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US11971302B2 - System for the real-time high precision measurement of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation from at least one source and method for measurement - Google Patents
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US11971302B2 - System for the real-time high precision measurement of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation from at least one source and method for measurement - Google Patents

System for the real-time high precision measurement of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation from at least one source and method for measurement Download PDF

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US11971302B2
US11971302B2 US17/262,348 US201917262348A US11971302B2 US 11971302 B2 US11971302 B2 US 11971302B2 US 201917262348 A US201917262348 A US 201917262348A US 11971302 B2 US11971302 B2 US 11971302B2
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measurement
attenuation
spectral
reflective
source
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US20210223101A1 (en
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Carlos FERNÁNDEZ PERUCHENA
Ana BERNARDOS GARCÍA
Marcelino Sánchez González
Carlos Heras Vila
Iñigo SALINA ÁRIZ
Rafael Alonso Esteban
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Fundacion Cener Ciemat
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Fundacion Cener Ciemat
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S50/00—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors
    • F24S50/80—Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors for controlling collection or absorption of solar radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/2803—Investigating the spectrum using photoelectric array detector
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S90/00—Solar heat systems not otherwise provided for
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/02—Details
    • G01J1/04—Optical or mechanical part supplementary adjustable parts
    • G01J1/0407—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings
    • G01J1/0411—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings using focussing or collimating elements, i.e. lenses or mirrors; Aberration correction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/02—Details
    • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
    • G01J3/0218—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using optical fibers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
    • G01N21/53—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke
    • G01N21/538—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke for determining atmospheric attenuation and visibility
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S50/00—Monitoring or testing of PV systems, e.g. load balancing or fault identification
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S2201/00—Prediction; Simulation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J2001/4266—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors for measuring solar light
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the present invention a system for the real-time high precision measurement of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation of solar rays at the terrestrial level of at least one source, relates to a system for the measurement of monochromatic attenuation for each wavelength of the spectrum, spectral attenuation in a espectral range of measurement, and total attenuation.
  • the invention also relates to a method for measurement. Both the system and the methodology have been developed in order to achieve the highest level of accuracy in the final measurements. This invention introduces relevant technical improvements beyond the current state of the art.
  • the invention provides a measurement of the attenuation in the entire solar spectral range for the best energy system efficiency evaluation and for achieving a differential measurement of the meteorological phenomena causing said attenuation, thus providing relevant information for the meteorological forecast in this specific field.
  • the invention is comprised in the sector of energy generation by the capture of solar energy.
  • the efficiency of the central receiver solar power plants is affected by the optical efficiency of the set of collector elements, heliostats, and the subsequent atmospheric attenuation of the solar rays reflected by said collectors to the receiver element. This is a remarkable phenomenon influencing the performance of the plants, especially in low visibility days, in which the concentration content of aerosols and gases present in the Earth's atmosphere is higher.
  • the atmospheric attenuation of solar rays reflected by the collector elements on their path towards the receiver element is due to the phenomena of scattering (or diffusion) and the absorption of electromagnetic waves when they go through the atmosphere at the terrestrial level. Both scattering, i.e. the change in direction of the wave, and the energy absorption phenomenon, are due to interaction with the particles and aerosols suspended in the atmosphere, as well as gases dissolved therein. This attenuation is a function of the type and number of molecules present in the path of the solar rays.
  • the primary attenuating element in the path of said rays are aerosols, small particles (solids or liquids) in suspension. They are difficult to model and predict, and come from a wide range of sources (such as dust in suspension, sand storms, urban and industrial pollution, sea mists, etc.).
  • the dominant attenuating phenomenon in the case of aerosols is scattering, which exhibit a strong spectral dependence according to their size distribution (Shaw, G. E., Reagan, J. A., & Herman, B. M. (1973). Investigations of atmospheric extinction using direct solar radiation measurements made with a multiple wavelength radiometer. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 12(2), 374-380).
  • the atmospheric gases present in the path of said rays cause both scattering and absorption (water vapor, ozone, NO 2 and other gases), and in this case the most important attenuating phenomenon is absorption.
  • the most important attenuating phenomenon is absorption.
  • the atmospheric air mass including its particles in suspension, present in the distance traveled by the solar rays reflected by the collector elements on their path towards the receiver element constitutes a spectral filter which may vary throughout the day, depending on the variation of aerosols, the chemical composition of the air, and even meteorological parameters (Rahoma, U. A., & Hassan, A. H. (2012). Determination of atmospheric turbidity and its correlation with climatologically parameters. Am. J. Environ. Sci, 8, 597-604; and Wen, C. C., & Yeh, H. H. (2010). Comparative influences of airborne pollutants and meteorological parameters on atmospheric visibility and turbidity.
  • the Earth's atmosphere also constitutes a variable spectral filter of solar radiation coming from the sun, which depends both on its composition (primarily aerosols and water vapor) and on the lengths the radiation travels through said atmosphere (which depends both on the time of year and on the time of day), which causes the solar radiation spectrum reaching the ground to be variable throughout the year, and even throughout the day (Iqbal, M. (2012). An introduction to solar radiation. Elsevier ).
  • FIG. 1 shows the extraterrestrial solar irradiance spectrum (top curve, solid line) along with two direct normal radiation spectra at the terrestrial level, at both a low (middle curve, solid line) and a high (bottom curve, dotted line) concentration of atmospheric water vapor.
  • FIG. 1 in turn shows a graph with the spectral water vapor transmittance.
  • the measurement of the differential atmospheric attenuation at each wavelength allows distinguishing the different physical phenomena causing it, as well as quantifying each of them, which ultimately has a very significant effect on one hand on the precise measurement of total atmospheric attenuation, but also the prediction thereof based on the available information about the various atmospheric and meteorological phenomena.
  • the optic used by the digital camera is limited in several aspects with respect to the optic used in the present invention since it limits the available power in the measurement, hindering the monochromatic spectral measurement.
  • the digital camera zoom lenses use lens systems with long focal lengths, up to 1000 mm, for performing the capture of images of faraway objects by means of integrated radiation measurements of the optical spectrum in which luminosity is not a limiting factor. These systems present a luminosity limitation rendering them unsuitable for monochromatic spectral measurement, which requires at least one order of magnitude more than that provided by this system to reach the desired precision.
  • the present invention proposes a system and method for the measurement of spectral atmospheric attenuation which allow obtaining higher precision in the measurement of said attenuation.
  • the present invention i.e. a system for the real-time measurement of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation from at least one source, has as a first object a system as described herein.
  • Said system serves to characterize in real-time the causes of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation in the solar spectrum by the spectral measurement of the solar radiation at the terrestrial level. Specifically, it relates to a system for the best accurate measurement of:
  • the system is based on the separate arrangement of at least two light sensing devices, associated with measurement devices, and aligned with a light source or useful source, to infer the attenuation of the solar energy in the distance separating said light sensing devices by means of the real-time difference of the spectral energy striking them.
  • the system object of the invention for the real-time measurement of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation from at least one source, preferably a hemispherical reflectance screen to reflect the incident solar radiation, and having at least the following elements:
  • a telescope is an optical system with a long focal length built by means of mirrors, when the application requires quality measurements under low luminosity conditions (as occurs in astronomical applications), or by lenses under high luminosity conditions.
  • the telescope includes two main optical elements, an objective and an eyepiece.
  • a mirror objective is not limited in size (like objective lenses), which allows increasing the available radiation in the measurement.
  • the eyepiece allows both arranging a collimated ray beam and forming small images.
  • the part of beam taken to the array spectrum is split, in turn, into as many beams as there are detection and measurement devices associated with each optical device, such that the split beams are guided to and focused on said measurement devices, each measurement device covering a different region of the spectral range to be measured.
  • the connection between the optical device and the measurement device(s) is preferably performed by optical fiber.
  • This splitting can be done either by optical beam splitters or by multifibers, a cable of two or more optical fibers at the light inlet end of which all the fibers are together such that each fiber collects part of the light beam and at the other end of which each fiber is separate and allows taking part of its guided light to different points being understood as multifibers.
  • the measurement devices can be photodiode array spectrometers or monochromators.
  • a second object of the invention is a method for the real-time measurement of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation from a source with a system like the one described above.
  • the method for measurement comprises the following steps:
  • the method contemplates the option of, before aligning the devices towards the useful source of electromagnetic radiation, said devices being aligned with a black target or absorbing screen to measure the background light and subsequently consider excluding the background light from the measurement of the attenuation, such that all the light that is scattered on the path going from the screen to the optical device and does not come from the beam traveling from the screen to said device (which is to be measured) does not affect the final measurement.
  • the methods allow, after the calculation of the atmospheric attenuation, applying spectroscopic techniques and a spectral analysis, to identify and discern the phenomena causing the previously calculated atmospheric attenuation.
  • the invention allows capturing the light coming from the useful source, with an angle of acceptance (maximum angle in which the incident light ray is captured and measured by the measurement device) in the order of 1 to 3 mrad to assure that at a distance of 1 km only light coming from said source of the system is captured.
  • the telescopic optical device comprises an optical system acting as an objective with a long focal length and a very small inlet diaphragm, such that the angle of acceptance of the optical system (defined as the ratio between the inlet diaphragm and the focal length of the objective) is very small, in the order of 1 mrad.
  • the system object of the invention is preferably based on reflectors as optical imaging elements to assure that no there is chromatic aberration and therefore assure that all the wavelengths are imaged on the same plane image.
  • reflectors or mirrors as optical elements
  • the chromatic aberration problem does not occur.
  • Chromatic aberration can lead to errors in the case of the use of digital cameras as sensors, since each wavelength can be imaged in different pixels of the camera, so there will be pixels in which light coming from the useful light source or target and light coming from outside the useful light source is detected.
  • the invention contemplates the possibility of preferably using two targets as a light source, a highly reflective or white target used as a useful light source for the measurement of atmospheric attenuation and a zero reflection or black target, as mentioned above, used as a measurement of background light in the system for the measurement of atmospheric attenuation.
  • a useful light source which is a sunlight reflecting target is used. This may represent a problem because not only does light coming from the target reach the system for measurement, but so does part of the diffuse light reflected by the atmosphere that is on the direct path from the camera to the target and forms background light which is variable with the conditions of the atmosphere and is added to the light coming from the target.
  • the system for measurement object of the present invention i.e., the light of the target and part of the diffuse light that is in the direct path from the target to the system for measurement is detected, and for this reason, to eliminate the diffuse background light, the system proposes using a dark target that does not reflect any sunlight.
  • a white target would be arranged as the source, and next to it, preferably under same, a black target.
  • the telescopic optical device would first have to be oriented towards the black target to measure the diffuse background light, and then the telescopic optical device would have to be oriented towards the white target to measure the useful light source by eliminating the measurement of the black target.
  • the present invention proposes the use of silicon sensors for measuring the spectrum from 300 nm to 1050 nm and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) sensors for measuring the spectrum from 900 nm to 2600 nm to thus cover the entire solar spectrum for achieving a more precise measurement. Nevertheless, measuring the spectrum up to 1650 nm is proposed for the preferred embodiment of this invention for technical and financial reasons without losing appreciable accuracy.
  • the system object of the present invention takes a measurement of the optical spectrum of the detected radiation, unlike known systems which take an integrated measurement of the power of the spectrum of the measured radiation, thus avoiding errors in the measurement.
  • errors are due to the fact that silicon and InGaAs sensors have a strongly wavelength-dependent response. For example, in silicon the response at 600 nm is half that at 800 nm, so if no a measurement of the optical spectrum is not taken, this dependence cannot be discounted.
  • the system object of the invention is the only one that can establish correlations between the atmospheric conditions that can be measured with other humidity, particle, pollution type measurement devices, etc., and atmospheric attenuation.
  • FIG. 1 shows an extraterrestrial solar radiation spectrum (top curve) along with spectra at the terrestrial level for various concentrations of atmospheric water vapor. It also shows the water vapor transmittance in the upper right-hand part.
  • FIG. 2 shows a preferred diagram of an embodiment of the system for the measurement of the attenuation of solar radiation object of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a second preferred diagram of an embodiment of the system for the measurement of the attenuation of solar radiation object of the invention in which an absorbing screen is included.
  • FIG. 4 shows a preferred diagram of a telescopic optical device for capturing a light beam.
  • FIG. 5 shows a preferred diagram of the detection and measurement device equipped with splitters.
  • FIG. 6 shows a preferred diagram of the detection and measurement device equipped with multifiber.
  • FIG. 7 shows the measurements spectroscopic taken by the reference device and the measurement device for calculating the spectral attenuation (intensity in arbitrary units, a.u., with respect to wavelengths).
  • FIG. 8 shows the variation between the two preceding measurements resulting in the existing spectral attenuation (variation in % with respect to wavelengths).
  • the present invention relates to a system and method for the measurement of the atmospheric attenuation of electromagnetic radiation, in a differential and precise manner at each wavelength, i.e., in a spectral manner, allowing the characterization of the phenomena causing same, in the space comprised between various points.
  • the proposed system ( FIGS. 2 and 3 ) is preferably made up of a useful source of emission 40 of electromagnetic radiation and at least two devices 10 , 20 for capturing the radiation emitted by said source separated from one another and at different distances from the mentioned source 40 .
  • the useful source of emission of electromagnetic radiation can be both artificial and natural (the sun as both the direct and the reflected source).
  • the optical devices 10 , 20 for capturing electromagnetic radiation must be telescopic and assure the capture of electromagnetic radiation coming from only the mentioned source 40 , which is achieved by adapting the angle of acceptance (maximum angle at which the incident light ray is trapped) to the geometric considerations of the system (size of the source and distance between the source 40 and the detecting devices 10 , 20 ).
  • the useful source will be a screen 40 which reflects the direct sunlight beam from the sun 60 or a light beam previously reflected by at least one heliostat 50 .
  • the angle of acceptance ( ⁇ ) is 1 mrad, the angle of acceptance ( ⁇ ) being, as defined above, the largest angle at which the rays from an object or source strike the detection system and are detected by said detection system.
  • the reference telescopic optical device 10 and measurement device 20 each arranged at a different distance D from the source 40 , preferably have a telescopic objective 11 , followed by a field diaphragm 12 determining the focal length 1 of the device 10 , 20 , followed by an eyepiece 13 to amplify the signal and form the image ( FIG. 4 ).
  • a beam splitter 15 FIG. 5
  • multifibers 25 FIG. 6
  • the telescopic optical devices 10 could use a refracting type telescope.
  • the electromagnetic radiation coming from the source 40 captured by the telescopic optical devices 10 , 20 will be conducted to at least one real-time detection and measurement device 23 , 24 associated with each telescopic optical device 10 , 20 ( FIGS. 2 to 6 ), which will provide simultaneous real-time measurements of the spectrum thereof and in a spectral range that is broad enough for the considered application, preferably between 300 nm and 1650 nm (see FIG. 7 ).
  • the comparison of the spectral curves obtained from the measurements of each detection and measurement device 23 , 24 will provide as a result the relative spectral atmospheric attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation considered (see FIG. 8 ). Performing a prior calibration between both optical devices 10 , 20 allows obtaining the absolute measurement of spectral attenuation.
  • the invention proposes the actual sunlight 60 reflected in a hemispherical manner by a light diffusing white screen 40 located at the maximum height at which the measurement of the attenuation will be taken along with a telescopic optical light device 10 close to the source and acting as a reference measurement of the light signal located at the level of the ground and to a telescopic optical device 20 located farther away from the source and acting as a measurement of the attenuated light signal by the atmosphere also located at the level of the ground. Additionally, the energy reflected by said screen 40 can be increased, causing solar energy reflected by one or more heliostats 50 to strike it.
  • the screen 40 is located at the height of the receiver of a concentrating central receiver (or tower 30 ) solar power plant, and the telescopic optical devices 10 , associated with their detection and measurement devices 23 , 24 for detecting and measuring the attenuated light signal are located at two distances with respect to the central receiver in the solar field, for example at 300 meters (reference device 10 ) and 1600 meters (measurement device 20 ) from the source 40 . These distances can vary depending on the size of the solar field or other conditioning factors.
  • the preferably circular or rectangular screen 40 must possess hemispherical reflectance to avoid the presence of privileged directions in reflection and thereby having a spatially uniform source.
  • this screen 40 must have a large enough size to assure that the telescopic optical device 20 of the attenuated light signal, the one farthest away, only captures light coming from the screen 40 and thereby avoid variable background signals which would entail uncertainties in the measurement.
  • the size of the screen (T) must be related to the angle of acceptance ( ⁇ ) or inlet aperture of the optical system for the measurement 20 of the light signal and the distance (D) existing between said system 20 and the screen 40 , according to the following equation: T ⁇ D *tan( ⁇ )
  • the size of the source has to be larger than a circle having a diameter of about 1.6 meters.
  • the value of the inlet aperture of the optical system for the measurement of the light signal is determined by the focal length of the objective 11 and the field diaphragm 12 .
  • the preferred embodiment proposes that once the light signal is captured by the reference optical device 10 and by the optical measurement device 20 for measuring the attenuated light signal, they are transmitted by optical means, preferably optical fiber 21 , 22 to a photodiode array spectrometer 23 , 24 for the real-time measurement of the spectrum thereof simultaneously by both telescopic devices 10 , 20 .
  • said preferred embodiment proposes the use as detection and measurement devices 23 , 24 of two photodiode array spectrometers: one preferably being a silicon detector array 23 in the range of 300 nm to 1050 nm, and the other one preferably being an InGaAs detector array 24 in the range of 900 nm to 1650 nm.
  • each telescopic optical device 10 , 20 must be split, preferably with a beam splitter 15 , thought it is also possible by multifibers 25 , and be focused on the optical means 23 , 24 , preferably the optical fiber 21 , 22 , 25 , by means of focusing lenses 16 , 18 .
  • a system which allows aligning telescopic systems with the screen, said system including both optical and mechanical components.
  • This alignment requires splitting 14 the beam, before that described, to enable displaying the captured image in a digital camera 17 (preferably CCD).
  • a digital camera 17 preferably CCD
  • the described diagrams of both the telescopic optical device 10 , 20 and the detection and measurement device 23 , 24 together form the reference system and the system for the measurement of the attenuated light signal.
  • Each of said devices provides a measurement of the spectral curve of the sunlight reflected by the screen in the range of 300 nm to 1650 nm, with a spectral width resolution of 0.5 nm, for example.
  • a possible measurement device 23 , 24 is made up of the photodiode array spectrometers in which the sensors are clustered in an array, or monochromators which, from the refraction or scattering phenomenon, spatially separate the different wavelengths present in the signal.
  • the system will thereby provide measurements of the light signal for each wavelength of the specified spectral range, that is, spectral curves of the intensity of the light signal ( FIG. 7 ).
  • monochromatic atmospheric attenuation ( FIG. 8 ) is obtained for each wavelength between 300 nm and 1650 nm with the spectral resolution of 0.5 nm of the electromagnetic radiation considered from the screen to the system for measurement.
  • the set of all the monochromatic attenuations provide the values of the curve of the spectral attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation considered between 300 nm and 1650 nm.
  • the values of the curve of said spectral attenuation, weighted with the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation provide the value of the global attenuation in the range of 300 nm to 1650 nm.
  • the prior calibration between the measurements obtained by the reference system and the system for measurement must be assured, and the difference of distance traveled between the reference systems and the screen must be considered.
  • both the reference and the measurement signals can be contaminated by the light scattered by the atmospheric components present between the screen and the telescopic systems (for example, aerosols), defined as background light.
  • the system object of the invention contemplates that the telescopic optical devices can be aligned towards an absorbing screen 45 , i.e., it has a very low reflectivity (as close as possible to 0%), and particularly, much lower than that of the screen with hemispherical reflectance 40 described above (with a reflectively as close to 100% as possible) and used to provide reflected radiation to the telescopic optical devices. Therefore, the signal measured by the telescopic systems aligned towards the absorbing screen 45 can be taken into account to quantify and model the attenuation phenomenon.
  • the operating method of the preceding systems has the following steps:
  • the method preferably comprises a prior step before aligning the devices 10 , 20 towards the source of electromagnetic radiation, in which the devices 10 , 20 are aligned with an absorbing screen ( FIG. 3 ) to measure the background light and subsequently consider the excluding the background light from the measurement.
  • the method comprises a step of applying spectral analysis and spectroscopic techniques to identify and discern the phenomena causing the previously calculated atmospheric attenuation.
  • a calibration process is performed for the detection and measurement devices 23 , 24 by locating the telescopic optical devices 10 , 20 at the same distance from the source 40 of electromagnetic radiation.

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ES2738912A1 (es) 2020-01-27
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EP3799620B1 (en) 2024-04-10
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MA65540B1 (fr) 2024-05-31
ES2738912B2 (es) 2020-10-30

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