of neurons may range from about 4 μm to about 100 μm. The structure of a neuron can be roughly divided into three parts: a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, wherein dendrites can transmit signals into cell bodies, and axons can transmit signals out from cell bodies.

Neurons can be classified into three types depending on the direction of their signal transduction and functions: sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons, wherein a motor neuron is a nerve cell controlling the body activities of an organism. In general, motor neurons in the brain are known as upper motor neurons, while motor neurons in the brain stem and the spinal cord are known as lower motor neurons. Functional disorders caused by the degeneration of motor neurons may result in motor neuron degenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis, myasthenia, muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, multiple-system atrophy, spinal muscular dystrophy, etc. Patients suffering from the aforesaid motor neuron degenerative diseases will gradually show symptoms such as muscle weakness, atrophy, trembling, cramping rigidity, which may lead to difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory failure.

The real cause of motor neuron degenerative diseases is still uncertain to date.

However, research has shown that the possible causes of the disease include neuronal death caused by excessive autophagy stimulated by the accumulation of superoxide anions, autoimmune disorder, excessive neuronal excitation (e.g., excessive accumulation of glutamates), excessive oxidation, and heredity, etc. The medicines presently used in clinic to treat motor neuron degenerative diseases include glutamate antagonists such as Riluzole, antioxidants such as vitamin E, neurotrophic factors, immune modulators, etc. However, the aforesaid medicines usually do not have significant therapeutic effect or may only lengthen the life of the patients for 3 to 6 months. Therefore, there is still a need for a medicine to delay the onset of motor neuron degenerative diseases and/or treat motor neuron degenerative diseases.

The inventors of the present invention found that the compound of formula (I) of the present invention can be used to inhibit the autophagy of motor neurons and decrease motor neuronal death, thereby, delaying the onset of motor neuron degenerative diseases and/or treating motor neuron degenerative diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the present invention provides use of butylidenephthalide (BP) in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons.

Described herein is a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons, comprising an effective amount of an active component selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound of formula (I), and combinations thereof: (I), wherein, A is a C1-C5 hydrocarbyl group optionally having one or more unsaturated bonds, and is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of -OH, =O, and C1-C3 hydrocarbyl group; X is H, -OH, , or ; Y is O or S and optionally bonds with A to form a five-membered ring; and R is H or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 hydrocarbyl group, wherein one or more -CH - in the hydrocarbyl group are optionally replaced by -NH- or -O-.

Also described is use the aforesaid active component in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons.

Also described is a method for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an active component consisting of a compound of formula (I), and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and ester thereof.

The detailed technology and the preferred embodiments implemented for the present invention will be described in the following paragraphs for people skilled in the field to well appreciate the features of the claimed invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1A is a mass spectrum of a mixture of butylidenephthalide and human hepatic microsomes analyzed by LC-MS/MS; Fig. 1B is a metabolic profile showing the phase I metabolism of butylidenephthalide in an organism; Fig. 1C is a metabolic profile showing the phase II metabolism of butylidenephthalide in an organism; Fig. 2 is a survival curve diagram showing the effect of butylidenephthalide on increasing the survival rate of SOD1-G93A transgenic mice; Fig. 3 is a survival curve diagram showing the effect of Riluzole on increasing the survival rate of SOD1-G93A transgenic mice; Fig. 4 is a BBB-scaled curve showing the effects of butylidenephthalide on the SOD1-G93A transgenic mice; Fig. 5A is a histochemical staining picture showing the effects of butylidenephthalide on delaying or preventing the spinal motor neuronal death of SOD1-G93A transgenic mice; Fig. 5B is a bar diagram showing the effects of butylidenephthalide on delaying or preventing the spinal motor neuronal death of SOD1-G93A transgenic mice; Fig. 6 is a Western blot picture showing the effect of butylidenephthalide on decreasing the expression level of LC3-II protein in the lumbar spine of SOD1-G93A transgenic mice; Fig. 7 is a Western blot picture showing the effect of butylidenephthalide on inhibiting the autophagy of NSC.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The following will describe some embodiments of the present invention in detail.

However, without departing from the spirit of the present invention, the present invention may be embodied in various embodiments and should not be limited to the embodiments described in the specification. In addition, unless otherwise state herein, the expressions "a," "the," or the like recited in the specification of the present invention (especially in the claims) should include both the singular and the plural forms. Furthermore, the term “effective amount” used in this specification refers to the amount of the compound that can at least partially alleviate the condition that is being treated in a suspected subject when administered to the subject. The term “subject” used in this specification refers to a mammalian, including human and non-human animals.

Autophagy is an important mechanism for regulating cell growth, cell homeostasis and cell death, involving the degradation of a cell’s own organelles or other materials through intracellular lysosomes of cells. However, as indicated above, it has been known that the excessive autophagy of motor neurons is one of the causes of motor neuron degenerative diseases. Therefore, if the autophagy of motor neurons can be inhibited, then motor neuronal death can be alleviated so as to treat motor neuron degenerative diseases.

The inventors of the present invention have found that the following compound (1) can effectively inhibit the autophagy of motor neurons, and thus, it can be used to delay the onset of motor neuron degenerative diseases and/or treat motor neuron degenerative diseases. (1) ， Compound (1), also known as butylidenephthalide (BP), comprises two isomers in its natural state, (Z)-butylidenephthalide (cis-butylidenephthalide) and (E)-butylidenephthalide (trans-butylidenephthalide).

It has been confirmed that after butylidenephthalide is metabolized by phase I metabolism or phase II metabolism in the liver of an organism, one or more of the following compounds (2) to (14) will be produced: (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); (7); (8); (9); (10); (11); (12); (13); and (14); wherein the Cys in compound (10) refers to cysteine. Without being limited by the theory, it is believed that the effect of butylidenephthalide on inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons in the organism originates from the common structural part of the chemical structures of the above compounds (2) to (14).

Described herein is a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons, comprising an effective amount of an active component selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound of formula (I), and combinations thereof: (I), wherein, A is a C1-C5 hydrocarbyl group optionally having one or more unsaturated bonds, and is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of -OH, =O, and C1-C3 hydrocarbyl group; X is H, -OH, , or ;Y is O or S and optionally bonds with A to form a five-membered ring; and R is H or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 hydrocarbyl group, wherein one or more -CH - in the hydrocarbyl group are optionally replaced by -NH- or -O-. The motor neurons include upper motor neurons such as motor neurons in the brain, and lower motor neurons such as motor neuron in brain stem and spinal cord.

Preferably, in the compound of formula (I), A is a C1-C5 alkyl or alkenyl group being optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of -OH, =O, and C1-C3 alkyl group; R is H or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 hydrocarbyl group, wherein one or more -CH - in the hydrocarbyl group are optionally replaced by -NH- or -O-. More preferably, A is , , , , , , , or ; and R is H, , or .

In one embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition described herein, the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of the above compounds (1) to (14). The compound of formula (I) is preferably compound (1) (i.e., butylidenephthalide), and is more preferably a compound of the following formula (i.e., (Z)-butylidenephthalide): .

The pharmaceutical composition described herein can inhibit the autophagy of motor neurons and can alleviate neuronal death, and thus, it can be used to delay the onset of motor neuron degenerative diseases and/or treat motor neuron degenerative diseases. The motor neuron degenerative diseases comprise any diseases related to the autophagy of motor neurons, including but not limited to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myasthenia, muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, etc.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein is used for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The patients of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis will gradually show muscular atrophy, which usually causes quadriplegia, difficulty swallowing and even respiratory failure in 2 to 5 years. Researches have shown that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may be related to excessive neuronal excitation (e.g., excessive accumulation of glutamates).

Therefore, at present, the glutamate antagonist, such as Riluzole, is usually used in clinic to treat motor neurodegenerative diseases to increase the survival rate of the patients. As compared with Riluzole, the pharmaceutical composition of described herein can more effectively delay the onset of motor neuron degenerative diseases and/or treat motor neuron degenerative diseases by inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons, and thereby, can increase the survival rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.

The pharmaceutical composition can be manufactured into a medicament of any suitable form for administration and can be administered by any suitable manner. For example, but not limited thereby, the pharmaceutical composition can be manufactured into a medicament with a form suitable for oral administration, subcutaneous injection, nasal administration or intravenous injection. Because a medicament for oral administration is convenient for patients to take regularly by themselves, it is preferably that the pharmaceutical composition is manufactured into a medicament in a form suitable for oral administration. Depending on the form and purpose of the medicament, the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

For manufacturing a medicament suitable for oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier which has no adverse influence on the activity of the active component comprised therein, such as a solvent, oily solvent, diluent, stabilizer, absorption delaying agent, disintegrant, emulsifier, antioxidant, binder, lubricants, moisture absorbent, etc. The medicament can be in a form suitable for oral administration, such as a tablet, a capsule, a granule, powder, a fluid extract, a solution, syrup, a suspension, an emulsion, a tinctures, etc.

As for a medicament suitable for subcutaneous or intravenous injection, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more components, such as an isotonic solution, a saline buffer solution (e.g., a phosphate buffer solution or a citrate buffer solution), a solubilizer, an emulsifier, other carriers, etc., so as to manufacture the medicament as an intravenous injection, an emulsion intravenous injection, a powder injection, a suspension injection, a powder-suspension injection, etc.

In addition to the above adjuvants, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise other addatives, such as a flavoring agent, a toner, a coloring agent, etc. to enhance the taste and visual appeal of the resultant medicament. To improve the storability of the resultant medicament, the pharmaceutical composition may also comprise a suitable amount of a preservative, a conservative, an antiseptic, an anti-fungus reagent, etc. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more other active components, such as an antioxidant (e.g., vitamin E), neurotrophic factor, immune modulator, etc., to further enhance the effect of the pharmaceutical composition described herein or increase the application flexibility and adaptability for the method, as long as the other active components have no adverse effect on the compound of formula (I) or its salt and ester derivatives.

Depending on the requirements of the subject, the pharmaceutical composition described herein can be applied with various administration frequencies, such as once a day, several times a day or once for days, etc. For example, when applied to the human body for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons, the dosage of the composition is about 30 mg (as the compound of formula (I))/kg-body weight to about 2000 mg (as the compound of formula (I))/kg-body weight per day, and preferably is about 100 mg (as the compound of formula (I))/kg-body weight to about 1000 mg (as the compound of formula (I))/kg-body weight per day, wherein the unit “mg/kg-body weight” means the dosage required per kg-body weight.

However, for patients with acute conditions, the dosage can be increased to several times or several tens of times, depending on the practical requirements. In one embodiment using the pharmaceutical composition described herein to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the active component is (Z)-butylidenephthalide and its dosage is about 500 mg/kg-body weight.

Also described herein is the use of the compound of formula (I) and/or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) and ester(s) in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons. By inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons, the medicament can be used to delay the onset of motor neuron degenerative diseases and/or treat motor neuron degenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myasthenia, muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, multiple-system atrophy, spinal muscular dystrophy, and combinations thereof. The formulations and dosages of the medicament, and the other components optionally comprised therein are all in line with the above descriptions.

Also described herein is a method for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an active component selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound of formula (I), and combinations thereof. The formulations and dosages of the active component are all in line with the above descriptions.

The present invention will be further illustrated in details with specific examples as follows. However, the following examples are provided only for illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereby.

[Example] [Example 1] Identification of the metabolites of butylidenephthalide It has been known that the medicine metabolic pathway within an organism’s liver can be primarily divided into phase I and phase II metabolism. Phase I metabolism occurs mainly by the redox reaction or hydrolysis reaction of medicine, and phase II metabolism occurs mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monoxygenase system. This example simulated the phase I and II metabolism of butylidenephthalide that occur within an organism’s liver by respectively mixing butylidenephthalide with hepatic microsomes or cryopreserved hepatocytes in vitro, and the products in the reaction solution were analyzed by liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) to identify the metabolites and the metabolic profile. The experimental steps were as follows: (1) Phase I metabolism assay Butylidenephthalide (2 mM) was mixed respectively with K PO buffer solution (100 mM, pH7.4) containing human, rats or dogs hepatic micrsomes (0.5 mg/mL). The mixture was maintained at 37 C for 10 minutes, and then pre-warmed cofactors (NADPH (2 mM) and MgCl (3 mM)) were added thereto and the mixture was incubated at 37 C for 60 minutes.

Thereafter, 3-fold volume of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid was added to the mixture to terminate the reaction. The mixture was centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 5 minutes, and the supernatant was then collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to identify the metabolites. (2) Phase II metabolism assay William’s E medium containing 5 x 10 thawed human, rat or dog hepatocytes were respectively added into a 12-well culture dish, and the cells were cultured for 6 hours. Then, 0.5 mL of butylidenephthalide (50μM) was added into the culture dish. After the cells were incubated at 37 C, 95% relative humidity and 5% CO for 6 hours, 2 mL of acetonitrile (100%) was added to terminate the reaction. The sample was collected, mixed adequately, and centrifuged at 45000 g, 4 C for 10 minutes. The supernatant was then collected, dried, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to identify the metabolites. (3) LC-MS/MS analysis The samples obtained from (1) and (2) were separately dissolved in acetonitrile/0.1 % formic acid, centrifuged at 45000g, 4 C for 10 minutes. Then, the aliquots (20 μl) of each sample was injected into an autosampler vial (Agilent Technologies, USA) of a LC-MS/MS system to perform LC-MS/MS analysis. The LC-MS/MS system comprises an ABSCIEX 5500 Q TRAP system with 1200SL HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, USA), a HPLC column (Symmetry C18, 3.5 μM, 4.6 × 75 mm), and a autosampler (Agilent Technologies, USA). A two-solvent system (solvent A: 0.1% formic acid; solvent B: methanol containing 0.1% formic acid) was used to perform HPLC at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The HPLC gradient system was set as follows: 0 to 2 minutes held at 10% solvent B; 2 to 7 minutes with a gradient from 10% to 95% solvent B; 7 to 12 minutes held at 95% solvent B; 12 to 14 minutes with a gradient from 95% to 10% solvent B; 14 to 20 minutes held at 10% solvent B; and the retention time of HPLC analysis is 20 minutes. The mass spectrometry analysis was performed in positive ion electrospray ionization (+ESI) mode at 5.5 kV, 550 C, and N (nitrogen) was used as an auxiliary gas. The most intense peaks in the LC-MS/MS spectrum and the mass-shifted peaks in the LC-MS/MS spectrum of each sample as compared to butylidenephthalide spectrum were analyzed by LightSight Software for determining the metabolites in the samples and identifying the biotransformation pathway and metabolic profile of butylidenephthalide in an organism. The results are shown in Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1A, Figure 1B and Figure 1C.

Figure 1A shows the fragment product spectrum of the mixture of butylidenephthalide (m/z 189.1) and human hepatic microsomes analyzed by LC-MS/MS. As shown in Figure 1A, the most intense peaks (m/z) are 171.2 amu, 153.1 amu, 143.0 amu, 128.0, and 115.0 amu.

Table 1 Phase I metabolites Biotransformation Mass-shifted Species Metabolites pathway peaks Compound(2) Dehydrogenation m/z 189 187 Compound(3); Compound(4) Oxidation m/z 189 205 Hydrogenation Compound(5); Compound(6); (forming hydrocarbyl m/z 189 207 Rat Compound (7) group) Compound(8) Tri-Demethylation m/z 189 147 +Keto (O -2H) or Compound (9) m/z 189 203 methylation Compound(2) Dehydrogenation m/z 189 187 Compound(3); Compound(4) Oxidation m/z 189 205 Hydrogenation Compound(5); Compound(6); Dog (forming hydrocarbyl m/z 189 207 Compound (7) group) Compound(8) Tri-Demethylation m/z 189 147 Compound(9) +Keto (O -2H) or m/z 189 203 methylation Compound(2) Dehydrogenation m/z 189 187 Compound(3); Compound(4) Oxidation m/z 189 205 Hydrogenation Compound(5); Compound (6); (forming hydrocarbyl m/z 189 207 Human Compound (7) group) Compound(8) Tri-Demethylation m/z 189 147 +Keto (O -2H) or Compound(9) m/z 189 203 methylation Table 1 shows the types of metabolites produced from the reaction of the mixture of butylidenephthalide and hepatic microsomes (i.e., phase I metabolism) and the biotransformation pathway acquired by software analysis. The results show that the compounds (2) to (9) can be produced by the reaction of a mixture of butylidenephthalide and the hepatic microsomes of rat, dog or human, indicating that butylidenephthalide can be transformed to similar metabolites when metabolized in the livers of different organisms.

Figure 1B shows the metabolic profile obtained from the reaction of the mixture of butylidenephthalide and hepatic microsomes, and the chemical structures of compounds (2) to (9).

Table 2 Phase II metabolites Biotransformation Species Metabolites Mass shift pathway Compound(11) + Cysteine m/z 189 310 Compound(10) + S-Glutathione m/z 189 496 Dehydrogenation+ Compound(12) m/z 189 267 Sulfonation Compound(13) Glucoronidation m/z 189 365 Compound(11) + Cysteine m/z 189 310 Compound(10) + S-Glutathione m/z 189 496 Compound(13) Glucoronidation m/z 189 365 Dehydrogenation+ Compound(14) m/z 189 365 Oxidation+ Glucose Compound(11) + Cysteine m/z 189 310 Compound(10) + S-Glutathione m/z 189 496 Human Dehydrogenation+ Compound(12) m/z 189 267 Sulfonation Compound(13) + Glucoronidation m/z 189 365 Table 2 shows the types of metabolites produced from the reaction of the mixture of butylidenephthalide and cryopreserved hepatocytes (i.e., phase II metabolism) and the biotransformation pathway acquired by software analysis. The results show that compounds (11) to (14) can be produced by the reaction of a mixture of butylidenephthalide and the cryopreserved hepatocytes of rat, dog or human, indicating that butylidenephthalide can be transformed to similar metabolites when metabolized in the livers of different organisms.

Figure 1C shows the metabolic profile obtained from the reaction of the mixture of butylidenephthalide and cryopreserved hepatocytes, and the chemical structures of compounds (11) to (14).

[Example 2] In vivo analysis: butylidenephthalide increases the survival rate of transgenic mice It has been known that about 20% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients were associated with mutations in the gene that encodes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD1), and G93A was the major mutation site. The mice transfected with human mutant SOD1-G93A by gene transfection technique (hereafter referred to as SOD1-G93A transgenic mice) was used as an animal model for the clinical study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis since the mice exhibit a similar course of disease to human. A SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse will show the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis within about 90±5 days postnatal and will die within about 125±5 days postnatal.

This example used the above SOD1-G93A transgenic mice as the object of study to perform in vivo analysis. SOD1-G93A transgenic mice (60-day-old) were treated with butylidenephthalide (purchased from ECHO Chemical) by oral administration, with a dosage of 500 mg/ kg-body weight once daily, wherein the unit “mg/kg-body weight” means the dosage required per kg-body weight. After the SOD1-G93A transgenic mice were treated for 30 days, they were observed to see if butylidenephthalide can lengthen the life of the SOD1-G93A transgenic mice (i.e., more than 125 days). The results are shown in Figure 2 and Table 3.

Table 3 Survival days Control group 127 ± 6.11 （ n = 17 ） Experimental group (n-BP, 500 mg/kg-body weight) 149 ± 4.39 (n = 8) As shown in Figure 2 and Table 3, the 60-day-old SOD1-G93A transgenic mice in the experimental group that were treated with butylidenephthalide by daily oral administration survived for about 149 ± 4.39 days on average. That is, the life of the SOD1-G93A transgenic mice in experimental group was lengthened for about 22± 2 days as compared to the untreated SOD1-G93A transgenic mice in the control group (survived for about 127 ± 6.11). According to Figure 3 (obtained from a reference “Combined riluzole and sodium phenylbutyrate therapy in transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 2009; 10: 85-94,” which is entirely incorporated hereinto by reference), when the traditional amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drug, Riluzole, was used to treat SOD1-G93A transgenic mice, the mice survived for 140 days. The above results show that as compared with Riluzole, using the compound of formula (I) can more effectively increase the survival rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.

[Example 3] In vivo analysis: butylidenephthalide delays the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis SOD1-G93A transgenic mice (60-day-old) were treated with butylidenephthalide by oral administration, with a dosage of 500 mg/ kg-body weight once daily. After the mice were treated for 30 days, the hind limbs of the mice were examined by BBB scale (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Rating Scale). The BBB scale of the hind limbs of normal mice was 21 points, while the BBB scale of disease-progressed SOD1-G93A transgenic mice decreased from 21 to 0 points, wherein the lower scale represents a more severe action disorder in the mice. BBB scale is used to record the drug efficiency.

As shown in Figure 4, the 60-day-old SOD1-G93A transgenic mice in the experimental group were treated with butylidenephthalide by daily oral administration. The BBB scale of the hind limbs of the mice decreased slowly from 125 to 135 days (from 21 to 16 points), and decreased rapidly after 135 days (from 16 to 0 points); while the BBB scale of the hind limbs of the untreated mice in the control group decreased rapidly after 110 days (from 19 to 0 points). The above results showed that butylidenephthalide can actually delay the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

[Example 4] Histochemical staining: butylidenephthalide can delay and/or prevent spinal motor neuronal death SOD1-G93A transgenic mice (60-day-old) were treated with butylidenephthalide by oral administration, with a dosage of 500 mg/ kg-body weight once daily. The SOD1-G93A transgenic mice in the experimental group were sacrificed in extremis, and the spinal cord was collected to perform hematoxylin and eosin stain. The number of motor neurons in the spinal cord was observed and counted by using a microscope, and the data was compared with that of the untreated control group.

As shown in Figure 5A, Figure 5B and Table 4, the number of the spinal motor neurons of the 60-day-old SOD1-G93A transgenic mice in experimental group treated with butylidenephthalide everyday was significantly higher than that of control group (the number of the experimental group: 24; the number of the control group: 3). The above results show that butylidenephthalide can effectively delay and/or prevent spinal motor neuronal death, thereby, increasing the survival rate of SOD1-G93A transgenic mice.

Table 4 The number of motor neurons Control group 3 ± 3.1 Experimental group(n-BP, 24 ± 4.2 500 mg/ kg-body weight) [Example 5] Western Blotting analysis: butylidenephthalide can inhibit autophagy SOD1-G93A transgenic mice (60-day-old) were treated with butylidenephthalide by oral administration, with a dosage of 500 mg/ kg-body weight once daily. It has been indicated by research that SOD1-G93A transgenic mice lost its spinal motor neurons because of the significant increase of autophagy during the last phase of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (which can be seen in In vivo optical imaging of motor neuron autophagy in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Autophagy 7:9, 1-8; September 2011, which is entirely incorporated hereinto by reference). Therefore, in this example, the SOD1-G93A transgenic mice in experimental group were sacrificed in extremis to collect their spinal cord, and the proteins were extracted from the spinal cord to perform Western blotting and to analyze the protein biomarker of autophagy, LC3-II, which was used to determine whether autophagy occurred in the lumbar spinal motor neurons of the mice, wherein β-actin was used as an internal control.

As shown in Figure 6, as compared with the untreated mice in control group, the protein expression level of LC3-II and pLC3-II in the cervical spinal cord, thoracic spinal cord, and lumbar spinal cord of the mice in experimental group were significantly decreased. The above results show that butylidenephthalide can specifically inhibit the autophagy of motor neurons in the organism, and thereby, delay the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lengthen the survival days of the mice, and achieve the effect of treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

[Example 6] Cellular experiment: butylidenephthalide can inhibit autophagy Cellular experiment was performed by using NSCs (neural stem cells) which can differentiate into mouse motor neurons to imitate mouse motor neurons.

NSCs were incubated in a culture dish (10 cm in diameter). The cells were washed with PBS when grown to a density of 60% confluence, and treated with different concentrations of butylidenephthalide for 12 hours. The cells were then treated with H O (2500 μM/mL) for 12 hours to stimulate the autophagy of cells. Then, the cells were collected and the proteins were extracted, and the protein expression level of LC3-II in NSC was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The result of Western blotting is shown in Figure 7.

As shown in Figure 7, 10 μg/mL butylidenephthalide can protect and prevent NSCs from H O damage by inhibiting autophagy (decrease the protein expression level of LC3-II).

The above examples are used to illustrate the principle and efficacy of the present invention and show the inventive features thereof. People skilled in this field may proceed with a variety of modifications and replacements based on the disclosures and suggestions of the invention as described without departing from the principle and spirit thereof. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention is that as defined in the claims as appended.

Claims (9)

What is claimed is:

1. Use of butylidenephthalide (BP) in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons.

2. The use as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the BP is (Z)-BP.

3. The use as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein the medicament is for inhibiting the autophagy of spinal motor neurons.

4. The use as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the medicament is for delaying the onset of motor neuron degenerative diseases and/or treating motor neuron degenerative diseases.

5. The use as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the medicament is for treating and/or delaying the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myasthenia, muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and combinations thereof.

6. The use as claimed in Claim 5, wherein the medicament is for treating and/or delaying the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

7. The use as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the medicament is for administration at an amount ranging from about 30 mg (as BP)/kg-body weight to about 2,000 mg (as BP)/kg-body weight per day.

8. The use as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the medicament is for administration at an amount ranging from about 100 mg (as BP)/kg-body weight to about 1,000 mg (as BP)/kg-body weight per day.

9. A use as claimed in claim 1, substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof and with or without reference to any one or more of the accompanying figures.