AU748419B2 - Clamping fitting for fastening glass panes - Google Patents
Clamping fitting for fastening glass panes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU748419B2 AU748419B2 AU10230/99A AU1023099A AU748419B2 AU 748419 B2 AU748419 B2 AU 748419B2 AU 10230/99 A AU10230/99 A AU 10230/99A AU 1023099 A AU1023099 A AU 1023099A AU 748419 B2 AU748419 B2 AU 748419B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- flange
- glass pane
- screw
- glass
- clamping
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 title abstract description 75
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
- E04F13/0832—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
- E04F13/0833—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable
- E04F13/0835—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable the fastening elements extending into the back side of the covering elements
- E04F13/0837—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable the fastening elements extending into the back side of the covering elements extending completely through the covering elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/14—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass
- E04F13/145—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass with an outer layer of glass
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/54—Fixing of glass panes or like plates
- E06B3/5436—Fixing of glass panes or like plates involving holes or indentations in the pane
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)
- Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
- Connection Of Plates (AREA)
- Bending Of Plates, Rods, And Pipes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a clamping fitting for fastening glass panes according to Patent DE 196 52 773, whereby the screw head and the screw shaft of a clamping screw are constructed as separate components. The screw head can be fixed and displaced in a vertical manner in relation to the screw shaft axis in four degrees of freedom on a holding flange of said screw shaft in order to compensate the tolerance between the wall fastening and the glass pane bore hole in the glass pane plane. The invention is characterized in that a mounting flange (10) adjacent to the glass pane (2) is provided between a supporting flange (14) and a glass pane (3) bore hole, said mounting flange (10) being adjacent to a supporting structure (1). The distance (a) of the mounting flange (10) opposite the supporting flange (14) can be adjusted by means of reaching through the glass pane (3) bore hole.
Description
1997066 PC Title Clamping fitting to attach glass panes Description The invention relates to a clamping fitting to attach glass panes with a clamp screw, penetrating a bore hole in the glass pane, mountable with its screw shank in or at a carrier structure, which clamp screw presents a screw head and a screw shank both conceived as individual components, and whereby the screw head is vertically movable with regard to the screw shank's axis in four degrees of freedom while locatable at a screw shank's holding flange, whereby the screw head furthermore possesses a female threaded cone nut arranged inside the bore hole in the glass pane according to patent DE 196 52 773.
The connection of glass panes with each other to build complete glass curtains or the attachment of glass panes to suitable carrier elements is systematically realised by bore holes in the glass pane. As the before-mentioned bore holes as well as the attachment or connection devices engaging or penetrating the bore holes are subject to certain production tolerances, the normally encountered difficulty consists in realising the true alignment of the bore hole in the glass pane and the attachment device's or clamping fitting's axis. This problem is solved with the teaching according to the main patent application. In further development of this teaching, it is profitable to not only compensating production tolerances in the glass pane's plane, but finding moreover an adaptation possibility to several distances of the glass pane with regard to the proper attachment point, for example a wall. This is not only valid for mounting a single glass pane bending moment-free and tension-free with regard to a wall or the kind, but especially with regard to the true alignment of several adjoining glass panes with regard to each other. It is 1997066 PC -2commonly accepted that due to construction tolerances, the true aligned and tension-free mounting of glass panes imperatively necessitates varying distances of the individual bore holes in the glass pane with regard to the attachment point at the wall or the kind. The distance between the bore hole in the glass pane and the attachment point at the wall, or a connecting rod assembly or the kind, must consequently be conceived in a variable manner.
EP 0 617 190 Al reveals a connection of adjoining glass panes realised by means of a clamping rail bridging the butt joint lo between the adjoining glass panes at the panes back front. Fixing the clamping rail at the glass pane takes place via a cone nut inserted into the glass pane's bore hole, which cone nut presents a female thread directed towards the clamping rail, into which thread a fixing rod arranged between the cone nut and the clamping rail is distance variably locatable by means of a locknut.
Adjustment, in order to achieve a true aligned and tension-free attachment of glass panes, is done in the glass pane's back front area that is to say the back front must either be accessible or other accessories to adjust the position of the adjoining locknuts must be available as they determine the aligned placement of the glass pane respectively of the adjoining glass panes. In practical operation this means that the individual glass panes and the locknuts have to be readjusted several times, representing a huge time investment. Tolerance compensation of adjoining bore holes in the glass pane's plane is performed by a ball-type headed bearing of the connecting rod in the clamping rail. Altogether, with regard to construction as well as to assembly this is an expensive solution.
Similar problems result from the mounting for a punctiform, bending moment-free support of multi-layer insulation glass panes according to the German utility model 93 18 862 U1. The there 1997066 PC -3employed mounting bolt determines by its screw-in depth into the associated mounting case the glass pane's distance with regard to a wall or the kind, whereby this distance is only modifiable when manipulating the mounting bolt in the glass pane's back front area.
Tolerance compensation is performed in the glass pane's plane between adjoining bore holes in the glass pane by means of bore holes presenting a relatively important diameter in the glass panes which bore holes are filled in with cast resin during assembly. On the one side, such important bore holes are not wanted for i0 aesthetic reasons and on the other side the use of cast resin is correspondingly expensive.
The DE 44 36 483 Al discloses an attachment device to attach sheet facings; at a reference level a holding device or carrier structure is solidly linked into which female thread a male threaded bolt is distance variably screwable. The bolt's free end on the side opposite to the reference level presents a tapered bolt end at which an internal clamping jaw is supported revolving movable, but axially stationary. Between the before-mentioned internal clamping jaw and an external clamping jaw that may be clamped with the internal clamping jaw a sheet facing or the kind is clamped in a way that the sheet facing together with the clamping jaws may pivot in a limited angle around the tapered bolt end. The clamping jaws together with the tapered bolt end form a ball-and-socket joint that allows the sheet facing along with the clamping jaws rotating around a swivel point.
The disadvantage of this solution is that the distances are invariable between several attachment devices for one sheet facing, so that mechanical shearing forces or transverse strains are only largely avoided, if the ball-and-socket joint swivel point of all attachment devices is located in the sheet facing's thicknesscenter. A clamp screw of that species which screw head is fixable 1997066 PC -4at a screw shank's holding flange while vertically movable with regard to the screw shank's axis in four degrees of freedom, has not been realised.
DE 33 28 338 C2 furthermore divulges a device to adjust a first component with regard to a second component, where a distance liner is rotatably fixed at one of both components which liner's male thread corresponds with the second component's female thread, so that, when rotating the distance liner, the distance between both components is changeable. An apparent motion of 1o both components in four degrees of freedom is not provided for in this connection.
The objective of the invention is to conceive the clamping fitting in further development of the patent's DE 196 52 773 teaching in that a true aligned, tension-free and bending moment-free assembly is made possible of a single or several glass panes, without having to access adjustment or adaptation elements at the back front of the glass pane or without necessitating repeated removal and placement of the individual glass pane for true alignment purpose.
The invention solves the problem with the teaching according to claim 1.
According to this, the screw head consists of a support flange presenting a male thread sitting close to a carrier structure (wall or the kind), of a cone nut penetrating the glass pane's bore hole and of a locating flange sitting close to the glass pane arranged between the support flange and the cone nut, which locating flange is screwable by means of a male thread with the cone nut's female thread while fastening the glass pane, whereby the locating flange is distance variably adjustable with regard to the support flange by means of a female thread corresponding to the support flange's male thread. The locating flange engaging into the glass pane's bore hole and thus fastening the glass pane from the 1997066 PC pane's rear side is consequently invented, distance variable with regard to the proper attachment point at a wall or the kind, whereby this distance control may be realised passing through the glass pane's bore hole. As a result, just a rough adjustment is needed prior to placing the glass pane on the locating flange fixed to the wall mounting, and after placing the glass pane on the locating flange, the locating flange is adjusted in the direction of the glass pane or in opposite direction until it is correctly sitting close to the glass pane. Therefore no access in the area between the glass pane and the wall nor repeated glass pane placement and removal is required.
Further inventional characteristics are characterised by the subclaims.
Adjusting the locating flange with the support flange is functionally realised by means of a thread between these two components, whereby the support flange presents an oblong hole penetrated by the screw shank to allow the screw head's shifting with regard to the screwshank's axis in four degrees of freedom, and to respect bore hole tolerances in the glass pane's plane. For connecting purpose with the locating flange, the support flange is provided with a screwed flange corresponding to an appropriate thread in the locating flange.
In further development of the invention, on the side opposite to the support flange the locating flange itself is equipped with a screwed flange presenting a hexagon socket or the kind. Instead of a hexagon socket whatever wrench shapes or the kind may be provided for that are suitable to receive a tool executing a positive screw movement on the locating flange.
A rotation protection preferably in form of a locknut setscrew is realised between the locating flange and the support flange which allows fixing the locating flange with regard to the screw head in 1997066 PC -6whatever wanted adjusted position, that means at the right distance for the exact adjustment. This is significant to avoid the locating flange's turning with the cone nut when placing the cone nut, which seals the glass pane's front, on the locating flange's screwed flange.
The support flange itself is fixed by means of a clamp screw at a wall or the kind, for this purpose the clamp screw's screw shank penetrates the before-described oblong hole and presents at its free end a holding flange between which holding flange and the 1o wall or the kind the support flange is fastened. The beforementioned holding flange is therefore equipped with a hexagon socket or with another suitable wrench shape with which the clamp screw may be screwed into the wall or the kind. For the beforedescribed clamping fitting's assembly procedure, it is advantageous the holding flange's hexagon socket diameter be smaller with regard to the diameter of the screwed flange locating flange's hexagon socket.
Generally the invention proposes the possibility for a true aligned bending moment-free and tension-free attachment of individual or several glass panes with regard to a wall or the kind, representing very simple technical layout and manipulation, whereby for a simplified mounting, the distance control of the proper components fastening the glass pane may be realised by passing through the bore hole in the glass pane.
Hereinafter the invention is explained on the basis of one possible execution example represented by a diagram.
Figure 1 shows: a sectional exploded view of the clamping fitting Figure 2 shows: the clamping fitting according to figure 1 partially assembled 1997066 PC -7- Figures 3 4 show: the clamping fitting according to figure 1 completely assembled with different distances between the wall and the glass pane.
In figure 1, a wall mounting with reference 2 is fixed to a wall 1, composed of a clamp screw 4 with a screw shank 6 presenting a holding flange 8 on its end. A clamp screw's 4 screw head with reference 5 basically consists of a locating flange 10 arranged between a support flange 14 and a cone nut 21. The support io flange 14 is fastened between the wall 1 and the holding flange 8.
The support flange 14 is provided with an oblong hole 13 so that prior to fastening the support flange 14, the support flange 14 may be adjusted with regard to the screw shank's axis 7 in four degrees of freedom by rotating and simultaneously shifting the support flange 14 with regard to the screw shank's axis 7.
Fastening the support flange 14 is realised by screwing the screw shank 6 into the wall 1 by means of a hexagon socket 24 in the holding flange 8.
Moreover figure 1 shows that the support flange 14 presents a screwed flange 15 with a male thread 11, onto which a locating flange 10 is screwable with its assigned female thread 12. The locating flange 10 also presents a screwed flange 17, onto which male thread 16 a cone nut 21 is screwable by means of a suitable female thread.
The screwed flange's 17 side is at least provided with one boring receiving the locknut setscrew 19.
A glass protection, that may be slipped on the locating flange's screwed flange 17, is referenced with 22 and 23 refers to a clamping ring slipping on the cone nut 21. After completed assembly, the glass protection 22 and the clamping ring 23 cover the bore hole 9 in the glass pane 3.
1997066 PC -8- Figure 2 displays that while adjusting the glass pane 3, the locating flange 10 is only partially screwed onto the support flange's 14 screwed flange 15, resulting in the distance a between the support flange 14 and the locating flange 10. According to the representation in figure 2, after finishing the glass pane's 3 adjustment, a locknut setscrew 19 is firmly screwed against the screwed flange 15, so that finally the cone nut 21 may be screwed on with inserted clamping ring 23.
The cone nut 21 is mounted according to figures 3 and 4; while adjusting according to figure 3, the locating flange 10 is screwed as far as against the support flange 14, whereas in the other extreme position, according to figure 4 between those two components, the distance with reference a' is established.
The clamping fitting's assembly is explained hereinafter on the basis of figure 1: First, the wall mounting with reference 2 is realised by screwing the clamp screw 4 by means of the hexagon socket 24 only so far into the wall that the support flange 14 may be dislocated with regard to the holding flange 8. Then, the locating flange 10 is screwed onto the support flange's 14 male thread 11 according to a rough estimation as of the true aligned position.
After partially screwing the locknut setscrew 19 and slipping on the glass protection 22, the glass pane 3 is put in place; by adjusting the support flange 14 with regard to the clamp screw's 4 screw shank 6, bore hole tolerances are compensated in the glass pane's 3 plane. After finishing compensation, the support flange 14 is solidly fastened to the wall 1 via the clamp screw 4. After adjusting different distances of the individual bore holes between the wall 1 and the glass pane 3 by turning the locating flange with regard to the support flange 14, the locknut setscrew 19 is tightened against the screwed flange 15 (see figure in order to 1997066 PC -9avoid the locating flange's 10 turning with the cone nut when placing the cone nut 21. After having placed the clamping ring 23 on the cone nut 21 according to figure 3 and 4, the latter may be screwed with the male threaded 16 screwed flange 17 of the locating flange It is obvious that operating the clamp screw 4 via the hexagon socket 24, as well as operating the locating flange 10 via the hexagon socket 18, may be realised through the bore hole in the glass pane 3. This means that adjusting the whole clamping fitting 1o is realised in the glass pane's 3 plane as well as vertically with regard to it, that means changing the distance with regard to a wall or the kind is accomplished all through the bore hole 9 in the glass pane 3.
I IP 1997066 PC References 1 Wall 2 Wall mounting 3 Glass pane 4 Clamp screw Screw head 6 Screw shank 7 Screw shank axis 8 Holding flange 0io 9 Bore hole in the glass pane Locating flange 11 Support flange's male thread 12 Locating flange's female thread 13 Oblong hole 14 Support flange Screwed flange 16 Locating flange's male thread 17 Locating flange's screwed flange 18 Locating flange's hexagon socket 19 Locknut setscrew Bore hole in the screwed flange 21 Cone nut 22 Glass protection 23 Clamping.ring 24 Holding flange's hexagon socket Cone nut's female thread a Distance a' Distance
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19740878 | 1997-09-17 | ||
| DE1997140878 DE19740878C2 (en) | 1996-12-19 | 1997-09-17 | Clamp fitting for fastening glass panes |
| PCT/EP1998/005883 WO1999014460A1 (en) | 1997-09-17 | 1998-09-16 | Clamping fitting for fastening glass panes |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU1023099A AU1023099A (en) | 1999-04-05 |
| AU748419B2 true AU748419B2 (en) | 2002-06-06 |
Family
ID=7842637
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU10230/99A Ceased AU748419B2 (en) | 1997-09-17 | 1998-09-16 | Clamping fitting for fastening glass panes |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0938620B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE245755T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU748419B2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59809078D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0938620T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2136050T3 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL128891A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL193815B1 (en) |
| SK (1) | SK285593B6 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999014460A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2182636B1 (en) * | 2000-05-30 | 2004-06-16 | Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria | ELASTIC HEAD SCREW FOR FIXING GLASS PANELS IN THE BUILDINGS. |
| DE102012101539B4 (en) * | 2012-02-27 | 2020-04-09 | Herbert Volderauer | fitting |
| NL2036481B1 (en) * | 2023-12-11 | 2025-06-20 | Fassat Holding B V | Device for fixing and adjusting a plate to a wall |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5288191A (en) * | 1991-08-26 | 1994-02-22 | Ewald Witte Gmbh & Co. Kg | Device for the clamping attachment of spaced structural parts |
| US5340258A (en) * | 1991-11-22 | 1994-08-23 | Werner Simon | Variable-length distancing unit |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL7902064A (en) * | 1979-03-15 | 1980-09-17 | Agterhof Beheer Nv | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A FRAME ELEMENT AND FASTENING DEVICE FOR A FRAME ELEMENT |
| DE3328338C2 (en) * | 1983-08-05 | 1987-01-08 | Audi AG, 8070 Ingolstadt | Device for adjusting a first component relative to a second component |
| FR2703092B1 (en) | 1993-03-25 | 1995-06-02 | Vertal Sud Est | Device for fixing a glazing to a supporting structure. |
| DE9318862U1 (en) | 1993-12-10 | 1995-04-06 | Danz, Robert, Dipl.-Ing., 71101 Schönaich | Bracket for punctiform, bending moment-free storage of multiple insulating glass panes |
| DE4436483C2 (en) | 1994-10-12 | 1999-11-18 | Seele Gmbh | Fastening device for fastening building panels |
| SE9500190L (en) * | 1995-01-20 | 1996-01-15 | Kurt Uno Soederstroem | Device for mounting door frames, window frames and the like |
| DE19652773C2 (en) | 1996-12-19 | 1998-11-26 | Dorma Gmbh & Co Kg | Clamp fitting for fastening glass panes |
| DE59809711D1 (en) * | 1997-03-27 | 2003-10-30 | Dorma Gmbh & Co Kg | CLAMPING FITTING FOR FASTENING GLASS PANELS |
| DE29705576U1 (en) * | 1997-03-27 | 1997-10-30 | Dorma Gmbh + Co. Kg, 58256 Ennepetal | Clamp fitting for fastening glass panes |
| DE29718406U1 (en) * | 1997-10-16 | 1998-01-22 | Pauli + Sohn GmbH, 51545 Waldbröl | Holding element for plate-shaped components |
-
1998
- 1998-09-16 IL IL12889198A patent/IL128891A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-09-16 AT AT98952590T patent/ATE245755T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-09-16 WO PCT/EP1998/005883 patent/WO1999014460A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-09-16 ES ES98952590T patent/ES2136050T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-16 PL PL98333415A patent/PL193815B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-09-16 EP EP98952590A patent/EP0938620B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-16 DK DK98952590T patent/DK0938620T3/en active
- 1998-09-16 SK SK631-99A patent/SK285593B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-09-16 DE DE59809078T patent/DE59809078D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-16 AU AU10230/99A patent/AU748419B2/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5288191A (en) * | 1991-08-26 | 1994-02-22 | Ewald Witte Gmbh & Co. Kg | Device for the clamping attachment of spaced structural parts |
| US5340258A (en) * | 1991-11-22 | 1994-08-23 | Werner Simon | Variable-length distancing unit |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SK285593B6 (en) | 2007-04-05 |
| PL193815B1 (en) | 2007-03-30 |
| WO1999014460A1 (en) | 1999-03-25 |
| DE59809078D1 (en) | 2003-08-28 |
| DK0938620T3 (en) | 2003-08-18 |
| AU1023099A (en) | 1999-04-05 |
| PL333415A1 (en) | 1999-12-06 |
| IL128891A (en) | 2001-08-08 |
| ES2136050T3 (en) | 2004-02-16 |
| ATE245755T1 (en) | 2003-08-15 |
| EP0938620A1 (en) | 1999-09-01 |
| SK63199A3 (en) | 2000-06-12 |
| EP0938620B1 (en) | 2003-07-23 |
| ES2136050T1 (en) | 1999-11-16 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGA | Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent) |