AU720961B2 - Portable self-contained cooler/freezer for use on airplanes, common carrier unrefrigerated trucks - Google Patents

Description

U1 P/00/01i1 Regulation 3.2

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990

ORIGINAL

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT C. C C C

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C C C C Invention Title: Portable self-contained cooler/freezer for use on airplanes, common carrier unrefrigerated trucks The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: e* 0 FHPMFJ.flYRf2lfW)X 2 PORTABLE SELF-CONTAINED COOLER/FREEZER

FOR

10 USE ON AIRPLANES, COMMON CARRIER UNREFRIGERATED

TRUCKS

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to refrigerated containers having self-contained refrigeration systems. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to an improved portable self-contained cooler/freezer apparatus wherein either an external bulk supply or self-contained carbon dioxide canister dispense CO 2 or like liquid coolant through a manifold and plate like diffuse system to regulate temperature within the container, and wherein a temperature controlled solenoid valve dispenses

CO

2 or like coolant as needed into the container interior. The plate like diffuser allows use of the shipping container walls to cool.

2. General Background Many truck lines use refrigerated trucks to carry food products over long distances.

Typically, such a truck is designed to carry either frozen foods or foods that must be maintained in higher, but still refrigerated temperatures, FHPMELCDW802 (10I.4 f l -2such as, for example, 40 0 F. These trucks typically carry either refrigerated or frozen food only and differ from the typical common carrier truck which is unrefrigerated and which carries any of a number of bulk, unrefrigerated commodities, such as palletized loads of any general merchandise, product, or equipment. Presently, there does not exist a means for carrying refrigerated and/or frozen food products over long distances of several hundred or even thousands of miles via common carrier, namely, with trucks that are not refrigerated but which have space for holding any number of general commodities.

Several devices have been patented which have attempted to provide portable refrigeration devices. An example is U.S. Patent No. 3,633,381, entitled "Open-Cycle 15 Portable Refrigerator." In that patent there is disclosed a. a portable refrigerator employing an open cycle system. A stored compressed gas, such as carbon dioxide is passed from the storage container through an evaporator which comprises a serpentine passageway for the gas in a 20 surrounding medium, such as water, an aqueous solution, which is maintained frozen due to the passage of the expanding compressed gas through the coiled passageway.

The temperature of the evaporated medium is lower than the ambient temperature of the interior or the container comprising the storage portion of the refrigerator which is .i .cooled thereby. The gas passing through the evaporator may be exhausted into the interior of the container whereby the cooler air which is next to the evaporator medium is circulated throughout the interior of the container.

A portable ice chest having a refrigeration unit is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,959,982. A substantially closed refrigeration receptacle in fluid communication with the outlet side of the primary evaporator receives the refrigerant which may not have completely evaporated, and separates the phases by venting the evaporated gas phase to the atmosphere while directing the unevaporated liquid refrigerant into a second evaporated coil wherein it is -3completely evaporated. The thermostatically controlled valve regulates the flow of refrigerant to the primary evaporator as a function of temperature within the chest.

Several systems have been patented which use liquid carbon dioxide as part of a refrigeration system. Notice for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,399,658, entitled "Refrigeration System With Carbon Dioxide Injector," issued to Nielsen; U.S. Patent No. 4,459,825, entitled "Apparatus For Controlled Reduction In Temperature and Preservation Of Embryos In A Cryogenic State," issued to Crouch; and U.S.

Patent No. 4,580,411, entitled "Liquid Nitrogen Freezer," issued to James Orfitelli.

Several patents have been issued which relate to shipping containers that have, in some cases, 15 self-contained refrigeration systems. Examples of these shipping containers include U.S. Patent No. 3,961,925, .issued to Rhoad; U.S. Patent No. 4,502,293, issued to Franklin; U.S. Patent No. 4,576,017, issued to Combs et al.; and U.S. Patent No. 4,606,195, issued to Winkler.

S 20 The Rhoad U.S. Patent No. 3,961,925 provides a :portable self-contained refrigerated storage and transportation container for preserving perishable commodities and includes an insulated storage chamber for perishable commodities. A recirculating liquid cooling system is provided within the container and includes conduit and nozzle means disposed within the storage e chamber adapted to spray a liquid coolant, such as chilled brine directly onto the perishable commodities to maintain them in a uniform cooled temperature. The sprayed liquid coolant is collected in the bottom portion of the storage chamber. A closed refrigeration system is also provided within the container and includes in part heat exchange means disposed within the bottom portion of the storage chamber for cooling the sprayed liquid coolant which has collected there.

The Franklin U.S. Patent 4,502,293, entitled "Container

CO

2 Cooling System,"' provides a generally -4rectangular container that includes an insulated top, bottom, opposite sides and opposite end walls. An upstanding transverse insulated hollow housing is mounted within the container adjacent one end thereof and a CO 2 snow cabinet constructed of good heat transfer material is disposed within the housing with opposing wall portions of the cabinet and housing passing exteriorly about the cabinet. A heat insulative horizontal baffle is mounted within the container spaced below the top wall and extends between the sidewalls thereof. The baffle defines a cooled air passage beneath the top wall extending lengthwise of the container. The airflow passage includes an outlet end adjacent and in at least reasonably closed communication with the end of the cooled air passage adjacent the S" 15 aforementioned one container end wall and an inlet end opening outwardly of the housing into the interior of the container below the baffle. The end of the cooled air passage adjacent the other container end wall opens into the interior of the container and thermostatically controllable air pump structure is provided to effect r .airflow inwardly of the inlet of the airflow passage, through the airflow passage and into the cooled air passage. Further, structure is provided for spray discharging of liquid CO 2 into the interior of the upper .p portion of the cabinet and into the airflow passage at points spaced therealong in order to form C0 2 snow therein.

The Combs U.S. Patent No. 4,576,017, discloses a container for maintaining its contents at a desired temperature for an extended period of time, such as for use in shipping contents in a frozen condition. The container includes an outer shell which is substantially air tight and which has an inner surface, a pass of heat exchange medium, a support structure for the heat exchange medium, and means for maintaining an air space between the contents of the container and substantially the entire inner surface of the outer shell of the container and between the contents of the container and the support structure for the heat exchange medium for allowing convection current to develop in the inner space which circulates past the heat exchange medium and maintains a substantially uniform temperature around the contents of the container.

In the Winkler U.S. Patent No. 4,606,195, entitled "Hypobaric Container", there is provided a storage device having a walled inner and outer container and a compressed gas supply contained within the device. A conduit is provided from the gas supply to the inner container and a control valve for the conduit responsive to pressures above and below a super atmospheric pressure value are provided for closing and opening the valve.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION et.. It is an object of the invention to at least in part alleviate one or more of the

.I

disadvantages of prior refrigeration systems.

The invention provides a shipping container for shipping frozen and/or refrigerated cargo in an unrefrigerated cargo area of a substantially larger transport vehicle, including a container having an interior area with a volume to be loaded with the frozen and/or orefrigerated cargo with an access opening that can be opened/closed. A refrigerant tank is S" 20 mounted in the container for containing a cryogenic liquified refrigerant under pressure to be utilized for cooling the container interior. Discharge piping means is provided for piping liquified refrigerant from the tank. Valve means communicates with the discharge piping for valving the flow of liquified refrigerant that is discharged from the tank. Temperature responsive controller means is arranged to open the valve means to dispense liquified refrigerant from the tank in order to maintain a desired preselected preset refrigerated or frozen temperature range within the container interior, the liquified refrigerant converting to a gaseous phase downstream of the valve means. Means are provided at the base of the container for transporting the container quickly to and from the cargo area of the transport vehicle.

FHPMELCDkX02 I11X.4

A

The invention also provides a method of transporting frozen and/or refrigerated cargo in an unrefrigerated cargo area of a substantially larger transport vehicle or craft, including housing the products in an insulated container with an interior for holding products that is substantially smaller in volume than the cargo area and cooling the container interior with a liquid cryogenic refrigerant that is dispensed from a canister that is contained within the container interior. The flow of liquid refrigerant discharging from the canister is valved using a liquid control valve. The temperature within the container interior is controlled by controlling the degree of opening of the valve.

Absorbent means can be provided for removing excess quantities of carbon dioxide from the container interior. Absorbent means can be provided for removing gaseous ",.ethylene from the container interior. Means can be provided for controlling humidity 9: within the container interior.

o.

a 15 In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a self-supporting container having an *,interior for carrying refrigerated or frozen cargo and adapted to be lifted by a forklift, for example. A canister for containing a liquid refrigerant under pressure is positioned in the upper end portion of the container interior. A pivotally movable perforated baffle plate extends transversely across the container interior at the upper end portion thereof and is 20 positioned directly under the canister. The baffle plate can optionally contain the canisters and manifold with a "floor" to hold frost, ice and coolness against the canisters and manifold when the device is preliminary charged with coolant from an external "bulk" Sosource. A temperature control communicates with the canister for controlling temperature within the interior and includes a manifold header for discharging liquid refrigerant from the canister. The manifold header includes a preferably externally extending inlet opening receptive of a source of FHPMELCD\9(021(X)1.4 -6bulk CO 2 for quick charging the unit interior with CO 2 so that the canisters need only maintain coolness. Further, the manifold can be used to charge the canisters when empty with liquid CO 2 from any bulk external supply source of liquid CO 2 or like refrigerant. A pressure control valve controls the pressure of fluid discharged from the canister, and a temperature valve is positioned in the header downstream of the pressure control valve which thus controls temperature within the interior and over a wide temperature span of, for example, -20 0 F to 70 0

F.

Henceforth very accurate temperatures can be maintained.

Canisters have bent tubes that can be positioned to vent either gas or liquid. For liquid, the tubes point down and for gas the tubes point up.

In the preferred embodiment, the container includes a base plate having two spaced apart parallel slots adapted to be engaged by a forklift lifting device. The apparatus in the preferred embodiment includes an array of perforations extending over a substantial portion of the 20 hinged baffle plate.

In the preferred embodiment, the canister, the pressure control valve, and the temperature control valve, .eeee: "as well as the header, are positioned above the baffle plate.

In the preferred embodiment, the manifold header is in S" the elongated tube having an external inlet that allows the manifold to be connected to an external CO 2 "bulk" supply for either charging the canisters when empty, or for quick cooling the container interior before a shipment.

In the preferred embodiment, the container includes a vertical access doorway that extends substantially the full height of the container, terminating below the hinged baffle plate in its hinged position.

In the preferred embodiment, the apparatus includes a valve which communicates with internal vent tubes that can optionally remove either gas or liquid from the canister.

In the preferred embodiment, the valve includes bent 'p 11 -7tubes or ducts extending internally and to the side inner wall of the canister from the valve structure, and positioned to dispense either liquid or gas respectively when the canisters are in their usual horizontal position.

In the preferred embodiment, there are a pair of canisters and the manifold header is positioned above the baffle plate and generally between the canisters.

Use of the hinged transverse plate with perforations allows the canister, the pressure control valve, the temperature control valve and the header to be "quick frozen" by an external source of liquid refrigerant via the manifold header before the entire apparatus is shipped.

The perforations thus define with the sides of the overall container a smaller interior space that closely surrounds 15 the canister, and the header, so that when liquid refrigerant from an external source is added to the smaller interior area above the baffle, the smaller interior area S.i of the baffle, the smaller interior space is filled with solid CO 2 and snow and at very low temperatures without affecting the components of the refrigeration system used to ship at temperatures above OOF. "Blasting" the container with the hinged perforated baffle plate down is used when quick chilling is desired to commence loading the container for product which requires accurate temperatures *aa.

25 in the range of -10 0 F to 70 0 F. This feature and process very much extends the period of time during which materials a• can be kept refrigerated.

"Quick chilling" prior to use and prior to shipping prevents the canisters from losing supply by bringing a "hot" box to a lower desired temperature, so that the canisters may not, for example, begin the operation of dispensing cooling

CO

2 for several hours after the goods are shipped.

One embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention includes a means for venting expended cooling gas out of the container. The means for venting expended cooling gas out of the container includes a cooling plate -8into which gas is released and a tube for directing expended gas from the plate to outside of the container.

By preventing direct contact between the cooling gas and the cargo, live cargo, such as animals, or other delicate cargo, such as fresh flowers, can be transported in the container without being asphyxiated or otherwise hurt or damaged by the cooling gas.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A better understanding of the invention can be had when the detailed description of a preferred embodiment set forth below is considered in conjunction with the drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a perspective partially cutaway view of S. the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present 15 invention; Figure 2 is a partial perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention illustrating an optional header system; Figure 3 is a second embodiment of the apparatus of 20 the present invention; '.Figure 4 is a fragmentary view of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention illustrating the preferred valved construction for the dual valve portion thereof; and Figure 5 is a side fragmentary view illustrating the dual on/off valve portion of the apparatus of the present invention.

Figure 6 shows a sectional elevational view of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention illustrating a piping arrangement used for charging the container and/or filling the canisters.

Figure 7 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention having means for controlling the atmosphere within a container.

Figure 8 is a sectional end view of the apparatus shown in Figure 7.

Figure 9 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the -9present invention utilizing a closed-loop system for cooling a container.

Figure 10 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention which can be used to transport air cargo.

Figure 11 is a schematic, elevational view illustrating the shipping method of the present invention.

Figure 12 is a top, partially cut-away view of another embodiment of the present invention, one which vents expended cooling gas outside of the container.

Figure 13 is a side, partially cut-away view of the embodiment of Figure 12.

Figure 14 is a schematic view illustrating the operation of the cooling system of the embodiment of Figure 15 12.

Figure 15 is a front view of the embodiment of Figure o9 12.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED

EMBODIMENT

Figures 1 3 show generally the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention designated 9- generally by the numeral 9t99 In Figure 1, there can be seen an enlarged rectangular transportable box-like container 12 having an upper surface oo99o9 13 and a plurality of side walls 14, 15, 16, 17 forming an 25 enclosure with a bottom 18 portion of the container. The bottom 18 includes a pair of spaced apart recesses 19, 9. 9 for example, which can be used to form a connection with o" the times of a fork lift so that the container 10 can be easily moved and transported about, such as during unloading or loading of trucks or airplanes. Thus, the present invention provides a method of transporting refrigerated products within the interior of an unrefrigerated dry-type truck (see Figure 11) comprising the steps of first housing the products in an insulated container 10 with an interior for holding products that is substantially smaller in volume than the truck T cargo interior volume. The container interior is cooled with a I II liquid cryogenic refrigerant that is dispensed from a canister that is contained within the container interior.

The flow of liquid refrigerant is discharged from the canister using a liquid control valve and the temperature within the container interior is controlled by an opening and closing of the valve. Thus, the truck T can contain the containers 10 within the cargo area CA along with nonrefrigerated non-perishable goods designated generally by the letter G in Figure 11ii. In Figure 11, a fork lift-type lifting mechanism FL is shown lifting a container 10 into the truck T cargo area CA.

The apparatus 10 can include an access doorway 21 that would preferably be vertically oriented and pivotally ".Battached, having closure latches 22, 23 thus allowing 15 access through door 21 into the interior 24 of container 12. Container 12 would be manufactured, for example, of welded stainless or welded aluminum construction. The bottom section of container 12 defines a reservoir to hold any water that accumulates during use. A valved drain 20 can be used to remove water during or after use from the 0 reservoir.

A hinged transverse perforated baffle 25 extends across the upper portion of container 12 defining an uppermost interior compartment 26 that contains canisters 27, 28. Baffle plate 25 is hingedly connected to container rear wall 16 along edge 25A so that the baffle plate 25 can swing down into a generally vertical position adjacent rear wall 16 (when the apparatus is to be used for shipping product in a cooled but not frozen condition). The. baffle plate 25 swings into a horizontal position as shown in Figure 1, creating the confined compartment area 26 about canisters 27, 28, when the apparatus is to be used for shipping product in a frozen condition. Plate 25 is held in the upper horizontal position using a latch (not shown) or removable thumb screws or such like means.

Canisters 27, 28 are preferably canisters containing liquid refrigerant, preferably carbon dioxide or a like

I

-11refrigerant, such as nitrogen, and the canisters are positioned upon their sides in a horizontal position, as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. The plate 25 preferably includes a plurality of perforations therethrough designated as 29 in Figure 1. The canisters 27, 28 are each equipped with exit valves 30, 31 which communicate with header 32 that connects with manifold header 33 positioned generally between canisters 27, 28 and generally parallel thereto, as shown in Figure 1. Manifold 33 has an externally extended end portion 33A (Figure 6) that is an inlet fitting which allows a "bulk" external source of liquid refrigerant such as CO 2 to be transmitted to the manifold header 33 for two purposes as selectively desired.

Firstly, the manifold header can "quick cool" the interior 15 24 with C0 2 from the bulk source before a shipment.

Normally, if frozen foods are being shipped, the baffle plate is put in the upper position (Figure 1) and CO 2 is -blasted into the confined compartment 26 covering the canisters 27, 28 and header with ice and generally filling the area 26 with ice and snow. Secondly, the manifold can be used to fill the tanks 27, 28 when they are empty.

a ae A valve interfacing manifold 33 and header 32 controls flow from manifold fitting 33A to either tanks 27, 28 (for filling) or to header 33. The container 12 would ooo.

preferably be equipped with an externally mounted temperature gauge 34 so that a user can view the internal temperature 24 by viewing the thermometer 34, even when the door 21 is closed.

Pressure gauge 35 could also extend externally of container 12 so that the pressure within header 32 could be viewed externally of the apparatus 10. In the embodiment of Figure i, the valves 30 and/or 31 would be opened allowing carbon dioxide to flow through header 32 and into perforated tube 33 so that CO 2 would enter the internal portion 26 of box 12 above perforated plate 25 causing cold air to refrigerate that portion of the box 12 interior 24.

The use of transverse plate 25 allows the interior 26 i -12of box 12 above plate 25 to be preliminarily frozen using, for example, a blast of CO 2 from an external source, a source other than canisters 27, 28 before the box is to be shipped. This allows a frozen condition above plate which supplements the amount of cooling that would otherwise be required to keep the entire container 12 at a particular refrigerated temperature. Thus, before shipment, the common carrier would simply blast the container for a specified period of time and quickly lower the temperature of the container to reduce the work load on the canisters. This allows the boxes to be shipped over much longer distances than ordinarily would be possible if only cooling from canisters 27, 28 were used.

The embodiment of Figure 2 is alternate construction 15 for the arrangement of canisters 27, 28 and the header and valves. In the embodiment of Figure 2, designated generally by the numeral 40, there can be seen a pair of canisters 27, 28 having positioned therebetween an elongated header 41 which is a gas exhaust header and 20 includes tube sections 42-46 which are generally parallel and a plurality of elbow tubes 47-50 connecting the tube sections, as shown in the drawings end to end, to form an elongated header for gas exhaust.

A pair of dual on/off exhaust valves, (See Figures 4 and 5) 51, 52 each provide a gas feeder tube 53, 54 and a liquid feeder tube 55, 56 respectively. A transverse flow Sa.. line 59 connects valves 51, 52 while a lowermost transverse flowline 67 also connects the lower end portion of valves 51, 52. Pressure regulator 57 regulates the pressure of gas leaving canisters 27, 28 through transverse header 59.

Discharge flowline 60 communicates with pressure regulator 57 and with dual temperature regulator valve 62.

A temperature probe 61 senses temperature within the container 24 below baffle 25 so that the temperature probe dictates when gaseous CO 2 is discharged through valve 62 through discharge line 63 which communicates with gas exhaust header 41. Transverse flowline 67 receives liquid -13-

CO

2 from valves 51, 52 as the lines 55, 56 typically collect liquid CO 2 from canisters 27, 28. Liquid CO 2 thus enters liquid carrying heat exchanger coil 65 through flowline 68.

The liquid carrying heat exchange coil 65 can be provided, as shown in the drawing, with a plurality of transverse fins 70 for efficiency purposes in heat transfer between the air within container 12 interior and the liquidcarrying coil 65. Line 66 would be connected back to dual temperature regulator valve 62 so that as the liquid could become gaseous at valve 62, it also could be discharged through outlet 63 into gas exhaust header 41. Header 72 is preferably an elongated cylindrical tube having a plurality of openings spaced along the length thereof, with an inlet 72A extending externally of the container 12 so that a bulk a 15 CO 2 source can be used to preliminarily charge and cool container 12. The header 72 could be piped (and appropriately valved) to canisters 27, 28 so that the canisters 27, 28 could be charged when empty from a bulk C02 :source via header inlet 72A. It should be understood that the elongated header tube 72 is in communication with gas *a ""exhaust header 41 so that the gas contained within header 41 eventually can be discharged through openings in header tube 72. Valve 64 is provided to regulate flow between S" canisters 27 and 28.

Figure 3 shows another embodiment 140 of the invention wherein a transverse pan 75 is used immediately under the gas exhaust header tubes. The pan 75 can wrap around the canisters 27, 28 as shown to form a tray that holds ice and snow.

Figures 4 and 5 show more particularly the construction of dual on/off valves 51, 52 each comprising a valve body 80 that communicates with a pair of internal passageways 81, 82. The passageway 81 communicates with tubes 53, 54 while the passageway 82 communicates with tubes 55, 56. Transverse passageways 88, 89 communicate respectively with externally extending transverse ports 86, 87 which preferably form connections with transverse i If -14headers 59, 67. Thus, header 59 connects to the uppermost port 86 of valves 51, 52 while the lowermost port 87 connects with header 67. An opening of each valve by rotating the spigots 83, 84 open the ports 88, 89 so that flow can proceed respectively via tubes 53, 54 and passageway 81 (with respect to the opening 88 and spigot 83) or via tubes 55, 56 through passageway 82 and opening 89. Thus using the dual valve of Figures 4 and 5, either gas or liquid or both, could be removed from canisters 27, 28.

In Figure 6 there can be seen a piping detail which specifies a piping arrangement that can be used to either charge the canisters 27, 28 when they are empty, or blast i liquid or gas CO 2 directly into the container interior. The .00: 15 inlet header 33 is equipped with an external fitting 33A that extends beyond the container wall 14. The header 33 connects with a T 90 which carries a pressure indicator P.

A second downstream T 91 communicates with an elbow 92 that is equipped with a valve 93. The valve 93 controls the 20 flow of fluid from T 91 through elbow 92 and downstream to t oo: header 94 which is equipped with a series of perforations or ports 95. When valve 93 is open, and a source of bulk

CO

2 attached at fitting 33, a large volume of liquid CO 2 or

CO

2 gas can be immediately charged into the container interior via the header 94 and more particularly through the series of ports ~When valve 93 is closed, the header 33 can be used to either fill canisters 27, 28 through cross 950 which contains a pair of lateral lines 96, 97 which would communicate through appropriate piping with valves 30, 32 so that when valve 93 is closed, bulk CO 2 added through fitting 33A can fill canisters 27, 28. Downstream of cross 950 is a pipe section 98 which communicates with temperature responsive control valve 99 that communicates with downstream affluent header 100 and more particularly with the orifice fitting 101 portion thereof-. This would be a relatively small orifice opening 101. During use, the A f valve 93 would first be opened to charge the container 12 with a blast of CO2 to lower the temperature. After this initial blast from a bulk C0 2 source, the valve 93 would be closed. Thereafter, the temperature responsive valve 99 would only open when needed to supply C02 from canisters 27, 28 into the container interior by discharging the CO2 into the cross fitting 950 so that it could flow through the valve 99 to the orifice 101. Thus, with the present invention a bulk CO 2 source could be initially used to greatly lower the temperature of the cargo and thereafter the canisters would only be needed to maintain that temperature. Thus, the bulk source could be used to supply much of the cooling that was needed to lower the temperature, with the canisters 27, 28 only being needed on

S.

15 a maintenance basis after the shipment was sent.

Figure 7 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention, apparatus 110. Apparatus 110 comprises a container 112, and has means therein for controlling the atmosphere of interior 124 of container 20 112. Although not shown in Figure 7, apparatus 110 preferably includes canisters 27 and 28, which may contain nitrogen or carbon dioxide. Apparatus 110 preferably also &sees: includes a canister (not shown) which contains oxygen. The atmosphere of the interior 124 of container 112 is

OOS*

controlled by a number of valves, including valves 83, 84, "183, 193, 199, 293, 299, and 399. Valves 83 control the SB. flow of nitrogen gas or carbon dioxide gas from canisters 27 and 28. Valves 84 control the flow of liquid carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen from canisters 27 and 28.

Valves 83 and 84 are hand regulating valves.

Valve 183 controls the flow of gaseous oxygen from a container (not shown) containing oxygen. Three-way valve 193 allows bulk fill of canisters 27 and 28 with carbon dioxide or nitrogen. Solenoid-actuated valve 199 controls the injection of liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide.

Solenoid-actuated valve 399 controls the injection of gaseous nitrogen or carbon dioxide. Three-way valve 293 is 0 -16provided to allow bulk fill of the oxygen container (not shown). Pressure regulator 157 controls the pressure in the oxygen line.

Solenoid-actuated valve 299 is provided to allow oxygen injection. Sensor 161 is connected to analyzer 132, which has a maximum limit set point controller. Sensor 161 may be either a nitrogen or carbon dioxide sensor, depending upon whether nitrogen or carbon dioxide is contained in canisters 27 and 28. Likewise, analyzer 132 may analyze either nitrogen or carbon dioxide.

Sensor 261 senses oxygen content within interior 124 of container 112. Sensor 261 is connected to oxygen analyzer 131. Analyzer 131 controls the amount of 02 between minimum and maximum limit set points.

Temperature sensor 61 is connected to temperature controller 130. Temperature controller 130 includes a set point. When the temperature inside interior 124 rises above the set point, controller 130 causes solenoid- Sactuated valve 199 to open to allow injection of nitrogen or carbon dioxide into interior 124 to cool the contents of container 112.

.A rechargeable battery 120 provides electricity needed to run analyzers 131 and 132, temperature controller 130, and fans 135 and 136 (see Figure Fans 135 and 136 25 helps circulate the gases within interior 124 so that the temperature within container 112 is approximately uniform throughout.

Apparatus 110 is useful when transporting materials which require a controlled amount of oxygen (such as live plants or animals).

Oxygen analyzer 131 and sensor 261 detect the amount of oxygen in container 112. When the oxygen level drops below the minimum limit set point, analyzer 131 communicates with solenoid-actuated valve 299 to allow more oxygen to enter the interior 124 of container 112, until the amount of oxygen reaches the maximum limit set point, at which point valve 299 closes. Should the amount of -17oxygen rise above the maximum limit set point, then analyzer 131 causes solenoid-actuated valve 399 to open, allowing the emission of nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas into interior 124 until the oxygen level is reduced below the maximum limit set point.

Figure 9 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention, apparatus 210. Apparatus 210 includes a closed-loop cooling system. The cooling system comprises a CO 2 slush vessel 127, cooling fins 128, valves 155, 193, and 199, a positive displacement diaphragm pump 150, and a fan 235 for forced air convection. When temperature controller 130 detects that the temperature of interior 224 of container 212 has risen above the pre-set temperature, it causes positive displacement diaphragm pump 150 to pump C0 2 from vessel 127 through fins 128 and it causes fan 235 to turn on. As the CO 2 moves through fins 128, it lowers the temperature of the fins, and fans 235 *e blows the cold gas downward in the interior 224 of container 212. The CO 2 returns from fins 128 to CO 2 slush 20 vessel 127. Pressure relief valve 155 is provided to allow "".•pressure to be released from CO 2 slush vessel 127.

The use of apparatus 210 with its closed-loop cooling system is advantageous when one does not wish to have the cooling gas (carbon dioxide or nitrogen, for example) mixed with the contents in the container 212.

Although container 212 is shown without a top, it could include a flat top 17 as in containers 12 and 112, or it could contain a curved top like the one in container 312 (see Figure Figure 10 shows another embodiment of the present invention, apparatus 310. Apparatus 310 includes a container 312 which has a top shaped to easily fit within an aircraft. Container 312 may include any of the cooling systems and controlled atmosphere systems discussed in conjunction with the previous embodiments.

Container 312 preferably does not exceed 125 inches in any dimension, and more preferably does not exceed -18inches in height, 90 inches in width, and 125 inches in length.

Figures 12-15 show another embodiment of the present invention, apparatus 410, which includes a cooling system 440 in a container 412. Apparatus 410 includes a means for venting expended cooling gas out of container 412. The means for venting expended cooling gas out of container 412 includes a cooling plate 441 into which gas is released and a tube 442 for directing expended gas from plate 441 to outside of container 412. By preventing direct contact between the cooling gas and the cargo, live cargo, such as animals, or other delicate cargo, such as fresh flowers, can be transported in container 412 without being asphyxiated or otherwise hurt or damaged by the cooling 15 gas. Otherwise, the functioning of apparatus 410 is i similar to that of the other embodiments, with pressure regulator 57 cooperating with thermal expansion valve 457 and temperature responsive control valve 99 to keep the interior of container 412 at a desired, predetermined 20 temperature.

Vent tube 442 preferably contains a back-pressure regulator (not shown) to prevent air from outside container '".412 from entering cooling system 440.

As can be seen in Figure 13, cooling system 440 is 25 positioned adjacent the top of container 412, in the upper half of container 412. In this manner the cool air a.

adjacent cooling plate 441, being heavier than the warmer air in the remainder of container 412, will settle to the bottom of container 412, cooling the air in between.

While cooling plate 441 is preferably placed in the upper part of container 412, adjacent the top thereof, it could be placed adjacent a side of container 412. A fan (not shown) could be used to circulate air withing container 412.

Plate 441 has a coil 443 that receives coolant (see Figure 14). Coil 443 cools plate 441, andplate 441 cools the air in the interior of container 412.

A I -19- Cooling plate 441 could be replaced with an evaporator core or another type of heat exchanger.

Container 412 may include any of the cooling systems and controlled atmosphere systems discussed in conjunction with the previous embodiments, as long as some means are provided to prevent the cooling gas from being vented directly into the air in container 412.

Container 412 includes a door 421, hinges 432 and 433, and closure latches 422 and 423 for keeping door 421 closed.

Cooling plate 441 and vent tube 442 act as a contactprevention means for preventing direct fluid contact between refrigerant dispensed from the tanks 27 and 28 and air in the interior area of container 412. Cooling plate 441 is a chamber means in fluid communication with the discharge piping and in thermal, but not fluid, communication with the air in the interior area of container 412.

Tube 442 is a tube means for directing refrigerant :20 from the interior of cooling plate 441 to exterior of container 412 without coming into direct contact with the air in the interior area of container 412.

~Container 412 preferably does not exceed 125 inches in any dimension, and more preferably does not exceed inches in height, 90 inches in width, and 125 inches in o" length.

In view of the numerous modifications which could be made to the preferred embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention, the details herein are to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Claims (43)

1. A shipping container for shipping frozen and/or refrigerated cargo in an unrefrigerated cargo area of a substantially larger transport vehicle including: a) a container having an interior area with a volume to be loaded with the frozen and/or refrigerated cargo with an access opening that can be opened/closed; b) one or more refrigerant tanks mounted in the container for containing a cryogenic liquefied refrigerant under pressure to be utilized for cooling the container interior; c) discharge piping means for piping liquefied refrigerant from the tanks; d) valve means communicating with the discharge piping for valving the :0 flow of liquefied refrigerant that is discharged from the tank; *9*9 0O oo o e) temperature responsive controller means for opening the valve means to dispense liquefied refrigerant from the tanks in order to maintain a desired preselected preset refrigerated or frozen temperature range within the 09 container interior; 9 f) wherein the liquefied refrigerant converts to a gaseous phase downstream of the valve means; and g) an undercarriage portion at the lower end of the container that includes moving means for transporting the container quickly to and from the cargo area of an unrefrigerated vehicle having a substantially larger volume than SLthe container volume. CD/99202022.5 21

2. The shipping container of claim 1, further including means for detecting and controlling the concentration of one or more gases within the container.

3. The shipping container of claim 1, further including absorbent means for removing excess quantities of carbon dioxide from the container interior.

4. The shipping container of claim 1, further including absorbent means for removing gaseous ethylene from the container interior. The shipping container of claim 1, further including means for detecting and controlling humidity within the container interior.

6. The shipping container of claim 1, further including a closed loop piping temperature system for controlling the temperature of the container interior without substantial loss of the refrigerant. e The shipping container of any preceding claim, further including means for C. :controlling the gaseous oxygen concentration within the container. *eq e.

8. The shipping container of any preceding claim, further including atmosphere control means, communicating with the container interior for :controlling the gaseous atmosphere within the interior. ee e9. The shipping container of any preceding claim, including at least a carbon i dioxide level sensor located within the interior of the container for monitoring CC. C carbon dioxide levels within the interior.

10. The shipping container of any preceding claim, further including at least an oxygen level sensor located within the interior of the container for monitoring oxygen levels within the interior. CD/99202022.5 22

11. The shipping container of claim 10, wherein the oxygen level is controlled between pre set, high and low oxygen set points.

12. The shipping container of claim 11, further including a pressure regulator for controlling the pressure of gaseous oxygen discharged into the container interior.

13. The shipping container of claim 12, further including a control valve for valving gaseous oxygen flow to the container interior.

14. The shipping container of any preceding claim, further including nitrogen leve! control means for controlling an injection of nitrogen into the container interior to lower carbon dioxide concentration when the level of carbon dioxide exceeds a pre-set maximum level.

015. .The shipping container of any preceding claim, further including exhaust valve means for venting the container interior. *0 0 00 0 o

16. The shipping container of any preceding claim, further including dispensing 15 means positioned at the bottom end portion of the container for dispensing selected gases for atmosphere control at the bottom of the container. 0° 00*0 0 °0°

17. The shipping container of any preceding claim, further including 0 recirculation fan means for agitating air within the container interior.

18. The shipping container of any preceding claim, further including means for detecting and controlling the carbon dioxide concentration within the container.

19. The shipping container of claim 18, further including a carbon dioxide level analyzer and a carbon dioxide controller for maintaining carbon dioxide level below a preset maximum level. CD/99202022.5 23 The shipping container of any preceding claim, wherein liquid refrigerant expands to a gaseous form downstream of the valve means and is dispensed into the container interior.

21. The shipping container of claim 7, including in part a cylinder containing gaseous oxygen under pressure.

22. -The shipping container of any preceding claim, including a humidity controller for regulating the level of moisture in the atmosphere within the container interior.

23. The shipping container of any preceding claim, further comprising contact- prevention means for preventing direct contact between refrigerant dispensed from the tank and air in the interior of the container.

24. The shipping container of claim 23, wherein the contact-prevention means 0000 iincludes a chamber means in fluid communication with the discharge piping and in 00 •oo thermal communication with the air in the interior area of the container. 00 0• 0 00 00 0 00 so 15 25. The shipping container of claim 24, wherein the contact-prevention means 600:08further includes a tube means for directing refrigerant from the chamber means to 0 0 0 exterior of the container without coming into direct contact with the air in the o interior area of the container. o 26. The shipping container of any preceding claim, wherein the container has a base plate having two spaced apart, parallel slots adapted to be engaged by a forklift lifting device. CD/00368455.5 a 24

27. A transportable refrigeration system for use on unrefrigerated trucks and the like, including: a) a self-supporting container having an interior for carrying refrigerated or frozen cargo and adapted to be lifted; b) lower most lifting means positioned at the bottom of the container for quickly transferring the container into and out of an unrefrigerated truck; c) a canister for containing cryogenic liquid refrigerant under pressure; d) manifold means for transmitting refrigerant from the canister to the container interior; e) a pressure control valve for controlling the pressure of liquid refrigerant discharged from the canister to the manifold means; f) temperature control means positioned at least partially within the container for controlling temperature within the container interior by activating the valve to release liquid refrigerant from the canister via the manifold means g) means for detecting and controlling an amount of selected gas(es) within the container.

28. A portable transportable refrigeration system for use on airplanes and the like, including: a) a self-supporting container having an 1/ "frigerated or frozen cargo and adapted to be lifted; b) a canister for containing liquid refrigerant u interior for carrying inder pressure, positioned CD/99202022.5 in the upper end portion of the container interior; c) a movable perforated baffle plate extending across the container interior at the upper end portion thereof and positioned directly under the canister; and d) temperature control means, communicating with the canister for controlling temperature within the interior, and including: manifold header means for discharging liquid refrigerant from the canister and including means for preliminarily charging the container interior with refrigerant from an external bulk source; (ii) a pressure control valve for controlling the pressure of liquid discharged from the canister; (iii) a temperature control valve positioned in the header a downstream of the pressure control valve for controlling temperature within the interior. 15 29. The refrigeration system of claim 28 further including means for detecting and controlling the level of selected gas(es) within the container interior. 0 00 30. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 29, further including 0 means for controlling the gaseous oxygen concentration within the container.

31. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 30, further including atmosphere control means, communicating with the container interior for controlling the gaseous atmosphere within the interior. CD/99202022.5 26

32. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 31, including at least a carbon dioxide level sensor located within the interior of the container for monitoring carbon dioxide levels within the interior.

33. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 32, further including at least an oxygen level sensor located within the interior of the container for monitoring oxygen levels within the interior.

34. The refrigeration system of claim 33, wherein the oxygen level is controlled between pre set, high and low oxygen set points. The refrigeration system of claim 34, further including a pressure regulator for controlling the pressure of gaseous oxygen discharged into the container interior.

36. The refrigeration system of claim 35, further including a control valve for valving gaseous oxygen flow to the container interior. 9

37. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 36, further including 15 nitrogen level control means for controlling an injection of nitrogen into the container interior to lower carbon dioxide concentration when the level of carbon dioxide exceeds a pre-set maximum level.

38. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 37, further including exhaust valve means for venting the container interior. S 20 39. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 38, further including dispensing means positioned at the bottom end portion of the container for dispensing selecteid gases for atmosphere control at the bottom of the container. C0D/99202022.5 27 The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 39, further including recirculation fan means for agitating air within the container interior.

41. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 40, further including means for detecting and controlling the carbon dioxide concentration within the container.

42. The refrigeration system of claim 41, further including a carbon dioxide level analyzer and a carbon dioxide controller for maintaining carbon dioxide level below a preset maximum level.

43. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 42, wherein liquid refrigerant expands to a gaseous form downstream of the valve means and is dispensed into the container interior.

44. The refrigeration system of claim 30, including in part a cylinder containing gaseous oxygen under pressure. o• 1 45. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 44, including a humidity 15 controller for regulating the level of moisture in the atmosphere within the container interior. 9*46. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 45, further comprising contact-prevention means for preventing direct contact between refrigerant S- dispensed from the tank and air in the interior of the container. 20 47. The refrigeration system of claim 46, wherein the contact-prevention means includes a chamber means in fluid communication with the discharge piping and in thermal communication with the air in the interior area of the container. C CD/99202022.5 28

48. The refrigeration system of claim 47, wherein the contact-prevention means further includes a tube means for directing refrigerant from the chamber means to exterior of the container without coming into direct contact with the air in the interior area of the container.

49. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 48, wherein the container has a base plate having two spaced apart, parallel slots adapted to be engaged by a forklift lifting device. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 49, wherein the canister and manifold are positioned in the top portion of the container interior.

51. The refrigeration system of any one of claims 27 to 49, wherein the canister, pressure control valve, temperature control means, and manifold are positioned in the top portion of the container interior.

52. A method of transporting refrigerated products within the interior of an i unrefrigerated cargo area of a substantially larger transport vehicle or craft 15 including the steps of: a) housing the products in an insulated container with an interior for o* holding products that is substantially smaller in volume than the cargo interior volume; o• o b) cooling the container interior with a liquid cryogenic refrigerant that is 20 dispensed from a canister that is contained within the container interior; c) valving the flow of liquid refrigerant discharging from the canister using a liquid control valve; Ne d) controlling temperature within the container interior by controlling the CD/00368455.5 29 degree of opening of the valve; e) detecting and controlling an amount of selected gas(es) within the container.

53. A method of shipping refrigerated perishable goods in an unrefrigerated interior area of a common carrier type truck having a larger internal cargo holding area and between truck terminals including the steps of: a) placing the perishable goods into one or more structural containers that can be placed into the cargo area of the truck; 49 9 b) cooling the perishable goods by dispensing a liquid refrigerant from 4e 10 one or more liquid refrigerant containing canisters that are transported within the 4 containers; c) using a valve to dispense liquid refrigerant coolant from the canisters; d) controlling temperature within the container interior area by a control of the degree of opening of the valve; and 94• e) transferring the container to and from one truck to another at the common carrier truck terminals.

54. The method of claim 53 further including the step of detecting and controlling the level of selected gas(es) within the container interior.

55. The method of claim 52 or 53 wherein in step refrigerant is dispensed directly into the container interior.

56. The method of any one of claims 52 to 55 wherein oxygen content within the container interior is controlled. CD/99202022.5

57. The method of any one of claims 52 to 56 wherein carbon dioxide content within the container is controlled.

58. The method of any one of claims 52 to 57 wherein the humidity of the container atmosphere is detected and controlled. The Pallet Reefer Company By its Registered Patent Attorneys FREEHILLS PATENT ATTORNEYS 3 August 1999 0 0* 0 00 0* 0* 0000 0. 0@ 00 90 0* 00 0 0 0 @0 0