AU765539B2

AU765539B2 - Polynucleotide vaccine formula for treating horse diseases

Info

Publication number: AU765539B2
Application number: AU54274/01A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Jean-Christophe Audonnet; Annabelle Bouchardon; Michel Riviere
Original assignee: Merial SAS; Merial Inc
Current assignee: Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France SAS
Priority date: 1996-07-19
Filing date: 2001-07-09
Publication date: 2003-09-18
Anticipated expiration: 2017-07-15
Also published as: AU5427401A

Description

Regulation 3.2

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION DIVISIONAL APPLICATION

(ORIGINAL)

Name of Applicant: Actual Inventor(s): Address for Service: Invention Title: Jean-Christophe Audonnet; Annabelle Bouchardon; Michel Riviere DAVIES COLLISON CAVE, Patent Attorneys, 1 Little Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000.

"Polynucleotide vaccine formula for treating horse diseases" Merial The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: Q:\OPER\JMS\2435380-DIV-190.DOC 9/7/01 ~ZiifLfi.i I 1- The present invention relates to a vaccine formulation for vaccinating equidae, in particular horses. It also relates to a corresponding vaccination method.

A relatively wide variety of horse pathologies exist. Apart from the well-known respiratory pathologies, such as rhinopneumonitis and influenza, horses are susceptible, in particular on the American continent, to various encephalomyelites. Finally, horses exhibit a variety of other pathologies among which tetanus, Lyme disease and equine arteritis may be mentioned, in particular, without forgetting the risks of exposure to the rabies virus.

The circumstances under which horses are exposed to various pathogenic microorganisms have been increased by the movement of large numbers of horses over substantial distances by land or by air, such that the risk of infection tends to increase.

However, in view of the high cost of these animals, in particular in the case of breeding animals, saddle horses and racehorses, it is economically import ant to control, as far as possible, the risks of infection, which translate into the animal being unavailable for long periods, if not actually being lost. A certain number of horse vaccines, whose efficacy varies, already exist.

Thus, inactivated or subunit vaccines, all of which, however exhibit some limitations expressed as incomplete or short-term protection and, possibly, safety problems linked to the adjuvants employed, have been developed for the equine rhinopneumonitis which is caused by the different strains of equine herpesvirus

(EHV).

Attempts are also being made to use vaccination to prevent equine influenza, which is another important pathology. The vaccines employed are inactivated or subunit vaccines which, while they are effective to a certain degree, are nevertheless not without problems.

2 Thus, protection is frequently not complete and is generally of a relatively brief duration, thereby requiring revaccinations, as in the case of rhinopneumonitis. Safety problems may also be encountered.

Vaccines based on antitetanus toxoid have also been developed and are undeniably effective.

Vaccines against encephalomyelites, some eastern encephalomyelites, western encephalomyelitis and Venezuelan encephalomyelitis, whose efficacy is still poorly known, also exist.

For reasons of economy, on the one hand, and the rational management of equine vaccinations on the other, multivalent vaccine formulations have already been proposed for preventing several of these infectious diseases.

The combinations which have so far been developed have been achieved using inactivated vaccines or live vaccines and, where appropriate, mixtures of these vaccines. Their implementation poses problems of compatibility between valencies and of stability. Thus, it is necessary to ensure compatibility between the different valencies, both with regard to the different antigens employed and with regard to the formulations themselves, in particular when inactivated vaccines and live vaccines are combined at the same time. There is also the problem of preserving such combined vaccines and also that of their safety, in particular in the presence of adjuvant.

In general, these vaccines are relatively expensive.

Furthermore, these formulations have not enabled three of the main valencies, namely the equine influenza, rhinopneumonitis, in particular EHV-l and EHV-4, and tetanus valencies, to be combined. For example, combinations of the Influenza and encephalomyelitis valencies, *.35 or of the rhinopneumonitis and encephalomyelitis valencies, are known.

The Patent Applications WO-A-90 11 092, WO-A-93 19 183, WO-A-94 21 797 and WO-A-95 20 660 have proposed using the recently developed technique of 3 polynucleotide vaccines. It is known that these vaccines use a plasmid which is capable of expressing, in the host cells, the antigen which is inserted into the plasmid.

All the routes of administration have been proposed (intraperitonea-1, intravenous, intramuscular, transcutaneous, intradermal, mucosal, etc.). Different means of vaccination may also be used, such as DNA deposited on the surface of gold particles and projected so as to penetrate into the skin of the animal (Tang et al., Nature 356, 152-154, 1992) and injections by means of a liquid jet, which makes it possible to transfect, at one and the same time, skin, muscle, fatty tissues and mammary tissues (Furth et al., Analytical Biochemistry, 205, 365-368, 1992).

The polynucleotide vaccines can use both naked DNAs and formulated DNAs, for example within liposomes or cationic lipids.

Polynucleotide vectors which integrate the HA or NT genes have been tried out in mice, ferrets and chickens in the case of the influenza virus. No data are available for the horse.

With regard to tetanus, it has recently been reported that immunization of mice with a plasmid which expresses the non-toxic C-terminal region of the tetanus oe 25 toxin, together with the C fragment, induced the appearance of seroprotective antibodies in the mouse.

However, it is not possible to transpose directly the teaching of the results obtained in these animals of short lifespan to other mammals, in particular mammals of large size.

There is still a requirement, therefore, to improve the protection of equidae, in particular horses, against infectious pathologies.

The invention proposes to provide a multivalent 35 vaccine formulation which makes it possible to vaccinate equidae, in particular horses, against a number of pathogenic agents.

Another object of the invention is to provide such a vaccine formulation which combines different llli I~~~_~tLT1 l~i '24valonajola While fit; tiho Ltylie tiflmC o.xhit.inq tho requiit t, oriteria of cornpat~bi] ity and stabil ity of thbe vaicmric:I er; between themselv es.

Anothor objoot of the inrvention is to providce b such a vaccine formu)lat ion wh oh )nakep I. possible to combin d! f forent va) wni ot, .i ni one wid the climw I3XClpi flt.

Another obj0Ct- Of tLhO I nVOIlatio Inr to povJ dopitch a vacci~ne formu) eli on which Jv e: avy to I mp3.eiont. an~d inoxponrii Yet another objet. if tQhu Snverition Is 0;t provi do such a for-mul ation and it iothod of vacocinating horor.

which nalikes it pousIble to obtainj A P)70UIC1.10, irhCJiudlhg u MIJ VIAIent protCctIAOI, whi~ JEh O SSOCIE atd with a hi gh level of effcacy and Jse of lony durmatlon while exhlbJ1i ng a high dogree of wafety.

The presnt i nvention t.Jsore fore r-e) ate~l tob 11 Vaccine formulation agdinst. pal-hologies of equidwi, ira particular borcs, wb Scli comprinres at I Capt.

3 polyrauclootide vaccine va.riiier., eiah of which comprises a pl8Bsuid intogritting, Em0 as to expreup It-, Inl vivo In the cello, a gono ol an equine pathogen valoncy, with these va] end er bel( rig u)oted from the group consisting of equine rid nopriourcnit3& v-i re, IJV, aquine 25 influenza virure, I1, 1ri 1eau C. eei)wt thee p3lasmids cmpriviSng, oir vach vealency, Oneor 0'more the gone&soeeected from the grip conoirting of 911 and gI) in tho case of the Eiquino rhinopneunoni ti vli u, HA, NJ, and N Inl the castOf0 the (equ)in i nflucinta vi ruf, and a gene which encodea 03] cr part of thie C subimit of thc: tetanusa toxin.

In the present invcmtson, valency is understood asr meaning at )Aact one antigen wicoh ensurer, protccti.on eagoil nt tho Vi rUS of tho pathaon under considerat.lon, with the valency boing ae, to conain, av a subvalancy, one or more natural mr modfctiAd genes of one or morv etraiu I of the pathogen undvr mCOiderati on.

Patho1gGenic 1agont clone Is uncderu;tood tic. i110Wn13i11g not on)ly the cOmp] e pofl b:ut. Wo o the di fferent 5 nucleotide sequences, including fragments, which retain the ability to induce a protective response. The gene concept covers the nucleotide sequences which are equivalent to those described precisely in the examples, that is to say the sequences which are different but which encode the same protein. It also covers the nucleotide sequences of other strains of the pathogen under consideration which ensure crossprotection or a protection which is specific for a strain or a group of strains. It also covers the nucleotide sequences which have been modified in order to facilitate expression in vivo by the animal host but which encode the same protein.

Thus, particularly preferably, the vaccine according to the invention comprises, in the equine rhinopneumonitis valency, at least one antigen from the EHV-1 strain and at least one antigen from the EHV-4 strain, with these antigens preferably being the same type of antigen.

The therapeutically effective quantities of the polynucleotide valencies are contained, or are intended to be contained, in an excipient which is suitable for administering to the animal, preferably for intramuscular administration. Preferably, this excipient is an aqueous 25 excipient which lacks oily constituents.

With regard to the equine rhinopneumonitis valency, preference is given to combining the gB and gD genes, preferably from EHV strains, in particular the 1 and 4 strains.

30 With regard to the equine influenza valency, preference is given to using the gene which encodes the haemagglutinin HA or to using the combination of the genes which encode HA and NP. The influenza virus HA sequences, in particular from the different strains encountered in the territory, are preferably combined in one and the same vaccine. On the other hand, NP ensures crossprotection and it is possible, therefore, to be contented with the sequence from one single strain of the virus.

-TTl~:II\ YI l 6 In the case of the tetanus valency, preference is given to the C subunit, where appropriate modified by mutation or deletion.

Combining genes which encode several antigens of one and the same valency or of one and the same strain in a valency can be effected by mixing plasmids which express a single antigen or, on the contrary, by inserting several genes into one and the same plasmid.

While combining the different valencies of the vaccine according to the invention can preferably be effected by mixing polynucleotide plasmids which express one or more antigens of each valency, it is also possible to envisage having several antigens of several valencies being expressed by one and the same vector of the plasmid type.

In an improved form of the invention, the formulation can also include one or more other valencies of other equine pathogens, in particular valencies of the eastern encephalomyelitis virus, EEV, of the western encephalomyelitis virus, WEV, and of the Venezuelan encephalomyelitis virus, VEV, preferably all three simultaneously.

These valencies can also advantageously include the valency of Lyme disease, B. burgdorferi, of equine 25 arteritis (EAV) and of rabies.

The genes of the abovementioned encephalomyelites which are used are the genes for the C and E2 antigens, Spreferably the E2 gene on its own or the combination of the two genes E2 and C.

o. *30 In the case of the Lyme disease valency, a selection is made between the OspA, OspB and pl00 genes, with OspA being preferred.

In the case of equine arteritis, the E, M and N genes, which are used either on their own or in combination are selected.

In the case of rabies, the G gene is selected.

A vaccine formulation according to the invention can be presented in a dose volume of between 0.1 and ml, in particular of between 1 and 5 ml.

7 The dose is generally between 10 ng and 1 mg, in particular between 100 ng and 500 p g, preferably between 1 Ag and 250 Ag per plasmid type.

Preference is given to using naked plasmids, which are simply placed in the vaccination excipient, which is in general physiological saline NaCI), ultrapure water, TE buffer, etc. It is, of course, possible to use all the polynucleotide vaccine formulations described in the prior art.

Each plasmid comprises a promoter which is capable of ensuring expression of the inserted gene under its control in the host cells. In general, the promoter is a strong eukaryotic promoter, in particular an early promoter of the cytomegalovirus CMV-IE of human or murine origin, or else, where appropriate, of another origin such as rat, pig or guinea pig.

More generally, the promoter can be either of viral origin or of cellular origin. Viral promoters other than the CMV-IE promoter which may be mentioned are the early or later promoters of the SV 40 virus or the LTR promoter of the Rous sarcoma virus. The promoter can also be a promoter of the virus from which the gene is derived, for example the gene's own promoter.

A cellular promoter which may be mentioned is the promoter of a gene of the cytoskeleton, for example the desmin promoter (Polmont et al., Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 1990, 22, 117-122; and Zhenlin et al., Gene, 1989, 78, 243-254), or else the actin promoter.

30 When several genes are present in one and the same plasmid, they may be presented within the same transcription unit or within two different units.

The invenzion also relates to monovalent vaccine formulations which comprise one or more plasmids which encode one or more genes of one of the abovementioned ****pathogenic agents, in particular of rhinopneumonitis or of Lyme disease, of equine arteritis, of eastern encephalomyelitis, of western encephalomyelitis and of Venezuelan encephalomyelitis, with the genes being those 8described above. These formulations can comprise the above-mentioned features as regards the choice of the genes from one and the same pathogen and their combination, the composition of the plasmids, the dose volumes, the dosages, etc.

The present invention also relates to a method of vaccinating equidae, in particular horses, against infectious diseases, which method comprises administering an effective dose of a multivalent or monovalent vaccine formulation such as described above.

This method of vaccination comprises administering one or more doses of the vaccine formulation.

The vaccine formulations according to the invention can be administered by the different routes of administration which have been proposed within the general context of polynucleotide vaccination and using known administration techniques. However, the intramuscular route is distinctly preferred.

It is also possible to vaccinate by the intradermal route by means of a liquid jet, preferably by means of multiple jets, with the aid of an injector, in particular an injector which uses an injection head which is fitted with several holes or nozzles, in particular, from 5 to 6 holes or nozzles, such as the Pigjet appliance, which is produced and distributed by the firm Endoscoptic, LanFrance.

The dose volume in the case of such an appliance is preferably reduced to between 0.1 and 0.9 ml, in particular between 0.2 and 0.6 ml, and advantageously between 0. 4 and 0 .5 ml, with it being possible for the volume to be administered in one or more, preferably 2, applications.

The abovementioned monovalent vaccines can be used, in particular, for preparing the polyvalent vaccine according to the invention.

The monovalent vaccine formulations can also be used in combination. with a. vaccine of another type (whole live or inactivated, recombinant or -subunit) against another pathology or as a booster for a vaccine as 9described below.

Thus, the present invention also relates to the use of one or more plasmids according to the invention for producing a vaccine which is intended for vaccinating horses which have been initially vaccinated with a conventional first vaccine (monovalent or multivalent) which is of the same type as those of the prior art and which is selected, in particular, from the group consisting of whole live vaccine, whole inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccine or recombinant vaccine, with this first vaccine exhibiting (that is to say containing or being able to express) the antigen or the antigens encoded by the plasmid or the plasmids or (an) antigen(s) which ensure crossprotection.

Remarkably, the polynucleotide vaccine has a powerful booster effect which translates into an amplification of the immune response and the establishment of long-term immunity.

In general, the first -vaccination vaccines can be selected from the commercial vaccines which can be obtained from the different veterinary vaccine producers.

.In one preferred embodiment of- the process according to the invention, an effective dose of the conventional vaccine, in particular an inactivated, live, attenuated or recombinant vaccine, or else a subunit :vaccine, is firstly administered to the animal so as to ensure an initial vaccination and the polyvalent or **monovalent vaccine according to the invention is administered after a waiting period of preferably from 2 to 4 weeks.

The invention also relates to a vaccination kit which combines a vaccine formulation according to the invention and a first-vaccination vaccine such as described above. It also relates to a vaccine formulation according to the invention which is accompanied by a leaflet which indicates the use of this formulation as a booster for a first vaccination such as described above.

The invention also relates to the method for preparing the vaccination formulations, namely the 10 preparation of the valencies and their mixtures, as is evident from this description.

The invention will now be described in more detail with the aid of embodiments of the invention which are dealt with while referring to the drawings.

11 List of figures Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure No.

No.

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure No.

No.

9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: Plasmid pVR1012 Plasmid pAB042 Plasmid pAB031 Plasmid pAB013 Plasmid pAB032 Plasmid pAB043 Plasmid pAB033 Sequence of the HA gene of the Fontainbleau equine influenza strain Plasmid pAB099 Plasmid pAB085 Plasmid pAB084 Plasmid pAB070 Plasmid pAB017 Plasmid pAB094 Plasmid pAB093 Plasmid pAB096 Plasmid pAB095 Plasmid pAB098 Plasmid pAB097 Plasmid pAB041 r r List of SEQ ID No. sequences SEQ ID No.

SEQ ID No.

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: Oligonucleotide AB013 Oligonucleotide AB014 Oligonucleotide AB071 Oligonucleotide AB074 Oligonucleotide AB030 Oligonucleotide AB031 Oligonucleotide AB075 Oligonucleotide AB076 Oligonucleotide AB015 Oligonucleotide AB016 Oligonucleotide AB077 Oligonucleotide AB078 L~-iiiiii-r~i-N'~ i ii irn.~riniiriiJr;n~iZriji~;~-a,~"r^nrl ~z )liti~i~m,~.ifUL~~i~_jr ~ri-i rrr~x ra~:~-~l~iiii~i~ii~-~ic-;X~\ill~Y~i *i.ill i 12

SEQ

ID No.

13: 14: 15:

SEQ

25 SEQ

SEQ

ID

No.

16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25: 26: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 32: 33: 34: 35: 36: Oligonucleotide AB186 Oligonucleotide AB187 Sequence of the HA gene of the Fontainebleau equine influenza strain Oligonucleotide AB156 Oligonucleotide AB159 Oligonucleotide AB157 Oligonucleotide AB128 Oligonucleotide AB129 Oligonucleotide AB038 Oligonucleotide AB039 Oligonucleotide AB176 Oligonucleotide AB177 Oligonucleotide AB174 Oligonucleotide AB175 Oligonucleotide AB180 Oligonucleotide AB181 Oligonucleotide AB178 Oligonucleotide AB179 Oligonucleotide AB184 Oligonucleotide AB185 Oligonucleotide AB182 Oligonucleotide AB183 Oligonucleotide ABO11 Oligonucleotide ABO12

S.

S

.SSS

S

.5.

Y t..2LS~ 13

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Culturing the viruses The viruses are cultured on the appropriate cell system until a cytopathic effect is obtained. The cell systems to be used for each virus are well known to the skilled person. Briefly, cells which are susceptible to the virus employed, and which are cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium ("1MEM"1 medium) or another appropriate medium, are inoculated with the viral strain under study using a multiplicity of infection of 1. The infected cells are then incubated at 37 0 C for the time which is required for a complete cytopathic effect to appear (on average 36 hours).

Example 2: Culturing the bacteria: Tetanus The bacteria are cultured in the appropriate media, and under the conditions which are well known to the skilled person, so as to obtain a bacterial biomass which is sufficient for extracting the genetic material. This extraction is carried out using the customary techniques described by Sambrook J. et al.

(Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd Edition.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor. New York. 1989).

The strains of Borrelia burgdorferi are cultured in the appropriate media and under the conditions which are well known to the skilled person. These conditions and media are described, in. particular, by A. Barbour Biol.

1984. 57. 71-75) The bacterial DNA was extracted under the conditions described by W. Simpson et al.

(Infect. Immun. 1990. 58. 847-853). The customary techniques described by J. Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor. New York. 1989) can also be employed.

Example 3: Extracting the viral genomic DNAs: After culture, the supernatant and the lysed cells are 14 harvested and the whole viral suspension is centrifuged at 1000 g and +40C for 10 minutes in order to remove the cell debris. The viral particles are then harvested by ultracentrifugation at 400,000 g and +4C for 1 hour. The pellet is taken up in a minimal volume of buffer (10 mM tris, 1 mM EDTA). This concentrated viral suspension is treated with proteinase K (final concentration, 100 Ag/ml) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (final concentration, at 370C for 2 hours.

The viral DNA is then extracted with a phenol/chloroform mixture and then precipitated with 2 volumes of absolute ethanol. After having been stored at -20C overnight, the DNA is centrifuged at 10,000 g and +4C for 15 minutes.

The DNA pellet is dried and then taken up in a minimal volume of sterile ultrapure water. It can then be digested with restriction enzymes.

Example 4: Isolating the viral genomic RNAs The RNA viruses were purified using the techniques which are well known to the skilled person. The viral genomic RNA from each virus was then isolated using the "guanidium thiocyanate/phenol-chloroform4 extraction technique described by P. Chomczynski and N. Sacchi (Anal. Biochem. 1987. 162. 156-159) "Example 5: Molecular biological techniques All the plasmid constructions were carried out using the standard techniques of molecular biology as described by J. Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor. New York. 1989). All the restriction fragments employed for the present invention were isolated using the "Geneclean" kit (BIO 101 Inc. La Jolla, CA).

Example 6: RT-PCR technique Specific oligonucleotides (which included restriction sites at their 5' ends for facilitating cloning of the amplified fragments) were synthesized such that they 15 entirely cover the coding regions of the genes to be amplified (see specific examples). The reverse transcription (RT) reaction and the amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were carried out using the standard techniques (Sambrook J. et al. 1989). Each RT-PCR reaction was carried out using a pair of specific amplimers and taking the extracted viral genomic RNA as the template. The complementary DNA which was amplified was extracted with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) before being digested with the restriction enzymes.

Example 7: Plasmid pVR1012 Plasmid pVR1012 (Figure No. 1) was obtained from Vical Inc. San Diego, CA, USA. Its construction was described in J. Hartikka et al. (Human Gene Therapy, 1996. 7. 1205- 1217).

Example 8: Constructing the plasmid pAB042 (EHV-1 gB gene) A PCR reaction was carried out using the genomic DNA of type 1 equine herpesvirus (EHV-1) (Kentucky D strain) (P.

Guo et al. J. Virol, 1990. 64.. 2399-2406) and using the following oligonucleotides: AB013 (32 mer) (SEQ ID No. 1) 3' o. 25 AB014 (39 mer) (SEQ ID No. 2) 5'ATAAGAAGCGGCCGCTAAACATGTTTAAACCATTTTTTC 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the gB glycoprotein (EHV-1 gB) in the form of a PstI/NotI fragment. After purification, the 2981 bp PCR product was digested with PstI and NotI in order to isolate a PstI/NotI fragment of 2959 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had previously been digested with PstI and NotI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB042 (7841 bp) (Figure No. 2).

16 Example 9: Constructing the plasmid pAB031 (EHV-4 gB gene) A PCR reaction was carried out using the genomic DNA of type 4 equine herpesvirus (EHV-4) (strain 1942) (M.

Riggio et al. J. Virol, 1989. 63. 1123-1133) and using the following oligonucleotides: AB071 (38 mer) (SEQ ID No 3) 3' AB074 (36 MER) (SEQ ID No. 4) 5'CTAGTCTAGATTAAACCATTTTTTCGCTTTCCATGG 3' in order to amplify a 2949 bp fragment which contains the gene encoding the gB glycoprotein of EHV-4 in the form of a PstI/XbaI fragment. After purification, the PCR product was digested with PstI and XbaI to give a PstI/XbaI fragment of 2931 bp in size.

This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had previously been digested with PstI and XbaI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB031 (7806 bp) (Figure No. 3).

Example 10: Constructing the plasmid pAB013 (EHV-1 gD gene) A PCR reaction was carried out using the genomic DNA of type I equine herpesvirus (EHV-1) (Kentucky D strain) (J.

C. Audonnet et al. J. Gen. Virol. 1990. 71. 2969-2978) 25 and using the following oligonucleotides: AB030 (32 mer) (SEQ ID No. 5'AAAACTGCAGCATGTCTACCTTCAAGCTTATG 3' AB031 (37 mer) (SEQ ID No. 6) 5' CGCGGATCCTTACGGAAGCTGGGTATATTTAACATCC 3' 30 in order to isolate the gene encoding the gD glycoprotein (EHV-1 gD) in the form of a PstI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 1228 bp PCR product was digested with pstI and BamHI in order to isolate a PstI/BamHI fragment of 1211 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the 35 vector pVR1012 (Example which had previously been digested with PstI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB013 (6070 bp) (Figure No. 4).

17 Example 11: Constructing the plasmid pAB032 (EHV-4 gD gene) A PCR reaction was carried out using the genomic DNA of type 4 equine herpesvirus (EHV-4) Cullinane et al. J.

Gen. Virol. 1993. 74. 1959-1964) and using the following oligonucleotides: AB075 (33 mer) (SEQ ID No. 7) 3' AB076 (33 mer) (SEQ ID No. 8) 5'CGCGGATCCTTACGGAAGCTGAGTATATTTGAC 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the gD glycoprotein of EHV-4 (EHV-4 gD) in the form of a PstI/BamHI fragment.

After purification, the 1230 bp PCR product was digested with PstI and BamHI in order to isolate a PstI/BamHI fragment of 1212 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had previously been digested with PstI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB032 (6071 bp) (Figure No. Example 12: Constructing plasmid pAB043 (HA gene of the Prague equine influenza strain) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with the technique described in Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the equine influenza virus (EIV) (H7N7 Prague strain) McCauley. Genbank sequence access No. 25 X62552), which was prepared in accordance with the technique described in Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB015 (36 mer) (SEQ ID No. 9) 5'ACGCGTCGACATGAACACTCAAATTCTAATATTAGC 3' 30 AB016 (35 mer) (SEQ ID No. 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the HA glycoprotein of the equine influenza virus in the form of a SalI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 1733 bp RT-PCR product 35 was digested with SalI and BamHI in order to isolate a SalI/BamHI fragment of 1720 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had previously been digested with SalI and BamHI, in order to 18 yield the plasmid pAB043 (6588 bp) (Figure No. 6).

Example 13: Constructing the plasmid pAB033 (HA gene of the Suffolk equine influenza strain) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with the technique of Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the equine influenza virus (EIV) (Suffolk strain) Binns.

Genbank sequence access No. X68437), which was prepared in accordance with the technique of Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB077 (33 mer) (SEQ ID No. 11) 3' AB078 (34 mer) (SEQ ID No. 12) 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the HA glycoprotein of the equine influenza virus in the form of a SalI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 1729 bp RT-PCR product was digested with SalI and BamHI in order to isolate a SalI/BamHI fragment of 1717 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had been previously digested with SalI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB033 (6584 bp) (Figure No. 7).

Example 14: Constructing the plasmid pAB099 (HA gene of the Fontainebleau equine influenza strain) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with 25 Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the equine influenza virus (EIV) (Fontainebleau strain), which had been prepared in accordance with Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: *ego AB186 (32 mer) (SEQ ID No. 13) 5'TTTGCGGCCGCATGAAGACAACCATTATTTTG 3' AB187 (35 mer) (SEQ ID No. 14) 5'TTTGCGGCCGCTTACTCAAATGCAAATGTTGCATC 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the HA glycoprotein of the equine influenza virus (Fontainebleau strain) 35 (Figure No. 8 and SEQ ID No. 15) in the form of a NotI/NotI fragment. After purification, the 1724 bp RT- PCR product was digested with NotI in order to isolate a -1-11- 19 NotI/NotI fragment of 1710 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example 7) which had been previously digested with NotI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB099 (6625 bp) which contains the HA gene (Fontainebleau equine influenza strain) in the correct orientation with respect to the promotor (Figure No. 9).

Example 15: Constructing the plasmid pAB085 (NP gene of the Prague equine influenza strain) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with the technique of Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the equine influenza virus (EIV) (H7N7 Prague strain) Gorman et al. J. Virol. 1991. 65. 3704-3714), which was prepared in accordance with the technique of Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB156 (32 mer) (SEQ ID No. 16) 3' AB159 (34 mer) (SEQ ID No. 17) 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the NP nucleoprotein of the equine influenza virus in the form of a SalI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 1515 bp RT-PCR product was digested with Sal and BamHI in order to isolate a SalI/BamHI fragment of 1503 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example 7), 25 which had been previously digested with SalI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB085 (6371 bp) (Figure No. Example 16: Constructing the plasmid pAB084 (NP gene of the Jillin equine influenza strain) 30 An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with the technique of Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the equine influenza virus (EIV) (H3N8 Jillin strain) Gorman et al. J. Virol. 1991. 65. 3704-3714), which was prepared in accordance with the technique of Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB156 (32 mer) (SEQ ID No. 16) 3' 20 AB157 (34 mer) (SEQ ID No. 18) 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the NP nucleoprotein of the equine influenza virus in the form of a SalI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 1515 bp RT-PCR product was digested with SalI and BamHI in order to isolate a SalI/BamHI fragment of 1503 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example 7), which had been previously digested with SalI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB084 (6371 bp) (Figure No. 11).

Example 17: Constructing the plasmid pAB070 (tetanus toxin C subunit gene) An PCR reaction was carried out using the genomic DNA of Clostridium tetani (strain CN3911) Fairweather et al.

J. Bact. 1986. 165. 21-27), which was prepared in accordance with the technique of Example 2, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB128 (34 mer) (SEQ ID No. 19) 5'AAACTGCAGATGAAAAATCTGGATTGTTGGGTTG 3' AB129 (30 mer) (SEQ ID No. 5'TTTGGATCCTTAATCATTTGTCCATCCTTC 3' S. in order to isolate the sequence encoding the C subunit of the Clostridium tetani toxin in the form of a 25 PstI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 1377 bp PCR product was digested with PstI and BamHI in order to isolate a PstI/BamHI fragment of 1361 bp in size. This :ooo fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example 7), which had been previously digested with PstI and BamHI, o' 30 in order to yield the plasmid pABO70 (6219 bp) (Figure No. 12).

Example 18: Constructing the plasmid pAB017 (ospA gene of Borrelia burgdorferi) An PCR reaction was carried out using the genomic DNA of Borrelia burgdorferi (strain B31) Bergstrom et al.

Mol. Microbiol. 1989. 3. 479-486), which was prepared in accordance with the technique of Example 2, and using the J r v .r D %i 5 hlk, IC rL 2 U 'y n l iiu .iA 21 following oligonucleotides: AB038 (37 mer) (SEQ ID No. 21) 3' AB039 (34 mer) (SEQ ID No. 22) 5'CGCGGATCCCTTATTTTAAAGCGTTTTTAATTTC 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the OspA membrane protein in the form of a SalI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 842 bp PCR product was digested with SalI and BamHI in order to isolate a SalI/BamHI fragment of 829 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had been previously digested with SalI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB017 (5698 bp) (Figure No. 13).

Example 19: Constructing the plasmid pAB094 (E2 gene of the eastern encephalomyelitis virus) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with the technique of Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the eastern encephalomyelitis virus (EEV) (North America 82V2137 strain) (S.Weaver et al. Virology. 1993. 197.

375-390), which was prepared in accordance with the technique of Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB176 (34 mer) (SEQ ID No. 23) 5'AAACTGCAGATGGATTTGGACACTCATTTCACCC 3' 25 AB177 (44 mer) (SEQ ID No. 24) 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the E2 glycoprotein of EEV in the form of a PstI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 1294 bp RT-PCR product was digested 30 with PstI and BamHI in order to isolate a PstI/BamHI fragment of 1278 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example 7) which had been previously digested with PstI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB094 (6136 bp) (Figure No. 14).

Example 20: Constructing the plasmid pAB093 (C gene of the eastern encephalomyelitis virus) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with uhinia~r 22 the technique of Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the eastern encephalomyelitis virus (EEV) (North America 82V2137 strain) (S.Weaver et al. Virology. 1993. 197.

375-390), which was prepared in accordance with the technique of Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB174 (33 mer) (SEQ ID No. 3' AB175 (45 mer) (SEQ ID No. 26) 5'TGAAGATCTTCAATAAAAATCACCATGGCTCTGACCCCTCTGGTG 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the C capsid protein (EEV C) in the form of a PstI/BglII fragment.

After purification, the 801 bp RT-PCR product was digested with PstI and BglII in order to isolate a PstI/BglII fragment of 785 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had been previously digested with PstI and BglII, in order to yield the plasmid pAB093 (5650 bp) (Figure No. Example 21: Constructing the plasmid pAB096 (E2 gene of the western encephalomyelitis virus) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with the technique of Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the western encephalomyelitis virus (WEV) (BSF 1703 strain) Hahn et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1988. *25 5997-6001), which was prepared in accordance with the technique of Example 4, and using the following :oligonucleotides: AB180 (35 mer) (SEQ ID No. 27) 3' 30 AB181 (44 mer) (SEQ ID No. 28) 5'CGCGGATCCTCAATAAAAATCAAGCGTTGGTTGGCCGAATACAG 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the E2 glycoprotein of WEV in the form of a SalI/BamHI fragment. After *purification, the 1304 bp RT-PCR product was digested with SalI and BamHI in order to isolate a SalI/BamHI fragment of 1291 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had been previously digested with SalI and BamHI, in order to yield the 23 plasmid pAB096 (6159 bp) (Figure No. 16).

Example 22: Constructing the plasmid pAB095 (C gene of the western encephalomyelitis virus) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the western encephalomyelitis virus (WEV) (BSF 1703 strain) Hahn et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1988. 85. 5997-6001), which was prepared in accordance with Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB178 (34 mer) (SEQ ID No. 29) 3' AB179 (44 mer) (SEQ ID No. 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the C capsid protein of the WEV virus in the form of a SalI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 809 bp RT-PCR product was digested with SalI and BamHI in order to isolate a SalI/BamHI fragment of 796 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had been previously digested with SalI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB095 (5664 bp) (Figure No. 17).

Example 23: Constructing the plasmid pAB098 (E2 gene of the Venezuelan encephalomyelitis virus) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the Venezuelan :encephalomyelitis virus (VEV) (P676 strain (type IC) (R.

Kinney et al. Virology. 1992. 191. 569-580), which was prepared in accordance with Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: 30 AB184 (35 mer) (SEQ ID No. 31) 3' AB185 (44 mer) (SEQ ID No. 32) S .5'CGCGGATCCTCAATAAAAATCAGGCCCGGGCAGTGCGGGCGCAG 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the E2 glycoprotein of the VEV virus in the form of a SalI/BamHI fragment.

After purification, the 1304 bp RT-PCR product was digested with Sail and BamHI in order to isolate a 24 SalI/BamHI fragment of 1291 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had been previously digested with SalI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB098 (6159 bp) (Figure No. 18).

Example 24: Constructing the plasmid pAB097 (C gene of the Venezuelan encephalomyelitis virus) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the Venezuelan encephalomyelitis virus (VEV) (P676 strain (type IC) Kinney et al. Virology. 1992. 191. 569-580), which was prepared in accordance with Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB182 (30 mer) (SEQ ID No. 33) 3' AB183 (45 mer) (SEQ ID No. 34) 3' in order to isolate the gene encoding the C capsid protein of the VEV virus in the form of a PstI/BamHI fragment. After purification, the 856 bp RT-PCR product was digested with PstI and BamHI in order to isolate a PstI/BamHI fragment of 839 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had been previously digested with PstI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB097 (5698 bp) (Figure No. 19).

Example 25: Constructing the plasmid pAB041 (G gene of the rabies virus) An RT-PCR reaction was carried out, in accordance with Example 6, using the genomic RNA of the rabies virus (ERA strain) Anilionis et al. Nature. 1981. 294. 275-278), 30 which was prepared in accordance with Example 4, and using the following oligonucleotides: AB011 (33 mer) (SEQ ID No. 5'AAAACTGCAGAGATGGTTCCTCAGGCTCTCCTG 3' AB012 (34 mer) (SEQ ID No. 36) 5'CGCGGATCCTCACAGTCTGGTCTCACCCCCACTC 3' in order to amplify a 1589 bp fragment which contains the gene encoding the G protein of the rabies virus. After 25 purification, the RT-PCR product was digested with PstI and BamHI in order to give a PstI/BamHI fragment of 1578 bp in size. This fragment was ligated to the vector pVR1012 (Example which had been previously digested with PstI and BamHI, in order to yield the plasmid pAB041 (6437 bp) (Figure No. Example 26: Preparing and purifying plasmids In order to prepare plasmids intended for vaccinating animals, any technique can be used which makes it possible to obtain a suspension of purified plasmids which are in the main in supercoiled form. These techniques are well known to the skilled person. The technique which may in particular be mentioned is that of alkaline lysis followed by two consecutive ultracentrifugations through a caesium chloride gradient in the presence of ethidium bromide, as described in J.

Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.

2nd Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor. New York 1989). The reader may also refer to patent applications PCT WO 95/21250 and PCT WO 96/02658, which describe industrial-scale methods for producing plasmids which can be used for vaccination. For the requirements of producing vaccines (see Example 17), the purified plasmids are resuspended so as to obtain solutions of high concentration 2 mg/ml) which are compatible with being stored. In order to do this, the plasmids are resuspended either in ultrapure water or in TE buffer (10 mM tris-HCl; 1mM EDTA, pH Example 27: Producing combined vaccines 30 The concentrated solutions (Example 16) of the various plasmids required for producing a combined vaccine are mixed. The mixtures are prepared in such a way that the final concentration of each plasmid corresponds to the effective dose of each plasmid. The solutions which can be used for adjusting the final concentration of the vaccine can be either an 0.9% NaCl solution or PBS buffer.

26 Special formulations, such as liposomes or cationic lipids, can also be used for producing the vaccines.

Example 28: Vaccinating horses The horses are vaccinated with doses of 100 ,ug, 250 pug or 500 ,pg per plasmid.

The injections can be carried out by the intramuscular route, using a needle, into the muscles of the neck. In this case, the vaccine doses are administered in a volume of 2 ml.

The injections can be carried out by the intradermal route using a liquid jet injection appliance (without needle) which delivers an 0.2 ml dose at 5 points (0.04 ml per injection point) (for example the "PIGJET" appliance) In this case, the vaccine doses are administered in volumes of 0.2 or 0.4 ml, corresponding, respectively, to one or two administrations. When two consecutive administrations are :performed using the PIGJET appliance, these administrations are carried out with a spatial gap between them, such that the two injection areas are separated from each other by a distance of approximately 1 to 2 centimetres.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be *****understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that that prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia.

Claims

1. A vaccine for horses, comprising a plasmid containing a gene from equine influenza virus, the gene being chosen among the group consisting of HA, NP and N.

2. The vaccine according to claim 1, wherein the plasmid contains the HA gene. ":00 3. The vaccine according to claim 2, wherein the plasmid 000o contains further the NP gene. The vaccine according to claim 1, which comprises a plasmid containing the HA gene and a plasmid containing the NP gene. The vaccine according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a plasmid contains the N gene.

6. The vaccine according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein *';the plasmid comprises a cytomegalovirus CMV-IE promoter.

7. The vaccine according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the plasmid comprises a promoter chosen among the late virus promoter, the early SV40 virus promoter, the Rous Sarcoma virus LTR promoter, the desmine promoter and the actine promoter. Dated this 5 th day of October, 2001. Merial By its Patent Attorneys Davies Collison Cave 4 ~4 543~c-as 4.