AU2014201082B2 - Modified beta-lactamases and methods and uses related thereto - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to pharmaceuticals and modified beta-lactamases. Specifically, the invention relates to novel recombinant beta-lactamases and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the beta-lactamases. Also, the present invention relates to methods for modifying a beta-lactamase, producing the beta-lactamase and treating or preventing beta-lactam antibiotic induced adverse effects. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the beta-lactamase for use as a medicament and to the use of the beta-lactamase in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing beta-lactam antibiotics induced adverse effects. Still further, the invention relates to a polynucleotide and a host cell comprising the polynucleotide.

Description

1 AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 ORIGINAL COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT Invention title: Modified beta-lactamases and methods and uses related thereto This application is a divisional of Australian Patent Application No 2011257092 which is the Australian national phase entry of PCT/F12011/050450, which claims priority to Finnish provisional patent application No 20105572 filed 24 May 2010. Each of these applications is herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: la Modified beta-lactamases and methods and uses related there to Field of the invention The present invention relates to pharmaceuticals and modified beta 5 lactamases. Specifically, the invention relates to novel recombinant beta lactamases and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the beta-lactamases. Also, the present invention relates to methods for modifying a beta lactamase, producing the beta-lactamase and treating or preventing beta lactam antibiotic induced adverse effects. Furthermore, the present invention 10 relates to the beta-lactamase for use as a medicament and to the use of the beta-lactamase in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing beta-lactam antibiotics induced adverse effects. Still further, the invention relates to a polynucleotide and a host cell comprising the polynucleotide. 15 Background of the invention Beta-lactam antibiotics are characterized by a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure. The integrity of the beta-lactam ring is essential for the biological activity, which results in the inactivation of a set of transpepti dases that catalyze the final cross-linking reactions of peptidoglycan synthesis. 20 Members of the beta-lactam antibiotics family comprise penicillins, cephalo sporins, clavams (or oxapenams), cephamycins and carbapenems. Beta-lactamases are bacterial defensive enzymes that hydrolyze beta-lactam antibiotics. The production of beta-lactamases is a predominant mechanism to confer beta-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Beta 25 lactamases catalyse very efficiently irreversible hydrolysis of the amide bond of the beta-lactam ring resulting in biologically inactive product(s). Because of the diversity of enzymatic characteristics of different be ta-lactamase types, several classification systems have been proposed for their categorising. The classifications are based on two major approaches, 30 which are functional and molecular classifications. The functional classification scheme of beta-lactamases proposed by Bush et al., (1995, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39: 1211-1233) defines four beta-lactamase groups, which are based on their substrate and inhibitor profiles. Group 1 consists of cephalosporinases that are not well inhibited by 35 clavulanic acid. Group 2 consists of penicillinases, cephalosporinases and 2 broad-spectrum beta-lactamases that are generally inhibited by active site directed beta-lactamase inhibitors. Group 3 consists of metallo-beta lactamases that hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems, and that are poorly inhibited by almost all beta-lactam-containing molecules. Group 5 4 consists of penicillinases that are not well inhibited by clavulanic acid. Sub groups have also been defined according to rates of hydrolysis of carbenicillin or cloxacillin (oxacillin) by group 2 penicillinases. The most widely used classification is Ambler classification which divides beta-lactamases into four classes (A, B, C, D) and is based on their 10 amino-acid sequences (Ambler 1980, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 289: 321-331). Classes A, C, and D gather evolutionarily distinct groups of serine beta-lactamase enzymes, and class B the zinc-dependent ("EDTA-inhibited") beta-lactamase enzymes (Ambler R.P. et al., 1991, Biochem J. 276: 269-270). Classes A, C, and D belong to serine beta-lactamases, in which the hydrolysis 15 of the beta-lactam is mediated by serine in an active site. Serine beta lactamases are related to DD peptidases (D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypepti dase), the target enzyme of beta-lactams. The mechanism by which serine be ta-lactamases hydrolyze beta-lactam antibiotics is believed to follow a three step pathway including a non-covalent Henri-Michaelis complex, a covalent 20 acyl-enzyme intermediate and deacylation (Matagne et al., 1998, Biochem J 330:581-598). Acylation mechanism is considered to be a common mechanism for all serine beta-lactamase groups whereas, on the basis of theoretical calcu lations, the substrate deacylation mechanisms of serine beta-lactamase of classes A, C and D appear to differ from each other. Deacylation mechanisms 25 have both common and group specific elementary processes (Hata M et al., 2006, Biol Pharm Bull. 29: 2151-2159). Bacillus spp. serine beta-lactamases and TEM-1, SHV-1 and CTX-M families have primarily been classified as class A beta-lactamases and as penicillinases that possess good capability to hydrolyze e.g. penicillin and 30 ampicillin. The class A beta-lactamases were first identified in penicillin re sistant St. aureus in the 1940s. A plasmid-borne penicillin resistance gene, TEM-1, was discovered in E. coli 20 years later. Later on, serine beta lactamases were also shown to evolve the ability to hydrolyze most cephalo sporins and further specialize at hydrolysing a specific subset of cephalospo 35 rins. Most of these extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are derivates of TEM-1, TEM-2 or SHV-1 enzymes. Recently there are increasing numbers 3 of reports that describe the vast emergence of CTX-M enzymes, a new group of class A ESBLs. Nowadays, CTX-M enzymes are the most frequently obser ved ESBLs and are sub-classified into five major families. CTX-M enzymes have a wide substrate range including penicillin and the first, second and third 5 generation cephalosporins (Bonnet, R. 2004. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:1-14). While the sequence similarity between the class A beta-lactamases (TEM, SHV, CTX-M, Bacillus spp. beta-lactamases) is moderate, the crystal structures of all serine beta-lactamases show a particularly high similarity 10 (Matagne et al., 1998, Biochem J 330:581-598; Tranier S. et al., 2000, J Biol Chem, 275: 28075-28082; Santillana E. et al., 2007, Proc Natl Acad Sci. U S A, 104: 5354-5359). The enzymes are composed of two domains. One domain consists of a five-stranded beta sheet packed against three alpha helices whilst the second domain, an alpha domain, is composed of eight alpha heli 15 ces. The active site pocket is part of the interface between these two domains and is limited by the omega loop. The omega loop is a conserved structural el ement of all class A beta-lactamases and is essentially involved in catalytic re action (Figure 1). Several conserved peptide sequences (elements) related to cataly 20 sis or recognition of the substrate have been identified in class A beta lactamases. The first conserved element 70-Ser-X-X-Lys-73 (Ambler classifi cation) includes the active serine residue at location 70 in alpha helix 2 and ly sine at position 73. The second conserved element is a SXN loop in an alpha domain (at positions between 130 and 132 according to Ambler classification), 25 where it forms one side of a catalytic cavity. The third conserved element (at postions between 234 and 236 according to Ambler classification) is on the in nermost strand of the beta-sheet 3 and forms the other side of the catalytic cavi ty. The third conserved element is usually KTG. However, in some exceptional cases, lysine (K) can be replaced by histidine (H) or arginine (R), and in sever 30 al beta-lactamases, threonine (T) can be substituted by serine (S) (Matagne et al., 1998. Biochem J 330:581-598). Beta-lactamase mediated resistance to beta-lactams is widely spread among pathogen and commensal microbiota, because of abundant use of beta-lactams in recent decades. Indeed, antibiotic resistance is a well-known 35 clinical problem in human and veterinary medicine, and hundreds of different beta-lactamases derived from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have 4 been purified and characterized in the scientific literature. Because the use of antimicrobials has not reduced and furthermore, antimicrobial resistance has become part of the everyday life, new approaches are invariably and urgently required for solving these medical problems. 5 The intestinal microbiota of humans is a complex bacterial commu nity that plays an important role in human health, for example, by stimulating the immune response system, aiding in digestion of food and preventing the overgrowth of potential pathogen bacteria. Antimicrobial agents e.g. beta lactams are known to have effect on normal microbiota. The efficacy of antimi 10 crobial agents to promote changes of normal intestinal microbiota is associated with several factors including drug dosage, route of administration and phar macokinetics/dynamics and properties of antibiotics (Sullivan A. et al., 2001, Lancet 1:101-114). Even though the intestinal microbiota have a tendency to revert to normal after completion of antibiotic treatment, long term persistence 15 of selected resistant commensal bacteria has been reported (Sj6lund M. et al., 2003, Ann Intern Med. 139:483-487). Such persistence and the exchange of antibiotic resistance genes make the commensal microbiota a putative reser voir of antibiotic resistance genes. Certain parentally administered beta-lactams like ampicillin, ceftri 20 axone, cefoperazone, and piperacillin are in part eliminated via biliary excretion into the proximal part of the small intestine (duodenum). Residual unabsorbed beta-lactams in the intestinal tract may cause an undesirable effect on the eco logical balance of normal intestinal microbiota resulting in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria such as vancomycin resistant en 25 terococci (VRE), extended-beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacilli (ESBL), Clostridium difficile, and fungi, and selection of antibiotic-resistance strains among both normal intestinal microbiota and potential pathogen bacte ria. The therapeutic purpose of beta-lactamases is inactivating unab 30 sorbed antibiotics in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), thereby maintaining a normal intestinal microbiota and preventing its overgrowth with potentially pathogenic micro-organisms (WO 93/13795). There are at least three requirements for beta-lactamase drug prod ucts, which are suitable for GIT targeted therapy. The first requirement is to 35 preserve enzymatic activity under conditions prevailing in the GIT. Resistance against proteolytic breakdown by various proteases secreted from various 5 glands into the GIT is a quintessential precondition for the feasibility of beta lactamase therapy. Another important consideration is the range of pH values prevailing in the different compartments of the small intestine. These pH values usually vary between 5 (duodenum) and 7.5 (ileum). Hence, in order to qualify 5 as candidates for the intended therapeutic purpose, a beta-lactamase needs to exhibit high enzymatic activity over the pH range 5-7.5. The second requirement of a beta-lactamase or a product thereof is to hydrolyze beta-lactam efficiently. The concentration of a beta-lactam anti biotic in small intestinal chyme during an antibiotic treatment episode is mostly 10 related to the elimination of the particular beta-lactam via biliary excretion. A suitable beta-lactamase needs to have kinetic parameters that enable it to ef fectively hydrolyze lower GIT beta-lactam concentrations below levels causing alterations in intestinal microbiota. The ideal set of kinetic parameters consists of a numerical low value for the Michaelis constant KM, combined with a nu 15 merically high value for the maximum reaction rate Vmax. A high Vmax value is required in order to provide a sufficient degree of breakdown capacity, while a low KM value is needed to ensure beta-lactam degrading activity at low sub strate concentrations. The third requirement of a beta-lactamase or a product thereof is to 20 tolerate the conditions, such as relatively high temperatures, in the manufactur ing of pharmaceutical compositions. Moreover, in the production process, the mixing dispersion of aqueous excipients and drug substance requires a high degree of solubility at suitable pH. An enzymatic therapy, named Ipsat P1A, is being developed for the 25 prevention of the adverse effects of p-lactam antibiotics inside the gut. Ipsat PlA delivery system has been designed to inactivate parenterally given peni cillin group beta-lactams (e.g. penicillin, amoxicillin ampicillin and piperacillin) with or without beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g. tazobactam, sulbactam, clavu lanic acid) excreted via biliary system (WO 2008065247; Tarkkanen, A.M. et 30 al., 2009, Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53:2455-2462). The PlA enzyme is a recombinant form of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C small exo beta-lactamase (WO 2008065247) which belongs to class A and is grouped to subgroup 2a in functional classification. B. licheniformis beta-lactamase and its PlA derivate are considered as penicillinases which have high hydrolytic capacity to de 35 grade e.g. penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin or piperacillin (Table 1) and they are generally inhibited by active site-directed beta-lactamase inhibitors such as 6 clavulanic acid, sulbactam or tazobactam (Bush K. et aL, 1995, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39: 1211-1233). However, the P1A enzyme has only a very limited capacity to inactivate beta lactam antibiotics that belong to the cephalosporin or the carbapenem group. Because 5 the employed beta-lactamases possess poor activity to cephalosporins, they can not be applied in conjunction with parenteral cephalosporin therapy for inactivation of unabsorbed beta-lactam in the small intestinal tract. Therefore, new beta-lactamases or derivates of P1A with extended substrate profile, for example as seen in metallo-beta-lactamases, are indispensable. o The present invention provides novel genetically tailored derivates of P1A beta lactamase and furthermore, novel methods for modifying and producing beta lactamases. Brief description of the invention 5 The new recombinant derivates of P1A beta-lactamase of the invention fulfill the above-mentioned three requirements of suitable beta-lactamases (i.e. have abilities to preserve enzymatic activity, hydrolyze beta-lactams efficiently and tolerate conditions in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical compositions) and furthermore, have extended substrate profiles. The beta-lactamases of the invention may also be used in o conjunction with parenteral cephalosporin therapy for inactivating biliary eliminated beta-lactam in the small intestinal tract. The present invention highlights the preliminary and preclinical studies of a new Ipsat P3A pharmaceutical protein (a D276N substituted derivate of P1A) and presents a single drug substance dose. 25 The present invention enables rapid and efficient methods for modifying beta lactamases and for producing them. Furthermore, by the present invention more effective and specific treatments become available. The enzymes of the invention are suitable for large scale manufacturing for a drug substance for treating or preventing adverse effects induced by various groups of 30 beta-lactam antibiotics. The present invention provides novel betalactamases, especially beta lactamases of B. /icheniformis, and to provide products, methods and 7 uses related to the beta-lactamases. Tools for further developments in pharmaceutical industries are also presented by the invention. In a first aspect there is provided a method for preventing a beta-lactam antibiotic induced adverse effect, comprising administering an effective amount of a beta 5 lactamase to a subject in need thereof, wherein: the subject is receiving a beta-lactam antibiotic; and the beta-lactamase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 68% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 and a hydrophilic amino acid residue other than aspartic acid (D) at a position corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler o classification. In a second aspect there is provided a method for preventing a Clostridium difficile infection, comprising administering an effective amount of a beta-lactamase to a subject receiving a beta-lactam antibiotic wherein: the Clostridium difficile infection is caused by unabsorbed beta-lactam antibiotic 5 in the intestinal tract; and the beta-lactamase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 68% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 and a hydrophilic amino acid residue other than aspartic acid (D) at a position corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification. o In a third aspect there is provided a method for preventing a Clostridium difficile infection, comprising administering an effective amount of a beta-lactamase to a subject receiving a beta-lactam antibiotic wherein: the Clostridium difficile infection is caused by unabsorbed beta-lactam antibiotic in the intestinal tract; and 25 the beta-lactamase comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a asparagine (N) residue at a position corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification. The present invention also relates to a beta-lactamase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 and having a 30 hydrophilic amino acid residue at a position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification, or a variant or fragment thereof.

7a The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the beta lactamase of the invention. The invention also relates to a method of modifying a beta-lactamase comprising 5 an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein an amino acid of the beta-lactamase at a position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification is replaced with a hydrophilic amino acid. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of producing the beta-lactamase, o wherein the method comprises the following steps: i) providing a gene encoding the beta-lactamase of the invention; ii) transforming a host cell with the gene; iii) obtaining a host cell that produces the beta-lactamase; iv) recovering the beta-lactamase. 5 Furthermore, the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing beta lactam antibiotic induced adverse effects in the gastro-intestinal tract by administering beta-lactamase of the invention simultaneously or sequentially with a beta-lactam antibiotic to a subject. Still further, the present invention relates to the beta-lactamase for use as a o medicament. Still further, the present invention relates to a use of the beta-lactamase in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing beta-lactam antibiotics induced adverse effects in the gastro-intestinal tract. Still further, the invention relates to a polynucleotide, which comprises a 25 sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO:s 2 or 4 or a degenerate thereof, or it encodes the beta-lactamase of the invention. The invention also relates to a host cell comprising the polynucleotide.

8 Brief description of the figures Figure 1 shows the 3D structure of beta-lactamase of Bacillus li cheniformis beta-lactamase (small exo form of PenP). The conserved amino acid residues and the side chains residues of R-244 and D-278 are marked. 5 The diagram was generated by using MolSof-Browser programme. Figure 2 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of D276N beta-lactamase gene of Bacillus licheniformis (PlA derivate). The amino acid sequence corresponds to sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein Xaa is asparagine (Asn). The nucleotide sequence corresponds to sequence SEQ ID 10 NO: 4, wherein the nucleotide triplet nnn is aat. The open reading frame en codes a 299 amino acid polypeptide possessing a 31 amino acid long signal sequence (underlined) of the amyQ gene derived from the pKTH141 secretion vector (WO 2008/065247). The predicted signal peptidase cleavage site is af ter alanine (A) at position -1. The HindIII cloning site that encodes an NH 2 15 QAS extension is expressed as bold. The mature D276N mutant enzyme starts from glutamine (Q) at a position of +1. Thus, the mature D276N mutant beta lactamase comprises 268 amino acid residues including the NH 2 -QAS exten sion encoded by HindIII. A single amino acid substitution of aspartic acid (D) to asparagine (N) is located at the position 280 (expressed as a bold character) 20 corresponding to the position of 276 in the Ambler classification system and corresponding to amino acid position 249 in sequence SEQ ID NO: 3. The NH 2 - terminal sequence of purified D276N mutant enzyme was determined by automated Edman degradation in a protein sequencer. Analysis demonstrated that the D276N mutant enzyme lacks NH 2 -QASKT-pentapeptide 25 at its deduced amino terminus in a manner similar to that of its parent PlA en zyme (WO 2008/065247). The major fraction of the purified D276N mutant en zyme, which has been utilized in examples 4 and 6 of this application, initiates from glutamic acid at position +6 and is composed of 263 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 29 272. 30 Figure 3 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of D276R substituted beta-lactamase gene of PlA derived from Bacillus li cheniformis. The amino acid sequence corresponds to sequence SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein Xaa is arginine (Arg). The nucleotide sequence corresponds to se quence SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the nucleotide triplet nnn is cgc.

9 Figure 4 shows the effect of orally administered enteric coated D276N substituted beta-lactamase (P3A) pellets on the concentrations of ceftriaxone in jejunal chyme of beagle dogs (n=5) after intravenous administra tion of ceftriaxone (30 mg of ceftriaxone per kg of body weight) (closed 5 squares). Beta-lactamase pellets were received 10 minutes prior to ceftriaxone injection. Closed diamonds represent jejunal ceftriaxone concentrations achieved after a single dose of ceftriaxone (i.v.) without beta-lactamase treat ment. Detailed description of the invention 10 Beta-lactamases have been used in inactivating unabsorbed beta lactams in the gastrointestinal tract in order to prevent the beta-lactam induced adverse effects including alterations in intestinal normal microbiota and the overgrowth of beta-lactam resistant bacteria (WO 9313795, WO 2008065247, WO 2007147945. The present invention now provides a modified beta 15 lactamase of Bacillus licheniformis, which shows a surprising altered substrate profile. As used herein, a beta-lactamase refers to an enzyme, which hydro lyzes beta-lactams. Hydrolysis of the amide bond of the beta-lactam ring makes the antimicrobial agents biologically inactive. As used herein, class A 20 beta-lactamases (Ambler classification) refer to serine beta-lactamases, in which hydrolysis of beta-lactam is mediated by serine in the active site, usually at amino acid position 70 in the alpha helix 2 . Class A beta-lactamases include but are not limited to Len-1, SHV-1, TEM-1, PSE-3/PSE-3, ROB-1, Bacillus ce reus such as 5/B type 1, 569/H type 1 and 569/H type 3, Bacillus anthrasis sp, 25 Bacillus licheniformis such as PenP, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, Bacillus clausii, Staphylococcus aureus, PC1, Sme-1, NmcA, IMI-, PER-, VEB-, GES-, KPC-, CME- and CTX-M types beta-lactamases. Sequence identity of peptides and polynucleotides The amino acid sequences of the mutant beta-lactamase of the pre 30 sent invention (D276X, PiA derivate) are set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 3. The corresponding nucleotide sequences are set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 4. SEQ ID NO: 1 sets forth the amino acid sequence taking part in the formation of secondary structure of the beta-lactamase. SEQ ID NO: 3 sets forth the full length amino acid sequence of the protein, including 35 the 31 amino acids long signal sequence.

10 A beta-lactamase of the invention may comprise an amino acid se quence having at least 30, 35, 40, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,62,63,64,65, 66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.8, 5 99.9 or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. According to a specific embodiment of the invention, the peptide has at least 30, 35, 40, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81, 82,83,84,85,86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.8, 99.9 or 100% 10 identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase of the invention comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 60% se quence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In another preferred embodiment of the in vention the beta-lactamase has at least 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID 15 NO: 1 or 3. In one embodiment of the invention the beta-lactamase comprising an amino acid sequence having any above-mentioned sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1, has a hydrophilic amino acid selected from a group consisting of arginine (R), histidine (H), lysine (K), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine 20 (S) and threonine (T) at a position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the peptide has the se quence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. In one embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase has the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, wherein a 25 hydrophilic amino acid residue at a position corresponding to position 276 ac cording to Ambler classification (marked as Xaa in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3) is an arginine (R, Arg). In another embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase has the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, wherein a hydrophilic amino acid residue at a position corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler 30 classification (marked as Xaa in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3) is an asparagine (N, Asn). Identity of any sequence with the sequence of this invention refers to the identity with the entire sequence of the present invention. Sequence identity may be determined by any conventional bioinformatic method, for ex ample by using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tools) or FASTA 35 (FAST-All).

11 The present invention also relates to any variants or fragments of the novel beta-lactamases. As used herein, a fragment or variant of the beta lactamase refers to any part or variant, which has a biological function i.e. is enzymatically active. A variant refers to a peptide having small alterations in 5 the peptide sequence, e.g. mutations, small deletions or insertions. The frag ments and variants should include the hydrophilic amino acid at a position cor responding to position 276 according to Ambler classification. The hydrophilic amino acid is typically other than aspartic acid (D). There are various short forms of the beta-lactamase, which are ob 10 tainable from SEQ ID NO: 3 and which are secreted outside the cell. These are called exoforms. The exoforms are the result of hydrolytic activity of proteases in the cell wall or culture medium. D276X, D276N, D276R, mutant form, P1A derivate or P3A, as used herein encompasses any beta-lactamase active fragment and/or variant of the 15 SEQ ID NO: 3 or variant comprising the explicitly given amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1). Especially, the beta-lactamase of the invention is an NH 2 truncated form, which means that it has been truncated at the aminoterminus. In addition to the NH 2 -truncation, it may comprise one or more further amino acid deletions, substitutions and/or insertions, as long as it has beta-lactamase 20 activity. Said modifications may be either naturally occurring variations or mu tants, or artificial modifications introduced e.g. by gene technology. Differently aminoterminally truncated exoforms have been found in the growth medium of B. licheniformis. Such exoforms are also encompassed herein. Matagne et al. have described various extents of microheterogeneity in 25 extracellular forms produced by the natural host B. licheniformis 749/C (Matagne A. et al., 1991. Biochem J. 273:503-510). The following five different secreted exoforms with different N-terminal amino acid residues were identi fied: SQPAEKNEKTEMKDD.....KALNMNGK 30 EKTEMKDD.....KALNMNGK KTEMKDD.....KALNMNGK EMKDD.... . KALNMNGK MKDD.....KALNMNGK Initial amino acid residues are presented in bold. The C-terminal 35 amino acid residues are indicated to the right. The exoform starting from serine 12 (S) is called the "large secreted form" of B. licheniformis beta-lactamase, and the one starting from lysine (K) is called the "small secreted form". The first alpha helix (a 1 -helix) starts from aspartatic acid (D) (pre sented in italics) and the end of the last alpha helix (a11-helix) ends at aspara 5 gine (N) (presented in italics). According to one embodiment of the invention the beta-lactamase comprises at least the amino acids 1-258 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or amino acids 7-264 of SEQ ID NO: 3, which take part in the secondary struc ture of the protein (Knox J.R. et al., 1991. J. Mol Biol. 220: 435-455). According to another embodiment of the invention one or more of said amino acids 1-258 10 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or amino acids 7-264 of SEQ ID NO: 3 have been deleted or replaced. According to still another embodiment of the invention the amino terminal of the beta-lactamase begins with NH 2 -KTEMKDD (amino acids 4-10 of SEQ ID NO: 3). This so-called ES-betaL exoform may further lack up to 21 15 contiguous residues as described by Gebhard et al. (Gebhard L.G. et al., 2006, J. Mol. Biol. 21:358(1)280-288). According to another embodiment of the in vention the amino terminal begins with glutamic acid (E) of SEQ ID NO: 3, and especially it begins with NH 2 -EMKDD (amino acids 6-10 of SEQ ID NO: 3), or alternatively it begins with NH 2 -MKDD (amino acids 7-10 of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 20 amino acids 1-4 of SEQ ID NO: 1). The variable region in the amino terminal sequence of the beta lactamase has no rigid structure which accounts for the constancy of enzymat ic parameters of various beta lactamase forms. The four last amino acids at the carboxylic end of the beta 25 lactamase, MNGK-COOH (amino acids 265-268 of SEQ ID NO: 3), are not part of the secondary structure, and may therefore also be deleted without loosing activity. In another embodiment up to nine C-terminal amino acids may be deleted. C-truncated forms of the protein have been described by Santos et al. (Santos J. et al., 2004. Biochemistry 43:1715-1723). 30 All the different forms of the beta-lactamase set forth above are en compassed by the present invention, together with other forms of the protein having beta-lactamase activity. A polynucleotide of the invention may comprise or have a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 or a degenerate thereof. A polynucleotide that 35 is a degenerate of a sequence shown in any one of SEQ ID NO:s 2 or 4 refers to a polynucleotide that has one or more different nucleotides compared to 13 SEQ ID NO:s 2 or 4 but encodes for the same amino acid. Preferably, the nu cleotide triplet nnn of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 encodes a hydrophilic amino acid, most preferably N or R. A "polynucleotide" as used herein is a sequence of nu cleotides such as a DNA or RNA sequence, and may be a single or double 5 stranded polynucleic acid. The term polynucleotide encompasses genomic DNA, cDNA and mRNA. According to a specific embodiment of the invention, the polynucle otide has at least 30, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,55,56,57,58, 59,60,65,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82, 10 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.8 or 99.9% identity to any one of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4, or fragments thereof. In one specific embodiment of the invention the polynucleotide has a sequence shown in any one of the sequences SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4. 15 Amino acids at position 276 (Ambler) of class A beta-lactamases Asparagine (Asn, N) at amino acid position 276 is present in a wide variety of class A beta-lactamases. The function of Asn276 has been intensive ly studied in TEM and SHV beta-lactamases, in which Asn276 forms hydrogen bonds with the guanidium group of arginine (Arg, R) 244 and thus, limits the 20 mobility of the Arg244 side chain. Substitutions of asparagine (Asn, N) in TEM or SHV enzymes have been recognised as one major contributor to resistance to serine beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic adic sulbactam or tazobactam. N276D (Asp) substitution variants of TEM-1 beta-lactamase are present in inhibitor re 25 sistant beta-lactamases (IRT enzymes such as TEM-35 and TEM-36). An N276D variant is more resistant to clavulanic acid and tazobactam than the wild type TEM-1 enzyme, but concomitantly the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) of N276D variant for various penicillins are less than 50% of those in the TEM 1 wild type enzyme. Catalytic efficacies of the N276D variant to cephalosporins 30 are reduced compared to those of the wild type TEM-1 (Saves I et al., 1995, J Biol Chem. 270:18240-18245). Similarly to TEM-1, N276D substitution in SHV-1 or SHV-5 beta lactamase enhances the resistance to serine beta-lactamase inhibitors but re duces their hydrolytic efficiencies to most beta-lactams (Giakkoupi P. et al., 35 1999, J Antimicrobiol Chemother, 43: 23-29). Furthermore, N276D substitution 14 in SHV-1 or SHV-5 enzymes moderately improves their ability to degrade "fourth generation" cephalosporins cefpirome and cefepime. In SHV type beta-lactamase OHIO-1, an N276G (Gly) mutant has shown to be highly resistant to clavulanic acid, whereas a TEM-1 derived 5 N276G mutant possesses only moderate resistance to clavulanic acid (Bono mo RA et al., 1995, Biochim Biophys Acta. 1247:121-125). In the family of CTX-M enzymes, arginine (Arg, R) is typically pre sent at position 276 (Bonnet R., 2004, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48: 1-14) and mutations of Arg276 affect the extension of enzyme activity. Relative hy 10 drolysis rates of CTX-M enzymes against cefotaxime are moderately reduced by substitution of Arg276. Furthermore, Arg276Trp, Arg276Cys, Arg276Ser and Arg276Gly CTX-M mutant enzymes do not affect the level of beta lactamase inhibitor resistance (Bonnet R., 2004, Antimicrob Agents Chemoth er, 48: 1-14; Perez-Llarena F.J. et al., 2008, J Antimicrobiol Chemother, 61: 15 792-797). Table 1. Amino acid residues located at 276 position (Ambler classifica tion) among class A beta-lactamases (Matagne A et al., 1998, Biochem J 330:581-598; Tranier S. et al., 2000, J Biol Chem, 275: 28075-28082) Typical beta-lactamase Typical amino acid residue at position 276 Len-1, SHV-1, TEM-1, PSE-3/PSE-3, ROB-1 Asn (N) Bacillus cereus 5/B type 1 Bacillus cereus 569/H type 1 Bacillus anthrasis sp Bacillus licheniformis PenP beta-lactamase Asp (D) Bacillus cereus 569/H type 3 beta-lactamase Bacillus weihenstephanensis beta-lactam ase Bacillus clausii beta.lactarmase Staphylococcus aureus PC1 beta-lactamase Sme-1 NmcA IMI-1 beta-lactamases CTX-M enzymes Arg (R) PER-1, VEB-1, CME-1 beta-lactamases Glu (E) 15 Now, in the present invention, the beta-lactamases comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 (Bacillus licheniformis PenP derivate, i.e. PlA derivate) and having a hydro philic amino acid residue at a position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to posi 5 tion 276 according to Ambler classification, show an extended beta-lactam spectrum as well as improved catalytic effects on beta-lactams. Before, the role of amino acid substitutions of aspartic acid (D) at position 276 in resistance to serine beta-lactamase inhibitors or in catalytic properties to various beta-lactams have not been studied among Bacillus spp. 10 beta-lactamases, specifically B. licheniformis beta-lactamase. As used herein, the amino acid residue 276 according to Ambler classification corresponds to amino acid position 243 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and amino acid position 249 of SEQ ID NO: 3. Typically the beta-lactamases of the present invention have a hy 15 drophilic amino acid at a position corresponding to position 276 of Ambler classification other than aspartic acid (D). Amino acids are classified based on the chemical and/or structural properties of their side chains. The amino acid classification groups include hydrophilic amino acids, which are divided into fol lowing groups: polar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acids; polar and 20 neutral of charge hydrophilic amino acids; polar and negatively charged hydro philic amino acids; aromatic, polar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acids. As used herein "hydrophilic amino acid" includes all above-mentioned groups of hydrophilic amino acids, i.e. refers to polar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acids, to polar and neutral of charge hydrophilic amino acids, 25 to polar and negatively charged hydrophilic amino acids and/or to aromatic, po lar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acids (http://www.biomed.curtin.edu.au/biochem/tutorials/AAs/AA.html). "A polar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acid" refers to arginine (R) or lysine (K). "A polar and neutral of charge hydrophilic amino acid" refers to asparagine (N), 30 glutamine (Q), serine (S) or threonine (T). "A polar and negatively charged hy drophilic amino acid" refers to aspartate (D) or glutamate (E). "An aromatic, po lar and positively charged hydrophilic amino acid" refers to histidine (H). In one embodiment of the invention, the hydrophilic amino acid is a neutral or positively charged hydrophilic amino acid selected from the group 35 consisting of arginine (R), histidine (H), lysine (K), asparagine (N), glutamine 16 (Q), serine (S) and threonine (T) at a position of Seq ID No 1 corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the hydrophilic amino acid of the beta-lactamase at a position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to po 5 sition 276 according to Ambler classification is selected from polar and posi tively charged hydrophilic amino acids from the group consisting of arginine (R), histidine (H) and lysine (K). Most preferably, the amino acid at the position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classifica tion is arginine. 10 In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the hydrophilic amino acid is selected from polar and neutral of charge hydrophilic amino ac ids from the group consisting of asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S) and threonine (T). Most preferably, the amino acid at the position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to position 276 is asparagine. 15 In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the hydrophilic amino acid at the position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to position 276 lo cates in an alpha helix. An alpha helix is a motif of protein secondary structure, resembling a coiled conformation. Alpha helixes may have particular significance in DNA binding motifs (e.g. helix-turn-helix, leucine zipper and zinc finger mo 20 tifs). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, amino acid residue 276 is lo cated at the final alpha helix 11 (Figure 1). This alpha helix 11 is not conserved among Class A beta-lactamases. Specific features of class A beta-lactamases One specific feature of class A beta-lactamases is a guanidinium 25 group of Arg278. CTX-M enzymes have Arg278, Arg244 or Arg220, which lies in equivalent positions in the three dimensional structures. Arginine at position 220 or 244 is shown to be essential for the catalytic properties of TEM-1 (Leu220 and Arg244) and Streptococus albus G beta-lactamase (Arg220 and Asn244). A basic guanidinium group of arginine 244 or arginine 220 is pro 30 posed to contribute the binding of beta-lactam or the inactivation chemistry of "suicide" inhibitors such as clavulanic acid (Matagne et al., 1998, Biochem J. 330:582-598; Perez-Llarena et al., 2008, J Antimicrobiol Chemother, 61: 792 797). In B. licheniformis PenP, Arg-244 residue forms a salt bond with aspar tatic acid 276 (Herzberg, 0. 1991, J Mol Biol. 217: 701-719; Knox, J.R., and 35 P.C. Moews, 1991, J Mol Biol. 220: 435-555).

17 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase fur ther comprises at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of Leu220 and Arg244 according to Ambler classification, which correspond to Leu189 and Arg212, respectively of SEQ ID NO:1. 5 Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase (PenP, P1A) The beta-lactamase of the invention originates from Bacillus licheni formis 749/C strain. B. licheniformis 749/C beta-lactamase (PenP; penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC3.5.2.6) belongs to a subgroup 2a in function al classification of class A beta-lactamases (Bush K. et al., 1995, Antimicrob 10 Agents Chemother 39: 1211-1233). B. licheniformis beta-lactamase can be considered as a penicillinase, which has high hydrolytic capacity to degrade e.g. penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin or piperacillin and it is generally inhibited by active site-directed beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulb actam or tazobactam (Bush K. et al., 1995, Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39: 15 1211-1233). Bacillus licheniformis 749/C beta-lactamase is expressed as a pre protein of 307 amino acid residues. After translocation and removal of its 26 amino acid residues long signal sequence, it becomes a membrane-anchored lipoprotein in which the aminoterminal cysteine (C27) forms a thioether bond 20 with a diacylglyseride. B. licheniformis beta-lactamase is also found as secret ed (extracellular) forms which are proteolytic products of the lipoprotein form (Izui K. et al., 1980, Biochemistry 19: 1882-1886; Matagne A. et al., 1991, Bio chem J, 273: 503-510). The region of the Bacillus licheniformis 749/C beta lactamase gene encoding the small, secreted form (small exo form; P1A) of 25 amino acid residues 43-307 has been chosen as a DNA fragment for tailoring of host-vector Bacillus subtilis production system (WO 2008065247). Function Beta-lactamases hydrolyse beta-lactam antibiotics comprising a be ta-lactam ring such as penicillins, cephalosporins, clavams (or oxapenams), 30 cephamycins and carbapenems. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase hydrolyses penicillins and/or cephalosporins. "Penicillins" refer to several natural or semisynthetic variants of penicillin, which is originally derived from Penicillium. Penicillins include but are not limited to amoxicillin, ampicillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, hetacil 35 lin, oxacillin, mezlocillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, and piperacillin.

18 In cephalosporins, the beta-lactam ring is fused to a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring rather than to the five-membered thiazolidine ring found in penicillins. Based on their biological activity, cephalosporins are divided into six generations but some cephaloporins have not been grouped to a particular 5 generation. In one specific embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase has improved catalytic efficiency on cephalosporins compared to wild type be ta-latamases. According to present invention, Bacillus licheniformis beta lactamase, in which the aspartic acid (Asp, D) at position 276, numbered in ac cordance with Ambler classification, is substituted with a hydrophilic amino ac 10 id residue such as an asparagine (N) or arginine (R), exhibits an extended ac tivity to beta-lactam antibiotics such as cephalosporins. In one embodiment of the invention, the cephalosporins are select ed from the group consisting of cefoperazone, ceftriaxone and cefazoline. As used herein, catalytic efficiency of beta-lactamases refers to the 15 ability to hydrolyse beta-lactam antibiotics. Improved catalytic efficiency can be measured by any conventional in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo-methods from any biological sample or a subject. Methods of producing and modifying beta-lactamases The beta-lactamase of the invention may be produced by modifying the 20 enzyme with any conventional method of genetic engineering. Methods such as rational design, random mutagenesis, DNA shuffling (random recombina tion), phage display, whole-genome shuffling, heteroduplex, random chi meragenesis on transient templates assembly of designed oligonucleotides, mutagenic and unidirectional reassembly, exon shuffling, Y-ligation-based 25 block shuffling, nonhomologous recombination, combination rational design with directed evolution may be utilized in the production. Furthermore, the mu tant enzymes may be obtained by employing site-directed mutagenesis and splicing by overlap extension techniques. In one embodiment of the invention, a method of modifying a beta 30 lactamase comprises a step of modifying the beta-lactamase comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 by replacing an amino acid at a position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification with a hydrophilic amino acid. The hydrophilic amino acid may be any hydrophilic amino acid, for example se 35 lected from the group consisting of arginine (R), histidine (H), lysine (K), as paragine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S) and threonine (T).

19 In one embodiment of the invention a non-hydrophilic amino acid is replaced with a hydrophilic amino acid at a position of SEQ ID NO: 1 corre sponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification. The beta-lactamase of the invention can also be produced for example 5 by synthetic methods e.g. peptide synthesis or by recombinant production in a host cell. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the enzyme is recombinant. As used herein, "recombinant" genetic material refers to a material, which is typically a combination of genetic material, e.g. DNA strands of various origin, and it has been produced by combining or inserting the sequences. The poly 10 nucleotide of the invention may for example be inserted under the control of any endogenous or exogenous regulators, such as promoters. Recombinant protein is derived from recombinant DNA. At least one polynucleotide or polynucleotide fragment of interest may be isolated from a cell or produced synthetically. This polynucleotide or 15 polynucleotide fragment can be transformed to a host cell. A suitable host cell for producing any peptide of the invention may be any eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, preferably bacteria, most preferably Bacillus spp. strain such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilis, or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. As used herein, "transformation" refers to a genetic alteration of a 20 cell by foreign genetic material, preferably DNA, resulting in expression of this genetic material. The foreign genetic material can be introduced as such or as incorporated into any other genetic material such as vectors, plasmids etc. Any method of genetic engineering or any molecular cloning methods can be used for transforming a host cell with the polynucleotide of the invention. There are 25 various methods of introducing foreign material into a eukaryotic cell. Materials such as polymers (e.g. DEAE-dextran or polyethylenimine), liposomes and na noparticles (e.g. gold) have been used as carriers for transformation. Genetic material can also be introduced into cells by using for example viruses or vec tors as carriers. Other methods for introducing foreign material into a cell in 30 clude but are not limited to nucleofection, electroporation, conjucation, transfec tion, sonoporation, heat shock and magnetofection. After a host cell has produced the peptide of the invention in appro priate conditions, the peptide can for example be purified from the cell or a se creted form of the peptide can be recovered e.g. from culture media. In a pre 35 ferred embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase is secreted.

20 Pharmaceutical composition The pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises the be ta-lactamase of the invention. The composition may comprise only one beta lactamase or more, such as at least two, three, four etc. different beta 5 lactamases. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also com prise any other active ingredients than beta-lactamases of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions may be used for example in solid, semisolid or liquid form such as in the form of tablets, pellets, capsules, solu 10 tions, emulsions or suspensions. Preferably the composition is for oral admin istration or for enteral applications. In addition to at least one beta-lactamase of the invention or poly nucleotides or host cells comprising the polynucleotides of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carri 15 er(s), adjuvant(s), excipient(s), auxiliary excipient(s), antiseptic(s), stabilizing agent(s), binding agent(s), filling agent(s), lubricating agent(s), suspending agent(s), plasticizer, colorants, film formers, sugar, alcohols, glidant agents and diluent agents and/or components normally found in corresponding prod ucts. 20 The product or pharmaceutical composition of the invention com prises the beta-lactamases in an amount sufficient to produce the desired ef fect. The products or pharmaceutical compositions may be manufactured by any conventional processes known in the art. The beta-lactamases may be 25 added to any pharmaceutical product or mixed with any agents during any preparation step. The beta-lactamase of the invention may also be produced for example by expressing the beta-lactamase gene in appropriate conditions in a pharmaceutical product or in the target tissue after the pharmaceutical product has degraded. 30 In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase(s) and the beta-lactam antibiotic are administered together in the form of an en teric coated pellet to a subject. Aqueous-based coating forms appear to be the most favourable materials for coating processes of the hydrophilic PlA protein. The aqueous polymers commonly used to achieve enteric properties, and also 35 usable in the present invention, are polymethacrylates such as Eudragit@, cel- 21 lulose based polymers e.g. cellulose ethers e.g. Duodcell@, or cellulose esters, e.g. Aquateric@, or polyvinyl acetate copymers e.g. Opadry@. Beta-lactamase of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be administered to a subject simultaneously or sequentially 5 with a beta-lactam antibiotic. In one embodiment of the invention, the beta lactamase or the pharmaceutical composition is administered before a beta lactam antibiotic, for example 5 to 30 minutes before a beta-lactam antibiotic. The beta-lactamase and a beta-lactam antibiotic/antibiotics may be in the same formulation or in different formulations. 10 Adverse effects of beta-lactams and treatments Adverse effects i.e. adverse drug reactions for the beta-lactam anti biotics may include but are not limited to diarrhea, nausea, rash, urticaria, su perinfection, fever, vomiting, erythema, dermatitis, angioedema and pseudo membranous colitis. 15 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the adverse effects to be treated or prevented occur in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). As used here in, gastrointestinal tract refers to digestive structures stretching from the mouth to the anus. The gastrointestinal tract comprises the mouth, esophagus, stom ach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, small intestine, colon, cecum, rectum and 20 anus. The beta-lactamase of the invention or the pharmaceutical composi tion of the invention may be administered to a subject orally or directly to the gastrointestinal tract. Drug product(s) of enzyme combinations are intended to inactivate unabsorbed beta-lactam in the GIT or in other undesired body com 25 partments such as skin or vaginal cavity. The pharmaceutical composition may be an orally administered drug product, a dermatological formulation or a vagi nal suppository, and may comprise liquid, immediate, delayed or sustained re lease dosage formulations. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase(s) 30 is/are administered orally. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the beta-lactamase(s) is/are administered directly to the gastro-intestine of a patient. A treated subject may be a man or an animal such as a pet or pro duction animal e.g. dog, cat, cow, pig, chicken or horse. In a preferred embod 35 iment of the invention, the subject is a man.

22 The present invention is illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way. Example 1. Construction of D276N and D276R mutant enzymes Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase D276N and D276R mutants 5 were constructed by splicing-by-overlap extension mutagenesis (SOE) using the pRSH10 plasmid encoding P1A beta-lactamase as a template for the initial PCR reactions according to previously published procedures (Horton R.M. et al., 1989, Gene 77:61-68). Primers were designed to provide two different PCR products with a region of common sequence. Fragments were then fused in a 10 subsequent PCR amplification by aid of overlapping regions. The desired mu tations were achieved by using mutagenic primers in initial PCR. For the D276N mutant, mutation was made at the desired position in wild type gene, converting a GAT codon to a AAT codon. The primers utilized in the first PCR amplifications are presented in Table 2. The size of amplified 15 fragments in the first PCR was 800 nt and 220 nt which have a 21 nt long over lapping region. Table 2. Oligonucleotide PCR primers. Complementary regions are shad ed and mutated codons are expressed as bold. Forward-1 and reverse-1 primers were used in amplification of fused fragment in the second PCR. Size of PCR Oligonucleotide primers fragment (nt) 800 Forward-1: 5'-CGA TTG TTT GAG AAA AGA -3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) Reverse-D276N: 5'-AAT AAG TTT ATT ATC ATA CTT GGC GTC CT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 5) Reverse-D276R: 5'-AAT AAG TTT GCG ATC ATA CTT GGC GTC CT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 6) 220 Forward-D276N: 5'-AAG TAT GAT AAT AAA CTT ATT GCA GAG G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 7) Forward-D276R: 5'-AAG TAT GAT CGC AAA CTT ATT GCA GAG G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 8) Reverse-1: 5-GTA TTT GTC ACA CCT GAT G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 9) 20 23 In the second PCR reaction (SOE reaction), the two overlapping fragments were fused together in a subsequent extension reaction. The inclu sion of outside primers (Forward-1 and Reverse-1) in the extension reaction amplifies the fused product by PCR. The purified SOE product was digested 5 with HindIII restriction enzyme and ligated to HindIII cleaved pKTH141 secre tion vector as described in WO 2008/065247. Competent cells of Bacillus subtilis RS303 were transformed with a ligation mixture. Positive clones on Luria-kanamycin plates were screened by suspending bacterial mass of a single colony into nitrocefin solution. Positive 10 clones effectively hydrolyzed nitrocefin turning the colour of nitrocefin solution from yellow to red. Hybrid plasmid was purified from cells of a single clone. The correct sequence of PCR generated region was verified by DNA sequenc ing. For the D276R mutant, mutation was made at the desired position 15 by converting a GAT codon to a CGC codon. Construction of D276R mutant strain was performed similar to that of D276N mutant except reverse-D276R and forward-D276R-primers were used in the initial PCR (see Table 2). Example 2. Nucleotide sequence of D276N mutant beta-lactamase gene (penP) 20 The expression construct was isolated from a positive clone and the insert was subjected to DNA sequencing. The complete nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequences of D276N mutant beta-lactamase gene revealed that a substitution of Asp for Asn has occurred correctly at the desired codon (Figure 2). Furthermore, the DNA sequence of D276N mutant beta 25 lactamase gene revealed in frame fusion between nucleotide sequence encod ing a 31 amino acid long signal sequence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha amylase, the HindIII cloning site and the complete sequence of D276N mutant gene. The signal peptidase is predicted to cut the peptide bond between ala nine (A) at position of -1 and glutamine (Q) at position of +1. The mature 30 D276N beta-lactamase possesses an NH 2 -terminal extension of a NH 2

-QAS

tripeptide derived from the Hind III cloning site in the expression construct. Hence, based on the deduced amino acid sequence the mature D276N mutant beta-lactamase is comprised of 268 amino acid residues.

24 Example 3. Nucleotide sequence of D276R mutant beta-lactamase gene (penP) To confirm the desired substitution of aspartic acid to arginine at po sition 276 (Ambler classification) in the Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase 5 gene, the expression construct was isolated from a positive clone and the nu cleotide sequence of the insert was sequenced similar to example 2. According to the obtained nucleotide sequence, the deduced amino acid sequence con tains the desired D276R substitution and the mature D276R mutant enzyme is comprised of 268 amino acid residues (Figure 3). 10 Example 4. Biochemical analysis of D276N mutant beta-lactamase (P3A) The purity of the enzyme preparate was estimated to more than 95 percentages by SDS-PAGE analysis (data not shown). Kinetic parameters of the wild type (PlA) and D276N (P3A) mutant B. licheniformis beta-lactamases were determined for hydrolysis of various 15 types of beta-lactams and are summarized in Table 3. Enzymatic reactions were performed in 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) at 300C by using appropri ate enzyme concentration and various concentrations of penicillin or cephalo sporin substrates. The kcat and Km values were obtained with the aid of the Hanes linearization method. The main results are described below. 20 (i) Penicillins The effect of the D276N substitution on the hydrolysis of penicillins (ampicillin amoxicillin or piperacillin) was not drastic with enzymatic efficiencies of 51-80 percentages of those of the wild type enzyme. Consequently, kcat/ Km values of D276N mutant enzyme for penicillins were reduced as a maximum of 25 two folds or less. (ii) Cephalosporins As expected, related to penicillins, the wild type beta-lactamase had poor enzymatic efficiencies for various cephalosporins including the first (ca fazoline), the second (cefuroxime), and the third (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, 30 ceftadizime, cefoperazone, and cefepime) generation cephalosporins (Table 1). Surprisingly, the enzymatic efficiencies of D276N mutant enzyme for certain cephalosporins, preferably for cefoperazone and more preferably for ceftriax one, were essentially improved compared to those obtained with wild type en zymes. The Km constants for ceftriaxone and cefoperazone were decreased 35 and concomitantly the turnover numbers (kcat) for ceftriaxone and cefopera- 25 zone were increased compared to those of the wild type enzyme (PlA). Thus the aspartic acid - asparagine substitution at position 276 of Bacillus licheni formis beta-lactamase contributes the extension of beta-lactam substrate pro file in Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase. 5 Table 3. Kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of beta-lactam substrates by wild type (P1A) and D276N mutant enzymes of Bacillus licheniformis be ta-lactamases. Wild type beta- D276N mutant lactamase (P1A) Beta-lactam Km kcat kcat/ Km Km kcat kcat/ Km Relative catalytic (pM) (s-1) (pM 1 s-) (pM) (s-1) (pM 1 s-) efficacies (%)(1 Ampicillin 157 3369 21.45 161 2160 13.42 63 Piperacillin 49 939 19.16 53 816 15.40 80 Amoxicillin 119 2956 24.84 219 2789 12.74 51 Ceftriaxone 400 0.045 0.00013 38 83 2.18 1676923 Cefotaxime 363 246 0.67 213 36 0.17 25 Ceftadizime 0 0 0 1505 2.74 0.0018 Cefepime 0 0 0 1357 133 0.1 Cefazoline 22 93 4.22 37 192 5.19 123 Cefoperazone 7 10 1.43 2 17 8.2 573 Cefuroxime 107 233 2.18 277 35 0.13 6 ('Relative catalytic efficiency (kcat/ Km ) of D276N compared to that of the wild type enzyme (P1A). 10 Example 5. Biochemical characterization of D276R mutant enzyme D276R mutant enzyme was constructed to evaluate whether Asp 276 tolerates substitutions and assesses the contribution of D276R substitution to the extension of beta-lactamase activity observed in D276N enzyme. Crude enzyme samples of D276R and D276N obtained from culture 15 supernatants were employed as test materials. The purity and quantity of en zyme samples were estimated by performing SDS-PAGE-analysis. Hydrolysis rate of D276R and D276N mutant enzymes for various beta-lactams were per formed by determining Vmax values. Obtained results are presented as relative activities (%) compared to those of D276N enzyme in Table 4.

26 In general, catalytic efficiencies of D276R beta-lactamase for both penicillins and cephalosporins are comparable to those of D276N enzyme. In comparison with D276N enzyme, D276R enzyme has reduced activity to ceftriaxone and improved activity to cefoperazone. This study showed that the 5 extended spectrum of beta-lactams can be achieved by substituting a hydro philic amino acid residue such as arginine or asparagine for aspartic acid at position 276 in the Bacillus licheniformis beta-lactamase. It also indicates that a desired enzyme modification can be achieved by substituting another hydro philic amino acid residue such as glutamine (Q), lysine (K), serine (S) or threo 10 nine (T) for aspartic acid at position 276. Table 4. Relative activities (%) of D276R mutant enzyme compared to those of D276N mutant enzyme Beta-lactam Relative activities Ampicillin 82 Piperacillin 84 Amoxicillin 71 Ceftriaxone 50 Cefotaxime 105 Ceftadizime Cefepime 74 Cefazoline 84 Cefoperazone 232 Cefuroxime 99 Example 6. In vivo study of D276N beta-lactamase 15 The capability of Bacillus licheniformis D276N mutant beta lactamase enzyme to inactivate ceftriaxone (CRO) which has been excreted into the gastrointestinal tract during parenteral therapy was investigated in a dog model. Laboratory beagles of the study have a nipple valve surgically in serted in jejunum approximately 170 cm distal to pylorus enabling collection of 20 samples for the analysis. The intestinal surgery did not alter the intestinal motil ity. Five beagle dogs were utilized in each experiment.

27 The study was performed as two sequential treatments: In the first treatment (control experiment without beta-lactamase therapy), a single dose of ceftriaxone (30 mg of ceftriaxone (CRO) per kg of body weight which corre sponds to about 1 gram dose of CRO in humans) was administered intrave 5 nously 20 minutes after the first feeding of the dogs. Jejunal samples were col lected at various time points during ten hours. The dogs were fed again five hours and forty minutes after the ceftriaxone administration in order to induce the biliary excretion of ceftriaxone accumulated in gallbladder. Jejunal chyme samples were immediately freezed and stored at 10 -20C to await the analysis. Chyme samples were pretreated with perchloric citric acid in order to precipitate interfering substances. The precipitates were removed by centrifugation. A reverse-phase high-pressure chromatography method with UV detection was used for the quantification of ceftriaxone in su pernatants. 15 In the second treatment, D276N mutant beta-lactamase was given as enteric coated pellets filled in hard gelatine capsules 10 minutes prior to ceftriaxone injection. Enteric coating dosage forms are common among oral products in pharmaceutical industry. Enteric coating drug products are de signed to bypass stomach as an intact form and to release the contents of the 20 dosage form in small intestine. The reasons for applying enteric solid formula tions are to protect the drug substance from the destructive action of the en zymes or low pH environment of stomach or to prevent drug substance induced irritation of gastric mucosa, nausea or bleeding or to deliver drug sub stance in undiluted form at a target site in small intestine. Based on these crite 25 ria, enteric coated drug products can be regarded as a type of delayed action dosage forms. Polymethacrylic acid copolymer Eudragit@ L 30 D-55 was em ployed in order to achieve a pH dependent enteric-coated dosage form. A sin gle dose of enteric coated pellets containing about 0.44 mg of active D276N beta-lactamase per kg of body weight was used in the second treatment. 30 Obtained results from both treatments are presented in Figure 4. Treatment 1 showed that high concentrations of ceftriaxone were excreted into the small intestinal tract during the parenteral ceftriaxone therapy. The highest jejunal concentration (about 1500 micrograms per gram of jejunal chyme) was found 60 minutes after the ceftriaxone injection. The increased jejunal ceftriax 35 one levels were observed after the second feeding of the dogs (at time point 28 340 minutes) which indicates food stimulated, ceftriaxone containing bile ex cretion accumulation in gallbladder. Treatment 2 showed that orally administered D276N mutant beta lactamase is capable to reduce jejunal ceftriaxone levels near to the limit of 5 quantification (10 micrograms of ceftriaxone per microgram of jejunal chyme). This finding shows that D276N mutant beta-lactamase is a potent drug sub stance candidate for reducing the side effects related to a use of parenteral ceftriaxone. Moreover, based on high activities to penicillins such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and piperacillin, D276N or D276R mutant enzymes can be used as 10 an alternative drug substance in beta-lactamase therapy described in WO 2008065247.

Claims (19)

1. A method for preventing a beta-lactam antibiotic induced adverse effect, comprising administering an effective amount of a beta-lactamase to a subject in need thereof, wherein: the subject is receiving a beta-lactam antibiotic; and the beta-lactamase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 68% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 and a hydrophilic amino acid residue other than aspartic acid (D) at a position corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the beta-lactam antibiotic induced adverse effect is a Clostridium difficile infection.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the hydrophilic amino acid residue is selected from asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), arginine (R), histidine (H) or lysine (K).

4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the beta-lactamase hydrolyses a penicillin and a cephalosporin.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cephalosporin is selected from cefoperazone and ceftriaxone.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the beta-lactamase is administered simultaneously to or sequentially with the beta-lactam antibiotic.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the beta-lactamase is administered before the beta lactam antibiotic.

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the beta-lactamase is administered orally.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the beta-lactam antibiotic is administered by intravenous injection.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the beta-lactam antibiotic is selected from penicillin and cephalosporin.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the cephalosporin is selected from cefoperazone and ceftriaxone.

12. A method for preventing a Clostridium difficile infection, comprising administering an effective amount of a beta-lactamase to a subject receiving a beta-lactam antibiotic wherein: 30 the Clostridium difficile infection is caused by unabsorbed beta-lactam antibiotic in the intestinal tract; and the beta-lactamase comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 68% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1 and a hydrophilic amino acid residue other than aspartic acid (D) at a position corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the hydrophilic amino acid residue is selected from asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), arginine (R), histidine (H) or lysine (K).

14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein the beta-lactamase hydrolyses a penicillin and a cephalosporin.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the cephalosporin is selected from cefoperazone and ceftriaxone.

16. The method of any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the method maintains an ecological balance of normal intestinal microbiota.

17. A method for preventing a Clostridium difficile infection, comprising administering an effective amount of a beta-lactamase to a subject receiving a beta-lactam antibiotic wherein: the Clostridium difficile infection is caused by unabsorbed beta-lactam antibiotic in the intestinal tract; and the beta-lactamase comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and a asparagine (N) residue at a position corresponding to position 276 according to Ambler classification.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the beta-lactam antibiotic is administered by intravenous injection.

19. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein the beta-lactam antibiotic is a cephalosporin is selected from cefoperazone and ceftriaxone.