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WO2017132949A1 - Method and tdd radio transceiver for correcting receiving iq impairment - Google Patents
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WO2017132949A1 - Method and tdd radio transceiver for correcting receiving iq impairment - Google Patents

Method and tdd radio transceiver for correcting receiving iq impairment Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017132949A1
WO2017132949A1 PCT/CN2016/073535 CN2016073535W WO2017132949A1 WO 2017132949 A1 WO2017132949 A1 WO 2017132949A1 CN 2016073535 W CN2016073535 W CN 2016073535W WO 2017132949 A1 WO2017132949 A1 WO 2017132949A1
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components
signal
calibration coefficients
calibration
radio transceiver
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French (fr)
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Ming Li
Jiangyan Peng
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/38Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/06Receivers
    • H04B1/16Circuits
    • H04B1/30Circuits for homodyne or synchrodyne receivers

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to the technical field of wireless communications, and particularly, to a method and a Time Divisional Duplex (TDD) radio transceiver for correcting receiving In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) impairment.
  • TDD Time Divisional Duplex
  • LTE Long-Term Evolution
  • FDD Frequency Division Duplex
  • TDD Time Division Duplex
  • half duplex Frequency Division Duplex
  • the uplink and downlink communications between a base station and a mobile station use the same frequency band but different time slots to separate the receive (RX) and the transmit (TX) , i.e. they take place in different, non-overlapping time slots.
  • a typical TDD radio structure is shown in Figure 1, in which a direct up-conversion transmitter 110 with a heterodyne Transmission Observation Receiver (TOR) 120 and a homodyne receiver 130 are utilized.
  • TOR Transmission Observation Receiver
  • a two-port cavity filter (FU) 140 is shared for both the receiver 130 and the transmitter 110; a circulator 150 plays the role to separate TX path and RX path signals.
  • the reflected TX signal from an antenna 160 or the filter 140 will go through a high power Transmit-Receive (TR) switch 170 and be absorbed by the termination during a DL time period.
  • TR Transmit-Receive
  • the homodyne receiver 130 is introduced to provide a compelling solution for digital radio designs and offers a cost benefit and potential performance advantage over traditional receiver solutions.
  • the homodyne architecture offers more freedom in addressing multiple bands of operation using a single hardware solution. This promises to be a more cost effective solution and is now enabling high-performance multi-standard/multi-band radio designs.
  • IF intermediate frequency
  • the number of components in a homodyne receiver is reduced as compared to super heterodyne architectures. Meanwhile, by directly converting the signal to effectively zero-IF frequency, the image problems associated with super heterodyne architectures could be ignored.
  • the desired carrier frequency is down-converted to baseband using an IQ demodulator 132.
  • the demodulator 132 With a local oscillator (LO) 133, the demodulator 132 generates sum and difference baseband frequencies directly at the baseband I/Q output ports, where Iow pass filters 134 heavily reject the summation frequency and allow only the difference frequency to pass.
  • LNA Low Noise Amplifier
  • IQ amplitude and phase mismatch can cause degraded Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) performance.
  • SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
  • blind compensation is used, which eliminates the need of prior knowledge about the pilot tone but undesirably turns out to have poor performance.
  • an object of the present disclosure is to avoid or alleviate at least some of the drawbacks of the existing solutions for correcting RX IQ impairment in a TDD radio transceiver.
  • a method in a TDD radio transceiver for correcting RX IQ impairment comprises subtracting a first set of I and Q components T i and T q of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components R i and R q .
  • the first signal is received from a Transmitter Observation Receiver (TOR) path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the method further comprises determining calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and a set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components R i and R q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components R i and R q to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q .
  • the RX IQ impairment is corrected by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Y i and Y q of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
  • a TDD radio transceiver for correcting RX IQ impairment.
  • the TDD radio transceiver comprises a subtracting unit, a determining unit and a correcting unit.
  • the subtracting unit is configured to subtract a first set of I and Q components T i and T q of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components R i and R q .
  • the first signal is received from a TOR path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the determining unit is configured to determine calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and a set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components R i and R q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components R i and R q to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q .
  • the correcting unit is configured to correct the RX IQ impairment by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Y i and Y q of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
  • a TDD radio transceiver comprising a memory and a processor.
  • the memory has machine-readable instructions stored therein.
  • the processor executes the stored machine-readable instructions to control the TDD radio transceiver to perform the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.
  • the proposed solutions minimize additional HW cost for implementing the RX IQ impairment calibration function and provide better performance than the blind compensation solution. Additionally, by utilizing leaked TX signal/carrier power instead of relying on a dedicated pilot tone or known sequence of data, the proposed solutions enable real-time or near real-time detection and calibration of the RX IQ impairment.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of a typical TDD radio transceiver
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating two separate receiving paths in a TDD radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted in a DL timeslot according to the present disclosure
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating means for preventing high TX leakage to blocking or damaging a homodyne receiver
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating different reflection paths for TX transmission power
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating relationships among a TX calibration signal and two signals received through the different reflection paths shown in Fig. 4;
  • Fig. 6 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a solution for correcting RX IQ impairment in a TDD radio transceiver according to the present disclosure
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating subtraction of a first set of I and Q components T i and T q of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q of a second signal, wherein the first signal is received from a TOR path of a TDD radio transceiver and the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver;
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an adaptive filter which receives a third set of I and Q components R i and R q and outputs a fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q , wherein the third set of I and Q components R i and R q are results of subtracting the first set of I and Q components T i and T q from the second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q ;
  • Fig. 9-10 and 12 are flow charts illustrating operations of embodiments in a TDD radio transceiver for correcting RX IQ impairment according to the present disclosure
  • Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example implementation of calibration coefficient updating
  • Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating relevant time instances, delays and time windows involved in an RX IQ impairment calibration process
  • Figs. 14-16 are schematic diagrams illustrating a structure of a TDD radio transceiver according to the present disclosure.
  • the functions described may be implemented in one or in several nodes. Some or all of the functions described may be implemented using hardware circuitry, such as analog and/or discrete logic gates interconnected to perform a specialized function, ASICs, PLAs, etc. Likewise, some or all of the functions may be implemented using software programs and data in conjunction with one or more digital microprocessors or general purpose computers. Where nodes that communicate using the air interface are described, it will be appreciated that those nodes also have suitable radio communications circuitry.
  • the technology can additionally be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of computer-readable memory, including non-transitory embodiments such as solid-state memory, magnetic disk, or optical disk containing an appropriate set of computer instructions that would cause a processor to carry out the techniques described herein.
  • Hardware implementations of the presently disclosed techniques may include or encompass, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, a reduced instruction set processor, hardware (e.g., digital or analog) circuitry including but not limited to application specific integrated circuit (s) (ASIC) and/or field programmable gate array (s) (FPGA (s) ) , and (where appropriate) state machines capable of performing such functions.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • a computer is generally understood to comprise one or more processors or one or more controllers, and the terms computer, processor, and controller may be employed interchangeably.
  • the functions may be provided by a single dedicated computer or processor or controller, by a single shared computer or processor or controller, or by a plurality of individual computers or processors or controllers, some of which may be shared or distributed.
  • the term “processor” or “controller” also refers to other hardware capable of performing such functions and/or executing software, such as the example hardware recited above.
  • the present disclosure inventively proposes using the TOR in the TDD radio transceiver as a reference receiver and utilizing unavoidable internal leakage in the TDD radio transceiver instead of relying on a dedicated pilot tone or known sequence of data to perform RX IQ impairment detection and calibration.
  • a calibration signal which is a normal TX signal when transmitted in a DL timeslot for example, it travels along two separate receiving paths within the TDD radio transceiver.
  • a direct up-conversion transmitter 210 is applied, wherein I and Q parts of a baseband signal are converted to an analog signal by two separate digital-to-analog converters (DACs) or a dual DAC.
  • the output signals from the DACs are transposed to radio frequency (RF) by an IQ modulator (quadrature up-converter) , and form the final RF signal.
  • DACs digital-to-analog converters
  • IQ modulator quadrature up-converter
  • the TX path is usually accompanied by a feedback TOR path 220, into which a small part of the analog RF-signal output from the power amplifier (PA) is coupled by a coupler 280.
  • PA power amplifier
  • the input signal to the TOR is forwarded to an analog mixer with a heterodyne architecture.
  • the real analog output signal from the mixer is an IF signal and converted in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) .
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • the resulting real digital signal is then down-converted to a complex digital baseband signal in the digital domain. Because I and Q components are produced in the digital domain, the TOR is free of IQ impairment and thus suitable to be used as a reference receiver.
  • the TX signal is also fed into a homodyne receiver path 230 through a TR switch. Therefore, the first loop in Fig. 2 comprises TX path and TOR path 220, while the second loop in Fig. 2 comprises the same TX path and homodyne receiver path 230.
  • high attenuation can be applied in the receiver chain by setting adjusting the attenuator/variable gain amplifier (VGA) or shutdown the LNA, as shown in Fig. 3.
  • VGA attenuator/variable gain amplifier
  • Inventors find that, for the leakage part, normal TX transmission power could be reflected before an FU 240 or/and between the FU 240 and an antenna 260 as shown in Fig. 2, due to non-perfect impedance matching. This is illustrated in greater detail in Fig. 4, wherein two different reflection paths for the TX transmission power are indicated. Accordingly, the leakages can be from return loss of the FU 240 or/and return loss of the antenna 260.
  • X i and X q denote I and Q components of the TX signal as illustrated in the upper part of Fig. 5. Then, two received signals obtained after the TX signal pass through the two different reflection paths and the homodyne receiver path are distinguishable as illustrated in the lower part of Fig. 5, wherein TR i and TR q denote the I and Q components of the TX signal impacted by IQ impairments in the transmitter 210 and in the homodyne receiver 230, a and b denote respective amplitude coefficients applied to TR i and TR q due to respective return losses of the FU 240 and the antenna 260, and t denotes an additional time offset of the received signal reflected from the antenna relative to the received signal reflected from the FU.
  • TR i and TR q can be determined from the received two signals by applying existing techniques such as wiener filtering. Detailed description of these techniques are omitted here, as they are already known in the prior art.
  • a calibration TX signal with I and Q components X i and X q is transmitted through the transmitter path of the TDD radio transceiver in a DL time slot for example, a first signal with I and Q components T i and T q is received from the TOR path and a second signal with I and Q components TR i and TR q is received from the homodyne receiver path.
  • the TOR is free of IQ impairment. Therefore, the I and Q components T i and T q of the first signal are results of the I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration TX signal being impacted by the TX IQ impairment in the transmitter path of the TDD radio transceiver.
  • the I and Q components TR i and TR q of the second signal are results of the I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration TX signal being impacted by both the TX IQ impairment in the transmitter path and the RX IQ impairment in the receiver path of the TDD radio transceiver, as discussed above.
  • the I and Q components T i and T q of the first signal are subtracted from the I and Q components TR i and TR q of the second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components R i and R q , which are results of the I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration TX signal being impacted by only the RX IQ impairment in the receiver path of the TDD radio transceiver, because both of TX IQ impairments in the transmitter path are offsetted.
  • T i and T q can be a vector operation as illustrated in Fig. 7. That is, a vector T formed by T i and T q is subtracted from a vector TR formed by TR i and TR q to obtain a vector R formed by R i and R q .
  • T i and T q reflect only the residue TX IQ impairment
  • TR i and TR q reflect the residue TX IQ impairment and the RX IQ impairment.
  • the third set of I and Q components R i and R q is used for determining calibration coefficients W to be applied to I and Q components Y i and Y q of a radio signal, which is received at the radio transceiver in a UL time slot following the DL time slot for example.
  • any method for determining the calibration coefficients can be applied, as long as the determined calibration coefficients W, which are applied to the third set of I and Q components R i and R q to obtain a fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q , cause a difference between the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components R i and R q and the set of X i and X q .
  • the distance between the point representative of Z i and Z q is closer to the point representative of X i and X q than the point representative of R i and R q .
  • the application of the calibration coefficients W to the R i and R q can be implemented by using an adaptive filter such as a Least Mean Square (LMS) filter.
  • Fig. 8 depicts an example of the adaptive filter which receives R i and R q and outputs Z i and Z q .
  • the adaptive filter comprises an I branch Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter, a Q branch FIR filter, a cross I branch FIR filter, and a cross Q FIR filter, which are denoted as f 11 , f 22 , f 12 and f 21 respectively.
  • the calibration coefficients W actually represent filter coefficients of f 11 , f 22 , f 12 and f 21 , and Z i and Z q are obtained according to the following equations:
  • the adaptive filter can have a more complex structure by introducing additional branch filters, one or more of the branch filters can be multiple-tap filters, and the number of taps of the branch filters can be difference from each other.
  • FIG. 9 A flowchart of the method (denoted as 900) is depicted in Fig. 9.
  • the method 900 comprises step s910, at which a first set of I and Q components T i and T q of a first signal are subtracted from a second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components R i and R q .
  • the first signal is received from a TOR path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • step s920 calibration coefficients are determined, which cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and a set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components R i and R q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal.
  • the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components R i and R q to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q .
  • the RX IQ impairment is corrected by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Y i and Y q of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
  • Fig. 10 is a flowchart of the calibration coefficient updating method mentioned above, which may be applied at step s920 for determining the calibration coefficients. As illustrated, if the calibration coefficient updating method is applied, step s920 may comprise steps s922-s924.
  • initial default calibration coefficients have been set as shown in step s921.
  • the default calibration coefficients may be values which, when applied to the third set of I and Q components R i and R q , do not cause any change to R i and R q .
  • the calibration coefficients of f 11 , f 22 , f 12 and f 21 are W 11 , W 22 , W 12 and W 21 respectively as an example
  • the default calibration coefficients can be repeatedly updated to gradually reduce the difference between the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal.
  • the updated default calibration coefficients are fixed according to a predetermined criterion at step s923.
  • Predetermined criterion could be for example a predefined threshold of the difference or limitation of times for updating the difference, as illustrated below.
  • the calibration coefficients are determined as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients at step s924.
  • Fig. 11 depicts an example implementation of updating the calibration coefficients W 11 , W 22 , W 12 and W 21 of the one-tap branch filters f 11 , f 22 , f 12 and f 21 .
  • n and n+1 respectively denote time instances before and after one update and let ⁇ denote a constant step size. Then, the updating operations applied to the calibration coefficients W 11 , W 22 , W 12 and W 21 as illustrated in Fig. 11 can be expressed by the following equations:
  • W 11 (n+1) W 11 (n) - (Z i (n) -X i ) ⁇ ⁇ i ⁇ R i ,
  • W 12 (n+1) W 12 (n) - (Z i (n) -X i ) ⁇ ⁇ i ⁇ R q ,
  • W 21 (n+1) W 21 (n) - (Z q (n) -X q ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ R i , and
  • W 22 (n+1) W 22 (n) - (Z q (n) -X q ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ R q .
  • Z q (n+1) W 22 (n+1) ⁇ R q + W 21 (n+1 ) ⁇ R i .
  • the difference between the set of I and Q components Z i (n) and Z q (n) and the set of I and Q components X i and X q is determined and compared with a predefined threshold. If the difference is less than the predefined threshold, the updated default calibration coefficients are fixed.
  • the updated default calibration coefficients may be fixed after they are updated a predetermined number of times.
  • the method 900 may further comprise step s930, at which the calibration coefficients determined at step s920 are refined.
  • step s930 may comprise step s931, at which the first set of I and Q components T i and T q of the first signal are subtracted from a calibrated second set of I and Q components TR i ’ and TR q ’ of a calibrated second signal to obtain a calibrated third set of I and Q components R i ’ and R q ’ .
  • the calibrated second set of I and Q components TR i ’ and TR q ’ of the second calibrated signal is obtained by applying the calibration coefficients determined at step s920 to the second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q of the second signal.
  • step s932 default calibration coefficients are set to the calibration coefficients determined at step s920.
  • the default calibration coefficients are repeatedly updated to gradually reduce the difference between a calibrated fourth set of I and Q components Z i ’ and Z q ’ and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal.
  • the default calibration coefficients are applied to the calibrated third set of I and Q components R i ’ and R q ’ to obtain the calibrated fourth set of I and Q components Z i ’ and Z q ’ .
  • the updated default calibration coefficients are fixed according to a predetermined criterion at step s934.
  • the refined calibration coefficients are determined as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
  • the refining step s930 may be performed more than one time in a DL time slot to further improve the accuracy of the calibration coefficients.
  • the calibration coefficients determined at step s934 during the last performance of step s930 are used at step s931 and s932 during the current performance of step s930, which means the calibration coefficients W determined at s934 are applied in homodyne receiver path to obtain TR i and TR q , in order to get updated R i and R q .
  • analog part gain/attenuation and phase characteristics could vary in frequency and time domains.
  • IQ core factor at a single frequency point is constant. Then, the differences among frequency points on which IQ calibration operates are discarded in the calibration process.
  • a ‘snapshot’ of the gain and attenuation is used as an input of the calibration process.
  • the gain/attenuation and phase can be regarded as having constant values.
  • Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating relevant time instances, delays and time windows involved in the IQ impairment calibration process. As illustrated, after calibration coefficients are determined in a DL time slot, RX IQ impairment is corrected by applying the calibration coefficients in a UL time slot following the DL time slot.
  • the TDD radio transceiver 1400 comprises a subtracting unit 1410, a determining unit 1420 and a correcting unit 1440.
  • the subtracting unit 1410 is configured to subtract a first set of I and Q components T i and T q of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components R i and R q .
  • the first signal is received from a TOR path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the determining unit 1420 is configured to determine calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and a set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of l and Q components R i and R q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components, R i and R q , to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q .
  • the correcting unit 1440 is configured to correct the receiving IQ impairment by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Y i and Y q of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
  • the determining unit 1420 may comprise a setting subunit 1421, an updating subunit 1422, a fixing subunit 1423 and a determining subunit 1424, as illustrated in Fig. 15.
  • the setting subunit 1421 is configured to set default calibration coefficients.
  • the updating subunit 1422 is configured to repeatedly update the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal.
  • the fixing subunit 1423 is configured to fix the updated default calibration coefficients, according to a predetermined criterion.
  • the determining subunit 1424 is configured to determine the calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
  • the TDD radio transceiver may further comprise a refining unit 1430 as illustrated in Fig. 14.
  • the refining unit 1430 is configured to refine the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit before the calibration coefficients are applied to I and Q components Y i and Y q of the radio signal.
  • the refining unit 1430 comprises a subtracting subunit 1431, a setting subunit 1432, an updating subunit 1433, a fixing subunit 1434 and a determining subunit 1435.
  • the subtracting subunit 1431 is configured to subtract the first set of I and Q components T i and T q of the first signal from a calibrated second set of I and Q components TR i ’ and TR q ’ of a calibrated second signal to obtain a calibrated third set of I and Q components R i ’ and R q ’ .
  • the calibrated second set of I and Q components TR i ’ and TR q ’ of the second calibrated signal is obtained by applying the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit 1420 to the second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q of the second signal.
  • the setting subunit 1432 is configured to set default calibration coefficients to the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit 1420.
  • the updating subunit 1433 is configured to repeatedly update the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between a calibrated fourth set of I and Q components Z i ’ and Z q ’ and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal, wherein the default calibration coefficients are applied to the calibrated third set of I and Q components R i ’ and R q ’ to obtain the calibrated fourth set of I and Q components Z i ’ and Z q ’ .
  • the fixing subunit 1434 is configured to fix the updated default calibration coefficients according to a predetermined criterion.
  • the determining subunit 1435 is configured to determine the refined calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
  • the calibration coefficients may include filter coefficients of an I branch FIR filter f 11 , a Q branch FIR filter f 22 , a cross I branch FIR filter f 12 , and a cross Q FIR filter f 21 .
  • the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q are obtained by filtering the third set of I and Q components R i and R q as follows:
  • the filter coefficients of the I branch FIR filter f 11 , the Q branch FIR filter f 22 , the cross I branch FIR filter coefficients f 12 , and the cross Q FIR filter f 21 may be respectively W 11 , W 22 , W 12 and W 21 , which are updated as follows:
  • W 11 (n+1) W 11 (n) - (Z i (n) -X i ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ R i ,
  • W 12 (n+1) W 12 (n) - (Z i (n) -X i ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ R q ,
  • W 21 (n+1) W 21 (n) - (Z q (n) -X q ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ R i , and
  • W 22 (n+1) W 22 (n) - (Z q (n) -X q ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ R q ,
  • n and n+1 respectively denote time instances before and after one update and ⁇ is a constant.
  • the calibration signal may be transmitted in a DL time slot, and the radio signal is received in a UL time slot after the DL time slot.
  • subtracting unit 1410 may be implemented separately as suitable dedicated circuits. Nevertheless, these sections can also be implemented using any number of dedicated circuits through functional combination or separation. In some embodiments, these sections may be even combined in a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) .
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • the TDD radio receiver may comprise a memory and a processor (including but not limited to a microprocessor, a microcontroller or a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) , etc. ) .
  • the memory stores machine-readable program code executable by the processor.
  • the processor when executing the machine-readable program code, performs the functions of the subtracting unit, the determining unit 1420, the correcting unit 1440 and possibly the refining unit 1430.
  • the processor when executing the machine-readable program code, is configured to subtract a first set of I and Q components T i and T q of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TR i and TR q of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components R i and R q .
  • the first signal is received from a TOR path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver.
  • the processor is configured to determine calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and a set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components R i and R q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components R i and R q to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q .
  • the processor is configured to correct the receiving IQ impairment by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Y i and Y q of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
  • the processor when executing the machine-readable program code to determine the calibration coefficients, may be configured to: set default calibration coefficients; repeatedly update the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between the fourth set of I and Q components Z i and Z q and the set of I and Q components X i and X q of the calibration signal; fix the updated default calibration coefficients according to a predetermined criterion; and determine the calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
  • the processor may be further configured to, before applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Y i and Y q of the radio signal, refine the calibration coefficients previously determined.
  • the processor may be a baseband processing unit in an evolved NodeB (eNB) .
  • eNB evolved NodeB

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Abstract

The present disclosure provides a method in a Time Divisional Duplex (TDD) radio transceiver for correcting receiving In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) impairment. The method comprises subtracting a first set of I and Q components of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components. The first signal is received from a Transmitter Observation Receiver (TOR) path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver. The second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver. The method further comprises determining calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components and a set of I and Q components of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components and the set of I and Q components of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components. The receiving IQ impairment is corrected by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver. The present disclosure also provides a TDD radio transceiver for correcting receiving IQ impairment.

Description

METHOD AND TDD RADIO TRANSCEIVER FOR CORRECTING RECEIVING IQ IMPAIRMENT TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure generally relates to the technical field of wireless communications, and particularly, to a method and a Time Divisional Duplex (TDD) radio transceiver for correcting receiving In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) impairment.
BACKGROUND
This section is intended to provide a background to the various embodiments of the technology described in this disclosure. The description in this section may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily ones that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description and/or claims of this disclosure and is not admitted to be prior art by the mere inclusion in this section.
Cellular technologies specified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) are the most widely deployed in the world. An evolution of 3G into an evolved radio access technology is referred to as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) . In LTE, different modes of communication can be used for radio nodes in a cellular network, such as Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) and half duplex.
In TDD radio, the uplink and downlink communications between a base station and a mobile station use the same frequency band but different time slots to separate the receive (RX) and the transmit (TX) , i.e. they take place in different, non-overlapping time slots.
A typical TDD radio structure is shown in Figure 1, in which a direct up-conversion  transmitter 110 with a heterodyne Transmission Observation Receiver (TOR) 120 and a homodyne receiver 130 are utilized.
Since RX and TX use the same frequency band in a TDD system, a two-port cavity filter (FU) 140 is shared for both the receiver 130 and the transmitter 110; a circulator 150 plays the role to separate TX path and RX path signals. The reflected TX signal from an antenna 160 or the filter 140 will go through a high power Transmit-Receive (TR) switch 170 and be absorbed by the termination during a DL time period.
The homodyne receiver 130 is introduced to provide a compelling solution for digital radio designs and offers a cost benefit and potential performance advantage over traditional receiver solutions. In addition, the homodyne architecture offers more freedom in addressing multiple bands of operation using a single hardware solution. This promises to be a more cost effective solution and is now enabling high-performance multi-standard/multi-band radio designs. Without an intermediate frequency (IF) stage which is an essential part of conventional heterodyne receivers, the number of components in a homodyne receiver is reduced as compared to super heterodyne architectures. Meanwhile, by directly converting the signal to effectively zero-IF frequency, the image problems associated with super heterodyne architectures could be ignored.
In the homodyne receiver 130, after passing through a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) 131, the desired carrier frequency is down-converted to baseband using an IQ demodulator 132. With a local oscillator (LO) 133, the demodulator 132 generates sum and difference baseband frequencies directly at the baseband I/Q output ports, where Iow pass filters 134 heavily reject the summation frequency and allow only the difference frequency to pass.
However, some challenges are associated with homodyne receivers. In an ideal IQ demodulator, the baseband IQ signals share a perfect 90° phase relationship between I and Q vectors, and are said to be in perfect quadrature. In reality, a  perfect 90° phase relationship between I and Q vectors would never happen which cause an IQ impairment. The IQ impairment (hereinafter we call RX IQ impairment) is one of most critical problems which must be faced in a homodyne receiver.
IQ amplitude and phase mismatch can cause degraded Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) performance. When IQ mismatch occurs, IQ symbol vectors discrimination will suffer from amplitude and phase errors which degrade the recovered SNR for the signals of interest.
So far, there are already many solutions proposed to solve the problem. For example, in one existing solution, it is proposed to calibrate the receiver at startup using a pilot tone or a known sequence of data. This may adversely lead to delays or a lower throughput due to the need to schedule the known sequence in addition to the “payload” .
In another solution, so called blind compensation is used, which eliminates the need of prior knowledge about the pilot tone but undesirably turns out to have poor performance.
Also, it has been proposed to use an auxiliary receiver as a reference of normal receiver in the above two solutions. Of course, this incurs additional hardware (HW) cost and occupied Printed Circuit Board (PCB) size, especially in multi-branch receiver architecture.
SUMMARY
In view of the foregoing, an object of the present disclosure is to avoid or alleviate at least some of the drawbacks of the existing solutions for correcting RX IQ impairment in a TDD radio transceiver.
According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method in a TDD radio transceiver for correcting RX IQ impairment. The method comprises subtracting a first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq of a second signal to obtain a third  set of I and Q components Ri and Rq. The first signal is received from a Transmitter Observation Receiver (TOR) path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver. The second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver. The method further comprises determining calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and a set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq. The RX IQ impairment is corrected by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Yi and Yq of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a TDD radio transceiver for correcting RX IQ impairment. The TDD radio transceiver comprises a subtracting unit, a determining unit and a correcting unit. The subtracting unit is configured to subtract a first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq. The first signal is received from a TOR path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver. The second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver. The determining unit is configured to determine calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and a set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Zi  and Zq. The correcting unit is configured to correct the RX IQ impairment by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Yi and Yq of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a TDD radio transceiver comprising a memory and a processor. The memory has machine-readable instructions stored therein. The processor executes the stored machine-readable instructions to control the TDD radio transceiver to perform the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.
By using the TOR as a reference receiver, the proposed solutions minimize additional HW cost for implementing the RX IQ impairment calibration function and provide better performance than the blind compensation solution. Additionally, by utilizing leaked TX signal/carrier power instead of relying on a dedicated pilot tone or known sequence of data, the proposed solutions enable real-time or near real-time detection and calibration of the RX IQ impairment.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following descriptions on embodiments of the present disclosure with reference to the drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of a typical TDD radio transceiver;
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating two separate receiving paths in a TDD radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted in a DL timeslot according to the present disclosure;
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating means for preventing high TX leakage to blocking or damaging a homodyne receiver;
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating different reflection paths for TX  transmission power;
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating relationships among a TX calibration signal and two signals received through the different reflection paths shown in Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a solution for correcting RX IQ impairment in a TDD radio transceiver according to the present disclosure;
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating subtraction of a first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq of a second signal, wherein the first signal is received from a TOR path of a TDD radio transceiver and the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver;
Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an adaptive filter which receives a third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq and outputs a fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq, wherein the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq are results of subtracting the first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq from the second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq
Fig. 9-10 and 12 are flow charts illustrating operations of embodiments in a TDD radio transceiver for correcting RX IQ impairment according to the present disclosure;
Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example implementation of calibration coefficient updating;
Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating relevant time instances, delays and time windows involved in an RX IQ impairment calibration process;
Figs. 14-16 are schematic diagrams illustrating a structure of a TDD radio transceiver according to the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
In the discussion that follows, specific details of particular embodiments of the present techniques are set forth for purposes of explanation and not limitation. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other embodiments may be employed apart from these specific details. Furthermore, in some instances detailed descriptions of well-known methods, nodes, interfaces, circuits, and devices are omitted so as not obscure the description with unnecessary detail.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the functions described may be implemented in one or in several nodes. Some or all of the functions described may be implemented using hardware circuitry, such as analog and/or discrete logic gates interconnected to perform a specialized function, ASICs, PLAs, etc. Likewise, some or all of the functions may be implemented using software programs and data in conjunction with one or more digital microprocessors or general purpose computers. Where nodes that communicate using the air interface are described, it will be appreciated that those nodes also have suitable radio communications circuitry. Moreover, the technology can additionally be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of computer-readable memory, including non-transitory embodiments such as solid-state memory, magnetic disk, or optical disk containing an appropriate set of computer instructions that would cause a processor to carry out the techniques described herein.
Hardware implementations of the presently disclosed techniques may include or encompass, without limitation, digital signal processor (DSP) hardware, a reduced instruction set processor, hardware (e.g., digital or analog) circuitry including but not limited to application specific integrated circuit (s) (ASIC) and/or field programmable gate array (s) (FPGA (s) ) , and (where appropriate) state machines capable of performing such functions.
In terms of computer implementation, a computer is generally understood to comprise one or more processors or one or more controllers, and the terms computer, processor, and controller may be employed interchangeably. When provided by a computer, processor, or controller, the functions may be provided by  a single dedicated computer or processor or controller, by a single shared computer or processor or controller, or by a plurality of individual computers or processors or controllers, some of which may be shared or distributed. Moreover, the term “processor” or “controller” also refers to other hardware capable of performing such functions and/or executing software, such as the example hardware recited above.
To avoid or alleviate at least some of the drawbacks of the existing solutions for correcting RX IQ impairment in a TDD radio transceiver, the present disclosure inventively proposes using the TOR in the TDD radio transceiver as a reference receiver and utilizing unavoidable internal leakage in the TDD radio transceiver instead of relying on a dedicated pilot tone or known sequence of data to perform RX IQ impairment detection and calibration.
Accordingly, when a calibration signal which is a normal TX signal is transmitted in a DL timeslot for example, it travels along two separate receiving paths within the TDD radio transceiver.
To be more specific, as shown in Fig. 2, for the TX path, a direct up-conversion transmitter 210 is applied, wherein I and Q parts of a baseband signal are converted to an analog signal by two separate digital-to-analog converters (DACs) or a dual DAC. The output signals from the DACs are transposed to radio frequency (RF) by an IQ modulator (quadrature up-converter) , and form the final RF signal.
The TX path is usually accompanied by a feedback TOR path 220, into which a small part of the analog RF-signal output from the power amplifier (PA) is coupled by a coupler 280.
In the TOR path 220, the input signal to the TOR is forwarded to an analog mixer with a heterodyne architecture. The real analog output signal from the mixer is an IF signal and converted in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) . The resulting real digital signal is then down-converted to a complex digital baseband signal in the  digital domain. Because I and Q components are produced in the digital domain, the TOR is free of IQ impairment and thus suitable to be used as a reference receiver.
In addition to being fed into the TOR path 220 as described above, the TX signal is also fed into a homodyne receiver path 230 through a TR switch. Therefore, the first loop in Fig. 2 comprises TX path and TOR path 220, while the second loop in Fig. 2 comprises the same TX path and homodyne receiver path 230. To prevent high TX leakage from blocking or damaging the homodyne receiver, high attenuation can be applied in the receiver chain by setting adjusting the attenuator/variable gain amplifier (VGA) or shutdown the LNA, as shown in Fig. 3.
Inventors find that, for the leakage part, normal TX transmission power could be reflected before an FU 240 or/and between the FU 240 and an antenna 260 as shown in Fig. 2, due to non-perfect impedance matching. This is illustrated in greater detail in Fig. 4, wherein two different reflection paths for the TX transmission power are indicated. Accordingly, the leakages can be from return loss of the FU 240 or/and return loss of the antenna 260.
Let Xi and Xq denote I and Q components of the TX signal as illustrated in the upper part of Fig. 5. Then, two received signals obtained after the TX signal pass through the two different reflection paths and the homodyne receiver path are distinguishable as illustrated in the lower part of Fig. 5, wherein TRi and TRq denote the I and Q components of the TX signal impacted by IQ impairments in the transmitter 210 and in the homodyne receiver 230, a and b denote respective amplitude coefficients applied to TRi and TRq due to respective return losses of the FU 240 and the antenna 260, and t denotes an additional time offset of the received signal reflected from the antenna relative to the received signal reflected from the FU.
TRi and TRq can be determined from the received two signals by applying existing techniques such as wiener filtering. Detailed description of these techniques are omitted here, as they are already known in the prior art.
To facilitate better understanding, proposed solutions where the TOR in a TDD radio transceiver is used as a reference receiver and internal leakage in the TDD radio transceiver is employed for detecting and correcting RX IQ impairment in the TDD radio transceiver will be described in detail with reference to Fig. 6.
As shown in Fig. 6, when a calibration TX signal with I and Q components Xi and Xq is transmitted through the transmitter path of the TDD radio transceiver in a DL time slot for example, a first signal with I and Q components Ti and Tq is received from the TOR path and a second signal with I and Q components TRi and TRq is received from the homodyne receiver path.
As mentioned above, the TOR is free of IQ impairment. Therefore, the I and Q components Ti and Tq of the first signal are results of the I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration TX signal being impacted by the TX IQ impairment in the transmitter path of the TDD radio transceiver.
Meanwhile, the I and Q components TRi and TRq of the second signal are results of the I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration TX signal being impacted by both the TX IQ impairment in the transmitter path and the RX IQ impairment in the receiver path of the TDD radio transceiver, as discussed above.
Then, the I and Q components Ti and Tq of the first signal are subtracted from the I and Q components TRi and TRq of the second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq, which are results of the I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration TX signal being impacted by only the RX IQ impairment in the receiver path of the TDD radio transceiver, because both of TX IQ impairments in the transmitter path are offsetted.
The subtraction of Ti and Tq from TRi and TRq can be a vector operation as illustrated in Fig. 7. That is, a vector T formed by Ti and Tq is subtracted from a vector TR formed by TRi and TRq to obtain a vector R formed by Ri and Rq.
Normally, Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD) /IQ correction of TX is performed to keep TX IQ impairment at Iow level. In that case, Ti and Tq reflect only the residue TX IQ  impairment, and TRi and TRq reflect the residue TX IQ impairment and the RX IQ impairment.
Referring back to Fig. 6, the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq is used for determining calibration coefficients W to be applied to I and Q components Yi and Yq of a radio signal, which is received at the radio transceiver in a UL time slot following the DL time slot for example.
In principle, any method for determining the calibration coefficients can be applied, as long as the determined calibration coefficients W, which are applied to the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq to obtain a fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq, cause a difference between the fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq and the set of Xi and Xq. This means, if we denote the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq, the set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and the set of I and Q components Ri and Rq as three respective points in a two-dimensional space spanned by I and Q coordinate axes, the distance between the point representative of Zi and Zq is closer to the point representative of Xi and Xq than the point representative of Ri and Rq.
By way of example, according to their engineering experience, skilled engineers can manually adjust the calibration coefficients to minimize the difference between the set of Zi and Zq and the set of Xi and Xq. Later, detailed description will be given with respect to a more advanced and accurate method for determining the calibration coefficients (i.e., a calibration coefficient updating method) .
Typically, the application of the calibration coefficients W to the Ri and Rq can be implemented by using an adaptive filter such as a Least Mean Square (LMS) filter. Fig. 8 depicts an example of the adaptive filter which receives Ri and Rq and outputs Zi and Zq. In this example, the adaptive filter comprises an I branch Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter, a Q branch FIR filter, a cross I branch FIR filter, and a cross Q FIR filter, which are denoted as f11, f22, f12 and f21 respectively. The  calibration coefficients W actually represent filter coefficients of f11, f22, f12 and f21, and Zi and Zq are obtained according to the following equations:
Zi = f11 (Ri) + f12 (Rq) , and
Zq = f22 (Rq) + f21 (Ri) .
In case each of f11, f22, f12 and f21 is a one-tap filter having only one coefficient denoted as W11, W22, W12 and W21, then the above equations can be rewritten as:
Zi = W11×Ri + W12×Rq, and
Zq = W22× Rq + W21 ×Ri.
As will be appreciated by the those skilled in the art, the adaptive filter can have a more complex structure by introducing additional branch filters, one or more of the branch filters can be multiple-tap filters, and the number of taps of the branch filters can be difference from each other.
In view of the foregoing, an embodiment in a TDD radio transceiver for correcting RX IQ impairment is proposed here. A flowchart of the method (denoted as 900) is depicted in Fig. 9.
As shown, the method 900 comprises step s910, at which a first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq of a first signal are subtracted from a second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq. The first signal is received from a TOR path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver. The second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver.
Then, at step s920, calibration coefficients are determined, which cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and a set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq and the set of I and Q  components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal. The calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq.
Next, at step s940, the RX IQ impairment is corrected by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Yi and Yq of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
Fig. 10 is a flowchart of the calibration coefficient updating method mentioned above, which may be applied at step s920 for determining the calibration coefficients. As illustrated, if the calibration coefficient updating method is applied, step s920 may comprise steps s922-s924.
Before step 922, initial default calibration coefficients have been set as shown in step s921. By way of example, the default calibration coefficients may be values which, when applied to the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq, do not cause any change to Ri and Rq. Taking the above-mentioned case where the calibration coefficients of f11, f22, f12 and f21 are W11, W22, W12 and W21 respectively as an example, the default calibration coefficients may be W11=1, W22=1, W12=0 and W21 =0.
At step s922, the default calibration coefficients can be repeatedly updated to gradually reduce the difference between the fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal. Next, the updated default calibration coefficients are fixed according to a predetermined criterion at step s923. Predetermined criterion could be for example a predefined threshold of the difference or limitation of times for updating the difference, as illustrated below.
Finally, the calibration coefficients are determined as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients at step s924.
To facilitate understanding of the calibration coefficient updating method, Fig. 11 depicts an example implementation of updating the calibration coefficients W11,  W22, W12 and W21 of the one-tap branch filters f11, f22, f12 and f21.
Let n and n+1 respectively denote time instances before and after one update and let μ denote a constant step size. Then, the updating operations applied to the calibration coefficients W11, W22, W12 and W21 as illustrated in Fig. 11 can be expressed by the following equations:
W11(n+1) = W11 (n) - (Zi (n) -Xi) × μi × Ri
W12 (n+1) = W12 (n) - (Zi (n) -Xi) × μi × Rq
W21 (n+1) = W21 (n) - (Zq (n) -Xq) × μ × Ri, and
W22 (n+1) = W22 (n) - (Zq (n) -Xq) × μ × Rq.
As also shown in Fig. 11, the updated calibration coefficients W11 (n+1) , W22 (n+1 ) , W12(n+1) and W21 (n+1) are passed to the adaptive filter as illustrated in Fig. 8. Accordingly, updated Zi and Zq are obtained according to following equations:
Zi(n+1 ) = W11 (n+1 ) ×Ri + W12 (n+1 ) ×Rq, and
Zq(n+1) = W22 (n+1) ×Rq + W21 (n+1 ) ×Ri.
Additionally, at the comparison and decision block in Fig. 11, the difference between the set of I and Q components Zi (n) and Zq (n) and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq is determined and compared with a predefined threshold. If the difference is less than the predefined threshold, the updated default calibration coefficients are fixed.
As an alternative criterion for terminating the update, the updated default calibration coefficients may be fixed after they are updated a predetermined number of times.
Referring back to Fig. 9, the method 900 may further comprise step s930, at which the calibration coefficients determined at step s920 are refined.
As illustrated in Fig. 12, step s930 may comprise step s931, at which the first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq of the first signal are subtracted from a calibrated second set of I and Q components TRi’ and TRq’ of a calibrated second signal to  obtain a calibrated third set of I and Q components Ri’ and Rq’ . The calibrated second set of I and Q components TRi’ and TRq’ of the second calibrated signal is obtained by applying the calibration coefficients determined at step s920 to the second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq of the second signal.
Then, at step s932, default calibration coefficients are set to the calibration coefficients determined at step s920.
Next, at step s933, the default calibration coefficients are repeatedly updated to gradually reduce the difference between a calibrated fourth set of I and Q components Zi’ and Zq’ and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal. The default calibration coefficients are applied to the calibrated third set of I and Q components Ri’ and Rq’ to obtain the calibrated fourth set of I and Q components Zi’ and Zq’ .
Thereafter, the updated default calibration coefficients are fixed according to a predetermined criterion at step s934.
Finally, the refined calibration coefficients are determined as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the refining step s930 may be performed more than one time in a DL time slot to further improve the accuracy of the calibration coefficients. In that case, the calibration coefficients determined at step s934 during the last performance of step s930 are used at step s931 and s932 during the current performance of step s930, which means the calibration coefficients W determined at s934 are applied in homodyne receiver path to obtain TRi and TRq, in order to get updated Ri and Rq.
In reality, analog part gain/attenuation and phase characteristics could vary in frequency and time domains.
For frequency characteristics of the gain/attenuation and phase, IQ core factor at a single frequency point is constant. Then, the differences among frequency points on which IQ calibration operates are discarded in the calibration process.
For time characteristics of the gain/attenuation and phase, a ‘snapshot’ of the gain and attenuation is used as an input of the calibration process. In this interval (normally, no more than millisecond order) , the gain/attenuation and phase can be regarded as having constant values.
Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating relevant time instances, delays and time windows involved in the IQ impairment calibration process. As illustrated, after calibration coefficients are determined in a DL time slot, RX IQ impairment is corrected by applying the calibration coefficients in a UL time slot following the DL time slot.
In the following, a structure of a TDD radio transceiver 1400 for correcting receiving IQ impairment according to the present disclosure will be described with reference to Figs. 14-16.
As illustrated in Fig. 14, the TDD radio transceiver 1400 comprises a subtracting unit 1410, a determining unit 1420 and a correcting unit 1440. The subtracting unit 1410 is configured to subtract a first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq. The first signal is received from a TOR path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver. The second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver. The determining unit 1420 is configured to determine calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and a set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of l and Q components Ri and Rq and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components, Ri and Rq, to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq. The correcting unit 1440 is configured to correct the receiving IQ impairment by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Yi and  Yq of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
In an embodiment, the determining unit 1420 may comprise a setting subunit 1421, an updating subunit 1422, a fixing subunit 1423 and a determining subunit 1424, as illustrated in Fig. 15. The setting subunit 1421 is configured to set default calibration coefficients. The updating subunit 1422 is configured to repeatedly update the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between the fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal. The fixing subunit 1423 is configured to fix the updated default calibration coefficients, according to a predetermined criterion. The determining subunit 1424 is configured to determine the calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
In an embodiment, the TDD radio transceiver may further comprise a refining unit 1430 as illustrated in Fig. 14. The refining unit 1430 is configured to refine the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit before the calibration coefficients are applied to I and Q components Yi and Yq of the radio signal. As illustrated in Fig. 16, the refining unit 1430 comprises a subtracting subunit 1431, a setting subunit 1432, an updating subunit 1433, a fixing subunit 1434 and a determining subunit 1435. The subtracting subunit 1431 is configured to subtract the first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq of the first signal from a calibrated second set of I and Q components TRi’ and TRq’ of a calibrated second signal to obtain a calibrated third set of I and Q components Ri’ and Rq’ . The calibrated second set of I and Q components TRi’ and TRq’ of the second calibrated signal is obtained by applying the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit 1420 to the second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq of the second signal. The setting subunit 1432 is configured to set default calibration coefficients to the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit 1420. The updating subunit 1433 is configured to repeatedly update the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between a calibrated fourth set of I and Q components Zi’ and Zq’ and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the  calibration signal, wherein the default calibration coefficients are applied to the calibrated third set of I and Q components Ri’ and Rq’ to obtain the calibrated fourth set of I and Q components Zi’ and Zq’ . The fixing subunit 1434 is configured to fix the updated default calibration coefficients according to a predetermined criterion. The determining subunit 1435 is configured to determine the refined calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
In an embodiment, the calibration coefficients may include filter coefficients of an I branch FIR filter f11, a Q branch FIR filter f22, a cross I branch FIR filter f12, and a cross Q FIR filter f21. The fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq are obtained by filtering the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq as follows:
Zi = f11 (Ri) + f12 (Rq) , and
Zq = f22 (Rq) + f21 (Ri) .
In an embodiment, the filter coefficients of the I branch FIR filter f11, the Q branch FIR filter f22, the cross I branch FIR filter coefficients f12, and the cross Q FIR filter f21, may be respectively W11, W22, W12 and W21, which are updated as follows:
W11(n+1) = W11 (n) - (Zi (n) -Xi) × μ × Ri
W12 (n+1) = W12 (n) - (Zi (n) -Xi) × μ × Rq
W21 (n+1) = W21 (n) - (Zq (n) -Xq) × μ × Ri, and
W22 (n+1) = W22 (n) - (Zq (n) -Xq) × μ × Rq
where n and n+1 respectively denote time instances before and after one update and μ is a constant.
In an embodiment, the calibration signal may be transmitted in a DL time slot, and the radio signal is received in a UL time slot after the DL time slot.
As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the above-described subtracting unit 1410, determining unit 1420, refining unit 1430 and correcting unit 1440 may be implemented separately as suitable dedicated circuits. Nevertheless, these sections can also be implemented using any number of dedicated circuits through functional combination or separation. In some embodiments, these sections may  be even combined in a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) .
As an alternative software-based implementation, the TDD radio receiver may comprise a memory and a processor (including but not limited to a microprocessor, a microcontroller or a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) , etc. ) . The memory stores machine-readable program code executable by the processor. The processor, when executing the machine-readable program code, performs the functions of the subtracting unit, the determining unit 1420, the correcting unit 1440 and possibly the refining unit 1430.
To be specific, when executing the machine-readable program code, the processor is configured to subtract a first set of I and Q components Ti and Tq of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components TRi and TRq of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq. The first signal is received from a TOR path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver. The second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver. Also, the processor is configured to determine calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq and a set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components Ri and Rq to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components Zi and Zq. Further, the processor is configured to correct the receiving IQ impairment by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Yi and Yq of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
In an embodiment, when executing the machine-readable program code to determine the calibration coefficients, the processor may be configured to: set default calibration coefficients; repeatedly update the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between the fourth set of I and Q  components Zi and Zq and the set of I and Q components Xi and Xq of the calibration signal; fix the updated default calibration coefficients according to a predetermined criterion; and determine the calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
In an embodiment, the processor may be further configured to, before applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components Yi and Yq of the radio signal, refine the calibration coefficients previously determined.
In practical implementation, the processor may be a baseband processing unit in an evolved NodeB (eNB) .
The present disclosure is described above with reference to the embodiments thereof. However, those embodiments are provided just for illustrative purpose, rather than limiting the present disclosure. The scope of the disclosure is defined by the attached claims as well as equivalents thereof. Those skilled in the art can make various alternations and modifications without departing from the scope of the disclosure, which all fall into the scope of the disclosure.

Claims (14)

  1. A method (900) in a Time Divisional Duplex (TDD) radio transceiver for correcting receiving In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) impairment, comprising:
    subtracting (s910) a first set of I and Q components (Ti, Tq) of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components (TRi, TRq) of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components (Ri, Rq) , wherein
    the first signal is received from a Transmitter Observation Receiver (TOR) path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver, and
    the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver;
    determining (s920) calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components (Zi, Zq) and a set of I and Q components (Xi, Xq) of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components (Ri, Rq) and the set of I and Q components (Xi, Xq) of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components (Ri, Rq) to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components (Zi, Zq) ;
    correcting (s940) the receiving IQ impairment by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components (Yi, Yq) of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
  2. The method (900) of claim 1, wherein said determining (s920) the calibration coefficients comprises:
    setting (s921) default calibration coefficients;
    repeatedly updating (s922) the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between the fourth set of I and Q components (Zi, Zq) and the set of I and Q components (Xi, Xq) of the calibration signal;
    fixing (s923) the updated default calibration coefficients according to a predetermined criterion; and
    determining (s924) the calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
  3. The method (900) of claim 1 or 2, further comprising, before applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components (Yi, Yq) of the radio signal, refining (s930) the calibration coefficients determined at the step of determining (s920) calibration coefficients by:
    subtracting (s931) the first set of I and Q components (Ti, Tq) of the first signal from a calibrated second set of I and Q components (TRi’, TRq’) of a calibrated second signal to obtain a calibrated third set of I and Q components (Ri’, Rq’) , wherein
    the calibrated second set of I and Q components (TRi’, TRq’) of the second calibrated signal is obtained by applying the calibration coefficients determined at the step of determining (s920) calibration coefficients to the second set of I and Q components (TRi, TRq) of the second signal;
    setting (s932) default calibration coefficients to the calibration coefficients determined at the step of determining (s920) calibration coefficients;
    repeatedly updating (s933) the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between a calibrated fourth set of I and Q components (Zi’, Zq’) and the set of I and Q components (Xi, Xq) of the calibration signal, wherein the default calibration coefficients are applied to the calibrated third set of I and Q components (Ri’, Rq’) to obtain the calibrated fourth set of I and Q components (Zi’, Zq’) ;
    fixing (s934) the updated default calibration coefficients according to a predetermined criterion; and
    determining (s935) the refined calibration coefficients as the fixed updated  default calibration coefficients.
  4. The method (900) of any of claims 1-3, wherein the calibration coefficients include filter coefficients of an I branch Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter (f11) , a Q branch FIR filter (f22) , a cross I branch FIR filter (f12) and a cross Q FIR filter (f21) , and
    Zi = f11 (Ri) + f12 (Rq) , and
    Zq = f22 (Rq) + f21 (Ri) .
  5. The method (900) of claim 4, wherein the filter coefficients of the I branch FIR filter (f11) , the Q branch FIR filter (f22) , the cross I branch FIR filter (f12) and the cross Q FIR filter (f21) are respectively W11, W22, W12 and W21, and
    W11 (n+1) = W11 (n) - (Zi (n) - Xi) × μ × Ri
    W12 (n+1) = W12 (n) - (Zi (n) - Xi) × μ × Rq
    W21 (n+1) = W21 (n) - (Zq (n) - Xq) × μ × Ri, and
    W22 (n+1) = W22 (n) - (Zq (n) - Xq) × μ × Rq
    where n and n+1 respectively denote time instances before and after one update and μ is a constant.
  6. The method (900) of any of claims 1-5, wherein
    the calibration signal is transmitted in a DL time slot, and the radio signal is received in a UL time slot after the DL time slot.
  7. A Time Divisional Duplex (TDD) radio transceiver (1400) for correcting receiving In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) impairment, comprising:
    a subtracting unit (1410) configured to subtract a first set of I and Q components (Ti, Tq) of a first signal from a second set of I and Q components (TRi, TRq) of a second signal to obtain a third set of I and Q components (Ri, Rq) ,  wherein
    the first signal is received from a Transmitter Observation Receiver (TOR) path of the radio transceiver when a calibration signal is transmitted from a transmit path of the radio transceiver, and
    the second signal is leaked from a receive path of the radio transceiver when the calibration signal is transmitted from the transmit path of the radio transceiver;
    a determining unit (1420) configured to determine calibration coefficients that cause a difference between a fourth set of I and Q components (Zi, Zq) and a set of I and Q components (Xi, Xq) of the calibration signal to be less than a difference between the third set of I and Q components (Ri, Rq) and the set of I and Q components (Xi, Xq) of the calibration signal, wherein the calibration coefficients are applied to the third set of I and Q components (Ri, Rq) to obtain the fourth set of I and Q components (Zi, Zq) ;
    a correcting unit (1440) configured to correct the receiving IQ impairment by applying the calibration coefficients to I and Q components (Yi, Yq) of a radio signal received at the radio transceiver.
  8. The TDD radio transceiver (1400) of claim 7, wherein said determining unit (1420) comprises:
    a setting subunit (1421) configured to set default calibration coefficients;
    an updating subunit (1422) configured to repeatedly update the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between the fourth set of I and Q components (Zi, Zq) and the set of I and Q components (Xi, Xq) of the calibration signal;
    a fixing subunit (1423) configured to fix the updated default calibration coefficients, according to a predetermined criterion; and
    a determining subunit (1424) configured to determine the calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
  9. The TDD radio transceiver (1400) of claim 7 or 8, further comprising:
    a refining unit (1430) configured to, before the calibration coefficients are applied to I and Q components (Yi, Yq) of the radio signal, refine the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit (1420) , the refining unit (1430) comprising:
    a subtracting subunit (1431) configured to subtract the first set of I and Q components (Ti, Tq) of the first signal from a calibrated second set of I and Q components (TRi’, TRq’) of a calibrated second signal to obtain a calibrated third set of I and Q components (Ri’, Rq’) , wherein
    the calibrated second set of I and Q components (TRi’, TRq’) of the second calibrated signal is obtained by applying the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit (1420) to the second set of I and Q components (TRi, TRq) of the second signal;
    a setting subunit (1432) configured to set default calibration coefficients to the calibration coefficients determined by the determining unit (1420) ;
    an updating subunit (1433) configured to repeatedly update the default calibration coefficients to gradually reduce the difference between a calibrated fourth set of I and Q components (Zi’, Zq’) and the set of I and Q components (Xi, Xq) of the calibration signal, wherein the default calibration coefficients are applied to the calibrated third set of I and Q components (Ri’, Rq’) to obtain the calibrated fourth set of I and Q components (Zi’, Zq’) ;
    a fixing subunit (1434) configured to fix the updated default calibration coefficients according to a predetermined criterion; and
    a determining subunit (1435) configured to determine the refined calibration coefficients as the fixed updated default calibration coefficients.
  10. The TDD radio transceiver (1400) of any of claim 7-9, wherein the calibration coefficients include filter coefficients of an I branch Finite Impulse Response (FIR)  filter (f11) , a Q branch FIR filter (f22) , a cross I branch FIR filter (f12) and a cross Q FIR filter (f21) , and
    Zi = f11 (Ri) + f12 (Rq) , and
    Zq = f22 (Rq) + f21 (Ri) .
  11. The TDD radio transceiver (1400) of any of claims 10, wherein the filter coefficients of the I branch FIR filter (f11) , the Q branch FIR filter (f22) , the cross I branch FIR filter (f12) and the cross Q FIR filter (f21) are respectively W11, W22, W12 and W21, and
    W11 (n+1) = W11 (n) - (Zi (n) - Xi) × μ × Ri
    W12 (n+1) = W12 (n) - (Zi (n) - Xi) × μ × Rq
    W21 (n+1) = W21 (n) - (Zq (n) - Xq) × μ × Ri, and
    W22 (n+1) = W22 (n) - (Zq (n) - Xq) × μ × Rq
    where n and n+1 respectively denote time instances before and after one update and μ is a constant.
  12. The TDD radio transceiver (1400) of any of claims 7-11, wherein
    the calibration signal is transmitted in a DL time slot, and the radio signal is received in a UL time slot after the DL time slot.
  13. A Time Divisional Duplex (TDD) radio transceiver, comprising:
    a memory which has machine-readable instructions stored therein; and
    a processor which executes the stored machine-readable instructions to control the TDD radio transceiver to perform the method according to any of claims 1-6.
  14. An evolved NodeB (eNB) , comprising a baseband processing unit configured  to perform the method according to any of claims 1-6.
PCT/CN2016/073535 2016-02-04 2016-02-04 Method and tdd radio transceiver for correcting receiving iq impairment Ceased WO2017132949A1 (en)

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US7567611B2 (en) * 2002-09-05 2009-07-28 Silicon Storage Technology, Inc. Compensation of I-Q imbalance in digital transceivers
CN101019395A (en) * 2004-09-13 2007-08-15 三菱电机株式会社 Distortion compensating device
CN1984101A (en) * 2005-12-13 2007-06-20 大唐移动通信设备有限公司 Method for aligning receiver I/Q in TDD system and receiver-transmitter platform
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