AU2019213358B2 - Method and apparatus for assembly and fabrication of tunnel reinforcement - Google Patents

Abstract

#$%^&*AU2019213358B220250911.pdf##### ABSTRACT The present invention relates to precast concrete tunnel liner segments for underground tunnel construction. In one form the present invention provides a rotatable jig for supporting reinforcement cage components during fabrication or assembly comprising: at least one rotation stand adapted for anchorage to a stable surface and further adapted for providing a fixed pivot point proximate one end of the rotation stand where the location of the pivot point is offset from a longitudinal axis of the rotation stand; a radii frame hingedly connected to the pivot point of each rotation stand so as to be rotatable about the pivot point and thereby utilise the centre of gravity of the radii frame to assist manual rotation of the radii frame into one of a plurality of selectable rotational positions Figure 9 ABSTRACT 2019213358 07 Aug 2019 The present invention relates to precast concrete tunnel liner segments for underground tunnel construction. In one form the present invention provides a rotatable jig for supporting reinforcement cage components during fabrication or assembly comprising: at least one rotation stand adapted for anchorage to a stable surface and further adapted for providing a fixed pivot point proximate one end of the rotation stand where the location of the pivot point is offset from a longitudinal axis of the rotation stand; a radii frame hingedly connected to the pivot point of each rotation stand so as to be rotatable about the pivot point and thereby utilise the centre of gravity of the radii frame to assist manual rotation of the radii frame into one of a plurality of selectable rotational positions Figure 9 F ig u re 9 8 0 1 8 0 0 8 0 3 8 0 4 8 0 2 8 0 6 8 0 7 5/5 20 19 21 33 58 0 7 A ug 2 01 9 2019213358 07 Aug 2019 801 803 800 804 5/5 802 807 806 Figure 9

Description

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

Method and Method andApparatus Apparatusfor for Assembly Assemblyand andFabrication Fabricationof of Tunnel Tunnel Reinforcement Reinforcement

RELATED APPLICATIONS RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001]

[001] This applicationclaims This application claimspriority prioritytotoAustralian AustralianProvisional Provisional Patent Patent Application Application No. No.

2018902895 2018902895 in inthe thename nameof of Polevine Polevine PtyPty Ltd,which Ltd, which was was filedonon8 8August filed August 2018, 2018, entitled entitled

"Method and "Method andApparatus ApparatusforforAssembly Assembly andand Fabrication Fabrication of Tunnel of Tunnel Reinforcement" Reinforcement" and and the the specification thereof specification thereofisis incorporated incorporatedherein herein by by reference reference in its in its entirety entirety andand forfor allallpurposes. purposes.

FIELD OF FIELD OF INVENTION INVENTION

[002]

[002] The presentinvention The present invention relates relates to to the the field field of of underground tunnel construction underground tunnel construction using precast using precast concrete concretetunnel tunnelliner liner segments. segments. In particular In one one particular aspect aspect the present the present

invention isis suitable invention suitable for for its its useful useful effect effect in in providing providing jigs jigsfor for manufacture manufactureand and handling handling of of fabricated components,namely fabricated components, namely reinforced reinforced cages cages used used to formtoprecast form precast tunnel liner tunnel liner

segmentsfor segments for underground undergroundtunnel tunnelconstruction. construction.In Inanother anotheraspect, aspect,the thepresent presentinvention invention relates to relates to aa specific specific work workmethodology methodology in the in the assembly assembly of multiple of multiple types types of of reinforcement reinforcement

cagesfor cages forprecast precasttunnel tunnel segmental segmental linings. linings.

BACKGROUND ART BACKGROUND ART

[003] Throughout

[003] Throughout this this specification specification thethe useuse of of theword the word"inventor" "inventor"in in singular singular form form may may

be taken be takenasasreference reference to one to one (singular) (singular) inventor inventor or more or more than than one one (plural) (plural) inventorinventor of the of the presentinvention. present invention.

[004]

[004] ItIt isistoto be be appreciated that any appreciated that any discussion discussionofofdocuments, documents, devices, devices, actsacts or or

knowledge knowledge in in thisspecification this specification is is included included to explain to explain the the context context of present of the the present invention. invention.

Further, the Further, the discussion discussionthroughout throughout thisthis specification specification comes comes about about due to due to the realisation the realisation of of the inventor and/or the inventor and/or the the identification identification of of certain certain related related art art problems by the problems by the inventor. inventor. Moreover, any Moreover, anydiscussion discussionofofmaterial material such such as asdocuments, documents,devices, devices,acts actsororknowledge knowledgein in this this specification specification is is included to explain included to the context explain the contextofof the the invention inventioninin terms termsofofthe theinventor's inventor's knowledgeand knowledge andexperience experience and, and, accordingly,any accordingly, anysuch such discussion discussion should should notnot be be taken taken as as

an admission an admissionthat thatany anyofofthe thematerial materialforms formspart partofofthe theprior prior art art base baseoror the the common common generalknowledge general knowledge in the in the relevant relevant artAustralia, art in in Australia, or elsewhere, or elsewhere, on or before on or before the priority the priority

date of date of the the disclosure disclosureand and claims claims herein. herein.

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[005]

[005] Constructionofoftunnels Construction tunnels is is required required as as partpart of the of the infrastructure infrastructure of modern of modern citiescities

or in or in locations locations wherever wherever itit is is necessary necessaryororatatleast leastmore more appropriate appropriate in establishing in establishing

undergroundaccess: underground access: • to to provide access provide access forfor railways railways or or road road transport; transport;

* to to provide distribution of provide distribution of water waterororsewage; sewage;or or

• to to provide common provide common ducts ducts for facilities. for facilities.

[006]

[006] Typically, tunnels are Typically, tunnels created using are created using accepted acceptedexcavation, excavation, manufacture manufacture and and

construction techniques. construction Byway techniques. By wayof of example, example, a general a general discussion discussion on accepted on accepted tunnel tunnel

designisis publicly design publicly available availableininthe theofficial official report of the report of International Tunnelling the International TunnellingAssociation Association (ITA) entitled (ITA) entitled "Guidelines "Guidelinesfor forthe theDesign Design of Shield of Shield Tunnel Tunnel Lining" Lining" published published in Tunnelling in Tunnelling

and Underground and Underground Space Space Technology, Technology, Vol No. Vol 15, 15, 3, No.pp3, 303 pp to 303331, to 331, 2000. 2000. Notably, Notably, it is it is madeclear made clearinin those thoseguidelines guidelines that that whilst whilst they present basic they present basic concepts conceptsofofshield shield tunnel tunnel lining, they lining, do not they do notsupersede supersede relevant relevant specifications specifications thatpertinent that are are pertinent to any individual to any individual

project or project or regulatory regulatoryprovisions provisionsofofany any country. country.

[007] Most Most

[007] tunnels tunnels are formed are formed by a by a tunnel tunnel boring boring machine machine (TBM), (TBM), comprising comprising a shield a shield 1 that that is is nominally nominally aa large large metal metal cylinder, cylinder, and and trailing trailingsupport supportmechanisms mechanisms¹.. The Theshield shield forms protective structure forms aa protective structure used during the used during the excavation excavation and anda arotating rotating cutting cutting wheel wheel isis located atat the located the front front end endofofthe theshield. shield.Behind Behind the the cutting cutting wheel wheel there there is a chamber is a chamber where where the excavated the excavated soilis iseither soil eithermixed mixed withwith slurry slurry or left or left as-is, as-is, depending depending ontype on the the oftype TBM of TBM

employed.The employed. Thechoice choiceofofTBM TBM type type maymay depend depend on soil on the the soil conditions. conditions. Systems Systems are are alsoalso

presentfor present for removal removalofofthe thesoil soilororthe thesoil soil mixed mixedwith withslurry. slurry.Behind Behind thethe chamber chamber there there may may be aa set be set ofofhydraulic jackssupported hydraulicjacks supported by finished by the the finished part part oftunnel of the the tunnel which which areto used are used to push the push the TBM TBM forward. forward. OnceOnce a certain a certain distance distance has excavated has been been excavated (roughly(roughly 1.5-2 1.5-2 meters), aanew meters), new tunnel tunnel ring ring is is builtusing built usingananerector. erector. TheThe erector erector is a is a rotating rotating system system which which

picks up picks up precast precast concrete concrete segments segmentsandand places places themthem in the in the desired desired position. position. Several Several

support mechanisms support mechanisms cancan be be found found behind behind the the shield shield andand located located inside inside thethe finishedpart finished part of the of the tunnel, tunnel, and andwhich which provide provide part part of functions of the the functions of theof thenamely, TBM, TBM, dirt namely, dirt removal, removal, slurry pipelines slurry if applicable, pipelines if control rooms, applicable, control rooms,rails rails for for transport transportofofthe theprecast precastsegments. segments.

[008] The tunnel

[008] The tunnel lining lining is the is theofwall wall theof the tunnel. tunnel. It usually It usually comprises comprises precast precast concrete concrete segmentswhich segments whichform form rings. rings. Traditionally,cast Traditionally, cast ironlinings iron liningswere wereused used in the in the London London

Undergroundtunnels, Underground tunnels,being beingoneone of of thethe firsttunnel first projects undertaken tunnelprojects undertakenwith withtunnelling tunnelling

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wilki/Tunnelling_shield 1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelling_shield

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shield technology, shield technology, while while steel steel liners were liners weresometimes used elsewhere. sometimes used elsewhere.However, However, almost almost

all modern all tunnelconstruction modern tunnel construction relies relies on on the the use use of precast of precast concrete concrete segments segments to form to form the the tunnel structure, at tunnel structure, at least least in in so so far far as as its its supporting wallsare supporting walls areconcerned. concerned.

[009] The The

[009] precast precast concrete concrete segments segments must adhere must adhere to strict to strict engineering engineering and structural and structural

criteria and criteria and may be formed may be formedwith withthe theaid aidofofreinforcement reinforcementcages. cages. The The manufacture manufacture of of reinforcement cages reinforcement cagesfor for the the fabrication fabrication of of precast concrete tunnel precast concrete tunnel lining lining segments has segments has

traditionally traditionally been onstatic been on statichorizontal horizontaltables tables using using jigs. jigs. The The size size of of these these reinforcement reinforcement

cages means cages means welders welders cannot cannot reach reach the the central central portions portions of of thethe cage cage to to work work on on so they so they

havetotolean have leanacross across a long a long wayway and often and often walk walk on topon of top the of thetocage cage gain to gaintoaccess access these to these central portions. central portions. There Thereareare three three mainmain problems problems withnamely; with this, this, namely; it is unsafe, it is unsafe, it is it is slow slow and/orunproductive and/or unproductiveand,and, it isit not is not efficient efficient for for handling handling of theofreinforcement the reinforcement cage postcage post manufacture. manufacture.

[0010] Generally

[0010] Generally speaking speaking in the in the fabrication fabrication of of reinforcement reinforcement cages cages for for tunnel tunnel lining lining

segmentsthere segments thereare area number a number of workplace of workplace considerations considerations to into to take take account. into account. For For example, when example, whenititcomes comesto to lifting operations, lifting operations, no no personnel personnel should shouldbebewithin withinrange rangeofofa a suspended suspended or toppling or toppling zonezone of load. of any any load. Only authorised Only authorised personnel personnel should should operate operate lifting lifting devices,such devices, suchasascranes cranes andand gantries. gantries. Asplant As for for plant and personnel and personnel interaction isolatedisolated interaction work work areas should areas should be beprovided providedand, and,authorised authorisedpersonnel personnel onlyshould only should be be withinan an within operation operation

area. Hard area. Hardbarricading barricading or or flagging flagging should be provided should be provided where whererequired. required. Manual Manual handling handling

shouldalso should alsobebeminimised, minimised, for for example, example, through through use of use of cranes cranes and forklifts. and forklifts.

[0011] SomeSome

[0011] related related art art examples examples follow. follow.

[0012] United

[0012] United States States Patent Patent No.No. 2,366,961 2,366,961 in the in the name name of of Fine Fine et et alaldiscloses discloses aa method method andapparatus and apparatusforfor thethe manufacture manufacture of actual of actual tunnel tunnel liner segments liner segments that are fabricated that are fabricated of of structural steel. structural steel. InInparticular, particular, this this prior prior art art reference referencedescribes describes the the construction construction of of a jig a jig whereby cradlewith whereby a acradle with structural structural parts parts of ofthe thetunnel tunnelliner segment liner segmentmounted thereon may mounted thereon may be rotated be rotatedatatdifferent different set set angles anglestotofacilitate facilitate welding weldingoperations. operations. An exemplary An exemplary passagepassage

at page at page5,5,lines lines3030toto4040describes describes the the working working of jig, of the the jig, as follows. as follows. In order In order to facilitate to facilitate

the welding operation the welding operationthethe cradle cradle 35 to 35 has hasbetotilted be tilted at different at different angles angles which which is is accomplishedbybythe accomplished theoperator operatorrotating rotating the the crank crank arm arm 2222bybymeans meansof of thethehandle handle 23,23, this this

will will rotate rotate the the outside frame1010andand outside frame simultaneously simultaneously the cradle the cradle 35 on 35 on a horizontal a horizontal axis andaxis and

tilt tiltthem them vertically verticallyinto intoany any inclined inclined position andbybyrotating position and rotatingthe thecrank crank armarm 42means 42 by by means of of the handle4343thetheoperator the handle operator cancan rotate rotate the the cradle cradle 35 independently 35 independently of the movement of the movement of the of the

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outside frame10 10 outside frame andand at right at right angles angles thereto. thereto. However, However, the apparatus the apparatus of Fine etofalFine et al is not is not

directed to directed to manufacturing manufacturing reinforcement reinforcement cagescages for precast for precast concrete concrete tunnelsegments. tunnel liner liner segments. Furthermore,FigFig Furthermore, 1 of 1 of Fine Fine et shows et al al shows that that the product, the product, namely, namely, a structural a structural steel steel tunnel tunnel lining segment lining per segment per se se is held is held perpendicular perpendicular to thetojig. the This jig. has This has a potential a potential safety safety issue issue involving working involving working under suspendedload under suspended loadifif the the jig jig frame frame should break. The should break. Theapparatus apparatusofof Fine et Fine et al al requires requires somewhat highly skilled somewhat highly skilled labour labour to to setup setup and and operate. Moreover,the operate. Moreover, the veracity of the veracity of the apparatus apparatusof of Fine Fine et to et al al to contribute contribute to the to the accuracy accuracy of theofmanufacturing the manufacturing processover process overlarge large quantities quantities of of items items to be to be produced produced is questionable. is questionable.

[0013] A further

[0013] A further complication complication occurs occurs withwith the of the jig jig Fine of Fine et and et al al and in particular in particular its its

operation, asdescribed operation, as described at lines at lines 41 41 to as to 54 54follows, as follows, in that in that (A)fter (A)fter the welding the welding operation operation

the the hold hold down beams9494 down beams are are removed removed by taking by taking outout thethe keys keys 100100 in the in the hold hold down down posts posts

92 which 92 which allow allow them themtoto be be lifted lifted off. off.The Thejacks jacks 112 112 and clamps 68 and clamps 68 are are then thenremoved removedby by taking taking out out the thewedges 121 and wedges 121 andkeys keys69. 69. The Thetapered taperedpins pins5656and and 7474 forthe for themovable movableend end and side and side of of the the cradle cradleare arenow now removed andthe removed and thekeys keys6464and and8080for forsecuring securingthe the bolts bolts 54 54 and7373loosened and loosened to allow to allow the the movable movable end end and and side of side of the to the cradle cradle to be be slid slid outwardly outwardly until until the inner ends the inner of the ends of the slots slots 61 61 and and 7777engage engagethethe bolts bolts 54 54 andand 73, 73, respectively. respectively. The The

completedsegment completed segment can be can then then be lifted lifted out ofout theofcradle the cradle by of by means means of or a crane a crane or the the like. like.

[0014] Chinese

[0014] Chinese patent patent applicationNo. application No.CN201210336577 CN201210336577 in name in the the name of of Jinan Jinan Tianchen AluminiumMachine Tianchen Aluminium Machine Company Company Ltd describes Ltd describes a method a method and device and device for handling for handling

beams H beams H of of steel.This steel. This disclosure disclosure is directed is directed to solving to solving problems problems concerning concerning the the physical physical nature of nature of handling handling steel steel beans beansasas opposed opposed to other to other structures structures or materials or materials such such as as reinforcement cages. reinforcement cages. Chinese Chinesepatent patentapplication applicationNo. No. CN201210336945 CN201210336945also also in the in the name name

of of Jinan Jinan Tianchen AluminiumMachine Tianchen Aluminium Machine Company Company Ltd describes Ltd describes another another improvement improvement in in handling H-beams handling H-beamsofofsteel. steel.

[0015] Chinese

[0015] Chinese patent patent application No. application No.CN201210362273 CN201210362273 in name in the the name of Chery of Chery Automobile Automobile Co Co Ltd Ltd describes describes a welding a welding toolautomobile tool for for automobile fender fender pieces pieces in whichina which worker a worker

takes thefender takes the fenderpieces pieces from from an original an original clampclamp of theof the device device andthefixes and fixes thepieces fender fender pieces on the auxiliary on the auxiliary welding welding tool tool for for repair repairwelding, welding,and and the the worker worker does not need does not needtotowalk walk around, hold around, hold the the fender fender pieces pieces with with one one hand handand andoperate operate welding welding plierswith pliers withthe theother other hand. hand.

[0016] Chinese

[0016] Chinese patentapplication patent application No. No. CN103358079A CN103358079Ain in thethe name name of Zhongshan of Zhongshan HighwaySteel Highway SteelStructure StructureManufacture Manufacture Co describes Co Ltd Ltd describes a method a method and apparatus and apparatus for for handling expansive pieces such as trusses but by its nature it is a mechanism that is 31 Jul 2025 omnidirectional.

[0017] Chinese patent application No. CN201510396588 in the name of Wang Honghua describes a turnover type welding vehicle which comprises, amongst other features, an upper turnover frame set, horizontal clamps, vertical clamps, bearings with bases, a buffer air cylinder, a welding vehicle bottom frame set, inserting pin bases, a crank set and inserting pins. It appears to be restricted to use with frames for doors and 2019213358

windows of trains.

[0018] Chinese utility model No. CN201783794U in the name of China First Met Construction Co Ltd describes a 3-dimensioanl rotating bracket for handling coke oven roofs and by virtue of its 3-dimensional functional disposition it includes a single point of anchor along with a channel bracket, a vertical rotating shaft and a horizontal rotating shaft which are all utilised for welding small components.

[0019] The preceding discussion of background art is intended to facilitate an understanding of the present invention only. The discussion is not an acknowledgement or admission that any of the material referred to is or was part of the common general knowledge as at the priority date of the application.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0020] It is an object of the embodiments described herein to overcome or alleviate at least one of the above noted drawbacks of related art systems or to at least provide a useful alternative to related art systems.

[0020a] Generally, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a reinforcement cage suitable for use in the fabrication of a precast concrete tunnel lining segment where, the reinforcement cage and its components are supported by a radii frame adapted to facilitate the assembly of the reinforcement cage, the method comprising the steps of:

installing at least two rotation stands, each rotation stand adapted for anchorage to a stable surface and further adapted for providing a fixed pivot point proximate one end of the rotation stand where the location of the pivot point is offset from both a longitudinal

5a 31 Jul 2025

axis of the rotation stand and a centre to centre spacing of the at least two rotation stands; and,

fixing the radii frame at its periphery to each rotation stand at the pivot point so as to be rotatable about the pivot point and rotatable through the centre to centre spacing of the at least two rotation stands thereby utilising the centre of gravity of the radii frame to allow for rotation of the radii frame into one of a plurality of selectable positions allowing 2019213358

a worker access to all component parts of the reinforcement cage to assist in the assembly thereof.

[0020b] Generally, the present invention also provides a rotatable jig for supporting reinforcement cage components during fabrication or assembly comprising:

a first rotation stand adapted for anchorage to a stable surface and further adapted for providing a fixed pivot point proximate one end of the first rotation stand where the location of the pivot point is offset from both a longitudinal axis of the first rotation stand and a centre to centre spacing between the first rotation stand and a second adjacent rotation stand; and,

a radii frame connected to the pivot point of the first rotation stand and a pivot point of the second rotation stand so as to be rotatable about the respective pivot points and rotatable through the centre to centre spacing between the first rotation stand and the second adjacent rotation stand to thereby utilise the centre of gravity of the radii frame to assist rotation of the radii frame into one of a plurality of selectable rotational positions.

[0021] In a first aspect of embodiments described herein there is provided a method of manufacturing a reinforcement cage suitable for use in the fabrication of a precast concrete tunnel lining segment, where the reinforcement cage and its components are supported by a radii frame adapted to facilitate the assembly of the reinforcement cage, the method comprising the steps of:

installing at least two rotation stands, each rotation stand adapted for anchorage to a stable surface and further adapted for providing a fixed pivot point proximate one end of the rotation stand where the location of the pivot point is offset from a longitudinal axis of the rotation stand;

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hingedlyfixing hingedly fixing the theradii radii frame frameat at itsits periphery periphery to each to each rotation rotation stand stand at the at the pivot pivot point so point so as astoto beberotatable about rotatableabout thethe pivot pivot point point and and thereby thereby utilising utilising the centre the centre of gravity of gravity

of the of the radii radii frame toallow frame to allowfor formanual manual rotation rotation of the of the radii radii frame frame into into one one of of a plurality a plurality of of selectablepositions selectable positionsallowing allowing a worker a worker access access to component to all all component parts parts of of the reinforcement the reinforcement

cage. cage.

[0022] TheThe

[0022] above above method method may further may further include include one orone or a combination a combination of the following of the following

steps: steps:

installing aa manually installing slidablelocking manually slidable lockingmechanism mechanism for operative for operative association association with with one one or aa combination or combinationof of the the radiiframe radii frameandand the the pivot pivot point point of the of the rotation rotation stand; stand;

mountingoneone mounting or or more more retractable retractable holders holders for operable for operable connection connection to theframe to the radii radii frame andwhich and whichareare adapted adapted for holding for holding reinforcement reinforcement rings ligatures rings and/or and/or ligatures during fabrication during fabrication

or assembly or of the assembly of the reinforcement cage; reinforcement cage;

mountingoneone mounting or or more more adjustable adjustable plate plate holders holders for operable for operable connection connection to the to the radii radii frame and frame and which which are are adapted adapted for holding for holding profiled profiled plates plates for use for usefabrication in the in the fabrication of the of the precastconcrete precast concretetunnel tunnel liningsegment lining segment where where the adjustability the adjustability ofplate of the the plate holders holders ensures ensures

a specified a specified or orpredetermined predetermined taper taper of ofthe theformed formed concrete concrete segment; segment;

rotating the rotating the radii radii frame frameabout about the the pivot pivot point point into into one one or or ofmore more of the plurality the plurality of of selectablepositions; selectable positions;

engaging the engaging the manually manuallyslidable slidable locking locking mechanism mechanism to to lockthe lock therotated rotatedradii radii frame frame into its into its selected position allowing selected position allowing aa worker workeraccess access to all to all component component parts parts of the of the reinforcement cage. reinforcement cage.

[0023] In another

[0023] In another aspect aspect of of embodiments embodiments described described herein herein there there is provided is provided a rotatable a rotatable

jig for jig for supporting supporting reinforcement reinforcementcage cage components during fabrication components during fabrication or or assembly assembly comprising: comprising:

[0024] at least

[0024] at least one one rotation rotation standstand adapted adapted for anchorage for anchorage to asurface to a stable stableand surface and further further adaptedfor adapted forproviding providinga fixed a fixedpivot pivotpoint pointproximate proximate one one endtheofrotation end of the rotation standstand where where the the location of location of the pivot point the pivot point is is offset offset from longitudinal axis from aa longitudinal axisofofthe therotation rotation stand; stand;

[0025] a radii

[0025] a radii frame frame hinged hinged at its at its periphery periphery to eachtorotation each rotation stand atstand at the the pivot pivot point so point so as to as to be berotatable rotatableabout about thethe pivot pivot point point and and thereby thereby utilising utilising the centre the centre of gravity of gravity of the of the

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radii frame radii allow for to allow frame to for manual rotationofofthe manual rotation theradii radii frame to one frameinin to oneofofaa plurality plurality of of selectable selectable

rotational positions. rotational positions.

[0026] The selectable

[0026] The selectable rotational rotational positions positions of theof themay jig jigalso maybealso be lockable. lockable. In this Inthisrespect respect

the selectablerotational the selectable rotational positions positionsofofthe thejig jig may belockable may be lockableby by virtueofofa amanually virtue manually slidable slidable

locking mechanism locking mechanism operatively operatively associated associated withorone with one or a combination a combination of the of the radii radiiand frame frame and the pivot point the pivot point of of the the rotation rotation stand. stand.

[0027] The

[0027] The rotatablejig rotatable jigmay may furthercomprise further compriseretractable retractable holders holders for for operable operable connectiontotothe connection theradii radii frame frameandand which which are are adapted adapted for holding for holding reinforcement reinforcement rings rings and/or and/or ligatures during ligatures during fabrication fabrication or or assembly. assembly.TheThe retractable retractable holders holders may may be be retracted retracted by handby hand or by or by gravity. gravity. Preferably, Preferably, retraction retraction occurs occurswhen when rotating rotating thethe jigjig in into to substantially substantially

horizontal positions horizontal positionsand and when cageformed when aa cage formedtherein thereinisisreadied readiedfor for being being removed removedfrom from the jig by the jig bylifting lifting

[0028] TheThe

[0028] rotatable rotatable jig jig maymay further further comprise comprise adjustable adjustable plateplate holders holders for operable for operable

connectiontotothe connection theradii radiiframe frame andand which which are adapted are adapted for holding for holding profiledprofiled plates plates for for use in use in the fabrication ofofaa precast the fabrication precastconcrete concrete tunnel tunnel lining lining segment segment where where the the adjustability adjustability of the of the

plate holders plate holdersensures ensures a specified a specified or predetermined or predetermined taper oftaper of the profiled the profiled plates, plates, which is which is transferred transferred to tothe theformed formed segment. segment.

[0029] In yet

[0029] In yet a furtheraspect a further aspect of of embodiments embodiments described described herein, herein, as a as a product product of of the the invention, there invention, thereisisprovided provideda reinforcement a reinforcement cage cage for usefor in use in the fabrication the fabrication of a of a precast precast concretetunnel concrete tunnellining liningsegment. segment.

[0030] In particular,

[0030] In particular,the theadvance advance concerns concerns a rotatableframe a rotatable frame forforsupporting supportingfabricated fabricated componentswhich components which is isable abletototilt tilt the thecomponent betweengenerally component between generallyvertical vertical and and generally generally horizontal positions horizontal positions with withthe theadvantage of providing advantage of providing ready accessfor ready access for manufacture manufactureand and handlingofofthe handling thefabricated fabricatedcomponent. component.

[0031] Other

[0031] Other aspects aspects and preferred and preferred formsforms are disclosed are disclosed in the inspecification the specification and/orand/or

definedinin the defined theappended appended claims, claims, forming forming part a of a part theofdescription the description of theof the invention. invention.

[0032] In essence,

[0032] In essence, embodiments embodiments of present of the the present invention invention stem stem fromfrom the the realizationthat realization that jig with a jig a oneorora acombination with one combination of anofoffset an offset pivot pivot point point for a workpiece for a workpiece in a supporting in a supporting

rotation stand rotation stand or or the the dogged leg rotation dogged leg rotation stands makesitit possible stands makes possible to to use use the the centre centre of of

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gravity of gravity of the the workpiece, workpiece, ie ie hinged frame with hinged frame with cage, cage, toto rotate rotate the the jig jig to to predetermined predetermined

positions for positions foreasy easyworker worker access access to to the thecage cage being being assembled. assembled.

[0033] Advantages

[0033] Advantages provided provided by present by the the present invention invention comprise comprise the following: the following:

• There There isisno noneed needforfor reaching reaching overover or walking or walking on topon of top the of theorcage cage or thethat the frame frame that supports the supports the cage during manufacture; cage during manufacture; SA saferposture A safer postureforforwelders welders or construction or construction workers workers plus a plus safer positioning safera positioning of the of the

cage and cage andcomponents components under under construction construction canprovided can be be provided duringduring manufacture. manufacture.

This allowsfor This allows foraawelder welderor or other other construction construction workers workers to in to work work muchinmore much more safer safer

position reducing position reducingthe thelikelihood likelihoodofofinjuries; injuries; • Faster manufacture; Faster manufacture;

• Safer and Safer and faster faster handling handling of ofreinforcement reinforcement cage cage post post manufacture. manufacture.

[0034] Further

[0034] Further scope scope of applicability of applicability of embodiments of embodiments of theofpresent the present invention invention will will becomeapparent become apparent from from thethe detaileddescription detailed descriptiongiven givenhereinafter. hereinafter. However, However,ititshould shouldbebe understoodthat understood that the the detailed detailed description description and and specific specific examples, examples, while indicating while indicating preferred preferred

embodiments embodiments of the of the invention, invention, are are givengiven byofway by way of illustration illustration only, only, sincesince various various changes changes

andmodifications and modificationswithin withinthethe spiritand spirit andscope scope of of thethe disclosure disclosure herein herein will will become become apparent apparent

to to those skilled in those skilled in the art from the art this detailed from this detailed description. description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF OFTHE THEDRAWINGS DRAWINGS

[0035] Further

[0035] Further disclosure, disclosure, objects, objects, advantages advantages and aspects and aspects of preferred of preferred and and other other embodiments embodiments of of thepresent the presentinvention inventionmay may be be better better understood understood by those by those skilled skilled in in thethe

relevant art relevant art by by reference referencetotothe thefollowing followingdescription description of of embodiments embodiments taken taken in in conjunction conjunction

with the accompanying with the accompanying drawings, drawings, which which arebygiven are given byillustration way of way of illustration only, only, and thusand are thus are

not limitative not limitative of of the the disclosure herein, and disclosure herein, andininwhich: which:

Figure A Figure showseach A shows eachofofananisometric isometricview, view,plan planview, view,front front elevation elevation and and side side elevation elevation view of aa fully view of fully assembled tunnel liner assembled tunnel liner reinforcement reinforcement jig jig inin accordance with aa preferred accordance with preferred embodiment; embodiment;

Figure 11 shows Figure showsa arotatable rotatable frame framefor for supporting supporting reinforcement reinforcement cage cagecomponents components during during

fabrication fabricationororassembly assembly in inaccordance accordance with with aa preferred preferredembodiment; embodiment;

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Figure 22 shows Figure rotation stand shows aa rotation stand adapted for anchoring adapted for to ground anchoring to and which ground and whichsupports supportsthe the rotatable frame rotatable of Figure frame of in accordance Figure 11 in witha apreferred accordance with preferredembodiment embodiment of the of the present present

invention; invention;

Figure 33 shows Figure showsa asliding slidinglocking lockingmechanism mechanismusedused when when rotating rotating theframe the jig jig frame to, to, for for example,a ahorizontal example, horizontal position position according according to antoembodiment an embodiment of the invention; of the present present invention;

Figure 4(A) Figure 4(A) shows an embodiment shows an embodimentof of thethe present present inventionincluding invention includinga aretractable retractable holder holder for for spiral spiral helix helix reinforcement rings; reinforcement rings;

Figure 4(B) Figure 4(B) shows showsa aretractable retractable radius radius holder holder for for reinforcement ligatures inin accordance reinforcement ligatures accordance

with with aa preferred preferred embodiment; embodiment;

Figure 5(A) Figure 5(A)shows shows a fabricated a fabricated lower lower laser laser cut cut plate plate holder holder which which can can be be adjusted adjusted vertically vertically

to to suit suit heights of radius heights of radius longitudinal longitudinalbars; bars;facilitating facilitating highly highlyaccurate accurateadjustability adjustabilityininorder order to to attain attain the the specified segment's specified segment's taper taper in in accordance accordance with with a a preferred preferred embodiment; embodiment;

Figure 5(B) Figure 5(B)shows shows a fabricated a fabricated upperupper laser laser cut cut holder plate plate with holder with function similar similar function of that of that shownininFigure shown Figure5(A); 5(A);facilitating facilitating highly highlyaccurate accurateadjustability adjustabilityininorder ordertotoattain attain the thespecified specified segment's taper segment's taper in in accordance with aa preferred accordance with preferred embodiment; embodiment;

Figure 66 shows Figure shows a number a number of examples of examples of multiple of multiple sizes sizes of profile of profile laser laser cut plate cut plate on different on different

heights in heights inaccordance with embodiments accordance with embodiments ofofthe theinvention; invention;

Figure 77isisa adiagram Figure diagram illustrating illustrating rotational rotational angles angles or orientations or orientations for and for safe safelockable and lockable working positionsofofa asupporting working positions supporting frame frame in accordance in accordance with awith a preferred preferred embodiment embodiment of the of the presentinvention; present invention;

Figure 88 is Figure is aa side side elevational elevational view view of of aa rotatable rotatable frame frameand androtation rotationstand standin inuseuse in in accordancewith accordance with aapreferred preferred embodiment embodimentof of thethe inventionshowing invention showing thethe frame frame locked locked in in a a substantially horizontal substantially horizontalposition; position;

Figure 99 is Figure is aa side side elevational elevational view view of of aa rotatable rotatable frame frameand androtation rotationstand standin inuseuse in in accordancewith accordance witha apreferred preferredembodiment embodiment of invention of the the invention showing showing the inframe the frame an in an unlockedstate unlocked stateaway away fromfrom a horizontal a horizontal position. position.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION DETAILED DESCRIPTION

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

[0036] Embodiments

[0036] Embodiments of theofpresent the present invention invention provide provide a useful a useful alternative alternative to prior to prior artart

apparatus and apparatus and systems, systems,where wherethe thedesign designof of embodiments embodiments ofofthe thepresent presentinvention invention is is much much

simplerand simpler andeasier easier to to setup setup and and useproduction. use in in production. Thisimprove This will will improve the accuracy the accuracy of the of the manufacturing manufacturing process process overover large large quantities. quantities. For example, For example, in contrast, in contrast, the design the design provided provided

in United in United States States Patent Patent No. No. 2,366,961 2,366,961 (Fine (Fine et etal), al),mentioned mentionedabove, above,isis very cumbersome very cumbersome

andrequires and requiressomewhat somewhat highly highly skilled skilled labour labour to setup to setup and operate. and operate.

[0037] In particular,

[0037] In particular, embodiments embodimentsof of thethe presentinvention present inventionadvantageously advantageously remove remove the the needfor need forhaving havingthethehold hold down down beams beams required required by Fine by et Fine al toet al to the secure secure the materials materials within within the jig. In the jig. In accordance accordance with with embodiments embodiments of the of the present present invention, invention, the materials the materials are held are held

in position in position using gravity and using gravity andthe theplates platesas as shown shown in 6. in Fig Fig 6.

[0038] TheThe

[0038] purpose purpose and functionality and functionality of a of a tunnel tunnel linerliner reinforcement reinforcement jig provided jig provided in in accordancewith accordance withpreferred preferredembodiments embodiments is tois manufacture to manufacture and produce and produce good good quality quality assemblyofofreinforcement assembly reinforcementcages cagesforforcomplex complex andand multiple multiple types types of of precast precast tunnel tunnel liner liner

segments.InInthis segments. this respect, respect, aa system system ofof preferred preferred embodiments embodiments is is easilyadaptable easily adaptabletotobebe used for used for all all tunnels tunnels requiring requiring precast precast concrete concrete segments segmentsas as partpart of the of the construction construction

method. These method. Thesesegments segments cancan be any be any diameter, diameter, thickness, thickness, tapers tapers and and length.TheThe length. tunnels tunnels

can be can be used used for for Rail, Rail, Road Road and Service tunnels and Service tunnels

[0039] Figure

[0039] Figure 1 shows 1 shows a radii a radii frame frame in the in the form form of aofsteel a steel frame frame that that is is boltedtotothe bolted the outer legs outer legs ofof the thejig, jig, which areformed which are formed by rotation by rotation stands stands and holds and holds allparts all the the parts of the of the jig jig in place in place for for the the reinforcement reinforcementcomponents components to in to sit sit place in place to assist to assist assembly assembly of a of a reinforcement cage. reinforcement cage.

[0040] Figure

[0040] Figure 2 shows 2 shows a rotation a rotation stand stand adapted adapted for anchoring for anchoring to ground to ground or other or any any other stable surface stable surface and which supports and which supportsthe therotatable rotatable frame frame ofof Figure Figure 11 in in accordance accordancewith witha a preferred embodiment preferred embodimentof of thethe present present invention invention in in which which a dogged a dogged leg isleg is bolted bolted to a to a concretefloor concrete floorfor forstability stability and andsupports supports the the frame frame andduring and load load upright during position upright position and and rotation. rotation.

[0041] Figure

[0041] Figure 3 shows 3 shows the sliding the sliding portion portion of theoflocking the locking mechanism mechanism of preferred of preferred

embodiments. embodiments. ThisThis canused can be be to used locktothe lock theinto jig jig one intoofone of a plurality a plurality of rotational of rotational positions, positions,

for for example, whenrotating example, when rotating the the jig jig frame frame to to horizontal horizontalposition. position.Figures Figures88 and and 99 show show aa

locking mechanism locking 800according mechanism 800 accordingtotoa apreferred preferred embodiment embodimentin in more more detail.AsAsshown detail. shown in in Figures 88 and Figures and 99the thelocking locking mechanism mechanism800 800 works works to lock to lock the frame the frame 804 804 by thebyopen the open

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

aperture802 aperture 802atatthe theend endofofthe theflat plateportion flat plate portion 801 801ofofthe thesliding slidinglock lockmechanism mechanism engaging engaging

corresponding a corresponding a detent detent 803803 of aofset a set of positioned of positioned detents detents 803 located 803 located on the on the rotation rotation stand stand 806or 806 or aa part part of of it. it.The The lock lock mechanism mechanism 800 800 is used is used in sliding in sliding backback and forth and forth to lock to lock position position

(as shown (as shownin inFigure Figure 8) 8) or or freefrom free from lock lock position position (as (as shown shown in Figure in Figure 9) to 9) to allow allow rotation rotation of of the jig. The the jig. slidingplates The sliding plates801 801areare located located in two in two positions positions beingbeing one onone eachonside each side of the of the

frame 804andand frame 804 thethe selectable selectable detents detents 803located 803 are are located on theon the plate upper upper807 plate of 807 of the rotation the rotation

stands806. stands 806.TheThe manually manually slidable slidable locking locking plate plate 801 is801 is provided provided with a with recess a 802 recess 802 formed formed therein for engagement therein for engagement withwith at least at least one one detent detent 803. 803.

[0042] In alternate

[0042] In alternate embodiments embodiments (not shown) (not shown) being abeing a mechanical mechanical inversioninversion of the of the arrangementininFigures arrangement Figures8 8and and 9, 9, thethe slidingplate sliding plateand andthe theatatleast leastone onedetent detentmaymay be be respectivelylocated respectively locatedononthethe rotationstand rotation stand andand the the radii radii frame. frame. Equivalent Equivalent mechanisms mechanisms for for locking the locking thejig jiginto intoits its respective respectiverotational rotational positions positions may may involve involve clasps clasps or to or latches latches to engageone engage oneorormore moredetents. detents.

[0043] In aIn preferred

[0043] a preferredembodiment, embodiment, precise precise placement placement of the of the reinforcement reinforcement components components

is possible is andbybytack possible and tackwelding welding these these in place in place a more a more accurate accurate dimensional dimensional set-out set-out of the of the reinforcement cage reinforcement cage is is achieved. The preferred achieved. The preferred embodiment embodimentalso alsoprovides provides a amore more controlled environment controlled andeasy environment and easy access access for for the the bar bar feeders, feeders, boilermakers boilermakers in various in various

positions by positions methodsofoftack by methods tackwelding weldingand andbarbar tyingwith tying withannealed annealed wire wire procedure procedure and and crane operators crane operators to to unload unload the the assembled cages. assembled cages.

[0044] One One

[0044] of the of the main main objects objects of of embodiment a preferredembodiment a preferred of the of the is isproviding invention invention providing or ensuring or ensuring a agood goodproductivity productivitywith witha minimum a minimum and structured and structured workforce workforce attaining attaining

maximum maximum efficiency. efficiency. Different Different teams teams mayinwork may work in based unison unisonon based on allocated allocated tasks tasks to start to start and end and endaaparticular particular activity activityand andrepeat repeatwhen complete. The when complete. Thework work cyclemaymay cycle save save timetime

andimprove and improve productivity. productivity.

[0045] Safety

[0045] Safety is also is also a key a key attributeto toembodiments attribute embodiments of the of the invention invention due due to design to design

parameters specific parameters specific to to the the reinforcement reinforcementcomponents components provisions provisions and and enough enough working working

spacearound space aroundthethe jig jig during during the the operation. operation. The interfacing The interfacing of activities of activities as structured as structured may may improvethe improve theflow flowand and avoid avoid clashing clashing of moving of moving objects objects and potential and potential injuryinjury to thetoworkforce. the workforce.

[0046] Quality

[0046] Quality of of assembly assembly of reinforcement of reinforcement cages cages alsoalso plays plays a very a very important important partpart of of the the production production process. The pre process. The pre and and post post assembly assemblyinspection inspection can can be beeasily easily checked with checked with

steel materials steel materialslaser lasercut cutplates plates andand bar bar holders holders are fixed are fixed at the at the position right right position along along the the

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

vertical vertical and horizontalplane and horizontal planeofofthethejig jigsteel steelframe. frame.If Ifrequired, required, thethe laser laser cutcut plates plates cancan be be

adjustedtotosuit adjusted suit different different types typesofof reinforcement reinforcement segments segments assembly. assembly.

[0047] In aIn preferred

[0047] a preferred embodiment, embodiment, a tunnel a tunnel segmental segmental liner reinforcement liner reinforcement jig is jig is providedwhich provided which facilitatesthe facilitates theassembly assembly of reinforcement of reinforcement components components within thewithin jig tothe setjig to set the correct spacing the correct spacingand andtoto maintain maintain concrete concrete cover cover as normally as normally required required in the in the manufacture manufacture

of structural of structural precast concrete.Reinforcement precast concrete. Reinforcement jigs jigs of embodiments of embodiments have rotation have rotation stands instands in the form ofof two the form two (2) (2) dogged dogged legleg stands stands which which are hinged are hinged to thetoradii the radii frameframe with profiled with profiled laser laser

cut plates cut plates and anda ahelix helixholder. holder.TheThe dogged dogged leg stands leg stands have a have a flat horizontal flat horizontal surfacesurface for the for the radii frames radii to rest frames to rest after after manual manualrotation rotationforforsafe safe stripping stripping andand liftingof ofthethe lifting reinforcement reinforcement

cages assembly. cages assembly.TheThe reinforcement reinforcement jigjig is isdesigned designedto tobebemanually manually rotatedin inpreferably rotated preferably three (3) positions three (3) positions bybyutilising utilising the the centre centreofof gravity gravity of of the the radii radii frames, lasercut frames, laser cutplates platesand and reinforcement components. reinforcement components.These These three three positions positions areindicated are indicatedinin Figure Figure 7, 7, which which shows shows stops atat angular stops angularpositions positions of of 1800 180° equivalent equivalent to a to a substantially substantially horizontal horizontal position, position, 250°- 250° 2600for 260° for one onesubstantially substantially vertical vertical position position and 280°-290°for and 280°-290° forananopposite opposite or or flipped flipped

substantially vertical substantially vertical position. position. This This range range of selectable of selectable positions positions give access give access to the to the full full extent of extent of the the reinforcement reinforcement cage cagebeing being assembled assembled by workers by workers with and with ease ease and safety safety assured. assured.

[0048] A combination

[0048] A combination of supports of supports is in for is in place place thefor the reinforcing reinforcing bars. Vertical bars. Vertical transverse transverse

reinforcing bars reinforcing barsand andligatures ligatures areare set set out out by profiled by profiled laserlaser cut plates cut plates forbar for the thespacing bar spacing andthe and theinstallation installationofofhorizontal horizontallongitudinal longitudinal reinforcing reinforcing bar bar heights heights restsrests on retractable on retractable

multi layered multi layered pins. pins. The spiral reinforcements The spiral reinforcements which are called which are called helix helixare aremounted on the mounted on the internal face internal faceholders holdersofofthe radii the frames. radii TheThereinforcement frames. components reinforcement components are are tack tack welded welded

for for rigidity rigidityduring during lifting, lifting,transport and transport andconcrete pour. concrete pour.

[0049] Retractable

[0049] Retractable holders holders can can either either be retracted be retracted by hand by hand or byorgravity. by gravity. This This only only happens happens when when rotating rotating intointo horizontal horizontal position position when when theiscage the cage is to ready ready to be from be lifted liftedthe from the jig. jig.

[0050] The reinforcement

[0050] The reinforcement cages cages are are manufactured manufactured in jigs but in injigs but in a frame a frame that that can tilt thecan tilt the jig from jig vertical position a vertical from a position to to aa horizontal position at horizontal position at any timeduring any time duringmanufacture manufacture and and post post manufacture manufacture forfor handling. handling.

[0051] By positioning

[0051] By positioning thethe jiginin tilt jig tilt frame framemeans means

Noneed 11 No needforforreaching reaching or or walking walking on of on top topframe of frame duringduring manufacture. manufacture.

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Saferposture/position 2 Safer 2 posture/positionduring during manufacture. manufacture.

3 Faster 3 Faster manufacture. manufacture.

Saferand 44 Safer andfaster fasterhandling handling post post manufacture. manufacture.

[0052] A general

[0052] A general sequence sequence of work of work involving involving an exemplary an exemplary embodiment embodiment of a jig of fora jig for reinforcementcages reinforcement cages for for segmental segmental tunneltunnel liners liners will will be as be as follows. follows. Design Design and and fabricate fabricate all required all required jigs jigs for for the the project. Procureall project. Procure all required requiredreinforcing, reinforcing,welding welding wire, wire, tietie wireandand wire

consumables. consumables. Setup Setup up reinforcement up reinforcement jigs.ofSetup jigs. Setup of the the jigs jigs is as is as follows: follows: - Mark - Mark out on out on factory floor factory floor position of each position of eachjig, jig, install install rotation rotation stands per jig stands per jig and bolt to and bolt to concrete concretefloor floororor footing. Install frame footing. Install viaswing frame via swing pins pins in the in the rotation rotation stands, stands, whichwhich essentially essentially provides provides a a swingframe swing frameforforthe theworkpieces. workpieces. Install Install reinforcement reinforcement upper, upper, mid mid and andplates base basetoplates swing to swing frame. Adjust frame. Adjust upper, upper, mid mid and plates and base base plates via holder via plate plate parts, holder asparts, as illustrated illustrated in Figures in Figures

5Aand 5A and5B5Bincluding including their their respective respective adjustments adjustments brackets brackets and and weld weld once once fine fine tolerance tolerance is is met. met.

[0053] Assemble

[0053] Assemble reinforcement reinforcement within within the jigs. the jigs. ApplyApply all curved all curved bar, bar, ligaments ligaments and and straight bar. straight bar. Tie Tieall all bars barsifif and andwhere where required. required. ApplyApply benttobars bent bars to corners corners of ligaments of ligaments

and all and all straight straight bar bar to to be Weld welded. Weld be welded. stainless stainless steel steel cathodic cathodic protection protection rod rod withwith

stainless steel stainless steelwelding welding wire. wire. Remove reinforcementcage Remove reinforcement cage fromjigs from jigsvia viaoverhead overheadgantry. gantry. QAcheck QA checkofofall all welds weldsand andchecklist checklisttotobebecompleted. completed. Transfer Transfer segmented segmented cage cage into into corresponding transport corresponding transport cage. cage.Store Store transport transport frame, frame, ready ready for delivery. for delivery. Load Load onto onto transport providerfor transport provider fordelivery deliverytotosite. site.

[0054] In this

[0054] In thisprocess process according according to preferred to preferred embodiments, embodiments, all segmental all segmental cagescages will will havetheir have their own ownjig jigfor for assembly. assembly. In In doing doing so all so all jigs jigs are are installedinincorresponding installed corresponding order order for for efficient production. efficient All production. All reinforcing reinforcing steel steel barbar is scheduled, is scheduled, cutbent cut and andoffsite bent and offsite all and all reinforcementis issupported reinforcement supported off off thethe floor floor on on timber timber gluts gluts or pallets. or pallets. Reinforcement Reinforcement may be may be colour coded, colour coded, labelled labelled and andplaced placed within within a holding a holding bayeach bay at at jig eachlocation. jig location. The The reinforcement itself reinforcement itself may be steel may be steel fixed fixed on customjigs on custom jigs to to ensure ensureaccurate accuratedimensions, dimensions, consistent spacing consistent spacing and numbersofofbar and numbers barto to drawing drawing requirements. requirements. Stainless Stainlesssteel steel cathodic cathodic bar is bar is to to be weldedwith be welded witha stainless a stainless steel steel MIGMIG welder. welder. This isThis is applied applied to each to each end end of the of the cage, as cage, as per per the the construction constructiondrawings. drawings. Ligature Ligature sets setsmay may be be assembly weldedwithin assembly welded within the the jig. Additional jig. Additional welding welding may maybebe required required to to secure secure and and stiffen stiffen the the cagecage before before lifting lifting

operations. Reinforcement operations. Reinforcementcages cages maymay be lifted be lifted by by thethe gantry,out gantry, outofofthe thejig jig by by grasping grasping any appropriate any appropriate portions portions of ofthe thereinforcement reinforcementcage, cage,such such as as beams. beams.

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[0055] With

[0055] With reference reference to 6, to Fig 6, profiled Fig profiled plates plates are are shown shown for forming for forming the tapered the tapered

concretesegments. concrete segments.Part Part 62 is62 foristhe for top theouter top outer cover,cover, part part 63 63 is is for topfor top upper, upper, part 64 part is 64 is for for base inner,part base inner, part6565isisfor formid midplate plateandand part part 66 for 66 is is for base base outer outer cover; cover; the cut-out the cut-out on on the plates serves the plates servesasas thethe mounting mounting position position and backing and backing of the reinforcement of the reinforcement ligature and ligature and

radius long radius longbars. bars.

[0056] An An

[0056] exemplary exemplary tunnel tunnel liner liner reinforcement reinforcement jigjigfull full assembly is shown assembly is in Fig shown in Fig A. A. The The

isometric view isometric view of of the the jigs jigs isis the the general generaldesign designutilised utilisedtotomanufacture manufacture tunnel tunnel liner liner

reinforcement cages reinforcement cagesby byway wayofofassembly. assembly.

[0057] Assembly

[0057] Assembly is carried is carried outout based based on the on the parts parts of of thethedrawings drawings shown shown as follows: as follows:

1. Check 1. Check levels levels on on thethe ground ground slab slab to betoflat be flat for for thethe dogged dogged leg stands leg stands (Fig. (Fig. No 2) No and 2) and

install onon the install the specified specified centre centre to to centre centre spacing. Pre-drilled 4x2 spacing. Pre-drilled 4x2 holes holesononthe the concretepad concrete padto tosuit suitbase base plate plate holes holes sizes sizes and spacing and spacing on the on the dogged dogged leg leg stands. stands. The pinholes The pin holestotobebeon on thethe same same height height prior prior to fixing. to fixing. Provide Provide packers packers if required. if required.

Anchor boltsarearerequired Anchor bolts required forfor fixingwith fixing withthethe specified specified torque. torque.

2. Install 2. Install the Pre-fabricatedframe the Pre-fabricated frame (Figure (Figure No.and1) fix No. 1) andinto fix dogged into dogged legusing leg stand stand using structural bolts. structural bolts. Check Check alignment, alignment, centre centre of gravity of gravity and rotation and rotation after installation. after installation.

Adjust to suit Adjust to suit when loaded. when loaded.

3. Install 3. Install locking mechanism locking mechanism (Figure (Figure No. 3)No. and3)fix and fixstructural with with structural bolts. bolts.

4. Mount 4. Mount andand fix fix lower lower plate plate holder holder (Figure (Figure 5A)upper 5A) and and plate upperholder plate (Figure holder 5B) (Figure in 5B) in the right orientation the right andlocation orientation and locationincluding includinglevelling levellingbots botsandand nuts. nuts.

5. Rotate 5. Rotatethethe frame frame horizontally horizontally and slide and slide locking locking mechanism mechanism for safe installation for safe installation of of profiled laser profiled laser cut cut plates plates(Figure (FigureNo.No. 6). 6). PlacePlace top upper top upper plateNo. plate (Part (Part 63) No. into 63) into upperplate upper plateholder holder andand fix fix with with M16 M16 structural structural bolts. bolts. Place Place baseplate base inner inner plate (Part (Part No. 64) No. 64)into intolower lowerplate plateholder holder andand fix fix withwith M16 M16 structural structural bolts.bolts. InstallInstall top top cover cover plate (Part plate (Part No. No. 62), 62), mid midplate plate(Part (PartNo. No.65)65) andand basebase covercover plate plate (Part (Part No.onto No. 66) 66) onto the the frame. Verify dimensions frame. Verify andmake dimensions and make sure sure height height and and platespacing plate spacing areare correct correct

prior to prior to final finalarrangement. Fixwith arrangement. Fix withM16M16 structural structural bolts. bolts.

6. Initially 6. Initially tighten tighten all all bolts bolts to to aa snug-tight condition.After snug-tight condition. After confirming confirming all connecting all connecting

piecesare pieces areinin correct correctpositions, positions,final final bolt bolt tensioning tensioningisisrequired. required.

[0058] In Insummary,

[0058] summary, for for preferredembodiments preferred embodiments of the of the invention, invention, a tunnel a tunnel liner liner reinforcementjigjigisismade reinforcement made of structural of structural steel steel sections sections and plates and plates and typically and typically assembled assembled

with bolted with bolted and andwelded welded connections. connections. The jigThe jigbeis installed is to to be installed in corresponding in corresponding order to order to

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

haveefficient have production.TheThe efficient production. operation operation theisjig of theofjig to is to generate generate consistent consistent and and quality quality products and products and toto streamline streamline the the process processofofassembly assemblyin ina asafe safeand and orderlymanner. orderly manner. An An exemplary exemplary corresponding corresponding orderorder of installation of installation is asisfollows. as follows. 1. Install Items 1. Install Items as asshown shownin in FigFig No.No. 2 2

2. Install 2. Install Frame Frame as as shown in Fig shown in Fig No No 11 3. Install 3. Install Brackets Bracketsasasshown shown in Fig in Fig 5 (A) 5 (A) & (B) & (B)

4. Install Plates 4. Install Plates as asshown shownin in FigFig 6 6

5. Install 5. Install Locking Locking Mech as shown Mech as showninin Fig Fig 33 6. Adjust 6. Adjustbrackets bracketsFigFig 5 to 5 to acceptable acceptable tolerance tolerance

[0059] A component

[0059] A component list use list for for in usereference in reference to accompanying to the the accompanying drawingsdrawings is as is as follows. follows.

Item Item Description Description Quantity Quantity Drawing Drawing No No 1 1 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Steel member Steel that member that forms partofofthe forms part the frame shownin frame shown in Fig Fig 1. Provides 1. Providesstrength strength and rigidity and rigidity of ofthe the jig jig

2 2 Steel Section Steel Section 100*50*4 RHS 100*50*4 RHS 1 1 Fig. Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 3 3 Steel Section Steel Section 100*50*4 RHS 100*50*4 RHS 1 1 Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 4 4 Steel Section Steel Section 50*50*3 SHS 50*50*3 SHS 1 1 Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 55 Steel Section Steel Section 50*50*5 50*50*5 EA EA 4 4 Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 6 6 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1

77 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 88 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 9 9 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. Fig. 11 As perItem As per Item1 1 10 10 Steel Section Steel Section 50*50*5 50*50*5 EA EA 1 1 Fig. Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 11 11 Steel Section Steel Section 50*50*5 50*50*5 EA EA 1 1 Fig. Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 12 12 Steel Section Steel Section 50*50*5 50*50*5 EA EA 1 1 Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 13 13 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 14 14 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 15 15 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 16 16 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1

17 17 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. Fig. 11 As As per Item1 1 perItem 18 18 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 19 19 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. As perItem As per Item1 1 20 20 Steel Section Steel Section 75*50*4.60 75*50*4.60 UA UA 2 2 Fig. Fig. 11 Asper As perItem Item1 1 21 21 Steel Plain Steel PlainRound Round Bar Bar 20 20 diameter diameter 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

22 22 Steel Section Steel Section 100 100 PFC PFC 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 23 23 Steel Section Steel Section 100 100 PFC PFC 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 24 24 Steel Section Steel Section 100 100 PFC PFC 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 25 25 Steel Section Steel Section 60.30*4.50 60.30*4.50 CHS CHS 2 2 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 26 26 Steel Section Steel Section 17.20*2.30 17.20*2.30 CHS CHS 4 4 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 27 27 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm (Laser (Laser cutsuit) cut to to suit) 4 4 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 28 28 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm (Laser (Laser cutsuit) cut to to suit) 4 4 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 29 29 Steel Section Steel Section 50*50*5 50*50*5 EA EA 4 4 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 30 30 Steel Section Steel Section 26.90*3.20 26.90*3.20 CHS CHS 34 34 Fig. 11 Fig. Asper As perItem Item1 1 31 31 Steel Section Steel Section 125*75*5 RHS 125*75*5 RHS 2 2 Fig. 22 Fig. Steel Steel member that member that formspart forms partofofthe the rotation stand rotation standshown shown in Fig in 2. Provides Fig 2. Provides the supportofofthe support

framesininFig frames Fig1.1. Allowsthe Allows therotation rotation processofofthe process the completedjig. completed jig. 32 32 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section16mm 16mm Laser Laser cut profiled cut profiled 2 2 Fig. 22 Fig. Asper As perItem Item3131 33 33 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm Laser Laser cut Square cut Square 2 2 Fig. 22 Fig. Asper As perItem Item3131 34 34 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm Laser Laser cut Square cut Square 2 2 Fig. 22 Fig. Asper As perItem Item3131 35 35 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm Laser Laser cut profiled cut profiled 2 2 Fig. 22 Fig. Asper As perItem Item3131 36 36 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm Laser Laser cut profiled cut profiled 2 2 Fig. 22 Fig. As per As per Item Item 31 31

37 37 Steel Plain Steel PlainRound Round Bar Bar 20 20 diameter diameter 4 4 Fig. 22 Fig. Asper As perItem Item3131 38 38 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm Laser Laser cut profiled cut profiled 4 4 Fig. 22 Fig. Asper As perItem Item3131 39 39 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm Laser Laser cut profiled cut profiled 4 4 Fig. 22 Fig. Asper As perItem Item3131 40 40 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section6mm 6mm Laser Laser cut Disk cut Disk 2 2 Fig. 22 Fig. As per As per Item Item 31 31

41 41 Structural Bolt Structural BoltM20*50 M20*50 Gr. Gr. 8.8 8.8 2 2 Fig. 22 Fig. Asper As perItem Item3131 42 42 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm Laser Laser cut profiled cut profiled 4 4 Fig. 33 Fig. Slide lockingDevice Slide locking Device as shown as shownininFigFig 3 3 43 43 Steel Plain Steel PlainRound Round Bar Bar 20 20 diameter diameter 2 2 Fig. 33 Fig. Slide lockingDevice Slide locking Device as shown as shownininFigFig 3 3

44 44 Steel Pin Steel Pin50dia*120 50dia*120 2 2 Accessories Accessories Rotating Pin Rotating Pin

45 45 Structural Hex Structural Hex Nut Nut M12 M12 4 4 Accessories Accessories HoldsItem Holds Item5 in 5 in position position

46 46 Structural Washer Structural Washerto to suit suit M12M12 nut nut 4 4 Accessories Accessories

47 47 Structural Washer Structural Washerto to suit suit M12M12 nut nut 4 4 Accessories Accessories

48 48 Structural Bolt Structural BoltM12X90 with 30mm M12X90 with 30mm Thread Thread 4 4 Accessories Accessories Holds Item5 in Holds Item 5 in position position

49 49 Not used Not used 50 50 Steel Section Steel Section 35*3 35*3 SHS SHS 5 5 Fig. 44 Fig. Materialtoto Material

manufacture Items manufacture Items showninin Fig shown Fig 44 51 51 Steel Plain Steel PlainRound Round Bar Bar 20 20 diameter diameter 32 32 Fig. 44 Fig. Support bar when Support bar when placedininjig placed jig to to correct longitudinal correct longitudinal position position

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

52 52 Steel Plain Steel Plain Round Round BarBar 20 diameter 20 diameter with with 10 10 Fig. 44 Fig. Support bar when Support bar when placedininjig placed to jig to drilled hole drilled 6dia hole 6dia correct longitudinal correct longitudinal position position 53 53 Steel Section 35*3 Steel Section 35*3 SHS SHS 4 4 Fig. 44 Fig. Materialtoto Material

manufacture Items manufacture Items showninin Fig shown Fig 44 54 54 Steel Pin Steel Pin 6dia 6dia 10 10 Fig. 44 Fig. Materialtoto Material

manufacture Items manufacture Items showninin Fig shown Fig 44 55 55 Steel Lower Steel Plate Holder Lower Plate Holder 5mm Profiled cut 5mm Profiled cut 10 10 Fig. 55 Fig. Materialtoto Material

manufacture Items manufacture Items 5. 5. shownin inFigFig shown

These items These items as as showninin Fug shown Fug 55 are are an integral an integral part part of of the jig. the jig. They hold They hold

and set and set the the position position of the of the profiles cut profiles cut

plates. They plates. also They also

allowtoto set allow set the the tolerance and tolerance and accuracyofofthe accuracy thejig jig 56 56 Structural Bolt Structural BoltM16x100 Gr 8.8 M16x100 Gr 8.8 20 20 Fig. 5 As per As per Item Item 55 55

57 57 Steel Lower Steel Plate Holder Lower Plate Holder 10mm Lasercut 10mm Lasercut 20 20 Fig. 55 Fig. As per As per Item Item 55 55

58 58 Steel Lower Steel Plate Holder Lower Plate Holder 10mm Lasercut 10mm Lasercut 5 5 Fig. 5 As per As per Item Item 55 55

59 59 Not used Not used Fig. 55 Fig.

60 60 Steel Flat Steel Flat Section Section10mm 10mm withwith drilled drilled holesholes 2 2 Fig. 55 Fig. As per As per Item Item 55 55

61 61 Steel Upper Steel Upper Plate Plate Holder Holder 5mm Profiled cut 5mm Profiled cut 10 10 Fig. 55 Fig. As per As per Item Item 55 55

62 62 Steel Section Steel Section 10mm Profiled cut 10mm Profiled cut Top Top Cover Cover 1 1 Fig. 66 Fig. Profile plates Profile plates that that set set the location the locationand and spacingofofthe spacing the materials toto be materials be weldedininthe welded thejig. jig. 63 63 Steel Section Steel Section 8mm Profiled cut 8mm Profiled cut Top Top Upper Upper 1 1 Fig. 66 Fig. As per As per Item 62 64 64 Steel Section Steel Section8mm 8mm Profiled Profiled cut Base cut Base Inner Inner 1 1 Fig. 6 As per As per Item Item 62 62

65 65 Steel Section Steel Section 8mm Profiled cut 8mm Profiled cut Base Base Mid Mid 1 1 Fig. 66 Fig. As per As per Item Item 62 62

66 66 Steel Section Steel Section 8mm Profiled cut 8mm Profiled cut Base Base Cover Cover 1 1 Fig. 66 Fig. As per As per Item Item 62 62

[0060] According

[0060] According to preferred to preferred embodiments embodiments of theofpresent the present invention invention jig provided a jiga is is provided that that only allows the only allows thereinforcement reinforcement cage cage underunder fabrication fabrication or construction or construction to be on to be worked worked on in aa safe in angledposition, safe angled position,for forexample, example,in in thethe plane plane of the of the jig.jig. By way By way of example, of example, by onlyby only locking in locking in that that safe safe position position the the present invention overcomes present invention freerotation overcomes free rotation and andhence hence avoids dangerous avoids dangerousoperation. operation. With Withreference referencetotothe the embodiment embodimentof of FIGFIG 7 itisis to 7 it to be be noted noted

that that the the jig jigas as illustrated illustratedin in thatthat embodiment embodiment can can have three safe have three safe locking locking positions positions as as

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

shownat atrelative shown relativeangles angles of about of about 180°,1800, as in as well well theinranges the ranges of 250° of to 2500 to 2600 260° and in theand in the rangeofof280° range 2800toto290°. 2900.

[0061] While

[0061] Whilethis thisinvention inventionhashas beenbeen described described in connection in connection with specific with specific embodiments embodiments thereof, thereof, it willbebeunderstood it will understood thatthat it is it is capable capable of further of further modification(s). modification(s). ThisThis

application is application is intended to cover intended to cover any anyvariations variationsuses usesor or adaptations adaptations of the of the invention invention

following in general, following in general, the theprinciples principlesofofthe theinvention inventionand and including including such such departures departures from the from the

presentdisclosure present disclosureasas come come within within knownknown or customary or customary practice practice within within the thewhich art to art tothewhich the invention pertains invention pertainsand andas as maymay be applied be applied toessential to the the essential features features hereinbefore hereinbefore set set forth. forth.

[0062] As As

[0062] the the present present invention invention may may be embodied be embodied in several in several forms forms without without departing departing

from thespirit from the spirit of of the the essential characteristics ofof the essential characteristics the invention, invention,itit should beunderstood should be understoodthatthat

the the above described embodiments above described embodimentsareare notnot to to limit the limit the present present invention invention unless unless otherwise otherwise specified, but specified, but rather rather should be construed should be construedbroadly broadly withinthethe within spiritand spirit andscope scope of of the the invention as invention defined in as defined in the the appended appendedclaims. claims.The The described described embodiments embodiments are are to be to be consideredininall considered all respects respectsasas illustrativeonly illustrative onlyand andnotnot restrictive. restrictive.

[0063] Various

[0063] Various modifications modifications andand equivalent equivalent arrangements arrangements are are intended intended to included to be be included within the spirit within the spirit and scopeofofthe and scope theinvention invention andand appended appended claims.claims. Therefore, Therefore, the specific the specific

embodiments embodiments areare to to be be understood understood to betoillustrative be illustrative of of thethe manymany ways ways in which in which the the principles of principles of the the present presentinvention inventionmaymay be practiced. be practiced. In theInfollowing the following claims, claims, any any means- means plus-functionclauses plus-function clausesareare intended intended to cover to cover structures structures as performing as performing the defined the defined function function andnot and notonly onlystructural structuralequivalents, equivalents,butbut also also equivalent equivalent structures. structures. For example, For example, although although

nail and a nail a anda ascrew screwmaymay notstructural not be be structural equivalents equivalents in that ina that a nail employs nail employs a cylindrical a cylindrical

surface to surface to secure woodenparts secure wooden partstogether, together, whereas whereasa screw a screw employs employs a helical a helical surface surface to to securewooden secure wooden parts parts together, together, in the in the environment environment of fastening of fastening wooden wooden parts, parts, a nail anda anail and a screware screw areequivalent equivalent structures. structures.

The followingsections The following sections I -I -VII VIIprovide provide a guide a guide to interpreting to interpreting the the present present specification. specification.

I. Terms I. Terms

[0064] The

[0064] The term"product" term "product"means meansany any machine,manufacture machine, manufactureand/or and/orcomposition compositionofof matter, unless matter, unlessexpressly expressly specified specified otherwise. otherwise.

[0065] TheThe

[0065] termterm "process" "process" means means any process, any process, algorithm, algorithm, methodmethod or the or the unless like, like, unless expresslyspecified expressly specifiedotherwise. otherwise.

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

[0066] EachEach

[0066] process process (whether (whether calledcalled a method, a method, algorithm algorithm or otherwise) or otherwise) inherently inherently

includesone includes oneorormore more steps, steps, and and therefore therefore all references all references to a "step" to a "step" or "steps" or "steps" of a of a process process

haveananinherent have inherent antecedent antecedent basis basis in the inmere therecitation mere recitation of the of the term term 'process' 'process' or a like or a like term. Accordingly,anyany term. Accordingly, reference reference in ainclaim a claim to ato'step' a 'step' or'steps' or 'steps' of of a process a process has sufficient has sufficient

antecedent basis. antecedent basis.

[0067] TheThe

[0067] termterm "invention" "invention" andand thethe likemean like mean "theone "the one or or more more inventions inventions disclosedinin disclosed

this this specification", specification", unless expresslyspecified unless expressly specified otherwise. otherwise.

[0068] TheThe

[0068] terms terms "an "an embodiment", embodiment", "embodiment", "embodiment", "embodiments", "embodiments", "the embodiment", "the embodiment",

"the embodiments", "the embodiments", "one "one orormore more embodiments", embodiments", "some "some embodiments", embodiments", "certain "certain embodiments","one embodiments", "oneembodiment", embodiment", "another "another embodiment" embodiment" and and the like the like mean mean "one"one or more or more

(but not (but not all) all) embodiments embodiments of of thethe disclosed disclosed invention(s)",unless invention(s)", unless expressly expressly specified specified

otherwise. otherwise.

[0069] TheThe

[0069] termterm "variation" "variation" of an of an invention invention means means an embodiment an embodiment of the invention, of the invention,

unlessexpressly unless expressly specified specified otherwise. otherwise.

[0070] A reference

[0070] A reference to "another to "another embodiment" embodiment" in describing in describing an embodiment an embodiment does notdoes not imply that imply that the referenced embodiment the referenced embodimentis is mutually mutually exclusive exclusive with with another another embodiment embodiment

(e.g., an (e.g., an embodiment describedbefore embodiment described before thethe referenced referenced embodiment), embodiment), unless unless expressly expressly

specified otherwise. specified otherwise.

[0071] TheThe

[0071] terms terms "including", "including", "comprising" "comprising" andand variations variations thereof thereof mean mean "including "including butbut

not limited not limited to", to", unless expresslyspecified unless expressly specifiedotherwise. otherwise.

[0072] TheThe

[0072] terms terms "a","a", "an""an" andand "the" "the" mean mean "one "one or more", or more", unless unless expressly expressly specified specified

otherwise. otherwise.

[0073] TheThe

[0073] termterm "plurality"means "plurality" means "two "two or or more",unless more", unless expressly expressly specifiedotherwise. specified otherwise.

[0074] TheThe

[0074] termterm "herein" "herein" means means "in the "in the present present specification,including specification, including anything anythingwhich which maybebeincorporated may incorporated by reference", by reference", unless unless expressly expressly specified specified otherwise. otherwise.

[0075] TheThe

[0075] phrase phrase "at least "at least one one of",of", whenwhen suchsuch phrase phrase modifies modifies a plurality a plurality of things of things

(such as (such as an an enumerated enumeratedlist list of of things), things), means anycombination means any combinationofofone oneorormore more of of those those

things, unlessexpressly things, unless expressly specified specified otherwise. otherwise. For example, For example, the "at the phrase phrase least "at one least of a one of a

widget, carand widget, aa car anda wheel" a wheel" means means eithereither (i) a widget, (i) a widget, (ii) a(ii) a car, car, (iii)(iii) a wheel, a wheel, (iv)(iv) a widget a widget

20

2019213358 07 Aug 2019

andaacar, and car,(v) (v) aa widget widgetandand a wheel, a wheel, (vi) (vi) a car a car and and a wheel, a wheel, or a(vii) or (vii) a widget, widget, a car a cara and and a wheel.The wheel. Thephrase phrase "at "at least least oneone of",of', whenwhen such such phrasephrase modifies modifies a plurality a plurality of things, of things, does does not mean not mean"one "one of of each each of" of" the the plurality plurality of of things. things.

[0076] Numerical

[0076] Numerical terms terms such such as "one", as "one", "two", "two", etc.etc. whenwhen usedused as cardinal as cardinal numbers numbers to to indicate quantity indicate quantity of of something something (e.g.,one (e.g., one widget, widget, twotwo widgets), widgets), mean mean the quantity the quantity indicated indicated

by that by that numerical numericalterm, term, butbut do do not not meanmean at least at least the quantity the quantity indicated by that by indicated that numerical numerical

term. For example, term. For example,the thephrase phrase"one "one widget" widget" does does not not meanmean "at least "at least one one widget", and and widget", therefore the therefore thephrase phrase "one "one widget" widget" doesdoes not cover, not cover, e.g., e.g., two widgets. two widgets.

[0077] The

[0077] The phrase phrase "based "based on"on" does does not not mean mean only only "based "based on", on", unless unless expressly expressly specified otherwise. specified otherwise.InInother otherwords, words, thethe phrase phrase "based "based on" describes on" describes both only both "based "based on" only on" and"based and "basedat atleast leaston". on".TheThe phrase phrase "based "based at least at least on" on" is is equivalent equivalent to thetophrase the phrase "based "based at least in part on". at least in part on".

[0078] The term

[0078] The term "represent" "represent" and and like like are terms terms not are not exclusive, exclusive, unless expressly unless expressly specified specified otherwise. For otherwise. For example, example,the theterm term"represents" "represents"do do notnot mean mean "represents "represents only", only", unless unless

expresslyspecified expressly specifiedotherwise. otherwise. In In other other words, words, the the phrase phrase "the "the data data represents represents a credit a credit card card number"describes number" describesboth both"the "thedata datarepresents representsonly only a creditcard a credit cardnumber" number" andand "the"the datadata

representsa acredit represents creditcard cardnumber number anddata and the the also data represents also represents something something else". else".

[0079] TheThe

[0079] termterm "whereby" "whereby" is used is used herein herein only only to to precede precede a clauseororother a clause otherset set of of words words

that that express only the express only the intended intendedresult, result, objective objective or or consequence consequence of something of something that that is is

previouslyand previously andexplicitly explicitlyrecited. recited.Thus, Thus, when when the "whereby" the term term "whereby" is aused is used in in the claim, a claim, the clauseororother clause otherwords words thatthat the the termterm "whereby" "whereby" modifies modifies do not establish do not establish specific specific further further limitations of limitations of the the claim or otherwise claim or otherwiserestricts restrictsthe themeaning meaning or scope or scope of claim. of the the claim.

[0080] TheThe

[0080] termterm "e.g." "e.g." andand like like terms terms mean mean "for"for example", example", and and thusthus doesdoes not limit not limit thethe

term orphrase term or phraseit itexplains. explains.ForFor example, example, in sentence in the the sentence "the computer "the computer sends sends data (e.g.,data (e.g.,

instructions, aa data instructions, data structure) structure)over overthe theInternet", Internet",the theterm term"e.g." "e.g."explains explains that that "instructions" "instructions"

are an are an example example of "data" of "data" that that thethe computer computer mayover may send sendtheover the Internet, Internet, and also and also explains explains that "a that "a data data structure" is an structure" is an example example ofof"data" "data"that thatthe thecomputer computermaymay send send overInternet. over the the Internet. However,both However, both"instructions" "instructions" and "a data and "a data structure" structure" are are merely examplesofof"data", merely examples "data", and and other things other things besides besides"instructions" "instructions"andand "a data "a data structure" structure" can can be "data". be "data".

[0081] The term

[0081] The "i.e." term "i.e." and terms and like like terms meanis", mean "that "that andis", thusand thusthe limits limits termthe term or or phrase phrase it explains. it explains. For For example, example, ininthe thesentence sentence "the "the computer computer sends sends data instructions) data (i.e., (i.e., instructions) over over

21

2019213358 07 Aug 2019

the Internet", the the Internet", the term term"i.e." "i.e." explains explainsthat that"instructions" "instructions"areare thethe "data" "data" thatthat the the computer computer

sendsover sends overthetheInternet. Internet.

[0082] AnyAny

[0082] given given numerical numerical range range shall shall include include whole whole and and fractions fractions of numbers of numbers within within

the range.ForFor the range. example, example, the range the range "1 to "1 10" to 10"beshall shall be interpreted interpreted to specifically to specifically include include whole numbersbetween whole numbers between 1 and 1 and 10 (e.g., 4,.9)..9) 10 (e.g.,2,2,3,3,4, and and non-whole non-whole numbers numbers (e.g., (e.g., 1.1, 1.1,

1.2,. ... 1.2, 1.9). 1.9).

II. II.Determining Determining

[0083] TheThe

[0083] termterm "determining" "determining" and and grammatical grammatical variants variants thereof thereof (e.g., (e.g., to determine to determine a a price, determining price, value,determine determining a avalue, determine an object an object whichwhich meets meets a certain a certain criterion) criterion) is usedisinused in an extremely an extremely broad broad sense. sense. The Theterm term"determining" "determining" encompasses encompasses a wide a wide variety variety of of actions actions

and therefore and therefore "determining" "determining"can caninclude includecalculating, calculating,computing, computing, processing, processing, deriving, deriving,

investigating, looking investigating, lookingupup(e.g., (e.g., looking lookingupupininaatable, table,aadatabase databaseor or another another datadata structure), structure),

ascertaining and ascertaining and the thelike. like. Also, Also, "determining" "determining"can can include include receiving receiving (e.g., (e.g., receiving receiving

information), accessing information), accessing (e.g.,accessing (e.g., accessing data data in ainmemory) a memory) andlike. and the the like. Also,Also, "determining" "determining"

can include can includeresolving, resolving,selecting, selecting,choosing, choosing, establishing, establishing, and and the like. the like.

[0084] TheThe

[0084] termterm "determining" "determining" does does not imply not imply certainty certainty or absolute or absolute precision, precision, and and therefore "determining"cancan therefore "determining" include include estimating, estimating, extrapolating, extrapolating, predicting, predicting, guessing guessing and theand the

like. like.

[0085] TheThe

[0085] termterm "determining" "determining" doesdoes not imply not imply that that mathematical mathematical processing processing must must be be performed, and performed, and does doesnot notimply imply that that numerical numerical methods methodsmust mustbebeused, used,andand does does notnot imply imply

that that an algorithmororprocess an algorithm processis is used. used.

[0086] TheThe

[0086] termterm "determining" "determining" doesdoes not not imply imply thatthat anyany particulardevice particular devicemust must bebe used. used.

For example, For computerneed example, aa computer neednot notnecessarily necessarilyperform performthe thedetermining. determining.

III. III.Indication Indication

[0087] TheThe

[0087] termterm "indication" "indication" isisused usedinin an anextremely extremelybroad broadsense. sense.The Theterm term"indication" "indication" may, among may, amongother otherthings, things,encompass encompass a sign,symptom, a sign, symptom, or token or token of of something something else. else.

[0088] The term

[0088] The "indication" term "indication" may bemay usedbe to used referto torefer to any indicia any indicia and/orinformation and/or other other information indicative of indicative of or or associated witha asubject, associated with subject,item, item,entity, entity,and/or and/or other other object object and/or and/or idea. idea.

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2019213358 07 Aug 2019

[0089] As used

[0089] As used herein, herein, the phrases the phrases "information "information indicative indicative of" and of"and "indicia" "indicia" may may be used be used to to refer refer to to any informationthat any information thatrepresents, represents, describes, describes, and/or and/or is otherwise is otherwise associated associated with with related entity, a related a entity, subject, or object. subject, or object.

[0090] Indicia

[0090] Indicia of of informationmay information may include,for include, for example, example,a asymbol, symbol,a acode, code,a areference, reference, link, aa signal, a link, a signal, an identifier,and/or an identifier, and/or any combination any combination thereof thereof and/or and/or any other any other informative informative

representationassociated representation associated withwith the the information. information.

[0091] In some

[0091] In some embodiments, embodiments, indicia indicia of information of information (or indicative (or indicative of the of the information) information)

maybebeororinclude may include theinformation the information itselfand/or itself and/or anyany portion portion or or component component of theof the information. information.

In In some embodiments, some embodiments, an an indicationmaymay indication include include a request, a request, a solicitation,aabroadcast, a solicitation, broadcast, and/orany and/or anyother otherform form of of information information gathering gathering and/or and/or dissemination. dissemination.

IV. IV. Forms of Sentences Forms of Sentences

[0092] Where

[0092] Where a limitation a limitation of of a first claim a first claim would would cover cover one oneofof aa feature feature as as well well as as more more

than oneofofa afeature than one feature(e.g., (e.g.,a alimitation limitation such suchasas"at"atleast leastone one widget" widget" covers covers one widget one widget as as well well as morethan as more thanoneone widget), widget), andand where where in a second in a second claim claim that depends that depends on the on the first first claim, claim,

the secondclaim the second claim uses uses a definite a definite article article "the" "the" to refer to refer to the to the limitation limitation (e.g., (e.g., "the "the widget"), widget"),

this this does notimply does not implythat that thethe firstclaim first claimcovers covers onlyonly onetheoffeature, one of the feature, anddoes and this thisnot does not imply that imply that the thesecond second claim claim covers covers onlyofone only one the of the feature feature (e.g.,widget" (e.g., "the "the widget" can covercan cover both one both widget and one widget and more morethan thanone onewidget). widget).

[0093] WhenWhen

[0093] an ordinal an ordinal number number (such(such as "first", as "first", "second", "second", "third" and "third" andso soon) on) is is used as used as

an adjective an adjective before before aaterm, term,that thatordinal ordinalnumber number is used is used (unless (unless expressly expressly specified specified

otherwise)merely otherwise) merely to to indicate indicate a particular a particular feature, feature, such such as as to distinguish to distinguish that particular that particular

feature from feature fromanother another feature feature thatthat is described is described by same by the the term sameorterm by a or by a term. similar similar Forterm. For example,a a"first example, "firstwidget" widget"maymay benamed be so so named merely merely to to distinguish distinguish it from, it from, e.g., e.g., a a "second "second widget". Thus, widget". Thus,the themere mere usage usage of ordinal of the the ordinal numbers numbers "first""first" and "second" and "second" before before the term the term "widget" does "widget" not indicate does not indicate any other relationship any other relationshipbetween the two between the widgets, and two widgets, and likewise likewise doesnot does notindicate indicateany anyother othercharacteristics characteristics of of eitherororboth either bothwidgets. widgets. For For example, example, the the mere mere usage ofof the usage the ordinal ordinal numbers "first" and numbers "first" and "second" before the "second" before the term term "widget" "widget" (1) (1) does not does not

indicate that indicate that either either widget widgetcomes comes before before or after or after any other any other in or in order order or location; location; (2) does(2) does not indicate not indicate that that either either widget occursororacts widget occurs actsbefore before or or after after any any other other in time; in time; andand (3) (3) doesdoes

not indicate not indicate that that either either widget ranksabove widget ranks above or below or below any other, any other, as inas in importance importance or quality. or quality.

In addition, In addition,the themere mere usage of ordinal usage of ordinal numbers doesnot numbers does notdefine definea anumerical limit to numericallimit to the the

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features identified with features identified withthe theordinal ordinalnumbers. numbers. For For example, example, theusage the mere mereof usage of the ordinal the ordinal

numbers numbers "first" and "first" and"second" "second" before before the the termterm "widget" "widget" does does not not indicate indicate that must that there therebemust be no more no more than than two two widgets. widgets.

[0094] When When

[0094] a single a single device device or article or article is described is described herein, herein, more more than one than one device/article device/article

(whether oror not (whether notthey theycooperate) cooperate) may may alternatively alternatively be in be used used in of place place the of the single single device/article that device/article that isis described. described.Accordingly, Accordingly, the the functionality functionality that that is described is described as as being being possessedbybya adevice possessed devicemay may alternativelybebepossessed alternatively possessed by by more more thanthan one device/article one device/article

(whetherorornot (whether notthey theycooperate). cooperate).

[0095] Similarly,

[0095] Similarly,where where more more than than oneone device device or articleisis described or article described herein herein (whether (whether or or not they not they cooperate), cooperate),a asingle single device/article device/article maymay alternatively alternatively be used be used in place in place of theof the more more than onedevice than one device or article or article that that is is described. described. For example, For example, a plurality a plurality of computer-based of computer-based

devicesmay devices maybe be substituted substituted withwith a single a single computer-based computer-based device. device. Accordingly, Accordingly, the the various various functionality functionality that that is is described asbeing described as beingpossessed possessed by more by more than than one one ordevice device or may article article may alternatively be alternatively be possessed possessed bysingle by a a single device/article. device/article.

[0096] The functionality

[0096] The functionality and/or and/or the features the features of a single of a single device device that is that is described described may be may be alternatively embodied alternatively by one embodied by oneorormore more other other devices devices which which are are described described but not but are are not explicitly described explicitly ashaving described as having such such functionality/features. functionality/features. Thus, Thus, otherother embodiments embodiments need need not include not include the the described describeddevice device itself,but itself, butrather rathercan caninclude include the the one one or or more more other other devices devices

which would,in inthose which would, those other other embodiments, embodiments, have have such such functionality/features. functionality/features.

V. V. Disclosed Examplesand Disclosed Examples andTerminology Terminology AreAre NotNot Limiting Limiting

[0097] Neither

[0097] Neither the Title the Title norAbstract nor the the Abstract in thisin specification this specification is intended is intended to beastaken to be taken as limiting inin any limiting wayasasthethescope any way scope of the of the disclosed disclosed invention(s). invention(s). Theand The title title and headings headings of of sectionsprovided sections providedin inthe thespecification specification are are forfor convenience convenience only,only, andnot and are aretonot to be as be taken taken as limiting the limiting the disclosure in any disclosure in anyway. way.

[0098] Numerous

[0098] Numerous embodiments embodiments are described are described in the in the present present application,and application, andare are presentedfor presented forillustrative illustrative purposes purposes only.TheThe only. described described embodiments embodiments are not, are and not, and are not are not intended to intended to be, be, limiting limiting inin any any sense. Thepresently sense. The presentlydisclosed disclosedinvention(s) invention(s) are arewidely widely applicable to applicable to numerous embodiments, numerous embodiments, as as is is readilyapparent readily apparentfrom fromthe thedisclosure. disclosure. One Oneofof ordinaryskill ordinary skill in in the the art artwill willrecognise recognise that that the the disclosed invention(s)may disclosed invention(s) may be be practised practised with with

various modifications various modifications andand alterations, alterations, suchsuch as structural, as structural, logical, logical, software, software, and electrical and electrical

modifications. Although modifications. Although particular particular features features of the of the disclosed disclosed invention(s) invention(s) may may be be described described

24

2019213358 07 Aug 2019

with reference to with reference to one oneorormore more particularembodiments particular embodiments and/or and/or drawings, drawings, it should it should be be understood that understood that such suchfeatures featuresare arenotnotlimited limitedtotousage usage in in thethe oneone or more or more particular particular

embodiments embodiments or or drawings drawings with with reference reference to to which which they they areare described, described, unless unless expressly expressly

specified otherwise. specified otherwise.

[0099] TheThe

[0099] present present disclosure disclosure is not is not a literal a literal descriptionof ofallallembodiments description embodiments of the of the

invention(s). Also, invention(s). Also,thethe present present disclosure disclosure is notis anot a listing listing of features of features of theof the invention(s) invention(s)

which must which mustbe bepresent presentinin all all embodiments. embodiments.

[00100] A A

[00100] descriptionofofananembodiment description embodiment with with several several components components or features or features doesdoes not not imply that imply that all allororeven evenany any of ofsuch such components/features are required. components/features are required. On Onthe thecontrary, contrary, aa variety variety of of optional optional components aredescribed components are describedto toillustrate illustrate the the wide wide variety variety of of possible possible embodiments embodiments of of the the present present invention(s). invention(s). Unless Unless otherwise otherwise specified specified explicitly, explicitly, no no component/feature component/feature is essential is essential or required. or required.

[00101] Although

[00101] Although process process steps, steps, operations, operations, algorithms algorithms or or thelike the like may maybebedescribed describedinin a particular a particular sequential order,such sequential order, suchprocesses processes may may be configured be configured to worktoin work in different different orders. orders.

In In other words,any other words, anysequence sequence or order or order of steps of steps thatbemay that may be explicitly explicitly described described does not does not

necessarilyindicate necessarily indicatea arequirement requirement thatthat the the steps steps be performed be performed in that inorder. that order. Theofsteps The steps of processesdescribed processes describedherein herein may maybebeperformed performedin inany anyorder orderpractical. practical. Further, Further, some steps some steps

maybebeperformed may performedsimultaneously simultaneously despite despite being being described described or implied or implied as as occurring occurring non non-

simultaneously simultaneously (e.g.,because (e.g., because one is one step step is described described after after the thestep). other other Moreover, step). Moreover, the the illustration of illustration of aa process process byby itsdepiction its depictionin ina drawing a drawing does does not that not imply implythethat the illustrated illustrated

processisisexclusive process exclusiveofofother other variations variations andand modifications modifications thereto, thereto, does does not not that imply imply that the the illustrated process illustrated or any process or anyofofits its steps steps are are necessary necessaryto to thethe invention(s), invention(s), andand doesdoes not imply not imply

that that the illustrated process the illustrated is preferred. process is preferred.

[00102]Although

[00102] Although a process a process may be maybe described described as including as including plurality a pluralitya of steps, of steps, that does that does not imply not implythat thatall all or or any anyofofthethesteps steps are are preferred, preferred, essential essential or required. or required. VariousVarious other other embodiments embodiments withinthe within thescope scopeofofthe thedescribed describedinvention(s) invention(s) include include other other processes processesthat that omit some omit someor or allall of of the the described described steps. steps. Unless Unless otherwise otherwise specified specified explicitly, explicitly, no step no is step is essential or essential or required. required.

[00103] Although

[00103] Although a process a process may may be be described described singly singly or without or without reference reference to otherto other products or products or methods, in an methods, in an embodiment embodiment thethe process process maymay interact interact with with other other products products or or

methods.ForFor methods. example, example, suchsuch interaction interaction may include may include linkinglinking one business one business model to model anotherto another

25

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businessmodel. business model. Such Such interaction interaction may may be be provided provided to enhance to enhance the flexibility the flexibility or desirability or desirability

of the of process. the process.

[00104] Although

[00104] Although a product a product maymay be described be described as including as including a plurality a plurality of components, of components,

aspects,qualities, aspects, qualities, characteristics characteristicsand/or and/or features, features, that that does does not not indicate indicate that that any any or allorofall of the plurality are the plurality are preferred, preferred,essential essentialor or required. required. Various Various otherother embodiments embodiments within thewithin the

scope of scope of the the described describedinvention(s) invention(s) include include other other products products that that omit omit some someororall all of of the the describedplurality. described plurality.

[00105] AnAn

[00105] enumerated enumerated listlist ofofitems items(which (whichmay mayor maynot or may notbebenumbered) numbered) does does notnot imply imply

that anyororall that any all of of the the items itemsare aremutually mutually exclusive, exclusive, unless unless expressly expressly specified specified otherwise. otherwise.

Likewise, an Likewise, an enumerated list of enumerated list ofitems items(which (whichmay may or ormay may not not be be numbered) doesnot numbered) does not imply imply that that any or all any or all of of the the items are comprehensive items are comprehensive of any of any category, category, unlessunless expressly expressly specified specified

otherwise.For otherwise. Forexample, example,the the enumerated enumerated list "alist "a computer, computer, a laptop, a laptop, a PDA" a PDA" does not does imply not imply that that any or all any or all of of the the three itemsofofthat three items that list list are are mutually exclusiveand mutually exclusive and does does not not imply imply that that

anyor any or all all of of the the three itemsofofthat three items that list list are are comprehensive of any comprehensive of any category. category.

[00106] AnAn

[00106] enumerated enumerated listlist ofofitems items(which (whichmay mayor maynot or may notbebenumbered) numbered) does does notnot imply imply

that that any or all any or all of ofthe the items items are are equivalent to each equivalent to eachother otherororreadily readilysubstituted substitutedfor foreach each other. other.

[00107] AllAll

[00107] embodiments embodiments are are illustrative,and illustrative, anddo do notnot imply imply that that thethe invention invention or any or any

embodiments embodiments were were made made or performed, or performed, as the as the casecase may may be. be.

VI. VI. Computing Computing

[00108]It will

[00108] It willbe be readily readily apparent apparent to onetoofone of ordinary ordinary skill in skill in the the art that art the that the various various processes described processes describedherein hereinmaymay be implemented be implemented by, e.g., by, e.g., appropriately appropriately programmed programmed

general purpose general purpose computers, computers,special specialpurpose purposecomputers computers and and computing computing devices. devices. Typically Typically

processor (e.g., a processor a (e.g., one or more one or microprocessors,one moremicroprocessors, one or or more more micro-controllers,oneone micro-controllers, or or more digital more digital signal signal processors) processors) will will receive receive instructions instructions (e.g., (e.g.,from from aa memory memory or or like like

device), and device), and execute executethose those instructions,thereby instructions, therebyperforming performing one one or more or more processes processes

definedbybythose defined thoseinstructions. instructions.

[00109] A A

[00109] "processor" "processor" means means onemore one or or more centralcentral microprocessors, microprocessors, processing processing units units (CPUs),computing (CPUs), computing devices, devices, micro-controllers, micro-controllers, digital digital signalsignal processors, processors, or likeordevices like devices or or any combination any combination thereof. thereof.

26

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[00110] Thus

[00110] Thus a description a description of of a process a process is likewise is likewise a descriptionofofananapparatus a description apparatus forfor

performing the performing the process. process. The Theapparatus apparatus that that performs performs the the process process can can include, include, e.g., e.g., a a processorand processor and those those input input devices devices and output and output devices devices that arethat are appropriate appropriate to the to perform perform the process. process.

[00111]JustJust

[00111] as description as the the description of various of various steps steps in in a process a process does not does notthat indicate indicate all that all the described steps the described steps are are required, required, embodiments of an embodiments of an apparatus apparatus include include aa computer/computingdevice computer/computing device operable operable to perform to perform somesome (but necessarily (but not not necessarily all)the all) of of the described process. described process.

[00112] Where

[00112] Wherea aprocess processisisdescribed, described, in in an an embodiment the process embodiment the process may mayoperate operate without without any user intervention. any user intervention. InInanother anotherembodiment, embodiment, the the process includes some process includes human some human

intervention (e.g., intervention (e.g., aa step step is is performed performedby by or or with with thethe assistance assistance of a of a human). human).

[00113] "Comprises/comprising"

[00113] "Comprises/comprising" and and "includes/including" "includes/including" when when used used in thisspecification in this specification is taken is to specify taken to the presence specify the presence of of statedfeatures, stated features, integers, integers, steps steps or or components components but but does does not preclude not preclude the the presence presenceororaddition additionofofone oneor or more more other other features, features, integers, integers, steps, steps,

componentsor or components groups groups thereof. thereof. Thus, Thus, unless unless the context the context clearly clearly requires requires otherwise, otherwise,

throughout thedescription throughout the description and and the claims, the claims, the words the words 'comprise', 'comprise', 'comprising', 'comprising', 'includes', 'includes',

'including'and 'including' the like and the like are are to to be be construed in an construed in an inclusive inclusivesense senseasas opposed opposed to antoexclusive an exclusive or exhaustive or exhaustivesense; sense; that that is is toto say,in inthe say, thesense sense of "including, of "including, but but not not limited to".to". limited

Claims (19)

1. A method of manufacturing a reinforcement cage suitable for use in the fabrication of a precast concrete tunnel lining segment where, the reinforcement cage and its components are supported by a radii frame adapted to facilitate the assembly of the reinforcement cage, the method comprising the steps of: installing at least two rotation stands, each rotation stand adapted for anchorage to a 2019213358

stable surface and further adapted for providing a fixed pivot point proximate one end of the rotation stand where the location of the pivot point is offset from both a longitudinal axis of the rotation stand and a centre to centre spacing of the at least two rotation stands; fixing the radii frame at its periphery to each rotation stand at the pivot point so as to be rotatable about the pivot point and rotatable through the centre to centre spacing of the at least two rotation stands thereby utilising the centre of gravity of the radii frame to allow for rotation of the radii frame into one of a plurality of selectable positions allowing a worker access to all component parts of the reinforcement cage to assist in the assembly thereof.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the rotation of the radii frame into one of a plurality of selectable positions is a manual rotation.

3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 further comprising one or a combination of the following the steps: installing a manually slidable locking mechanism for operative association with one or a combination of the radii frame and the pivot point of the rotation stand; mounting one or more retractable holders for operable connection to the radii frame and which are adapted for holding reinforcement rings and/or ligatures during fabrication or assembly of the reinforcement cage; mounting one or more adjustable plate holders for operable connection to the radii frame and which are adapted for holding profiled plates for use in the fabrication of the precast concrete tunnel lining segment where the adjustability of the plate holders ensures a specified or predetermined taper of the formed concrete segment; rotating the radii frame about the pivot point into one or more of the plurality of selectable positions; engaging the manually slidable locking mechanism to lock the rotated radii frame into its selected position allowing a worker access to all component parts of the reinforcement cage.

4. A rotatable jig for supporting reinforcement cage components during fabrication or 31 Jul 2025

assembly comprising: a first rotation stand adapted for anchorage to a stable surface and further adapted for providing a fixed pivot point proximate one end of the first rotation stand where the location of the pivot point is offset from both a longitudinal axis of the first rotation stand and a centre to centre spacing between the first rotation stand and a second adjacent rotation stand; a radii frame connected to the pivot point of the first rotation stand and a pivot point of the second rotation stand so as to be rotatable about the respective pivot points and rotatable 2019213358

through the centre to centre spacing between the first rotation stand and the second adjacent rotation stand to thereby utilise the centre of gravity of the radii frame to assist rotation of the radii frame into one of a plurality of selectable rotational positions.

5. A rotatable jig as claimed in claim 4 wherein the radii frame is either: installed via swing pins in the rotation stands, or hingedly connected to the pivot point of each rotation stand at its periphery.

6. A rotatable jig as claimed in claim 4 or 5 wherein the selectable rotational positions of the jig are lockable.

7. A rotatable jig as claimed in claim 6 further comprising a manually slidable locking mechanism operatively associated with one or a combination of the radii frame and the pivot point of the rotation stand for locking the jig in the selectable rotational positions.

8. A rotatable jig as claimed in claim 7 wherein the manually slidable locking mechanism comprises a sliding plate with a recess formed therein for engagement with at least one detent.

9. A rotatable jig as claimed in claim 8 wherein the sliding plate and the at least one detent are respectively located on either the radii frame or the rotation stand.

10. A rotatable jig as claimed in claim any one of claim 4 to 9 further comprising retractable holders for operable connection to the radii frame and which are adapted for holding reinforcement rings and/or ligatures during fabrication or assembly.

11. A rotatable jig as claimed in claimed in claim 10 wherein the retractable holders are retractable by hand or by gravity.

12. A rotatable jig as claimed in claim 11 wherein the retractable holders are retractable 31 Jul 2025

when rotating the jig into substantially horizontal positions and when a cage formed therein is readied for being removed from the jig by lifting.

13. A rotatable jig as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 12 further comprising adjustable plate holders for operable connection to the radii frame and which are adapted for holding profiled plates for use in the fabrication of the precast concrete tunnel lining segment where the adjustability of the plate holders ensures a specified or predetermined taper of the profiled 2019213358

plates, which is transferred to the formed segment.

14. A rotatable jig as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 13 which is adapted to tilt the reinforcement cage components between generally vertical and generally horizontal positions to provide manual access for manufacture and handling of the fabricated component.

15. A rotatable jig as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 14 wherein the assisted rotation of the radii frame into one of a plurality of selectable rotational positions is a manual rotation.

16. A reinforcement cage adapted for use with a rotatable jig as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 15 in the fabrication of a precast concrete tunnel lining segment.

17. A precast concrete tunnel lining segment incorporating a refinement cage manufactured in accordance with the method steps of claim 1, 2 or 3.

18. A precast concrete tunnel lining segment manufactured using the rotatable jig of any one of claims 4 to 15.

19. A rotation stand as defined in claim 4 for use with the rotatable jig of claim 4.