AU2013201452B2 - Refrigerant additive compositions containing perfluoropolyethers - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions and processes of using perfluoropolyether to maintain or improve the oil return, lubrication, or energy efficiency of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat transfer 5 system.

Description

P/00/011 Regulation 3.2 AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR A DIVISIONAL PATENT ORIGINAL Name of Applicant: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Actual Inventors: Thomas J. LECK Thomas Frank SATURNO Gregory A. BELL Address for Service: Houlihan 2 , Level 1, 70 Doncaster Road, Balwyn North, Victoria 3104, Australia Invention Title: REFRIGERANT ADDITIVE COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING PERFLUOROPOLYETHERS The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to the Applicant: - 1 - TITLE OF INVENTION Refrigerant Additive Compositions Containing Perfluoropolyethers BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 5 The present application is a divisional application from Australian patent application number 2007204857. The entire disclosures of Australian patent application number 2007204857 and its corresponding International application, PCT/US2007/000783, are incorporated herein by reference. 10 The present invention relates to compositions and processes for use in heat transfer, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems to improve the oil return, lubrication, energy efficiency, or reduce compressor wear, by using perfluoropolyether as an additive in the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid composition. 15 Lubricants have been used with the fluids in the heat transfer, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems to provide lubrication to the compressor and other moving parts and reduce compressor wear. However, not all the refrigerants or heat transfer fluids are compatible with all the lubricants. In particular, many HFC refrigerants or heat transfer 20 fluids have poor miscibility or poor dispersibility with commonly used lubricants, such as mineral oil and alkylbenzene. Because the heat transfer fluids can not readily transport mineral oil lubricants through the heat exchangers, the lubricant oils accumulate on the surface of the heat exchange coils, resulting in poor oil return, poor heat exchange, low 25 energy efficiency and the accelerated wear and tear of the compressors. As a result, the refrigeration and air conditioning industries have had to resort to the use of more expensive and more difficult to use synthetic lubricants such as polyolesters and polyalkylene glycols. Thus, there is a need for refrigerant additives to improve oil return, 30 lubrication, energy efficiency, or reduce compressor wear while allowing the use of conventional mineral oil with refrigerants. -2- BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a composition including: (1) a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid selected from the group consisting of saturated fluorocarbons, unsaturated fluorocarbons, 5 hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, ammonia and combinations thereof, and (2) perfluoropolyether. This invention further relates to a composition comprising: (1) mineral oil, and (2) perfluoropolyether. This invention further relates to methods of using the refrigeration 10 or heat transfer fluid compositions of the present invention for producing refrigeration or heating. This invention further relates to processes for the transfer of heat from a heat source to a heat sink wherein the compositions of the present invention serve as heat transfer fluids. 15 This invention further relates to processes of using the perfluoropolyether to maintain or improve the oil return, lubrication, or energy efficiency of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat transfer system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 20 The refrigerants or heat transfer fluids of used in the present invention are selected from the group consisting of saturated fluorocarbons, unsaturated fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, ammonia and combinations thereof. Preferred refrigerants 25 or heat transfer fluids include saturated and unsaturated fluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons. Representative saturated fluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include tetrafluoromethane (PFC-14), hexafluoroethane (PFC-116), octafluoropropane (PFC-218), decafluorobutane (PFC-31-10), 30 fluoromethane (HFC-41), difluoromethane (HFC-32), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1,1 -3trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,2,2 tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3 heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC 5 245fa), R-404A (a blend of 44 wt. % of HFC-125, 52 wt. % of HFC-143a and 4 wt. % of HFC-134a), R-410A (a blend of 50 wt. % of HFC-32 and 50 wt. % of HFC-125), R-417A (a blend of 46.6 wt. % of HFC-125, 50 wt. % of HFC-134a and 3.4 wt. % of n-butane), R-422A (a blend of 85.1 wt. % of HFC-125, 11.5 wt. % of HFC-134a, and 3.4 wt. % of isobutane), R-407C 10 (a blend of 23 wt. % of HFC-32, 25 wt. % of HFC-125 and 52 wt. % of HFC-134a), R-507A (a blend of 50 % R-125 and 50 % R-143a), and R 508A (a blend of 39 % HFC-23 and 61% PFC-116) Representative unsaturated fluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1 -propene, 1,1,3,3,3 15 pentafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3,3 tetrafluoro-1-propene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 propene, 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1 propene, 1,1,2-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3 20 trifluoro-1-propene, 1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2 butene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2 butene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4-heptafluoro-2 butene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-propene, 1,1,3,3,4,4,4 heptafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4 25 heptafluoro-1-butene, 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1,4,4,4 hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,2,3,4,4,4 hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene 1,1,2,3,4,4 hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,3,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,3,3 hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,3,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,2,3,3,4 30 hexafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1-butene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2 (trifluoromethyl)-1 -propene, 1,1,1,2,4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,3,4 pentafluoro-2-butene, 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene, 1,1,1,4,4 pentafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2-butene, 2,3,3,4,4 -4pentafluoro-1 -butene, 1,1 ,2,4,4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,2,3,3 pentafluoro-1 -butene, 1,1 ,2,3,4-pentafluoro-2-butene, 1,2,3,3,4 pentafluoro-1 -butene, 1, 1, 3,3,3-pentaflu oro-2-m ethyl- 1 -propen e, 2 (difluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-1 -propene, 3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-1 -butene, 5 1, 1, 3,3-tetrafl uoro-2-m ethyl- 1 -propen e, 1, 3,3,3-tetraf u oro-2-m ethyl- 1 propene, 2-(difluoromethyl)-3,3-difluoro-1 -propene, 1,1,1 ,2-tetrafluoro-2 butene, 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-butene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5, 5-decafluoro-2 pentene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro 2-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 1,1,1,2, 4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 10 1,1,1,3,4, 4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1 pentene, 1,1,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5 nonafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,2,3,4,4,5, 5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1,2,3, 4,4,5,5-nonafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1 ,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-2 pentene, 1 ,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 1,1,2,4,4,4 15 h exaflu oro-3-(trif u orom ethyl)- 1 -buten e, 1,1,1 ,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3 (trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 1, 1, 3,4,4,4 -h exafl uoro-3-(trif u orom ethyl)-1 butene, 2,3,3,4,4, 5,5,5-octafluoro-1 -pentene, 1 ,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1 pentene, 3,3,4,4,4-pentafl uoro-2-(trif u orom ethyl)- 1 -buten e, 1,1,4,4,4 pentaf u oro-3-(trifl uorom ethyl)- 1-butene, 1 ,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-3 20 (trif u orom ethyl)- 1-butene, 1,1, 4,4,4-pentaf u oro-2-(trif u orom ethyl)-1 butene, 1,1,1,4,4, 5,5,5-octafluoro-2-pentene, 3,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3 (trif u orom ethyl)- 1-butene, 3,3,4,4,5, 5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene, 2,3,3,4,4, 5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,3,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-1-pentene, 1,1,1,2,4, 4,4-heptafluoro-3-methyl-2-butene, 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3 25 (trif u orom ethyl)- 1 -buten e, 1, 4,4,4 -tetraf u oro-3-(trifl uorom ethyl)- 1 -buten e, 1 ,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 2,4,4,4-tetrafluoro-3 (trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butene, 3,4,4,5,5, 5-hexafluoro-2-pentene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-methyl-2 butene, 3,3,4,5,5, 5-hexafluoro-1-pentene, 4,4,4-trifluoro-2 30 (trif u orom ethyl)- 1-buten e, 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6, 6,6-dodecafluoro-1-hexene, 1,1,1,2,2, 3,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-3-hexene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2,3 bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 1,1,1 ,4,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-2 pentene, 1,1,1 ,3,4,5,5,5-octafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene, -5- 1,1,1,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene, 1,1,1,4,4,5,5,6,6,6 decafluoro-2-hexene, 1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-decafluoro-3-hexene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene, 4,4,4-trifluoro-3,3 bis(trifluoromethyl)-1 -butene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-3-methyl-2 5 (trifluoromethyl)-2-butene, 2,3,3,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1 pentene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-methyl-2-pentene, 1,1,1,5,5,5 hexafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene, 3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-octafluoro-2 hexene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-octafluoro-2-hexene, 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluoro-2 (trifluoromethyl)-2-pentene, 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 10 pentene, 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-methyl-1-pentene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7 tridecafluoro-2-heptene, 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene, 15 1,1,1,2,2,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tridecafluoro-3-heptene, 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro 2-hexene, 4,4,5,5,6,6,6-heptafluoro-1-hexene, 1,1,1,2,2,3,4-heptafluoro-3 hexene, 4,5,5,5-tetrafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1 -pentene, 1,1,1,2,5,5,5 heptafluoro-4-methyl-2-pentene, 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-2 pentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutene, 3,3,4,4 20 tetrafluorocyclobutene, 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorocyclopentene, 1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6 decafluorocyclohexene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2 pentene, pentafluoroethyl trifluorovinyl ether, trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether. 25 Representative chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-1 1), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-1 2), 1,1,1 -trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-1 13a), 1,1,2 trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-1 13), and chloropentafluoroethane (CFC 115). 30 Representative hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 2-chloro-1 ,1, 1 trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC 124) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b). -6- Representative fluoroether refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include CF 3 0CHF 2 , CF 3 0CH 3 , CF 3 0CH 2 F, CHF 2

OCHF

2 , cyclo

(CF

2

CF

2

CF

2 0-), CF 3

CF

2

OCH

3 , CHF 2

OCHFCF

3 , CHF 2

CF

2

OCH

3 ,

C

4

F

9

OCH

3 , C 4

F

9

OC

2

H

5 , CF 3 0CF 3 , CF 3 0C 2

F

5 , C 2

F

5

OC

2

F

5 and 5 CF 3 0CF(CF 3

)CF(CF

3

)OCF

3 . Representative hydrocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids include methane, ethane, propane, cyclopropane, propylene, n-butane, cyclobutane, 2-methylpropane, methylcyclopropane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, 2-methylbutane, methylcyclobutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane 10 and dimethylcyclopropane isomers. The present invention provides perfluoropolyethers as an additive which is miscible with chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants or heat transfer fluids. A common characteristic of perfluoropolyethers is the presence of perfluoroalkyl ether moieties. 15 Perfluoropolyether is synonymous to perfluoropolyalkylether. Other synonymous terms frequently used include "PFPE", "PFAE", "PFPE oil", "PFPE fluid", and "PFPAE". For example, KRYTOX available from DuPont is a perfluoropolyether having the formula of CF 3

-(CF

2

)

2

-O-[CF(CF

3

)-CF

2 O]j'-R'f. In the formula, j' is 2 - 100, inclusive and R'f is CF 2

CF

3 , a C3 to 20 C6 perfluoroalkyl group , or combinations thereof. Other PFPEs including the FOMBLIN and GALDEN fluids, available from Ausimont, Milan, Italy and produced by perfluoroolefin photooxidation, can also be used. FOMBLIN-Y can have the formula of

CF

3

O(CF

2

CF(CF

3 )-O-)m,(CF 2 -O-)n,-Rlf . Also suitable is 25 CF 3

O[CF

2

CF(CF

3 )O]m,(CF 2

CF

2 O)o,'(CF 2 O)n,-Rlf. In the formulae Rif is CF 3 ,

C

2

F

5 , C 3

F

7 , or combinations of two or more thereof ; (m' + n') is 8 - 45, inclusive; and m/n is 20 - 1000, inclusive; o' is 1; (m'+n'+o') is 8 - 45, inclusive; m'/n' is 20 - 1000, inclusive. FOMBLIN-Z can have the formula of CF 3

O(CF

2

CF

2 -O-)p,(CF 2 30 O)q'CF3 where (p' + q') is 40 - 180 and p'/q' is 0.5 - 2, inclusive. -7- DEMNUM fluids, another family of PFPE available from Daikin Industries, Japan, can also be used. It can be produced by sequential oligomerization and fluorination of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluorooxetane, yielding the formula of F-[(CF 2

)

3 -O]et-R 2 f where R 2 f is CF 3 , C 2

F

5 , or combinations 5 thereof and t' is 2 - 200, inclusive. The two end groups of the perfluoropolyether, independently, can be functionalized or unfunctionalized. In an unfunctionalized perfluoropolyether, the end group can be branched or straight chain perfluoroalkyl radical end groups. Examples of such perfluoropolyethers 10 can have the formula of CrF(2r'+1)-A-CrF(2r+1) in which each r' is independently 3 to 6; A can be O-(CF(CF 3

)CF

2 -O),., O-(CF 2 -O)x,(CF 2

CF

2 O)y., O-(C 2

F

4 -O)w,, O-(C 2

F

4 -O)x,(C 3

F

6 -O)y., O-(CF(CF 3

)CF

2 -O)x,(CF 2 -O)y., 0

(CF

2

CF

2

CF

2 -O).., O-(CF(CF 3

)CF

2 -O)x,(CF 2

CF

2 -O)y,-(CF 2 -O)z, or combinations of two or more thereof; preferably A is O-(CF(CF 3

)CF

2 -O), 15 O-(C 2

F

4 -O)w,, O-(C 2

F

4 -O)x,(C 3

F

6 -O)y., O-(CF 2

CF

2

CF

2 -O),., or combinations of two or more thereof; w' is 4 to 100; x' and y' are each independently 1 to 100. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, F(CF(CF 3

)-CF

2 -O)9

CF

2

CF

3 , F(CF(CF 3

)-CF

2 -O)9-CF(CF 3

)

2 , and combinations thereof . In such PFPEs, up to 30% of the halogen atoms can be halogens other than 20 fluorine, such as, for example, chlorine atoms. The two end groups of the perfluoropolyether, independently, can also be functionalized. A typical functionalized end group can be selected from the group consisting of esters, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyanos, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids 25 Representative ester end groups include -COOCH 3 , -COOCH 2

CH

3 ,

-CF

2

COOCH

3 , -CF 2

COOCH

2

CH

3 , -CF 2

CF

2

COOCH

3 , CF 2

CF

2

COOCH

2

CH

3 , -CF 2

CH

2

COOCH

3 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

COOCH

3 , CF 2

CH

2

CH

2

COOCH

3 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2

COOCH

3 . Representative hydroxyl end groups include -CF 2 OH, -CF 2

CF

2 OH, 30 -CF 2

CH

2 OH, -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2 OH, -CF 2

CH

2

CH

2 OH, -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2 OH. -8- Representative amine end groups include -CF 2

NR

1

R

2 _

CF

2

CF

2

NR

1

R

2 , -CF 2

CH

2

NR

1

R

2 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

NR

1

R

2 , -CF 2

CH

2

CH

2

NR

1

R

2 ,

CF

2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2

NR

1

R

2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently H, CH 3 , or

CH

2

CH

3 . 12 5 Representative amide end groups include -CF 2 C(O)NR R ,_

CF

2

CF

2

C(O)NR

1

R

2 , -CF 2

CH

2

C(O)NR

1

R

2 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

C(O)NR

1

R

2 ,

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2

C(O)NR

1

R

2 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2

C(O)NR

1

R

2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently H, CH 3 , or CH 2

CH

3 . Representative cyano end groups include -CF 2 CN, -CF 2

CF

2 CN, 10 CF 2

CH

2 CN, -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2 CN, -CF 2

CH

2

CH

2 CN, -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2 CN. Representative carboxylic acid end groups include -CF 2 COOH, CF 2

CF

2 COOH, -CF 2

CH

2 COOH, -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2 COOH, -CF 2

CH

2

CH

2 COOH, CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2 COOH. Representative sulfonic acid end groups include -S(O)(O)OR 3 _ 15 S(O)(O)R 4 , -CF 2 0 S(O)(O)OR 3 , -CF 2

CF

2 0 S(O)(O)OR 3 , -CF 2

CH

2 0

S(O)(O)OR

3 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2 0 S(O)(O)OR 3 , -CF 2

CH

2

CH

2 0 S(O)(O)OR 3 _

CF

2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2 0 S(O)(O)OR 3 , -CF 2

S(O)(O)OR

3 , -CF 2

CF

2

S(O)(O)OR

3 _

CF

2

CH

2

S(O)(O)OR

3 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

S(O)(O)OR

3 , -CF 2

CH

2

CH

2

S(O)(O)OR

3 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2

S(O)(O)OR

3 , -CF 2 0 S(O)(O)R 4 , -CF 2

CF

2 0 20 S(O)(O)R 4 , -CF 2

CH

2 0 S(O)(O)R 4 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2 0 S(O)(O)R 4 , CF 2

CH

2

CH

2 0 S(O)(O)R 4 , -CF 2

CF

2

CH

2

CH

2 0 S(O)(O)R 4 , wherein R 3 is H,

CH

3 , CH 2

CH

3 , CH 2

CF

3 , CF 3 , or CF 2

CF

3 , R 4 is CH 3 , CH 2

CH

3 , CH 2

CF

3 , CF 3 , or CF 2

CF

3 . The refrigerant-perfluoropolyether additive combination of this 25 invention improves performance of refrigeration, air conditioning and heat transfer system in one or more aspects. In one aspect, it enables adequate oil return to the compressor such that oil levels are maintained at the proper operating level by preventing accumulation of oil in the heat exchanger coils. In another aspect, the refrigerant-perfluoropolyether may 30 also improves lubrication performance of mineral oil and synthetic lubricant oils. In yet another aspect, the refrigerant-perfluoropolyether also improves heat transfer efficiency and thus the energy efficiency. The -9refrigerant-perfluoropolyether has also been shown to reduce friction and wear in boundary lubrication, which is expected to result in longer compressor life. The advantages listed above are not intended to be exhausting. 5 Reference to "an effective amount of perfluoropolyether" in this application means an amount of perfluoropolyether additive to provide sufficient oil return to the compressor in order to maintain or improve lubrication or energy efficiency performance or both, where said amount of perfluoropolyether is adjusted by one of ordinary skill to a level appropriate 10 to the individual refrigeration/heat transfer system (coil, compressor, etc.) and refrigerant employed. In one embodiment of this invention, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 40% by weight relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. Preferably, the amount of perfluoropolyether additive is 15 less than about 20-30 wt.% relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. More preferably, the perfluoropolyether additive is less than about 10 wt.% relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. More preferably, the perfluoropolyether additive is less than about 1 to about 2 wt.% relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. More preferably, the 20 perfluoropolyether additive is between about 0.01 wt.% and 1.0 wt.% relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. Most preferably, the perfluoropolyether additive is between about 0.03 and 0.80 wt.% relative to the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. The compositions of the present invention may further comprise 25 about 0.01 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of a stabilizer, free radical scavenger or antioxidant. Such other additives include but are not limited to, nitromethane, hindered phenols, hydroxylamines, thiols, phosphites, or lactones. Single additives or combinations may be used. Optionally, commonly used refrigeration or air-conditioning system 30 additives may be added, as desired, to compositions of the present invention in order to enhance performance and system stability. These additives are known in the field of refrigeration and air-conditioning, and -10include, but are not limited to, anti wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, and foam control agents. In general, these additives may be present in the inventive compositions in small amounts 5 relative to the overall composition. Typically concentrations of from less than about 0.1 weight percent to as much as about 3 weight percent of each additive are used. These additives are selected on the basis of the individual system requirements. These additives include members of the triaryl phosphate family of EP (extreme pressure) lubricity additives, such 10 as butylated triphenyl phosphates (BTPP), or other alkylated triaryl phosphate esters, e.g. Syn-0-Ad 8478 from Akzo Chemicals, tricresyl phosphates and related compounds. Additionally, the metal dialkyl dithiophosphates (e.g. zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (or ZDDP), Lubrizol 1375 and other members of this family of chemicals may be used in 15 compositions of the present invention. Other antiwear additives include natural product oils and asymmetrical polyhydroxyl lubrication additives, such as Synergol TMS (International Lubricants). Similarly, stabilizers such as anti oxidants, free radical scavengers, and water scavengers may be employed. Compounds in this category can include, but are not limited 20 to, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and epoxides. Lubricants used in this invention include natural and synthetic lubricant oils. A preferred example of natural lubricant oil is mineral oil. Other, synthetic lubricant oils including alkylbenzene, polyol ester, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, carbonates and polyalphaolefin may 25 also be used.In one aspect of the invention, perfluoropolyether is used together with mineral oil. In another aspect of the invention, perfluoropolyether is used together with synthetic lubricant oils. In one embodiment of this invention, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 50% by weight relative to the mineral oil. 30 Preferably, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 20% by weight relative to the mineral oil. More preferably, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 5% by weight relative to the mineral oil. - 11 - Most preferably, the amount of perfluoropolyether is less than 3 wt.% relative to the mineral oil. In one embodiment of this invention, the refrigeration or heat transfer fluid composition comprises a mineral oil, perfluoropolyether, and 5 a refrigeration or heat transfer fluid selected from the group consisting of R-407C, R-422A, R-417A, R-404A, R-410A, R-507A, R-508A, R-422A, R 417A, and HFC-134a. In another embodiment of this invention, the refrigeration or heat transfer fluid composition comprises a perfluoropolyether and an 10 unsaturated fluorocarbon such as 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3,3 tetrafluoro-11-propene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 propene, 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-octafluoro-2-butene, 15 1,1,1,2,4,4,4-heptafluoro-2-butene, or 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene. The present invention further relates to a method of using the refrigeration or heat transfer fluid compositions of the present invention for producing refrigeration or heating, wherein the method comprises producing refrigeration by evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a 20 body to be cooled and thereafter condensing said composition; or producing heat by condensing said composition in the vicinity of the body to be heated and thereafter evaporating said composition. The present invention further relates to a process for transfer of heat from a heat source to a heat sink wherein the compositions of the 25 present invention serve as heat transfer fluids. Said process for heat transfer comprises transferring the compositions of the present invention from a heat source to a heat sink. Heat transfer fluids are utilized to transfer, move or remove heat from one space, location, object or body to a different space, location, 30 object or body by radiation, conduction, or convection. A heat transfer fluid may function as a secondary coolant by providing means of transfer for cooling (or heating) from a remote refrigeration (or heating) system. In -12some systems, the heat transfer fluid may remain in a constant state throughout the transfer process (i.e., not evaporate or condense). Alternatively, evaporative cooling processes may utilize heat transfer fluids as well. 5 A heat source may be defined as any space, location, object or body from which it is desirable to transfer, move or remove heat. Examples of heat sources may be spaces (open or enclosed) requiring refrigeration or cooling, such as refrigerator or freezer cases in a supermarket, building spaces requiring air-conditioning, or the passenger 10 compartment of an automobile requiring air-conditioning. A heat sink may be defined as any space, location, object or body capable of absorbing heat. A vapor compression refrigeration system is one example of such a heat sink. The present invention further relates to a method of using the 15 perfluoropolyether to maintain or improve the oil return, lubrication, or energy efficiency of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat transfer system. The method comprises adding an effective amount of perfluoropolyether into the refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus. This may be done by mixing the perfluoropolyether with the refrigerant or heat 20 transfer fluid compositions of this invention and then introducing the combination into the apparatus. Alternatively, this may be done by directly introducing perfluoropolyether into refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus containing refrigerant and/or heat transfer fluid to combine in situ with the refrigerant. The resulting composition may be used in the 25 refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus. The present invention further relates to a method of using the perfluoropolyether to maintain or improve the oil return, lubrication, or energy efficiency by replacing the existing refrigerants or heat transfer fluids without changing the existing lubricants in the refrigeration or air 30 conditioning apparatus. The method comprises removing the existing refrigerant or heat transfer fluid from the refrigeration or air-conditioning apparatus without flushing out the existing lubricant. Said refrigeration or -13air-conditioning apparatus is then filled with a pre-mixed composition comprising perfluoropolyether and the refrigerant or heat transfer fluid compositions of this invention. The compositions of the present invention may be used in 5 stationary air-conditioning, heat pumps or mobile air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. Stationary air-conditioning and heat pump applications include window, ductless, ducted, packaged terminal, chillers and commercial, including packaged rooftop. Refrigeration applications include domestic or home refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self 10 contained coolers and freezers, walk-in coolers and freezers and supermarket systems, and transport refrigeration systems. In one embodiment of this invention, the compositions of the present invention (for example, a composition comprising a mineral oil, perfluoropolyether, and a refrigeration or heat transfer fluid selected from 15 the group consisting of R-407C, R-422A, R-417A, R-404A, R-410A, R 507A, R-508A, and HFC-134a) can be used in a heat pump with "internally enhanced heat transfer surfaces", i.e. heat pumps with fine grooves cut in a spiral or cross hatch pattern on the inside surface of the tube. As demonstrated by the Examples below, the addition of 20 perfluoropolyether into the refrigerant increased the oil return or energy efficiency or cooling capacity of the refrigerator and heat transfer system. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, Krytox@ 157FSH is sufficiently miscible with HFC refrigerants including R-134a, R-125, R-32 such that the Krytox@ can be blended with the refrigerant blend and 25 charged to the refrigeration or air conditioning apparatus as a homogeneous liquid. - 14 - EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 Miscibility of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) with 5 representative members of the family of Krytox@ perfluoropolyethers, including Krytox@ 1531, Krytox@ GPL-103, Krytox@ 157 FSM, and Krytox@ 143AZ was demonstrated by adding 1.0 gram of the PFPE to individual glass high pressure chemical bottles. Each bottle was fitted with a sealed addition valve which could be coupled to a pressure burette from 10 which liquefied refrigerant could be added to the bottle. This was followed by adding aliquots of HFC-134a, first one gram, then about 2 grams per additional aliquot, to yield higher and higher mixing ratios of the HFC, up to a maximum of 99 grams of HFC-134a in each bottle. After each aliquot was added the bottle and its contents were swirled to mix, then observed 15 for indication of sign of insolubility, such as the formation of haze, cloudiness, or a second liquid layer. In every case the contents of the bottle remained as one single clear liquid phase at all compositions. This showed that at room temperature, each of the perfluoropolyethers was fully soluble in the HFC-134a over a range of mixing ratios ranging 50 % to 20 about 1 % in HFC-134a. EXAMPLE 2 Baseline Refrigeration Oil Circulation tests were run in a commercial type reach-in refrigerator manufactured by Zero Zone, Inc. of 110 North Oak Ridge Drive, North Prairie, WI, Model # 2SMCP26. The 25 Copeland compressor in the unit (Copeland Model # ARE59C3CAA-901) was fitted with an oil level indicating tube (sight glass) which showed the level of lubricating oil in the crank case of the compressor. The refrigerator was installed in a constant temperature room in which the room temperature was regulated at a constant 90 degrees Fahrenheit. In base 30 line ran with R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) and Suniso 4GS mineral oil, the oil level in the compressor remained constant after a small initial decrease at startup, indicating that the oil which left the compressor with the -15refrigerant circulated through the system and came back with the suction gas, and thereby a constant, steady state level of oil was maintained within the compressor crank case. This constant oil level assured adequate lubrication and sealing of compressor internal parts, while some 5 small amount of oil which left the compressor with the compressed refrigerant gas circulated through the condenser, the thermal expansion valve, and the evaporator coil before returning to the compressor with the suction gas. This was indicative of normal operation of the cooling loop. Through out the duration of this 24-hour test the refrigerator maintained a 10 constant temperature of 37 degrees Fahrenheit in the cooling zone. EXAMPLE 3 (Comparative) The same kind of oil circulation test as described in Example 2 above was run, only this time the R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) refrigerant 15 had been removed and replaced with Refrigerant R-422A, a blend of HFC 125 (85.1 wt. %), HFC-134a (11.5 wt. %), and isobutane (3.4 wt. %). When this refrigerant ran in the Zero Zone refrigerator, the level of oil in the crankcase steadily decreased with time as the system operated to maintain a standard temperature of 37 degrees Fahrenheit in the 20 refrigerated case. In a period of six hours, the oil level had dropped to the minimum allowable level within the crankcase, and the run had to be terminated to prevent compressor damage. This showed that with this combination of refrigerant and lubricant, the lubricant slowly got pumped out of the compressor and did not return. 25 EXAMPLE 4 (Comparative) After the oil return test described in Example 3 above was completed, the refrigerant system was flushed with R-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) to remove the excess oil from the heat 30 exchangers, and normal base line operation was demonstrated with R-22. After the baseline re-check, once again the refrigerant R-22 was removed and replaced again with a fresh charge of R-422A and Suniso 4GS mineral oil as above, to which a small amount, equivalent to about 0.1% -16by weight, relative to the refrigerant charge, of the Krytox@ Perfluoropolyether GPL-101 was added. The refrigerator was re-started and allowed to run as described in Example 3 above. Surprisingly, the system ran with adequate oil showing in the sight glass for 18 hours, three 5 times longer than in Example 3, which had no added perfluoropolyether. EXAMPLE 5 (Comparative) After the oil return test described in Example 4 above was completed, the refrigerant system was flushed with R-22 to remove the 10 excess oil and any remaining perfluoropolyether from the heat exchangers, and normal base line operation was demonstrated with R-22 and Suniso 4GS mineral oil. After the baseline re-check, once again the refrigerant R-22 was removed and replaced again with a fresh charge of R-422A and Suniso 4GS mineral oil as above, to which a small amount, 15 equivalent to about 0.1 % by weight, relative to the refrigerant charge, of the Krytox@ Perfluoropolyether 157FSL was added. The refrigerator was re-started and allowed to run as described in Example 3 above. Surprisingly, the system ran with adequate oil showing in the sight glass for 24 hours, four times longer than in Example 3, which had no added 20 perfluoropolyether. There was still an adequate oil level showing in the sight glass when the run was terminated. EXAMPLE 6 (Comparative) The ZeroZone commercial reach in refrigerator described above 25 was re-fitted with a thermal expansion valve to allow it to operate with the HFC refrigerant R-404A (a blend of 44 wt. % of HFC-125, 52 wt. % of HFC-143a and 4 wt. % of HFC-134a) and Suniso 4GS mineral oil. This refrigerator was operated at an internal box temperature of 38 degrees Fahrenheit while energy consumption was monitored. As before, the test 30 was conducted with the refrigerator in a constant temperature room that was controlled at a constant temperature of 90 degrees Fahrenheit. During a three-hour test period the power consumption of the refrigerator was measured to be at a rate of 22.65 Kilowatt hours per day. -17- EXAMPLE 7 (Comparative) The Test set up described in example 6 above was modified by removing the refrigerant charge, and re-charging with a mixture of 5 refrigerant R-404A and Suniso 4GS mineral oil which contained 0.2% by weight, relative to the refrigerant charge, of Krytox@ 157 FSH. The test chamber was stabilized again at 90 degrees, and the refrigerator was allowed to operate. Over a three-hour period the internal box temperature was maintained at 37.6 degrees Fahrenheit. The average power use by 10 the refrigerator during this test period was measured to be at a rate of 21.83 Kilowatt hours per day. This was 3.6 % less power usage than was measured in Example 6, when no Krytox@ was in the refrigerant. EXAMPLE 8 15 Boundary Layer Lubrication tests were run using a FALEX Pin on vee-block test geometry, according to test protocol based on the ASTM 2670-95 Load to Failure test method. In this test, a rotating steel pin was squeezed between two standard blocks of aluminum metal. The aluminum blocks were made with vee shaped notches in them, and they 20 were mounted in a bracket such that the vee notches contacted the steel pin. The pin and block assembly was immersed in a pan of lubricant and a motor coupled through a torque meter rotated the pin. The blocks were adjusted to lightly contact the surface of the rotating pin at a low load of 250-pounds pressure for an initial run-in period of five minutes. The force 25 load applied to the blocks was then increased slowly at a steady rate of 200 more pounds each minute by a mechanical tightener that squeezed the rotating pin between the two vee blocks. The load was increased to some predetermined limit, or until a mechanical failure of one of the test pieces occurred. With pure Suniso 4GS mineral oil, the test failed within 30 the first minute, while the mechanical load on the pin and block assembly was only 250 lb. Surprisingly, when this test was repeated with a mixture of 0.5% by weight of Krytox@ 157 FSL dispersed in the Suniso 4GS mineral oil, the test continued to run for 9 minutes, during which time the mechanical load had increased to a level of 2100 pounds. By this time the -18mechanical parts had not failed, but the level of smoke being generated became excessive, so the test was terminated. This showed that the presence of small amount of Krytox@ 157 FSL dispersed in the mineral oil increased the load carrying ability of the mineral oil at boundary lubrication 5 conditions by more than 800 %. EXAMPLE 9 A split system Carrier heat pump was used to evaluate refrigerant and lubricant performance in air conditioning and heating 10 modes. The system consisted of a condensing unit, Model 38YXA03032, and an evaporator Unit, Model FX4ANF030, and was rated at a nominal cooling capacity of 2 % tons of cooling with R-410A. The system was operated inside of a dual chamber psychrometric chamber, with one chamber regulated at outdoor conditions per standard ARI 210/240 15 Cooling A test conditions, and the other chamber regulated at Cooling A indoor test conditions. This unit was also modified so that the compressor could be changed from the standard R-410A rated compressor to a compressor sized for operation with R-407C. In the tests cited in Table 1 below, runs 1,2, and 3 were made using the R-410A compressor. Runs 4, 20 5, 6, and 7 were made with the R-407C compressor. The copper tubing in the evaporator and condenser coils of this air conditioning system came from the factory with a feature called "internally enhanced heat transfer surfaces", a feature which is generally known and 25 used throughout the industry. This feature includes fine grooves cut in a spiral or cross hatch pattern on the inside surface of the tube. These grooves cause disruption of the laminar flow layers near the tube surface. The result of this disruption is believed to be improved heat transfer from the evaporating refrigerant within the copper tubes to the tubes 30 themselves and the attached fins that comprise the evaporator unit. Heat transfer to the air flowing through the fins of the evaporator is believed to be thereby improved, with the creation of a more energy efficient air conditioning or heating process. Again, the use of internally enhanced tube surfaces is well known and widely applied within the air conditioning -19and heat pump industries. Most higher efficiency systems employ enhanced surface tubing in evaporators and condensers. It has been observed that when a lubricant that is not miscible with 5 the refrigerant is used in such an enhanced system, that the performance improvement normally imparted by the enhanced tube surface is lost. It is believed that the non-miscible lubricant is drawn into the fine grooves by capillary action, effectively creating a smoother surface. This smoother surface is believed to cause at least a partial return to the less efficient 10 laminar flow of the refrigerant within the tube. Further, the layer of oil on the tube surface is believed to reduces the ability of the copper tube to allow heat transfer, further reducing operating efficiency. As shown in Table 1, the addition of a small amount of PFPE to the refrigerant in our heat pump system will substantially reduce the deficit in performance 15 which results from the use of a non miscible lubricant, such as mineral oil, with an HFC refrigerant such as R-410A or R-407C. This ability of the heat pump to operate with HFC refrigerant and non miscible mineral oil with excellent efficiency is shown by the data in Table 1 below. Table 1 Impact of adding PFPE to Carrier Heat Pump EER Capacity Capacity Delta vs. Delta vs. Run # Refrigerant Lubricant Additive EER POE kBTU/h POE 1 410A 32-3MA none 12.8 28.6 2 410A 3GS none 11.1 87.2 25.0 87.4 3 410A 3GS 0.2% 157 FSL 12.5 97.9 28.1 98.5 4 R-407C RL32H none 11.2 27.8 5 R-407C 3GS none 10.8 96.7 26.6 95.5 6 R-407C 3GS 1% 157 FSL 11.0 98.3 27.6 99.0 20 7 R-407C RL32H 1% 157 FSL 11.3 101.0 27.6 99.2 Note that in this table the lubricants "32-3MA" and "RL32H" are commercial POE lubricants used in Carrier air conditioning systems. These POE lubricants are miscible with the refrigerants used in the 25 example. The lubricant 3GS is a commercial naphthenic mineral oil - 20 available from Sonneborn, Inc. The mineral oil lubricant is not miscible with HFC refrigerants. In Table 1, note that when the non miscible lubricant Suniso 3GS, a 5 mineral oil, is used with HFC refrigerant R-410A, (Run #2) the EER is reduced by 12.8 %, and the capacity reduced by 12.6 %, versus Run #1 with POE lubricant. However, when a small amount of the PFPE Krytox@ 157 FSL is added to the refrigerant (Run #3) that the EER is restored to within about 2.1 % of that achieved with POE, and the capacity is restored 10 to within about 1.5 % of that achieved with POE. The deficits caused by the use of the non-miscible mineral oil are almost completely eliminated by the use of PFPE. Further note in Table 1 that with HFC refrigerant R-407C, when 15 mineral oil is used the efficiency and capacity are reduced by about 3.3% and 4.5%, respectively versus POE. (Runs 4 and 5). In Run #6 it is seen that the addition of 1% Krytox@ 157 FSL increases the EER and capacity to within 1.7% and 1.0%, respectively, of the values obtained with the POE lubricant. Again, the deficits caused by using non-miscible lubricant are 20 largely eliminated by the use of the PFPE. Finally note that when Krytox 157 FSL was added to the R-407C and POE system (Run 6) that the EER was improved to be 1 % better than that obtained in Run 4 with no PFPE, and the capacity was within 1% 25 of Run 4, the POE baseline case. The many features and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the detailed description above, and thus it is intended that the appended claims cover all such features and advantages which fall within the spirit and scope of the invention. In short, the foregoing 30 description is illustrative of the invention, and is not intended to imply limitations thereupon. For example, where a numerical range is listed above, it is intended that the range include and herein expressly disclose all numbers between the upper and lower limits, such that the range of from about 1 to about 10 would include also the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 - 21 and 9. Numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, and it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact composition, method and uses described above, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to and fall within 5 the scope of the invention described in the claims. Where the terms "comprise", "comprises", "comprised" or "comprising" are used in this specification, they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or 10 components referred to, but not to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other feature, integer, step, component or group thereof. Further, any prior art reference or statement provided in the specification is not to be taken as an admission that such art constitutes, 15 or is to be understood as constituting, part of the common general knowledge in Australia. - 22 -

Claims (8)

1. Delete all Claim pages presently on file and replace with new Claim pages 23 and 24 as enclosed herewith together with the corresponding marked-up pages. DATED: 12 April 2013 E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY By their Patent Attorneys: Houlihan 2 The Claims defining the invention are as follows: 1. A method of producing refrigeration, said method comprising evaporating a composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and thereafter condensing said composition; wherein said composition consists of: 5 a. a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid comprising 2,3,3,3- tetrafluoro-1 propene (CH 2 =CFCF 3 ) or 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1 -propene (CHF=CHCF 3 ); and b. at least one perfluoropolyether; and optionally c. a lubricant oil which is mineral oil or synthetic oil selected from the 10 group consisting of alkylbenzene, polyol ester, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, carbonates, polyalphaolefin and combinations thereof; wherein said perfluoropolyether has two end groups; wherein each of the two end groups of the perfluoropolyether, independently, is either an unfunctionalized, branched or straight chain perfluoroalkyl radical, or a 15 functionalized group selected from the group consisting of esters, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyanos, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids; and wherein said evaporating and said condensing is in a mobile air conditioning system.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid further 20 comprises at least one other compound selected from saturated fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, ammonia, iodotrifluoromethane, and combinations thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said refrigerant or heat transfer 25 fluid consists of 2,3,3,3- tetrafluoro-1 -propene (CH 2 =CFCF 3 ) or 1,3,3,3 tetrafluoro-1-propene (CHF=CHCF 3 ). - 23 -

4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the amount of perfluoropolyether in said composition is less than about 40% by weight relative to said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one of the end 5 groups of said perfluoropolyether is carboxylic acid.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one of the end groups of said perfluoropolyether is sulfonic acid.

7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the mobile air-conditioning system is an automobile air-conditioning apparatus. 10 8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Examples. - 24 - he Claims defining the invention are as follows: 1-)-1. A m thod of producing refrigeration, said method comprising eva oratinq a 5 como tion in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and thereafter condensing said com sition; wherein said composition consists of: a. a re ' erant or heat transfer fluid selected from unsaturated comprising 2)- 3 3- tetrafluoro-1-propene (CH=CFCF 3 ) or 1,3,3,3 10 tetrafluoro-1-pro ene (CHF=CHCF 3 ); and b. at least one perfluo polyether; and optionally c. a lubricant oil which is ineral oil or synthetic oil selected from the group consisting of alkylb zene, polyol ester, polyalkylene qlycols, Polyvinyl ethers, carbonated olyalphaolefin and combinations thereof; 15 wherein said perfluoropolyether has o end groups; wherein each of the two end groups of the perfluoropolyethe independently, is either an unfunctionalized, branched or straight chai perfluoroalkyl radical, or a functionalized group selected from the group insisting of esters, hydroxyls, amines, amides, cyanos, carboxylic acids and s fonic acids;,aRd-wherein 20 said refrigerant or heat transfer fluid. and wherein said evaporating and said condensing is in a obile air conditioninq system. 2- 2. The GOnpositionmethod of claim 1, wherein said refriger nt or heat 25 transfer fluid further r g a lubricant oil which is mineral oil or synthetie-elicomprises at least one other compound selected from ethers, carbonates,-polyalphaolefisaturated fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, - 23 - carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, ammonia, iodotrifluoromethane., and ombinations thereof. 3. The ' ' method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said refrigerant or heat tr sfer fluid consists of 2,3,3,3- tetrafluoro-1 -Propene (CH 2 =CFCF 3 ) or 5 1,3,3,3-te afluoro-1-propene (CHF=CHCF). 4. The method any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the amount of perfluoropolyethar in said composition is less than about 40% by weight relative to said ref rierant or heat transfer fluid. - 5. The method ony one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one of the 10 end groups of said perfluo opolyether is carboxylic acid. 4, 6. The eOmpositionmeth d of Glaimany one of claims 1 Gr-Gaim-2to_4, wherein at least one of the end g ups of said perfluoropolyether is sulfonic acid. 15, . ,, 20 , , , , 25 30buen 11 1, hprourp2 uene, 1,1,,3,3,1 hoxafluoro 1 butoneI 301 111,21nau2butene, 1,1,1,3,1pentafluor 2 btn 3,3,-24 25 (trifluorernthyl)-2-propen- 2,,,3444-h palo 1 212- IAIA pentafluoro 1 butane, 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluo)ro-2-butane, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro-2 butene, 2,3,3,1,1pentafluoro 1-butane, 1,1,2,1,1 pentafluoro -2 butane, 1,1,2,3,3 5 V^I _ p n , 3,3, erfu9lbt, ,,,-erfu r-- eh ll II I I,,-erfu r--reh lipe e e 2-O uee thI-,-ilo 34 heIe 3,33,1,5,5,6665afuoo hnauor1,1peteIfluoro ,3,34455 nonafluoro 3 mileety2poteo -1 ,1,1,,, heafluro 1(rfluromotrfuenthyl) 15 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 25utne -,,A+e-. Armty)2btn,13444 5etn,34455666otfu~o2hxn,33445566otfu and 1,4,51A,5-hhexafluuoro22 butene.

25. - 1-,,,,,,,,,,77tta e alee2h pe - 35 ofay n o am 1 to 6556677 from aea e 2heatr e o a ,,,, hca sink.,,77, tridecaflui~ ~ ~ ~~ p2hpe , , ,2,4456;77 d~fur-2hpee 5 10 15. 20 lor ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 Theai~ metho ofern any hea ofnse claimsOPF 1 to 6, wherein theol saidr-cnditionqirG~ten system isaauomb r 30 conditionin g apparatus. 4& 8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to an the accompanying Examples. -- 27 - 5 - 28 -