AU2014200996B2 - Atmospheric pressure ion source performance enhancement - Google Patents

Abstract

Electrospray ionization sources interfaced to mass spectrometers are widely used tools in analytical applications. Processes occurring in Electrospray (ES) ionization generally include the addition or removal of a charged species such as H+ or other cation to effect ionization of a sample species. A new set of Electrolytes has been found that Increases positive and negative polarity analyte ion signal measured in ESMS analysis when compared with analyte ESMS signal achieved using more conventional electrolytes. The new electrolyte species increase ES MS signal when added directly to a sample solution or when added to a second solution flow In an Electrospray membrane probe. The new electrolytes can also be added to a reagent ion source configured in a combination Atmospheric pressure ion source to improve ionization efficiency. Fig 1 WO 2008/151121 PCTITS200SIO6551 3 00) cm. LO fl 0 .~Cj.

Description

WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 Atmospheric Pressure Ion Source Performance Enhancement RELATED APPLICATIONS This Application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 601932,644 filed June 1, 2007 the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates to the field of Atmospheric Pressure Ion (API) sources interfaced to mass spectrometers. Such API sources include but are not limited to Electiospray, Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI), Combination Ion Sources, Atmospheric Pressine Charge injection Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption, DART and DESI. The invention comprises the use of new electrolyte species to enhance the analyte ion signal generated from these API sources interfaced to mass spectrometers. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Charged droplet production unassisted or pneumatic nebulization assisted Electrospray (ES) requires oxidation of species (positive ion polarity ES) ot reduction of species (negative ion polarity) at conductive surfaces in the sample solution flow path. When a metal Electrospray needle tip is used that is electrically connected to a voltage or ground potential, such oxidation or reduction reactions redoxx) reactions occur on the inside surfce of the metal Electrospray needle during Electrospray ionization If a dielectric Electiospray tip is used in Electrospray ionization, redox reactions occur on an WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/0655113 2 electiically conductive metal surface contacting the sample solution along the sample solution flow path This conducive surtfae typically may by a stainless steel union connected to a fused silica Electrospray tip The Electrospiay sample solution flow path forms one half cell of an Electrochemical or voltaic cell. The second half of the Electrochemical cell forced in Electiosplay operates in the gas phase Consequently, operating rules that can be used to explain or predict the behavior of liquid to liquid Electrochemical cells may be applied to explain a portion of the processes occurring in Electrospray ionization. The electrolyte aids in promoting redox reactions occurring at electrode surfaces immersed in liquid in electrochemical cells. The electrolyte not only plays a role in the initial redox reactions required to form single polarity charged liquid droplets but also fundamentally affects the production of sample related ions from rapidly evaporating liquid droplets and their subsequent transport through the gas phase into vacuum Additional charge exchange reactions can occur with sample species in the gas phase. The mechanism by which the electrolyte affects liquid and gas phase ionization of analyte species is not clear Ihe type and concentration of electrolyte species effects ES ionization efficiency. The electrolyte type and concentration and sample solution composition will affect the dielectric constant, conductivity and pII of the sample solution The relative voltage applied between the Electrospray tip and counter elect odes, the effective radius of cuivature of the Electrospray tip and shape of the emerging fluid surface determine the effective electric field strength at the Electrospray needle tip, The strength of the applied electric field is generally set just below the onset of gas phase breakdown or corona WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 3 discharge in Electrospray ionization. With an effective upper bound on the electric field that is applied at the Electrospiay tip during Electrospiay operation, the Electrospray total ion current is detennined by the solution properties as well as the placement of the conductive surface along the sample solution flow path. The effective conductivity of the sample solution between the nearest electrically conductive surface in contact with the sample solution and the Electrospray tip plays a large role in determining the Electrospray total ion current, It has been found with studies using Electrospray Membrane probes that the ESMS analyte signal can vary significantly with Electrospray total ion current A description of the Electrospiay Membrane probe is given in U S Patent Application Numbers 11/132,953 and 60/840/095 and incorporated herein by reference ES signal is enhanced when specific organic acid species such as acetic and formic acids are added to organic and aqueous solvents Conversely, ES signal is reduced when inorganic acids such as hydrochloric or trifluoxoacetic acid are added to Electrospray sample solutions. Although mechanisms under lying variation in Electrospray ionization efficiency due to different electrolyte counter ion species have been proposed, explanations of these root modulators underlying Electrospray ionization processes remain speculative. Conventional electrolytes added to sample solutions in Electrospray ionization are generally selected to maximize Electrospray MS analyte ion signal, Alternatively, electrolyte species and concentrations are selected to serve as a reasonable compromise to optimize upstream sample preparation or separation system performance and downstream Electrospray performance, Trifluoroacetic acid may be added to a WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 4 sample solution to improve a reverse phase gradient liquid chiomatography sample separation but its presence will reduce the Electrospray MS signal significantly compared with Electrospiaying with an organic electrolyte such as Formic or Acetic acid added to the sample solution Generally for polar analyte species, the highest Electiospray MS signal will be achieved using a polar organic solvent such as methanol in water with acetic or formic acid added as the electrolyte. Typically, a 30:70 to 50:50 methanol to water ratio is run with acetic or formic acid concentrations r anging from 0 1% to over 1% Running non polar solvents, such as acetonitrile, with water will reduce the ESMS signal for polar compounds and adding inorganic acid will reduce ESMS signal compared to the signal achieved using a polar or ganic solvent in water with acetic or foimic acid. Several species of acids bases and salts have been used at different concentrations and in different solvent compositions as electrolyte species in Electrospiay ionization to maximize ESMS analyte species, 1 4 o some less polar analyte samples that do not dissolve in aqueous solutions, higher ESMS signal is achieved running the sample in pure acetonitrile with an electrolyte. For compounds such as carbohydrates with low or no proton affinity, adding a salt electrolyte may product higher ESMS signal. The invention comprises using a new set of electrolyte species in Electrospray ionization to improve the Electrospray ionization efficiency of analyte species compared with ES ionization efficiency achieved with conventional electrolyte species used and reported for Electiospray ionization. Electrospraying with the new electrolyte species increases ESMS analyte signal amplitude by a factor of two to ten compared to the highest ESMS signal achieved using acetic oi formic acids. ESMS signal enhancements have been WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 5 achieved whether the new electrolytes are added directly to the sample solution or added to the second solution of an Electrospray membrane probe. When convention acid or salt electrolytes added to the sample solution are Electrosprayed in positive polarity mode, the anion from these electrolytes does not readily appear in the positive ion spectrum. As expected, the anion of these electrolytes does appear in the negative ion polarity ESMS spectrum. One distinguishing characteristic of the new electrolytes comprising the invention is that a characteristic protonated or deprotonated par ent related ion from the electrolyte species appears in both positive and negative polarity spectrum acquired using Electiospray ionization. The positive polarity electrolyte ion appearing in the positive polaity Electrospray mass spectrum is the (M+H) t species with the (M-H) species appearing in the negative polarity Electrospray mass spectrum. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One embodiment of the invention comprises conducting Electrospray ionization of an analyte species with MS analysis where at least one of a new set of electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid o1 Tr imethyl Acetic is added directly to the sample solution The electrolyte may be included in the sample solution from its fluid delivery system or added to the sample solution near the Electtospray tip through a tee fluid flow connection. Another embodiment of the invention is running at least one of a set of new electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trinethyl Acetic in the-second solution flow of an Electrospray membrane probe during WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 6 Electrospray of the sample solution. The concentration of the new electrolyte can be varied or scanned by running step functions o gradients though the second solution flow path. The second solution flow is separated from the sample solution flow by a semipermeable membrane that allows reduced concentration transfer of the new electrolyte into the sample solution flow during Elecrospray ionization with MS analysis. Another embodiment of the invention is running at least one of a set of new electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trirmethyl Acetic in the second solution of an Electrospray membrane piobe during Electrospray of the sample solution that contains a second electrolyte species. The addition of the new electrolyte to the second solution flow increases the Electrospray MS signal even if the second electrolyte species, when used alone, reduces the ESMS analyte signal The concentration of the new electrolyte in the second solution flow can be step or ramped to maximize analyte ESMS signal Another embodiment of the invention comprises running at least one of a set of new electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic in the downstream membrane section second solution flow of a multiple membrane section Electrospray membrane probe during Electrospray ionization with MS analysis One or more membrane sections can be configured upstream in the sample solution flow path forn the downstream Eleetrospray membrane probe. Electrocapture and release of samples species using upstr eam member ane sections can be run with electrolyte species that optimize the Electrocapture processes independently:while a new WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 7 electrolyte species is run through the downstream membrane section second solution flow to optimize Electrospray ionization efficiency of the analyte species. In yet another embodiment of the invention, at least one of the new electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Irimethyl Acetic are added to the sample solution in a single APCI inlet probe or sprayed from a second solution in a dual APCI inlet probe to enhance the ion signal generated in AtmospheTic Pressure Corona Discharge Ionization. In another embodiment of the invention, at least one of the new electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid, Cyclohexanecaiboxylic Acid or Irirethyl Acetic are added to the solution Electiosprayed from a reagent ion source comprising an Electrospray ion generating source configured in a combination ion source including Flectrospray ionization and/or Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization. In yet another embodiment of the invention, at least one of the new electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid, Cyclohexanecatboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic aie added to the solution that is nebulized followed by corona discharge ionization forming a reagent ion source configured in a combination ion source including Electrospray ionization and/or Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Figure I is a schematic of an Llectiosplay Ion Source interfaced to a mass spectrometer.

WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 8 l igure 2 is a cross section diagram of an Electrospray Membrane probe Figure 3 is a zoomed in view of the sample solution flow channel, the second solution flow channel and the semipermeable membrane in an Electrospray Membrane Piobe Figure 4 shows a single section Electrospray Membrane probe integrated with pneumatic nebulization sprayer mounted on an Electrospray ion source probe mounting plate. Figure 5 is a schematic of a three section Electrospray Membrane probe Figue 6 is a diagram of a combination atmospheric pressure ion source comprising a sample solution Electisopray inlet probe and an Electrospray reagent ion source Figure '7 shows the ESMS ion signal curves for a I pM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1 methanol: water solution Electrosprayed at a flow rate of 10 p1/min while running electrolyte concentration gradients in the Electrospray Membrane probe second solution flow using conventional electiolyte species and a new electrolyte species. Figure 8 shows the ESMS signal curves for a 1 pM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1 methanol: water solution Electrosprayed at a flow rate of 10 p1/min while running conventional and new electrolyte species concentration gradients in the Electrospray Membrane probe WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 9 second solution flow and with benzoic acid added directly to the sample solution at different concentrations Figure 9 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing ESMS ion signal of a 1 pM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1 methanol: water solution Electrosprayed at a flow rate of 10 p1/main for different concentrations of acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid added directly to the sample solution Figure 10 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing positive polarity ESMS ion signal of a I pM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1 methanol:wate solution Electiospiayed at a flow rate of 10 j2/min while running acetic acid and benzoic acid electrolyte concentration gwadients in the Electiospray Membrane probe second solution flow with pure solvent sample solutions and with 0.001% trifluoroacetic acid added to the sample solution. figure 1I shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing negative polarity ESMS ion signal of a I pM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1 methanol-water solution Electrosprayed at a flow rate of 10 pl/min while running acetic acid and benzoic acid electrolyte concentration gradients in the Electrospray Membrane probe second solution flow with pure solvent sample solutions. Figure 12 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing positive polarity ESMS ion signal of a I gM reserpine in 1:1 methanol:water solution running at a flow iate of 10 WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 10 pi/min for acetic acid, benzoic acid and tiimethyl acetic acids added individually to the sample solution at different concentrations. Figure 13 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing positive polarity ESMS ion signal of a 1 pM leucine enkephalin in a 1:1 methanol:water solution running at a flow rate of 10 pl/min for acetic acid, benzoic acid, cyclohexanecaboxylic acid and trimethyl acetic acids added individually to the sample solution at different concentrations. Figure 14A is positive polarity Electrospiay mass spectrum of benzoic Acid and Figure 14B is a negative polarity mass spectrmm of benzoic acid Figure 15A is a positive polarity Electrospray mass spectrum of trimethyl acetic acid and Figure 15B is a negative polarity mass spectrum of trimethyl acetic acid. Figure 16A is a positive polarity Electrospray mass spectrum ofcyclohexanecaboxylic acid and Figure 16B is a negative polarity mass spectrum of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid DESCRIPTION OF IIIE INVENTION Electrospray total ion current, for a given applied electric field, is a function of the sample solution conductivity between the Electrospray tip and the first electrically conductive surface in the sample solution flow path. The primary charge carrier in positive ion Elect1ospray is generally the H+ ion which is produced from redox reactions occurring at electrode surfaces in contact with the sample solution in conventional WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 11 Electrospray or a second solution in Electiospray Membrane probe. The electrolyte added to the sample oi second solution plays a direct or indirect role in adding or removing H+ ions in solution dining Flectrospray ionization. The indirect tole in producing H+ ions is the case where the electrolyte aids in the electrolysis of water at the electrode surfice to produce 1I+ ions. The direct role an electolyte can play is to supply the l+ ion directly fron dissociation of an acid and loss of an election at the electrode surface. The type and concentration of the electrolyte anion or neutral molecule in positive ion polarity and even negative ion polarity significantly affects the Electrospray ionization efficiency for most analyte species. The mechanism or mechanisms through which the electrolyte operates to affect ion production in Flectrospray ionization is not well understood Even the role an electrolyte plays in the redox reactions that occur during Electrospray charged droplet formation is not well characterized. Consequently, the type and concentration of the electrolyte species used in Electiospray ionization is determined largely through trial and error with decisions based on empirical evidence for a given Electrospray MS analytical application. To this end, a number of electrolyte species were screened using an Electiospray membrane probe to determine if electrolyte species different fhon those used conventionally or historically provided improved Electrospray per formance A set of such new electrolytes was found which demonstrated improved analyte ESMS signal in both positive and negative positive modes. The set of new electrolytes comprises but may not be limited benzoic acid, trimethylacetic acid and cyclohexanceaboxylic acid.

WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 12 As noted above, unlike electrolytes conventionally or historically used in Electrospray ionization, when Electiospraying with a new electrolyte, a characteristic electrolyte ion peak is generated in both positive and negative ion polarity mode. The (M+II)+ ion is generated for benzoic acid, tiimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in positive polarity Electrospray ionization. Conversely, the (M-I) ion, as expected, is generated when Electrospaying benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in negative polarity as shown in Figures 14, 15 and 16. The mechanism or mechanisms by which the new electrolyte enhances the Electrospray signal may occur in the liquid phase, gas phase or both. Benzoic acid has a low gas phase proton affinity so protonated benzoic acid ion may readily donate an H+ to gas phase neutr al analyte species or may reduce the neutralization of the Electi ospr ay pi oduced analyze ion by transferring protons to competing higher proton affinity contamination species in the gas phase. A cross section schematic of Elect1ospray ion source 1 is shown in Figue 1 Electrospray sample solution inlet probe 2 comprises sample solution flow channel or tube 3, Electiospay tip 4 and annilus 5 tlrough which pneumatic nebulization gas 7 flows exiting concentrically 6 around Electrospay tip 4 Different voltages are applied to endplate and nosepiece electrode 11, capillary entrance electrode 12 and cylindrical lens 13 to generate single polarity charged droplets in Electrospray plume 10 Typically, in positive polarity Electrospray ionization, Electrospray tip 4 would be operated at ground potential with -3 KV, -5 KV and -6 KV applied to cylindrical lens 13, nosepiece and endplate electiode 11 and capillary entrance electrode 12 respectively. Gas heater 15 WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 13 heats countercurent drying gas flow 17. Charged droplets comprising charged droplet plume 10 produced by unassisted Electrospray or Electrospray with pneumatic nebulization assist evaporate as they pass through Electiospray source chamber 18. Heated countercurent drying gas 14 exiting through the orifice in nosepiece electrode 11 aids in the drying of charged liquid droplets comprising Electiospray plume 10. A portion of the ions generated from the rapidly evaporating charged liquid droplets are directed by electric fields to pass into and through orifice 20 of dielectric capillary 21 into vacuum. Ions exiting capillary orifice 20 are directed through skimmei orifice 27 by the expanding neutral gas flow and the relative voltages applied to capillary exit lens 23 and skimmer electrode 24. Ions exiting skimmer orifice 27 pass through ion guide 25 and into mass to charge analyzer 28 where they are mass to char ge analyzed and detected as is known in the art The analyte ion signal measured in the mass spectrometer is due in large pail to efficiency of Electrospray ionization for a given analyte species. [he Electrospray ionization efficiency includes the processes that convert neutral molecules to ions in the atmospheric pressure ion source and the efficiency by which the ions generated at atmospheric pressmue are transferred into vacuum The new electrolyte species may play a role in both mechanisms that affect Electrospray ionization efficiency In one embodiment of the invention, at least one of the new electrolytes including, benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is added to sample solution 8 delivered through sample solution flow channel 3 to Electrospray tip 4 where the sanrple solution is Electrosprayed into Electrospray ion source chamber 18 WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 14 Figure 2 shows the cross section diagi am of an Electrospray Membrane Probe 30 that is used in an alternative embodiment of the invention, Electrospray Membrane probe 30, more fully described in U.S Patent Application number 11/132,953 and incorporated herein by reference, comprises sample solution flow channel 31A through which sample solution flow 31 flows exiting at Electrospray tip 4 Common elements with Figure 1 retain the element numbers. A second solution 32, in contact with electrode 33, passes through second solution flow path 32A Voltage is applied to electrode 33 from power supply 35. Sample solution 31 and second solution 32 are separated by semipermeable membrane 34. Semipermeable membrane 34 may comprise a cation or anion exchange membrane. A typical cation exchange membrane is NafionTM that may be configured with different thicknesses and/or conductivity characteristics in Electrospray Membrane probe assembly 30. Second solution 32 flow is delivered into second solution flow channel 32A from an isocratic or gradient fluid delivery system 37 through flow channel 36 and exits through channel 38. Sample solution 31 flow is delivered to sample solution flow channel 3 1A from isociatic or gradient fluid delivery system 40 through flow channel 41 Dielectric probe body sections 42 and 43 comprise chemically inert materials that do not chemically react with sample solution 31 and second solution 32. Sample solution 31 passing through flow channel 3 1A is Electrosprayed flor Electrospray tip 4 with or without pneumatic nebulization assist forming Electrospray plume 10. Electrospray with pneumatic nebulization assist is achieved by flowing nebulization gas 7 through annulus 5 exiting at 6 concentrically around Electrospray tip 4. To effect the Eleetrospiay generation of single polarity charged liquid droplets, WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 15 relative voltages are applied to second solution electrode 33, nosepiece and endplate electrode 11 and capillary entrance electrode 12 using power supplies 35, 49 and 50 respectively y. Ieated counter current drying gas 14 aids in drying charge liquid droplets in spray plume 10 as they move towards capillary orifice 20 driven by the applied electric fields. A portion of the ions produced fiom the rapidly evaporating droplets in Electrospray plume 10 pass through capillary orifice 20 and into mass to charge analyzer 28 where they are mass to charge analyzed and detected. Figure 3 is a diagram of one Electrospiay Membrane probe 30 operating mode for positive polarity Eleetrospray ionization employing an alternative embodiment of the invention At least one new electrolyte species comprising benzoic acid, tiimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is added in higher concentration to the solution contained in Syringe 54 of fluid delivery system 37. Syringe 55 is filled with the same solvent composition as loaded into Syringe 54 but without a new electrolyte species added A specific isociatic new electrolyte concentration or a new electrolyte concentration gradient for second solution 32 can be delivered to second solution flow channel 32A by setting the appropriate ratios of pumping speeds on syringes 54 and 55 in fluid delivery system 37 Duiing positive ion polarity Electrospray ionization, H+ is produced at the sur face of second solution electrode 33 and passes through semipermeable membrane 34, most likely as H 3 0, into sample solution 3 1, driven by the electric field A portion of the new electrolyte species flowing though second solution flow channel 32A also passes through semipermeable membrane 34 entering sample solution 31 and forming a net concentration of new electrolyte in sample solution 31.

WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 16 The new electrolyte concentration in solution 31 during Electiospray operation is well below the new electrolyte concentration in second solution 32 The Flectrospray total ion current and consequently the local sample solution pH at Liectrospray tip 4, the new electrolyte concentration in sample solution 31 and the sample ion Electrosplay MS signal response can be controlled by adjusting the new electrolyte concentration in second solution 32 flowing through second solution flow channel 32A. The solvent composition of second solution 32 can be configured to be different flom the solvent composition of the sample solution to optimize solubility and performance of a new electrolyte species. Figure 4 shows one embodiment of Electrospray Membrane probe 57 comprising single membrane section assembly 58 connected to pneumatic nebulization Electrospray inlet probe assembly 59 mounted on Electrospray ion source probe plate 61. Common elements diagrammed in Figures 1, 2 and 3 retain the same element numbers Figure 5 is a diagram of three membrane section Electiospray Membrane probe assembly 64 comprising Electrocaptmre dual membrane section 67 and single Electrospray Membrane section 68. Each membrane section operates in a manner similar to the single section Electrospray membr ane probe described in Figures 2 aid 3. Electrocapture Dual membrane section 67 comprises second solution flow channel 70 with electrode 71 and semipermeable membrane section 76 and second solution flow channel 72 with electrode 73 and semipermeable membrane section 77 Single membrane section 68 comprises second solution flow channel 74 and electiode 75 with semipermeable membrane 78 WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 17 The electrolyte type and concentration and solution composition can be controlled in second solutions 80, 81 and 82 as described previously Common elements described in Figures 1 through 4 retain their element numbers in Figure 5. Electrical potential curve 84 is a diagram of one example of relative electrical potentials set along the sample solution flow path for positive polarity Electrospray ionization and positive ion Electrocapture. Dual membrane Electrocapture secton 67 can be operated to trap and release positive or negative polarity sample ions in the sample solution as described in pending PCI Patent Application Number PCI/SE2005/001844 incorporated herein by reference In an alternative embodiment of the invention, at least one new electrolyte including benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid or cyclohexanecarboxylic acid species is added to second solution 82 with the concentration controlled to maximize Electrosplay sample ion signal as described above Second solution 82 composition and flow r ate can be varied and controlled independently floin second solutions 80 and 81 compositions and flow rates to independently optimize Electrocapture and on line Electrospray performance. Figure 6 is a diagram of atmospheric pressure combination ion source 88 comprising Electrospray inlet probe assemblies 90 and 91 with pneumatic nebulization assist. Electrospray inlet probe 90 comprises Electrospray tip 4 and auxiliary gas heater 92 heating gas flow 93 to aid in the drying of charged liquid droplets comprising Electrosplay plume 10. Voltage applied to ring electrodes 94 and 95 allow control of the production of net neutral or single polarity charged liquid droplets from Electrospray inlet probes 90 and 91 respectively while minimizing undesired electric fields in spray mixing WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 18 region 96. Electiospray inlet probe 91 provides a source of reagent ions that when drawn though spray plume 10 by electric fields 97 effect atmospheric chemical ionization of a portion of the vaporized neutral sample molecules produced from evaporating charged droplets in spr ay plume 10. Combination ion source 88 can be operated in Electrospray only mode, APCI only made or a combination of Electrospray and APCI modes as described in pending U S Patent Application Number 11/396,968 incorporated herein by reference. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, at least one new electrolyte, including benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid or cyclohexancearboxylic acid, can be added to the sample flow solution of Electrospray inlet pr obe 90 and/or to the reagent solution of Electrospray inlet probe 91 which produces reagent ions to promote gas phase atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in mixing region 96 New electrolyte species run in sample solutions can increase the sample ESMS ion single as described above. In addition, new electrolytes in the reagent solution Electrosprayed from Electrospray probe 91 form low proton affinity protonated ions in positive ion polarity Electrosplay which serve as ieagent ions for charge exchange in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization or combination ES and APCI operation New electrolyte species may also be added to sample solution in cciona discharge reagent ion sources or APCI sources to improve APCI sour ce performance. Figure 7 shows a set of ESMS ion signal curves for 1 pM Hexatyrosine sample in a 1:1 methanol:water sample solutions [lectrosprayed using an Electrospray Membrane probe configuration 30 as diagrammed in figures 1, 2 and 3. All sample solutions were run at a flow rate of 10 lI/min. Concentration gradients of different electrolyte species were run WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 19 in the second solution flow channel while acquiring Electrospr ay mass spectrum. The second solution solvent composition was methanol:water fox all electrolytes iun with the exception of Naphthoxyacetic acid which was iun in a methanol second solution. As the concentration of the added electrolyte inci eased in the second solution flow, the Electrospray total ion curent increased Lach curve shown in Figure 7 is effectively a base ion chromatogram with the Hexatyrosine peak amplitude plotted over Electrospray total ion cment Signal response curves 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104 for Hexatyrosine versus Electrospray total ion cunent were acquired when running second solution concentr ation gradients of acetic acid (up to 10%), 2 napthoxyacetic acid (up to .37M), trimellitic acid (up to .244 M), 1,2,4,5 Benzene Carboxylic acid (up to 233 M) and terephthalic acid (saturated) respectively Conventional electrolyte, acetic acid, provided the highest hexatyrosine ESMS signal amplitude for this set of electrolytes as shown in Figure 6 Hexatyrosine signal response curve 108 was acquired while running a concentration gradient in the second solution of new electiolyte cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (up to .195 M) The maximum hexatyrosine signal achieved with new electrolyte run in the second solution of Electospray Membrane probe 30 was two times the maximIrm amplitude achieved with acetic acid as an electrolyte. The limited cross section area of the semipermeable membrane in contact with the sample solution limited the Electrospray total ion current range with new electrolyte cyclohexanecarboxylic acid run in the second solution. As will be shown in later figures, higher analyte signal can be achieved by adding new electiolye species directly to the sample solution. The difference in the shape and amplitude of curve 108 illustrates the clear difference in performance of WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 20 the Electospiay ionization process when new electrolyte cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is used Figure 8 shows another set of ESMS ion signal curves for 1 sM hexatyiosine sample in a 1:1 methanol:water sample solutions Electrospr ayed using an Electrospiay Membrane probe configuration 30 as diagrammed in Figwes 1, 2 and 3 Hexatyrosine Electrospray MS signal response curves 110 through 112 and 115 were acquired while running electrolyte concentration gradients in the second solution flow of Electrospray Membrane probe 30. Hexatyxosine Electiospray MS signal response curve 118 was acquired by Electrospraying different sample solutions having different new electrolyte benzoic acid concentrations added directly to the sample solution. ESMS signal response curve 114 with end data point 113 for hexatyiosine was acquired by Electrospraying different sample solutions comprising different concentrations of citric acid added directly to the sample solutions No Electrospray membrane probe was used to generate curves 114 01 118. Signal response cuives 110, 111, 112 and 1 15 for Hexatyrosine versus Electrospray total ion current were acquired when running second solution concentration gradients of conventional electrolytes, acetic acid (up to 10% in the second solution), foimic acid (up to 5%) and nitric acid (up to 1%) and new electrolyte benzoic acid (up to 0.41M in the second solution) respectively. Comparing the hexatyrosine ESMS signal response with new electrolyte benzoic acid added to the second solution of membrane probe 30 or directly to the sample solution during Electrospray ionization, similar ion signals are obtained for the same Electrospray ion current generated. Electrospray performance with the electolyte added to the Electrospray Membrane probe second solution generally WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 21 correlates well with the Electrospray performance with the same electrolyte added directly to the sample solution during Electrospray ionization for similar Electrospray total ion currents, As shown by curves 115 and 118, increased hexatyrosine ESMS signal is achieved when new electrolyte benzoic acid is added to the second solution of Electrospray Membrane probe 30 or directly to the sample solution during Electrospiay ionization. The maximum hexatyrosine ESMS signal shown by signal response curve 118 was over five times higher than that achieved with any of the conventional electrolytes acetic, fornic or nitric acids or non conventional electrolyte citric acid . Electrospiay MS signal response curves 120 and 121 for 1 pM hexatyrosine sample in a 1:1 methanol:watei solutions are shown in Figure 9 Curve 121 was generated by Electrospiaying different sample solutions containing different concentrations of conventional electrolyte acetic acid Curve 120 was generated by Electrospraying different sample solutions containing different concentrations of new electrolyte cyclohexanecarboxylic acid The maximum hexatyiosine ESMS signal achieved with new electrolyte cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was over two time higher than the maximum hexatyrosine signal achieved with conventional electrolyte acetic acid. Three ESMS signal response curves using Electrospray membrane probe 30 for 1 pM hexatyrosine sample in 1:1 methanol:water solutions are shown in Figure 10. Curve 122 was generated by running a concentration gradient of acetic acid in the Electrospray Membrane piobe second solution flow. Over a factor of two increase in hexatyrosine signal was achieved by running a concentration gradient of benzoic acid in the second WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 22 solution of the Electrospiay Membrane probe as shown by signal response curve 123. The addition of inorganic electrolytes to the sample solution generally reduces the analyte signal response for a given Electrospray total ion current- Hexatyiosine signal response curve 124 was acquired with 0.001% trifluoioacetic acid (TFA) added to the sample solution while running a concenti ation gradient of benzoic acid in the Electr ospray Membrane probe second solution. The Flectiospray total ion current of approximately 100 nA was measured at data point 125 on curve 124 A data point 125, the Electrospray signal of hexatyrosine was lower with 0 001% TFA added to the sample solution compared with the ESMS signal response with acetic acid added to the ES Membrane probe second solution Very low concentration benzoic acid was added to the second solution when data point 125 was acquired. Increasing the concentration of benzoic acid in the second solution increased the hexatyrosine signal overcoming the ESMS signal reducing effect of TFA in the sample solution. Even with 0.001% 1FA added to the sample solution, the addition of new electrolyte benzoic acid to the second solution of an ES Membrane probe increases the hexatyrosine ESMS signal to a maximum of over two times the maximum hexatyrosine ESMS signal achieved with acetic acid added to the second solution Figure 11 shows negative ion polarity ESMS signal response curves fox 1 gM hexatyrosine sample in 1:1 methanol:water solutions run using an Electrospray membrane probe. Curve 127 was acquired while running a concentration gradient of acetic acid in the second solution Signal response curve 128 was acquired while running a concentration gradient of benzoic acid in the second solution of Electrospray Membrane WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 23 probe 30 The maximum negative ion polarity hexatyrosine ESMS signal acquired with new electrolyte benzoic acid was over two times the maximum ESMS signal achieved with conventional electrolyte acetic acid. 1 pxM reserpine sample in 1:1 rmethanol:water solutions were Electrosprayed to generate the ESMS signal response curves shown in Figure 12 New electrolytes benzoic acid and dimethyl acetic acid and conventional electrolyte acetic acid were added at different concentrations to different sample solutions to compare ESMS signal response. As shown by r eseipine ESMS signal response curves 127, 128 and 129, a two times signal increase can be achieve when new electrolyte species benzoic acid and trimethyl acetic acid are added to the sample solution compared to the ES MS signal achieved by Electiospiaying with conventional electrolyte acetic acid added to the sample solution A comparison of ESMS signal response for 1 pM leucine enkephalin sample in 1:1 methanol:wate1 solutions using four electrolytes added to the sample solution is shown in Figure 13. New electrolytes, benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexane carboxylic acid and conventional electrolyte acetic acid were added at different concentrations to different leucine enkephalin sample solutions to generate ESMS signal response curves 130, 131, 132 and 133 respectively. When running the new electrolytes, a maximum leucine enkephalin signal response increase oftwo times was achieved compared with the maximum signal response achieved with electrolyte acetic acid. Individually, a facto of three increase in leucine enkephalin ESMS maximum signal response was achieved by adding benzoic acid..to the sample solution.

WO 2008/151121 PCT/US2008/065513 24 A characteristic of the new electrolytes is the presence of an (MI+H)* electrolyte parent ion peak ion in the ESMS spectrum acquired in positive ion polarity Electrospray as shown in Figures 14A, 15A and 16A for benzoic acid, trinethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanocarboxylic acid respectively Such a patent positive ion is not generally observed when running conventional electrolytes in Electrospray ionization. As expected, the presence of an (M-H)~ electrolyte species peak was obser ved in the ESMS spectrum acquired in negative ion polarity mode as shown in Figures 14B, 15B and 16B The presence of gas phase electrolyte parent ions present in positive ion polarity Electrospray may play a role in increasing the ESMS analyze signal The use of new electrolytes benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid increases ESMS signal amplitude fbr samples run in positive or negative ion polarity Electrospray ionization. An increase in Electrospray MS analyte signal can be achieved by adding a new electrolyte directly to the sample solution or by running a new elecuolyte in the second solution of an Electrospray Membrane probe dur ing Electrospray ionization. Having described this invention with respect to specific embodiments, it is to be understood that the description is not meant as a limitation since further modifications and variations may be apparent or may suggest themselves. It is intended that the present application cover all such modifications and variations

Claims (18)

1. A method, comprising: including at least one of benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid, and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in a solution during ionization in an ion source operating essentially at atmospheric pressure, wherein the method increases a mass spectrometry analyte ion signal amplitude.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the ion source is an electrospray ion source, and the solution is a sample solution.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the ion source is an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source, and the solution is a sample solution.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the ion source is an electrospray ion source, and the benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid, or cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is used in a second solution with an electrospray membrane probe during electrospray ionization.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the ion source is a combination electrospray ion source and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source, and the solution is a reagent solution.

6. A system, comprising: a fluid delivery system containing a first solution including at least one of benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid, and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid; an ionization source; and 25 one or more flow channels configured to direct the first solution from the fluid delivery system to the ionization source.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the system is configured so that during operation the system increases mass spectrometry analyte ion signal generated in the ionization source.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein the first solution is a sample solution.

9. The system of claim 6, further comprising: a second fluid delivery system containing a second solution, different from the first solution; and one or more flow channels connecting the second fluid delivery system to the ionization source.

10. The system of claim 9, further comprising: an electrode in electrical communication to a portion of the flow channel connecting the second fluid delivery system and the ionization source, and a semi-permeable membrane arranged between a portion of the one or more flow channels connecting the second fluid delivery system and the ionization source and a portion of the one or more flow channels between the first fluid delivery system and the ionization source, wherein the system is arranged so that the first solution, but not the second solution, is delivered to an ionization tip of the ionization source.

11. The system of claim 6, wherein the ionization source is an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source.

12. The system of claim 6, wherein the ionization source is an electrospray source. 26

13. The system of claim 12, further comprising a means to include the first solution in a second solution with an electrospray membrane during operation of the electrospray source.

14. The system of claim 6, further comprising one or more flow channels connecting the first fluid delivery system to a flow channel containing a precursor solution to generate a second solution.

15. The system of claim 14, further comprising an electrode in electrical connection with a portion of the flow channel containing the second solution.

16. The system of claim 14, further comprising: a second fluid delivery system containing a third solution, different from the first and second solutions; one or more flow channels connecting the second fluid delivery system to the ionization source; and a semi-permeable membrane between a portion of the flow channel containing the second solution and a portion of a flow channel containing the third solution.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the ion source is an electrospray ion source comprising an electrospray tip, the system being arranged so that the third solution, but not the second solution, is delivered to an ionization tip of the ionization source.

18. The system of claim 6, further comprising a second fluid delivery system containing a second solution and connected to a flow channel containing the second solution, wherein the system is configured to perform electrocapture in a portion of a first of the one or more flow channels that direct the first solution from the fluid delivery system to the ionization source, a first flow channel being arranged between two flow channels containing second solution. 27