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AU776853B2 - Use of 17-ketosteroid compounds and derivatives, metabolites and precursors thereof in the treatment of malaria and the treatment of African and American Trypanosomiasis - Google Patents
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AU776853B2 - Use of 17-ketosteroid compounds and derivatives, metabolites and precursors thereof in the treatment of malaria and the treatment of African and American Trypanosomiasis - Google Patents

Use of 17-ketosteroid compounds and derivatives, metabolites and precursors thereof in the treatment of malaria and the treatment of African and American Trypanosomiasis Download PDF

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AU776853B2
AU776853B2 AU17453/00A AU1745300A AU776853B2 AU 776853 B2 AU776853 B2 AU 776853B2 AU 17453/00 A AU17453/00 A AU 17453/00A AU 1745300 A AU1745300 A AU 1745300A AU 776853 B2 AU776853 B2 AU 776853B2
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alkyl
halogen
och
compound
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Clarence Nathaniel Ahlem
James Martin Frincke
Patrick T. Prendergast
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Harbor Biosciences Inc
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Hollis Eden Pharmaceuticals Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
    • A61K31/5685—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone having an oxo group in position 17, e.g. androsterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A61P33/06—Antimalarials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
    • C07J1/0003—Androstane derivatives
    • C07J1/0011—Androstane derivatives substituted in position 17 by a keto group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J3/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, substituted in position 17 beta by one carbon atom
    • C07J3/005—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, substituted in position 17 beta by one carbon atom the carbon atom being part of a carboxylic function
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)

Description

WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 USE OF 17-KETOSTEROID COMPOUNDS AND DERIVATIVES, METABOLITES AND PRECURSORS THEREOF IN THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA AND THE 'IlA rU AV P A I X rr *EAWV.T.ENT F A RI UNA U ARjD AlVILKICAAN IYKiX'AINOSUaUMIAS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to the use of 17-ketosteroid compounds, as well as derivatives, metabolites and precursors of such compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of these compounds, collectively defined herein as the "compounds of the present invention", optionally together with one or more additional administration and/or treatment (as described below) in the treatment of malaria, African Trypanosomiasis and American Trypanosomiasis. The present invention is further directed to the use of such compounds (and combinations) in the treatment of one or more kind of parasites and/or one or more diseases caused by such parasites, against one or more kind of Mycoplasma and/or one or more diseases caused by such Mycoplasmas and/or against one or more of the following indications or infections: hairy Leukoplakia, oral candidosis, mouth ulcerations-aphthous/herpetic/bacterial, fungal candida, human papilloma virus, molluscum contagiosum, squamous oral carcinoma, (h) Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, periodontitis, necrotizing gingivitis, orafacial herpes zoster, and rotaviruses, as well as all other indications and infections disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,292,725, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, (in particular, the disclosure from column 1, line 13 through column 4, line In the case of malaria, infection of man occurs by mosquito bites, during which "sporozoites" are introduced into the human bloodstream. Sporozoites travel through the bloodstream, and eventually reach and penetrate parenchymal cells of the liver (sporozoites can remain in the blood for up to 1 hour).
The preerythrocytic cycle, the first cycle of growth and reproduction, lasts about one week and takes place in the liver. The preerythrocytic cycle liberates several thousand merozoites, which then pass into the blood.
The merozoites parasitize erythrocytes. Growth and reproduction take place in red blood cells, bringing about rhythmic fever attacks and other symptoms as the number of parasites in the blood increases. In the course of the erythrocytic growth cycle, upon entering a red cell, the parasite assumes a ring form with a central vacuole. After about 6 hours, the vacuole gradually disappears as the parasite increases in size until it nearly fills the red cell. During the last 12 hours of the growth cycle, nuclear fission occurs from which, on average, about sixteen merozoites are formed.
The growing parasite is termed a trophozoite and, after nuclear fission has started, it is called a schizont.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 The malaria parasite feeds on hemoglobin, utilizing the protein portion of the molecule and leaving the heme portion, which accumulates to form malarial pigment. It has been shown by EM that the parasite feeds by phagocytosis, engulfing red cell cytoplasm; digestion takes place in food vacuoles, where the pigment accumulates until it is released into the plasma when the host cell ruptures and the merozoites escape. Shortly after the parasite has started reproducing in the blood, the sexual forms or gametocytes begin to appear in the red cells. Gametocytes may survive for several days in the mammalian host, but they cannot develop further unless they are ingested by a suitable mosquito host. The single nucleus of the gametocyte distinguishes it from the fully-grown asexual forms.
Sleeping sickness is caused by T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense and is transmitted from man to man or from animals to man by tsetse flies (Glossina). In the mammalian host, the organisms inhabit the blood but may penetrate other organs where they occur in intercellular spaces. In a drop of blood, the trypanosomes appear as minute, wriggling objects.
When a tsetse fly feeds, its toothed proboscis tears the skin, causing a small hemorrhage to form. If trypanosomes are present, they are sucked into the gut of the fly with the blood drawn up from this pool. For the first few days after an infective feed, the trypanosomes are found in the midgut. Then some travel forwards to the proventriculus. For development to be successful, some must pass right forward to near the tip of the proboscis where the opening of the salivary duct is located. They must then pass up the duct to the salivary glands where forms develop which are infective to the mammal. These are called metacyclic trypanosomes because they appear at the end of the developmental cycle. Reproduction takes place at all sites in the fly. The time required for this cycle is 2-3 weeks or even longer. Not only do the trypanosomes alter in morphology in the insect host, but they also differ physiologically from the blood stream forms.
If a tsetse fly harboring a mature infection bites man, metacyclic trypanosomes may be injected along with saliva. In the early stages of an infection, the parasites may be found in the blood. A characteristic feature is that the number of trypanosomes builds up to a peak and then declines, and these cycles are repeated. The trypanosomes stimulate the host to produce antibody, which agglutinates and lyses the organisms. Some of the trypanosomes become resistant to antibody and so a new population develops of different antigenic type; these flourish until specific antibody is again formed to destroy them. At later stages of the infection, the trypanosomes become scarce or absent from the blood but invade the central nervous system to cause sleeping sickness.
Trypanosomes can establish and develop in a wide range of mammalian species, and have been isolated from many species of African game animals. In these hosts, the association seems to be a benign one and the mammal remains in good health. But the same trypanosomes in man or in WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 man's domestic animals are highly pathogenic. Trypanosomiasis of domestic animals is an urgent problem in large areas of Africa where stock cannot be reared because of the presence of tsetse AlllJsaE u gal-&V arlial.
Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis) is caused by T. cruzi. It is transmitted by blood-feeding insects of the family Triatomidae.
After infection in man, the parasite soon leaves the blood and settles in tissues, most frequently in cardiac, striated or smooth muscle. Here they lose their flagella and round up. Next, they multiply and clusters of several hundred cells may be formed, displacing muscle fibers. After a time, the colony starts to disperse; the cells elongate, each develops a flagellum and the new trypanosomes enter the circulation. The trypanosomes remain in the circulation for several days and then again disappear into the tissues to undergo another reproductive cycle. In chronic infections, the tissue phase predominates, since the blood forms can rarely be detected.
If an insect feeds on blood containing trypanosomes, these trypanosomes become established first in the midgut. In the midgut, the trypanosomes multiply rapidly and within a few days some pass into the hindgut and infective forms begin to appear in the feces. In contrast to the African trypanosomes, where the infective forms are situated anteriorly in the vector and are introduced into man by inoculation, the infective forms of T. cruzi are located at the posterior end of the vector's gut and infection is by contamination. Triatomid insects ingest a large amount of blood relative to their body weight and the ingested blood is concentrated by fluid excretion while the insect feeds. In this way, infective trypanosomes are deposited on the skin of the host. The trypanosomes cannot penetrate unbroken skin but may gain entry through the puncture wound.
Since the insects are nocturnal and feed in the facial areas, the trypanosomes are commonly smeared into eyes, mouth or nose where they penetrate mucous membranes.
T. cruzi develops in several species of insects, all of which function as hosts. If ten insects were allowed to feed on an infected person, all ten would probably become infected. Laboratory reared or "clean" insects are often used in diagnosis.
T. cruzi has been found in many species of wild animals and in reduviid insects in Central and South America and in some of the Southern states of the USA. Human infection in the USA is rare, but in parts of Central and South America, the incidence of infection in man may be as high as 20 per cent. It has been established that some 35 million people are at risk to the infection. The infection may be spread from man to man or from animals to man. Domestic dogs and cats are reservoirs in urban areas. Drugs that are effective against the African trypanosomes have no action on human infections with T. cruzi; no curative drugs have yet been discovered that combat this parasite.
4 A number of steroid compounds and their uss have rrr uuA* ^.ISC ^A S «4 7S t* been described. See, e.g., U.S. patent numbers 4956355, 5859000, 5824313, 5532230, 5807849, 5593981, 5585371, 5641768, 5277907, 5756482, 5696106, 4898694, 4268441, 5686438, 5518725, 5798347, 5372996, 5506223, 5559107, 5206008, 5709878, 5656621, 5824668, 4666898, 5635496, 5736537, 5780460, 5110810, 5424463, 5478566, 5077284, 5804576, 5175154, 5710143, 5837269, 5587369, 5843932, 5776923, 5807848, 5296481, 5641042, 5162198, 5744462, 5157031, 5795880, 5827841, 5811418, 5583126, 5562910, 5837700, 5824671, 5728688, 5610150, 5707983, 5641766, 5292730, 5776921, 5407684, 5387583, 5660835, 5527789, 5714481, 5700793, 5028631, 5001119, 5527788, 5591736, WO 98/05338, 5861390 and PCT publication numbers oooo oooo WO 95/21617, WO 98/50040, WO 98/50041 and WO 97/48367, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
A number of flavonoids, methods to obtain them and their uses have been described. See, J. A. Manthey and B. S. Buslig, editors, Flavonoids in the living system, Advances in experimental medicine and biology, volume 439, Plenum Press, New York, 1998, chapter (pages 191-225), chapter 16 (pages 227-235) and chapter 17 (pagese 237-247), which are incorporated herein by reference.
25 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, it now has been discovered that surprisingly, Trypanosome parasites, the malaria parasites, may be treated with compounds (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) of the following formula 1 Hi\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04
R
Q* wherein
R
Q2 4 is -CR 1 7CO- yrxyiyiieo Q, is -C (RI) 2 or -C Q3 and Y independently areo -OHR, -,loe3akl
-O-C(O)-R
5 -C(O)-0R 5 a halogen or =0; each R, independently is a halogen, -OH, C 1 6 alkoxy, or C 1 -6 alkyl;
R
2 is -OH, a halogen, C 1 -6 alkyl, C 1 6 alkoxy,
-OR
3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is
R
3 is S(0) -OM, -S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -R 6
-CH
2 -O-C -R 6 -P -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -R 7
-CH
2 -O-C a glucuronide group of structure (A) IH\Shona1\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci 6 Claign9 30/01/04 6
H
3 C
O
OH
CH
or R 3 is C 1 -is alkyl, C 2 18 alkenyl, C 2 18 alkynyl, a Ci- 18 ester or a C1-is thioester, where any of the foregoing C 1 18 or C2- 18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected
-OR
R
-NHR, or -SR groups, or R 3 is a C 1 18 fatty acid,
C
2 10 alkynyl, (J)n-phenyl-C1-s-alkyl, (J)n-phenyl-C 2 alkenyl; each Rs independently is straight or branched S 10 C 1 14 alkyl; each R 6 independently is C 1 14 straight or branched alkyl; and each R 7 independently is C1- 14 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is a halogen, C 1 4 alkyl, C 2 -4 alkenyl, C1- 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a
C
1 -6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 -6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 6
)-CH
2 C -R 6 (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7
)-CH
2 -O-C(0)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof, provided that the compound is not dehydroepiandrosterone, the 3P-sulfate of dehydroepiandrosterone or a salt, ether or ester of either compound.
H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 6a The formnila 1 cnmpounds orf the preent invent -in are collectively referred to as the "compounds of the invention" or the "compounds of the present invention".
In addition, as discussed above, the present invention is directed to the treatment of sleeping sickness and the treatment of Chagas disease by administering one or more of the compounds of the present invention. Also, the present invention relates to the use of the compounds of the present invention in the treatment of one or more kinds of parasites and/or one or more diseases caused by such parasites, against one or more kind of Mycoplasma and/or one or more diseases caused by such Mycoplasmas and/or against one or more of the following indications or infections: hairy S. 15 Leukoplakia, oral candidosis, mouth ulcerations (aphthous/herpetic/bacterial), fungal candida, (e) human papilloma virus, molluscum contaiosum, (g) squamous oral carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, periodontitis, necrotizing gingivitis, orafacial herpes zoster, and rotaviruses, as well as other indications and infections disclosed in U.S.
patent number 5292725, which is incorporated herein by reference.
S. Accordingly, the present invention provides a 25 method for treating these parasitic infections which comprises administering to an afflicted host a therapeutically effective amount of a compound (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) having the structure of formula 1 (defined above), as well as derivatives, metabolites, and precursors thereof, as defined herein.
The present invention is further directed to a method for treating any of the conditions described herein by administering a compound that inhibits glucose- 6phosphate dehydrogenase.
Another invention embodiment comprises a method to treat or prevent a Trypanosome or Plasmodium infection H.\Shonal\Keep\Seci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 6b comorisincra l j q-mini r-i t--s A. 1, t .L.L invention simultaneously or sequentially with a compound of formula 2A or 2B IH\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453.Oo SPedi Claima 30/01/04 WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 Re" 6 X2 Re R s R Rio.., 'x 1 i 8 1 8 I R e R8 2A Re 92B 6 10 3 R 2R R e R e R e 2 wherein a double or a single bond is present at the dotted line and, when a double bond is present, the optionally substituted phenyl ring at the 2- or 3-position is present and the R 8 that is bonded to the carbon is absent, and (ii) one R 8 at the adjacent 2- or 3-position is absent;
X
1 is or-C(R8)2-; X2 is or -C(R 1 1)2-; each R 8 independently is -OH, halogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a C1- 2 5 fatty acid, the residue of a formula 2A or 2B compound where a hydrogen atom is removed to form the formula 2A or 2B compound radical, -CH 2
CH=C(CH
3 2 glucoside, a group having structure or O 0 HO
H
HO
HOO
OH or HO
(C)
RIO is CI- 6 alkyl, CI- 6 alkoxy, neohesperidoside, apioglucoside, rutinoside, glucoside, galactoside, rhamnoside, arabinoside, or a stereoisomer, hydrate, analog, derivative or metabolite of any of these moieties, any of which are optionally independently substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with -OH, halogen, C 1 -6 alkyl, C1- 6 alkoxy, glucuronide or a C1- 2 5 fatty acid or
R
10 is -OH or halogen; WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCT/US99/28079 each RI I independently is -OH, halogen, C 1 6 alkyl, C 1 6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a C 1 fatty acid, or both RI 1 together are and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof.
-DETAILED DESCRIPTION-OF-THE INVENTION- As used herein and unless otherwise stated or implied by context, the following terms have the meanings defined here.
A "patient" or "subject" means a human or animal. Usually the animal is a vertebrate such as a primate, rodent, domestic animal or game animal. Primates include chimpanzees, cynomnologous monkeys, spider monkeys, and macaques, Rhesus. Rodents include mice, rats, woodchucks, ferrets, rabbits and hamsters. Domestic and game animals include cows, horses, pigs, deer, bison, buffalo, felines, domestic cat, canines, dog, avians, chicken, emu, ostrich, and fish, trout, catfish and salmon. Patient or subject includes any subset of the foregoing, all of the above, but excluding one or more groups or species such as humans, primates or rodents.
"Alkyl" as used herein, unless stated to the contrary, is a C1I-C 1 8 hydrocarbon containing 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms in the form of normal, secondary, tertiary, cyclic or mixed structures. Examples are -CH3, -CH2CH 3 -CH2CH2CH 3 CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH2CH2CH 3 -CH2CH(CH 3 2 -CH(CH3)CH2CH 3 -C(CH3)3, CH2CH2CH2CH 2
CH
3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH 2
CH
3 -CH(CH2CH 3 2 -C(CH3)2CH2CH 3 CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2, -CH2CH2CH(CH 3 2 -CH2CH(CH3)CH 2
CH
3 -CH2C(CH3)3, CH2CH2CH2CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 -CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH 2
CH
3 C(CH3)2CH2CH 2
CH
3
-CH(CH
3 )CH(CH3)CH 2
CH
3 -CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH 3 2 C(CH3 )(CH2CH3 -CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH 3 2 -C(CH3)2CH(CH 3 2 -CH(CH3)C(CH 3 3 cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutylmethyl, Il-cyclopropyl-1I-ethyl, 2-cyclopropyl- 1 -ethyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentylmethyl, 1 -cyclobutyl- 1 -ethyl, 2-cyclobutyl- 1 -ethyl, I -cyclopropyl- I -propyl, 2-cyclopropyl- I -propyl, 3-cyclopropyl- I -propyl, 2-cyclopropyl-2-propyl, and 1 -cyclopropyl-2-propyl.
"Alkenyl" as used herein, unless stated to the contrary, is C2-Cl18 hydrocarbon comprising 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 1 7 or18 carbon atoms in the form of normal, secondary, tertiary, cyclic or mixed structures and comprising 1, 2, 3 or more double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Examples are -CH=CH 2
-CH=CHCH-
3 -CH2CH=CH2, C(=CH2)(CH3), -CH--CHCH2CH 3 -CH2CH=CHCH 3 -CH2CH2CH=CH 2 -CH=C(CH3)2, CH2C(=CH2)(CH3), -C(=-CH2)CH2CH 3 -C(CH3)=CHCH 3 -CH(CH3)CH--CH2, WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 C=CHCH2CH2CH 3
-CHCH=CHCH
2
CH
3 -CHCH2CH=CHCH 3 -CHCH2CH2CH=CH 2 C(=CH2)CH2CH 2
CH
3
-C(CH
3 )=CH2CH2CH 3 -CH(CH3)CH=CHCH 3 CH(CH3)CH2CH=CH 2 -CH2CH=C(CH 3 2 I-cyclopent-l-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, I-cyclopent- 3-enyl, I-cyclohex-l-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, and 1-cyclohex-3-enyl.
"Alkynyl" as used herein, unless stated to the contrary, is C2-C 1 8 hydrocarbon comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 carbon atoms in the form of normal, secondary, tertiary, cyclic or mixed structures and comprising 1, 2, 3 or more triple bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Examples are -CCH, -CCCH 3 -CH2CCH, -CCCH2CH 3 -CH2CCCH3, CH2CH2CCH, -CH(CH3)CCH, -CCCH2CH2CH 3 -CH2CCCH 2
CH
3 -CH2CH2CCCH 3 and CH2CH2CH2CCH.
"Halogen" or "halo" means fluorine chlorine bromine or iodine and if more than one halogen is referred to two or more variable groups may be a halogen), each halogen is independently selected.
"Steroid nucleus" means 4 fused rings having the formula 1 structure.
"PEG" means an ethylene glycol polymer that contains about 20 to about 2000000 linked monomers, typically about 50-1000 linked monomers, usually about 100-300. Polyethylene glycols include PEGs containing various numbers of linked monomers, PEG20, PEG60, PEG80, PEG100, PEGI15, PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG400, PEGS00, PEG600, PEG 1000, PEG1500, PEG2000, PEG 3350, PEG4000, PEG4600, PEG5000, PEG6000, PEG8000, PEG 1000, PEG 12000, PEG2000000 and any mixtures thereof.
An "excipient" or a "carrier" means a component or an ingredient that is acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of compositions or formulations as disclosed herein and not overly deleterious to the patient or animal to which the formulation is to be administered. As used here, excipients and carriers include liquids, including benzyl benzoate, cottonseed oil, N,N-dimethylacetamide, a C 2 12 alcohol ethanol), glycerol, peanut oil, a PEG, vitamin E, poppyseed oil, propylene glycol, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil and vegetable oil. Excipients, as used herein may exclude solvents such as chloroform, dioxane or DMSO. Excipients comprise one or more components typically used in the pharmaceutical formulation arts, fillers, binders, disintegrants and lubricants.
Unless otherwise specified, expressions that refer to "a formula 1 compound(s)", a "compound of the invention", a "formula 2A or 2B compound", a "plasma concentrationenhanching compound" and the like mean compositions or methods, methods to treat a Trypanosome infection as disclosed herein, where one or more than one formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound is present, typically 1, 2, 3 or 4, usually 1.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 "Alcohol" as used herein, includes excipients, means an alcohol that comprises a C1- 1 2 alkyl moiety substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more hydroxyl groups, usually one, two or three. Alcohols include, ethanoi, n-propanol, i-propanoi, n-buianol, i-butanol, sbutanol, t-butanol, n-pentanol, i-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, nnonanol, n-decanol and benzyl alcohol. The carbon atoms in alcohols can be straight, branched or cyclic. Alcohol includes any subset of the foregoing, C2- 4 alcohols (alcohols having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms).
"Ester" means a moiety that comprises a structure. Typically, esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 independently selected heteroatoms O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the structure, organic moiety-C(O)-O-steroid or organic moiety-O-C(0)-steroid. The organic moiety usually comprises one or more of any of the organic groups described above, C 1-20 alkyl moieties, C 2 2 0 alkenyl moieties, C 2 2 0 alkynyl moieties, aryl moieties, C 2 9 heterocycles or substituted derivatives of any of these, comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, where each substituent is independently chosen. Typical substitutions for hydrogen or carbon atoms in these organic groups include 1, 2, 3, 4 or more, usually 1, 2, or 3 -NRPR- (including =O,
-N(RPR)
2 (including -NH 2 -C(O)ORPR (including -OC(O)RPR (including -0- -ORPR (including -SRPR (including -NO 2 -CN, -O-A8, -S-A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(O)O-A8, =N-OH,
OPO
3
(RPR)
2 -OS0 3
H
2 or halogen moieties or atoms, where each RPR is an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C 1 -8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C 2 8 alkynyl, C1-4 alkyl-aryl benzyl), aryl phenyl) or CO-4 alkyl-C2-9 heterocycle. Substitutions are independently chosen. The organic moiety includes compounds defined by the R 4 variable. The organic moieties exclude obviously unstable moieties, except where such unstable moieties are transient species that one can use to make a compound with sufficient chemical stability for the one or more of the uses described herein. The substitutions listed above are typically substituents that one can use to replace one or more carbon atoms, or or one or more hydrogen atom, halogen, -NH 2 or -OH.
"Thioester" means a moiety that comprises a structure. Typically, thioesters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the structure, organic moiety-C(S)-O-steroid or organic moiety-O-C(S)-steroid. The organic moiety usually comprises one or more of any of the organic groups described above, C1- 20 alkyl moieties, C 2 2 0 alkenyl moieties, C 2 alkynyl moieties, aryl moieties, C 2 9 heterocycles or substituted derivatives of any of these, e.g., comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, where each substituent is independently chosen.
Typical substitutions for hydrogen or carbon atoms in these organic groups include 1, 2, 3, 4 or WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 more, usually 1, 2, or 3 -NRPR- (including
-N(RPR)
2 (including
NH
2 -C(O)ORPR (including -OC(O)RPR (including -ORPR (including OH), -SRPR (including -NO 2 -CN, -0-A8, -S- A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(0)0-A8, =N-OH, -OP0 3
(RPR)
2 -OS03H2 or halogen moieties or atoms, where each RPR is an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C1-8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl, C 2 -8 alkynyl, C1-4 alkyl-aryl benzyl), aryl phenyl) or CO- 4 alkyl-C2-9 heterocycle. Substitutions are independently chosen. The organic moiety includes compounds defined by the R4 variable. The organic moieties exclude obviously unstable moieties, except where such unstable moieties are transient species that one can use to make a compound with sufficient chemical stability for the one or more of the uses described herein. The substitutions listed above are typically substituents that one can use to replace one or more carbon atoms, or or one or more hydrogen atom, halogen, -NH 2 or -OH.
"Thioacetal" means a moiety that comprises a structure. Typically, thioacetals as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the structure, organic moiety-C(0)-S-steroid or organic moiety-S-C(0)-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for thioesters.
"Carbamate" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more -O-C(O)NRPR- structures where RPR is a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for ester. Typically, carbamate groups as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R2 through the -O-C(0)-NRPR- structure, organic moiety-NRPR-C(0)-O-steroid or organic moiety-O-C(0)-NRPR-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for thioesters.
"Sulfate ester" means a moiety that comprises a structure. Typically, sulfate esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms about 2-12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the structure, e.g., organic moiety-O-S(0)(0)-O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for thioesters.
"Sulfite ester" means a moiety that comprises a structure. Typically, sulfite esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms about 2- 12 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula I steroid nucleus at R 2 through the structure, organic moiety-O-S(O)-O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for thioesters.
The compositions disclosed herein optionally comprise salts of the formula 1 and 2 compounds that comprise an ionizable moiety or a polar moiety. As used herein, "salts" include complexes that comprise moieties of opposite charge. Ionizable moieties include -O-S(0)(O)-OH or a -NH 2 group at R2 and polar moieties include -OH. Salts include pharmaceutically acceptable WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 salts that comprise, for example, an uncharged moiety or a monovalent anion moiety or a monovalent cation moiety. Salts include compounds derived by combination of appropriate anions such as inuorsnic acids. Suitabe acids inciude those having sufficient acidity to form a stable salt, preferably acids of low toxicity. For example, one may form invention salts from acid addition of certain inorganic acids, HF, HCI, HBr, HI, H 2 SO4, H3PO4, to basic centers, typically amines that may be present in formula 1, 2A or 2B compounds. Or one may use certain organic acids, e.g., organic sulfonic acids, organic carboxylic acids in the same manner. Exemplary organic sulfonic acids include C6-16 aryl sulfonic acids, C6-16 heteroaryl sulfonic acids and C1- 16 alkyl sulfonic acids such as phenyl, ac-naphthyl, -naphthyl, (S)-camphor, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, nbutyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl sulfonic acids. Exemplary organic carboxylic acids include C1-16 alkyl, C6-16 aryl carboxylic acids and C4- 1 6 heteroaryl carboxylic acids such as acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, glutaric, tartaric, citric, fumaric, succinic, malic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicylic and 2phenoxybenzoic. Salts also include the invention compound salts with one or more amino acids.
Many amino acids are suitable, especially the naturally occurring amino acids found as protein components, although the amino acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basic or acidic group, lysine, arginine or glutamic acid, or a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, or leucine. Salts are usually biologically compatible or pharmaceutically acceptable or non-toxic, particularly for mammalian cells. Salts that are biologically toxic are generally used as synthetic intermediates for making other invention compounds.
The neohesperidoside, rutinoside and glucoside groups have the structures
CH
2
OH
O 0-
OH
HO
O----CH
2
CH
2 0H O HO O HO O O O O O-
CHHI
CHOHH O OH HO OH OH OH OH and OH ,respectively wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms are optionally independently substituted with hydroxy, halogen, C1- 6 alkyl, C1- 6 alkoxy, glucuronide or a C1- 25 fatty acid.
Heterocycle. "Heterocycle" or "heterocyclic" includes by way of example and not limitation these heterocycles described in Paquette, Leo "Principles of Moder Heterocyclic Chemistry" A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; "The wn ff132201 ne1'IV~n "r n~llP~lf f71,& RI JJ7 VO I- Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs" (John Wiley Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and Am Chem Soc. 1960, 8.5.a66, aiind- U.S. pawvnL 570o3483, aii of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Examples of heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, azocinyl, triazinyl, 6H- 1 ,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 2H,6H- 1 ,5,2dithiazinyl, thienyl, thianthrenyl, pyranyl, isobenzofiiranyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, LH-indazoly, purinyl, 4H-quinoliinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolmnyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl, 13-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperazinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, quinuclidinyl, morpholinyl, oxazolidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, oxindolyl, benzoxazolinyl, and isatinoyl.
By way of example and not limitation, carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofutran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline. Still more typically, carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyL, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or By way of example and not limitation, nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position I of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, 1 H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of a morpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or 1-carboline. Typically, nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 1-aziridyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl.
"Heteroaryl" means an aromatic ring or two or more fused rings that contain one or more aromatic rings where the ring or fused rings comprise 1, 2, 3 or more heteroatoms, usually oxygen WO 00/32201 A '..AIU377IkOUIY nitrogen or sulfur where X is a protecting group or C 1 6 alkyl, usually -H.
Examples are as described for heterocycle.
Protectin groups. Various groups that the formula 1, 2A or 2B compounds may comprise include, substituted alkyl groups, substituted alkenyl groups, esters or substituted heterocycles, which can contain one or more reactive moieties such as hydroxyl, or thiol.
Intermediates used to make formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compounds may be protected as is apparent in the art. Noncyclic and cyclic protecting groups and corresponding cleavage reactions are described in "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1991, ISBN 0-471-62301-6) (hereafter "Greene"). In the context of the present invention, these protecting groups are groups that can be removed from the molecule of the invention without irreversibly changing the covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state of the remainder of the molecule. For example, the protecting group, that is bonded to a -OX or NHX group can be removed to form -OH or -NH 2 respectively, without affecting other covalent bonds in the molecule. At times, when desired, more than one protecting group can be removed at a time, or they can be removed sequentially. In compounds of the invention containing more than one protecting group, the protecting groups are the same or different.
Protecting groups are intended to be removed by known procedures, although it will be understood that the protected intermediates fall within the scope of this invention. The removal of the protecting group may be arduous or straightforward, depending upon the economics and nature of the conversions involved. In general, one will use a protecting group with exocyclic amines or with carboxyl groups during synthesis of a formula 1 compound. For most therapeutic applications amine groups should be deprotected. Protecting groups commonly are employed to protect against covalent modification of a sensitive group in reactions such as alkylation or acylation. Ordinarily, protecting groups are removed by, e.g. hydrolysis, elimination or aminolysis. Thus, simple functional considerations will suffice to guide the selection of a reversible or an irreversible protecting group at a given locus on the invention compounds. Suitable protecting groups and criteria for their selection are described in T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Eds. "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" 2nd edition, Wiley Press, at pps. 10-142, 143-174, 175-223, 224-276, 277- 308, 309-405 and 406-454, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Determination of whether a group is a protecting group is made in the conventional manner, as illustrated by Kocienski, Philip "Protecting Groups" (Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 1994) (hereafter "Kocienski"), Section 1.1, page 2, and Greene Chapter 1, pages 1-9; and U.S. patent 5763483, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In particular, a group is a protecting group if when, based on mole ratio, 90% of that protecting group has been removed by a deprotection reaction, no more than 50%, preferably 25%, more preferably WO 00UU/3220A 1mo-i i 7oI I nJ.n7t 11UO771AV 1 of the deprotected product molecules of the invention have undergone changes to their covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state other than those occasioned by the removal of the protecting group. When multiple protecting groups of the same type are present in the molecule, the mole ratios are determined when all of the groups of that type are removed. When multiple protecting groups of different types are present in the molecule, each type of protecting group is treated (and the mole ratios are determined) independently or together with others depending on whether the deprotection reaction conditions pertinent to one type are also pertinent to the other types present. In one embodiment of the invention, a group is a protecting group if when, based on mole ratio determined by conventional techniques, 90% of that protecting group has been removed by a conventional deprotection reaction, no more than 50%, preferably more preferably 10%, of the deprotected product molecules of the invention have undergone irreversible changes to their covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state other than those occasioned by the removal of the protecting group. Irreversible changes require chemical reactions (beyond those resulting from aqueous hydrolysis, acid/base neutralization or conventional separation, isolation or purification) to restore the covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state of the deprotected molecule of the invention.
Protecting groups are also described in detail together with general concepts and specific strategies for their use in Kocienski, Philip "Protecting Groups" (Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 1994), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In particular Chapter 1, Protecting Groups: An Overview, pages 1-20, Chapter 2, Hydroxyl Protecting Groups, pages 21-94, Chapter 3, Diol Protecting Groups, pages 95-117, Chapter 4, Carboxyl Protecting Groups, pages 118-154, Chapter 5, Carbonyl Protecting Groups, pages 155-184, Chapter 6, Amino Protecting Groups, pages 185-243, Chapter 7, Epilog, pages 244-252, and Index, pages 253-260, are incorporated with specificity in the context of their contents. More particularly, Sections 23 Silyl Ethers, 2.4 Alkyl Ethers, 2.5 Alkoxyalkyl Ethers (Acetals), 2.6 Reviews (hydroxy and thiol protecting groups), 3.2 Acetals, 3.3 Silylene Derivatives, 3.4 1,1,3,3- Tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene Derivatives, 3.5 Reviews (diol protecting groups), 4.2 Esters, 4.3 2,6,7-Trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes [OBO] and Other Ortho Esters, 4.4 Oxazolines, 4.5 Reviews (carboxyl protecting groups), 5.2 O,O-Acetals, 5.3 S,S-Acetals, 5.4 O,S-Acetals, 5.5 Reviews (carbonyl protecting groups), 6.2 N-Acyl Derivatives, 6.3 N-Sulfonyl Derivatives, 6.4 N-Sulfenyl Derivatives, 6.5 N-Alkyl Derivatives, 6.6 N-Silyl Derivatives, 6.7 Imine Derivatives, and 6.8 Reviews (amino protecting groups), are each incorporated with specificity where protection/deprotection of the requisite functionalities is discussed. Further still, the tables "Index to the Principal Protecting Groups" appearing on the inside front cover and facing page, "Abbreviations" at page xiv, and "reagents and Solvents" at page xv are each incorporated in their entirety herein at this location.
I'YPIzaz IayuiuAy VzuMLing groups are described in Greene at pages 14-118 and include Ethers (Methyi); Substituted Methyl Ethers (Methoxyinethyl, Methyithiomnethyl, t- Butylthiomnethyl, (Phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl, Benzyloxymethyl, p- Methoxybenzyloxyinethyl, 4 -Methoxyphenoxy)methyl, Guaiacolmethyl, t-Butoxymethyl, 4- Pentenyloxymethyl, Siloxymethyl, 2 -Methoxyethoxymethyl, 2 2 2 -Trichloroethoxyrnethyl, Bis(2chloroethoxy)methyl, 2 -(Trimethylsilyi)ethoxymethyl, Tetrahydropyranyl, 3- Bromotetrahydropyranyl, Tetrahydropthiopyranyl, I -Methoxycyclohexyl, 4methoxytetrahydropyranyl, 4 -Methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4 -Methoxytetrahydropthiopyranyl S,S-Dioxido, 2 -Chloro-4-methyl)phenyly4methoxypiperidin4.yl 1 ,4-Dioxan-2-yI, Tetrahydrofuranyl, Tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2 3 3 a 4 ,5,6,7,7aOctahydro7,88trimethylIA7methanobenzofuran-2-yl); Substituted Ethyl Ethers (1 -Ethoxyethyl, I 2 -Chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1- Methyl- I -methoxyethyl, 1 -Methyl- I -benzyloxyethyl, I -Methyl- I -benzyioxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2- Trichloroethyl, 2 -Trimethylsilylethyl, 2 -(Phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-Butyl, Allyl, p-Chlorophenyl, p- Methoxyphenyl, 2,4-Dinitrophenyl, Benzyl); Substituted Benzyl Ethers (p-Methoxybenzyl, 3,4- Dixnethoxybenzyl, o-Nitrobenzyl, p-Nitrobenzyl, p-Halobenzyl, 2,6-Dichlorobcnzyl, p- Cyanobenzyl, p-Phenylbenzyl, 2- and 4-Picolyl, 3 -Methyl-2-pir-olyl N-Oxido, Diphenylmethyl, p, p'-Dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-Dibenzosuberyl, Triphenylmethyl, alpha-Naphthyidiphenylmethyl,
P-
methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, Di(p-nethoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, Tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4 4 '-Bromophenacyloxy)phenyldiphenylmethyl, 4"-Tris(4,5dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4 "-Tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4"- Tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(Imidazol-lI-ylmethyl)bis(4', 4 "-dimethoxyphenyl)methyL, 1,1 B is(4-methoxypheny). I '-pyrenylmethyl, 9-Anthryl, 9 9 -Phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-Phenyl- oxo)anthryl, l,3-Benzodithiolan-2-yl, Benzisothiazolyl, S,S-Dioxido); Silyl Ethers (Trimethylsilyl, Triethylsilyl, Triisopropylsilyl, Dimethylisopropylsilyl, Diethylisopropylsily, Dimethyithexylsilyl, t-Butyidixnethylsilyl, t-Butyldiphenylsilyl, Tribenzylsilyl, Tri-p-xylylsily], Triphenylsilyl, Diphenylmethylsilyl, t-Butylmethoxyphenylsilyl); Esters (Formate, Benzoylformate, Acetate, Choroacetate, Dichioroacetate, Trichloroacetate, Trifluoroacetate, Methoxyacetate, Triphenylmethoxyacetate, Phenoxyacetate, p-Chlorophenoxyacetate, p-poly-Phenylacetate, 3- Phenyipropionate, 4-Oxopentanoate (Levulinate), 4 4 -(Ethylenedithio)pentanoate, Pivaloate, Adamantoate, Crotonate, 4 -Methoxycrotonate, Benzoate, p-Phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6- Trimethylbenzoate (Mesitoate); Carbonates (Methyl, 9-Fluorenylinethyl, Ethyl, 2,2,2- Trichloroethyl, 2 -(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2 -(Phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2 -(Triphenylphosphonio)ethyl, Isobutyl, Vinyl, Allyl, p-Nitrophenyl, Benzyl, p-Methoxybenzyl, 3 4 -Dimethoxybenzyl, o- WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCTIUS99/28079 Nitrobenzyl, p-Nitrobenzyl, S-Benzyl Thiocarbonate, 4-Ethoxy-1I-naphtbyl, Methyl Dithiocarbonate); Groups With Assisted Cleavage (2-Iodobenzoate, 4-Azidobutyrate, 4-Nitro-4methylpentanoate, o-(Dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2 -Formylbenzenesulfonate, 2- (Methylthiomethoxy)ethyl Carbonate, 4 -(Methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2- (Methylthiomethoxyrnethyl)benzoate); Miscellaneous Esters (2,6-Dichloro-4methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-Dichloro-4-( 1,1 3 3 -tetrainethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4-Bis( 1,1 dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, Chorodiphenylacetate, Isobutyrate, Monosuccinoate, Methyl-2-butenoate (Tigloate), o-(Methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, p-poly-Benzoate, ct-Naphthoate, Nitrate, Alkyl N,NN', N'-Tetraxnethylphosphorodjamidate, N-Phenylcarbaniate, Borate, Dimethylphosphinothioyl, 2 4 -Dinitrophenylsulfenate); and Sulfonates (Sulfate, Methanesulfonate (Mesylate), Benzylsulfonate, Tosylate).
More typically hydroxy protecting groups include subtituted methyl ethers, substituted benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, and esters including sulfonic acid esters, still more typically, trialkylsilyl ethers, tosylates and acetates.
Typical 1,2- and 1,3-diol protecting groups are described in Greene at pages 118-142 and include Cyclic Acetals and Ketals (Methylene, Ethylidene, 1 -t-Butylethylidene, I- Phenylethylidene, 4 -Methoxyphenyl)ethylidene, 2,2,2-Trichioroethylidene, Acetonide (Isopropylidene), Cyclopentylidene, Cyclohexylidene, Cycloheptylidene, Benzylidene, p- Methoxybenzylidene, 2 ,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene, 3 ,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene, 2- Nitrobenzylidene); Cyclic Ortho Esters (Methoxymethylene, Ethoxymethylene, Diinethoxymethylene, I -Methoxyethylidene, 1 -Ethoxyethylidine, 1 ,2-Dimethoxyethylidene, alpha- Methoxybenzylidene, 1 -(NN-Dimethylamino)ethylidene Derivative, alpha-(NN- Dimethylamino)benzylidene Derivative, 2 -Oxacyclopentylidene); and Silyl Derivatives (Di-tbutylsilylene Group, 1 1,1,3 3 -Tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene) Derivative, Tetra-tbutoxydisiloxane-1I,3-diylidene Derivative, Cyclic Carbonates, Cyclic Boronates, Ethyl Boronate, Phenyl Boronate).
More typically, 1,2- and 1,3-diol protecting groups include epoxides and acetonides.
Typical amino protecting groups are described in Greene at pages 315-385 and include Carbamates (Methyl and Ethyl, 9 -Fluorenyimethyl, 9(2-Sulfo)fluoroenylmethyl, 9-(2,7- Dibromo)fluorenylmethyl, 2,7-Di-t-buthyl-[9-( 10,1 0-dioxo- 10,10,10,1 0-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl, 4-Methoxyphenacyl); Substituted Ethyl (2,2,2-Trichoroethyl, 2-TrimethylsilylethyL, 2- Phenylethyl, 1 -Adamantyl)-l1-methylethyl, 1,1 -Dimethyl-2-haloethyl, 1,1 -Dimethyl-2,2dibromoethyl, 1,1 -Dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1-Methyl-I -(4-biphenylyl)ethyl, I butylphenyl)-1I-methylethyl, and 4'-Pyridyl)ethyl, 2-(NN-Dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl, t- Butyl, 1-Adamantyl, Vinyl, Allyl, l-Isopropylallyl, Cinnaznyl, 4-Nitrocinnamyl, 8-Quinolyl, N- WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCTIUS99/28079 Hydroxypiperidinyl, Alkyldithio, Benzyl, p-Methoxybenzyl, p-Nitrobenzyl, p-Bromobenzyl, p- Cborobenzyl, 2,4-Dichlorobenzyl, 4-Methylsulfinylbenzyl, 9-Anthrylmethyl, Diphenylmethyl); Groups With Assisted Cleavage (2-Methyithioethyl, 2-Methylsulfonylethyl, 2 Toluenesulfonyl)ethyl, 1,3-Dithianyl)Jmethyl, 4-Methyithiophenyl, 2,4-Dimethylthiophenyl, 2- Phosphonioethyl, 2-Triphenylphosphonioisopropyl, 1, 1 -Dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl, m-Choro-pacyloxybenzyl, p-(Dihydroxyboryl)benzyl, 5-Benzisoxazolylmethyi, 2-(Trifluoromethyl)-6chromonylmethyl); Groups Capable of Photolytic Cleavage (m-Nitrophenyl, Dimethoxybenzyl, o-Nitrobenzyl, 3 4 -Dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl, Phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl); Urea-Type Derivatives (Phenothiazinyl-( I 0)-carbonyl Derivative, N'-p- Toluenesulfonylaxninocarbonyl, N'-Phenylamninothiocarbonyl); Miscellaneous Carbamates (t- Amyl, S-Benzyl Thiocarbamate, p-Cyanobenzyl, Cyciobutyl, Cyclohexyl, Cyclopentyl, Cyclopropylmethyl, p-Decyioxybenzyl, Diisopropylmethyl, 2 2 -Dimethoxycarbonylvinyl, o-(NN- Diniethylcarboxamido)benzyl, 1,1 -Dimetbyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl, 1,1 Dimethylpropynyl, Di(2-pyridyl)methyl, 2-Furanylmethyl, 2-lodoetbyl, Isobornyl, Isobutyl, Isonicotinyl, p-(p'-Methoxyphenylazo)benzyl, I -Methylcyclobutyl, 1 -Metbylcyclohexyl, I-Methyl- 1 -cyclopropylmethyl, 1-Methyl-i 3 ,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 1-Methyl-i phenylazophenyl)ethyl, 1 -Methyl- I -phenylethyl, 1 -Methyl-I -(4-pyridyl)ethyl, Phenyl, p- (Phenylazo)benzyl, 2,4,6-Tri-t-butylphenyl, 4 -(Trimethylainmonium)benzyl, 2,4,6- Trimethylbenzyl); Amnides (N-Fonnyl, N-Acetyl, N-Cboroacetyl, N-Thichoroacetyl, N- Trifluoroacetyl, N-Phenylacetyl, N-3-Phenylpropionyl, N-Picolinoyi, N-3-Pyridylcarboxamide,
N-
Benzoylphenylalanyl Derivative, N-Benzoyl, N-p-Phenylbenzoyl); Amides With Assisted Cleavage (N-o-Nitrophenylacetyl, N-o-Nitrophenoxyacetyl, N-Acetoacetyl, Dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetyl,
N-
3 -(p-Hydroxyphenyl)propionyt, N-3-(o- Nitrophenyl)propionyl,
N-
2 -Methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propionyl, N-2-Methyl-2-(ophenylazophenoxy)propionyl, N-4-Chlorobutyryl, N-3-Methyl-3-nitrobutyryl, N-o- Nitrocinnamoyl, N-Acetylmethionine Derivative, N-o-Nitrobenzoyl, N-o- (Benzoyloxymethyl)benzoyl, 4 ,5-Diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one); Cyclic Imide Derivatives (N- Phtbalimide, N-Dithiasuccinoyl, N-2,3 -Diphenylmaleoyl, N-2,5-Dimethylpyrrolyl, N- 1, 1,4,4- Tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane Adduct, 5-Substituted I ,3-Dimethyl- 1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2one, 5-Substituted I ,3-Dibenzyl- 1 3 ,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, I -Substituted 3,5-Dinitro-4pyridonyl); N-Alkyl and N-Aryl Amines (N-Methyl, N-Allyl, N-[2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl, N-3-Acetoxypropyl, I-Isopropyl- 4 -nitro..2-oxo-3-.pyrolin3yl), Quaternary Ammonium Salts, N-Benzyl, N-Di(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, N-5-Dibenzosuberyl, N-Triphenylmethyi, N-(4- Methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl,
N-
9 -Phenylfluorenyl, N-2,7-Dichloro-9-fluorenylmethylene,
N-
Ferrocenylmethyl, N-2-Picolylamine N'-Qxide); Imine Derivatives 1, 1-Dimethylthionethylene, WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCT/US99/28079 N-Benzylidene, N-p-methoxybenylidene, N-Diphenylmethylene, N-[(2-Pyridyl)mesityl]methylene, N,(N',N'-Dimethylaminomethylene, NN'-Isopropyiidene, N-p-Nitrobenzylidene, N-Salicylidene, o--iauusaiiCY1 ue, N-(S-Chioro-2-hydroxyphenyi)phenyimethyiene, N-Cyclohexylidene); Enamine Derivative (N-(5,5-Dimethyl-3-oxo- 1 -cyclohexenyl)); N-Metal Derivatives (N-Borane Derivatives, N-Diphenylborinic Acid Derivative, N-[Phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium- or tungsten)]carbenyl, N-Copper or N-Zinc Chelate); N-N Derivatives (N-Nitro, N-Nitroso, N- Oxide); N-P Derivatives (N-Diphenylphosphinyl, N-Dimethylthiophosphinyl,
N-
Diphenyithiophosphinyl, N-Dialkyl Phosphoiyl, N-Dibenzyl Phosphoryl, N-Diphenyl Phosphoiyl); N-Si Derivatives; N-S Derivatives; N-Sulfenyl Derivatives (N-Benzenesulfenyl, N-o- Nitrobenzenesulfenyl, N- 2 ,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl, N-Pentachlorobenzenesulfenyl, N-2-nitro-4methoxybenzenesulfenyl, N-Triphenylmethylsulfenyl, N-3-Nitropyridinesulfenyl); andN-Sulfonyl Derivatives (N-p-Toluenesulfonyl, N-Benzenesulfonyl, N-2,3,6-Trimethyl-4methoxybenzenesulfonyl,
N-
2 4 6 -Trimethoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,6-Dimethyl-4methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-Pentamethylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,3,5,6,-Tetramethyl-4methoxybenzenesulfonyl,
N-
4 -methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,4,6- Trimethylbenzenesulfonyl,
N-
2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonyl,
N-
2 2 ,5,7,8-Pentamethychroman-6-sulfonyl,
N-
Methanesulfonyl, N-.beta.-Trimethylsilyethanesulfonyl, N-9-Anthracenesulfonyl, 8'- Dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonyl, N-Benzylsulfonyl, N-Trifluoromethylsulfonyl,
N-
Phenacylsulfonyl).
More typically, amino protecting groups include carbamates and amides, still more typically, N-acetyl groups.
Stereoisomers. The formula I and formula 2A or 2B compounds include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric atoms as are apparent from the depictions. Both racemic and diasteromeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be isolated or synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, and these are all within the scope of the invention. Chiral centers may be found in invention compounds at, for example, R I, R(2 or R 4 One or more of the following methods are used to prepare the enantiomerically enriched or pure isomers herein. The methods are listed in approximately their order of preference, one ordinarily should employ stereospecific synthesis from chiral precursors before chromatographic resolution before spontaneous crystallization.
Stereospecific synthesis is described in the examples. Methods of this type conveniently are used when the appropriate chiral starting material is available and reaction steps are chosen that do not result in undesired racemnization at chiral sites. One advantage of stereospecific synthesis is that it does not produce undesired enantiomers that must be removed from the final product, WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 thereby lowering overall synthetic yield. In general, those skilled in the art would understand what starting materials and reaction conditions should be used to obtain the desired enantiomerically enriched or pure isomers by stereospecific synthesis.
Ifa suitable stereospecific synthesis cannot be empirically designed or determined with routine experimentation then those skilled in the art would turn to other methods. One method of general utility is chromatographic resolution of enantiomers on chiral chromatography resins.
These resins are packed in columns, commonly called Pirkle columns, and are commercially available. The columns contain a chiral stationary phase. The racemate is placed in solution and loaded onto the column, and thereafter separated by HPLC. See for example, Proceedings Chromatographic Society International Symposium on Chiral Separations, Sept. 3-4, 1987, which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of chiral columns that could be used to screen for the optimal separation technique would include Diacel Chriacel OD, Regis Pirkle Covalent Dphenylglycine, Regis Pirkle Type 1A, Astec Cyclobond II, Astec Cyclobond III, Serva Chiral D- DL=Daltosil 100, Bakerbond DNBLeu, Sumipax OA-1000, Merck Cellulose Triacetate column, Astec Cyclobond I-Beta, or Regis Pirkle Covalent D-Naphthylalanine. Not all of these columns are likely to be effective with every racemic mixture. However, those skilled in the art understand that a certain amount of routine screening may be required to identify the most effective stationary phase. When using such columns it is desirable to employ embodiments of the compounds of this invention in which the charges are not neutralized, where acidic functionalities such as carboxyl are not esterified or amidated.
Another method entails converting the enantiomers in the mixture to diasteriomers with chiral auxiliaries and then separating the conjugates by ordinary column chromatography. This is a very suitable method, particularly when the embodiment contains a free hydroxyl that will form a salt or covalent bond to a chiral auxiliary. Chirally pure amino acids, organic acids or organosulfonic acids are all worthwhile exploring as chiral auxiliaries, all of which are well known in the art. Salts with such auxiliaries can be formed, or they can be covalently (but reversibly) bonded to the functional group.
Enzymatic resolution is another method of potential value. In such methods one prepares covalent derivatives of the enantiomers in the racemic mixture, generally lower alkyl esters, and then exposes the derivative to enzymatic cleavage, generally hydrolysis. For this method to be successful an enzyme must be chosen that is capable of stereospecific cleavage, so it is frequently necessary to routinely screen several enzymes. If esters are to be cleaved, then one selects a group ofesterases, phosphatases, and lipases and determines their activity on the derivative. Typical esterases are from liver, pancreas or other animal organs, and include porcine liver esterase.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 If the enatiomeric mixture separates from solution or a melt as a conglomerate, a mixture of enantiomerically pure crystals, then the crystals can be mechanically separated, thereby producing the enantiomerically enriched preparation. This method, however, is not practical for large-scale preparations and is of limited value for true racemic compounds.
Asymmetric synthesis is another technique for achieving enantiomeric enrichment. For example, a chiral protecting group is reacted with the group to be protected and the reaction mixture allowed to equilibrate. If the reaction is enantiomerically specific then the product will be enriched in that enantiomer.
Further guidance in the separation of enantiomeric mixtures can be found, by way of example and not limitation, in "Enantiomers, Racemates, and resolutions", Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, and Samuel H. Wilen (Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL, 1991, ISBN 0-89464- 618-4): Part 2, Resolution of Enantiomer Mixture, pages 217-435; more particularly, section 4, Resolution by Direct Crystallization, pages 217-251, section 5, Formation and Separation of Diastereomers, pages 251-369, section 6, Crystallization-Induced Asymmetric Transformations, pages 369-378, and section 7, Experimental Aspects and Art of Resolutions, pages 378-435; still more particularly, section 5.1.4, Resolution of Alcohols, Transformation of Alcohols into Salt- Forming Derivatives, pages 263-266, section 5.2.3, Covalent Derivatives of Alcohols, Thiols, and Phenols, pages 332-335, section 5.1.1, Resolution of Acids, pages 257-259, section 5.1.2, Resolution of Bases, pages 259-260, section 5.1.3, Resolution of Amino Acids, page 261-263, section 5.2.1, Covalent Derivatives of Acids, page 329, section 5.2.2, Covalent derivatives of Amines, pages 330-331, section 5.2.4, Covalent Derivatives of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Sulfoxides, pages 335-339, and section 5.2.7, Chromatographic Behavior of Covalent Diastereomers, pages 348-354, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments include compositions that transiently occur when a method step or operation is performed. For example, when a formula 1 compound is contacted with an excipient, e.g., water, a cyclodextrin, a PEG, an alcohol, propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol or benzyl benzoate, the composition before addition of one ingredient with another is a non-homogenous mixture. As the ingredients are contacted, the mixture's homogeneity increases and the proportion of ingredients relative to each other approaches a desired value. Thus, some compositions as disclosed herein, optionally contain less than about 3% w/w water, less than 0.5% w/w water, can comprise about 0.0001-99% w/w of a formula 1 compound such as 16a-bromoepiandrosterone and one or more excipients. These transient compositions are intermediates that necessarily arise when one makes an invention composition or formulation and they are included in invention embodiments to the extent that they are patentable.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 Formula 1 compounds. The formula 1 compounds, or the "compounds of the invention", are useful to treat a subject having, or prevent infection of a subject with, one or more Trypanosome parasites.
For preferred formula 1 compounds, the R 2 moiety bonded to the steroid ring is generally in the P-configuration, two RI are bonded to Q2 and X is a double bonded oxygen moiety Typically, one of the R 1 bonded to Q2 is hydrogen in the P-configuration, the other R 1 bonded to Q2 is hydrogen or a halogen, usually bromine, in the a-configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 positions. Such preferred compounds include dehydroepiandrosterone ("DHEA") and 16a-bromodehydroepiandrosterone ("Br-DHEA").
Other preferred formula 1 compounds include 17-ketosteriods of formula 1 where a double bond is present at the 5-6 positions, X is Q2 is -CH 2 or -CHBr-, R2 is -S(OXO)-O-CH2-CH(O-C(O)-R6)-CH2-O-C(O)-R6 (where R6 independently is C -14 straight or branched alkyl), -P(O)(O)-O-CH2-CH(O-C(O)R 7
)-CH
2
-O-
C(O)-R
7 (where R 7 independently is a glucuronide group or C1-14 straight or branched alkyl) or
R
2 is a glucuronide group. Other preferred compounds include compound having the structures 20-43 R, R1 X R, RQ X R
R
i R 1 Ri R 1 RR 1
R
1
R
RI Ri R, R, RRI R R1 R/ R R1 R1 R R 20 21
R
I R1 X R I X R1 1 SR I I 3 R I R R' J R R1 R S' R 1 I R
R
RQR R R, R1 RR 22 23 RRi R, 06 X R R, R
Q
6 R R R
R
1 I X x R R, 1 R, R R 1 ,Ri R 1 R R R 1 R,
R
i R R i R, R,
R
22 23 WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCT/US99/28079 24 26 27 RIKI R, R, 28 29 WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCT/US99/28079 31 32 33 34 WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCTIUS99/28079 36 37 38 39 41 WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 42 43 wherein for each of structures 20-43 Q3 and Q6 are each -C(RI) 3 wherein each R 1 is independently selected; X and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl C 1- 6 alkyl), -C(0)-O-R 5
R
5 halogen or, X and Y together with the R 1 at the same position independently are a ketone each R 1 is independently selected and has the definition given above; and
R
2 and R 5 have the definitions given above.
In some embodiments, the formula 1 compound has the structure 20-43 and 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 RI groups independently are -OH, halogen or alkoxy, and the remaining RI are all hydrogen; R 2 is -OH, an ester a thioester or a carbamate, or R 2 together with the Ri at the 3-position comprises Y is -OH, a halogen or -O-C(O)-R 5 or Y, together with the Ri at the 16-position comprises X is -OH or -O-C(O)-R 5 or X, together with the RI at the 17-position comprises and Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH. Such embodiments include structure 43 compounds where two -OH are present at the 3-position, the 16-position or at the 17-position.
Preferred invention embodiments include compounds having the formula 44 CH 0 CH3 Y R440 44 wherein Y is hydrogen or bromine, R44 is -S(OXO)-ONa,
-S(OXO)-O-CH
2
CH(O-C(O)-R
6
)-CH
2 -O-C(0)-R 6 -P(O)(O)-O-CH2-CH(O-C(O)-R 7
)-CH
2
-O-C(O)-R
7 or a glucuronide group of structure In other preferred embodiments, Y and R 44 in formula 44 are both hydrogen. An especially preferred compound is dehydroepiandrosterone (Y and R44 in formula 44 are both hydrogen and the double bond at the 5-6 position is present). In other embodiments, the compound is epiandrosterone (Y and R 44 in formula 44 are both hydrogen and WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 the double bond at the 5-6 position is absent). A 16-haloepiandrosterone with a F, CI, Br or I at the 16 position can also be used as an antiviral agent, 16a-bromoepiandrosterone. Other preferred compuunds are i 6 a-bromodehydroepiandrosterone, (ii) dehydroepiandrosterone-3sulfate (Y is -H and R 4 4 is in formula 44 are both hydrogen and the double bond at the 5-6 position is present) and (iii) 5 3 -androstan-3pol-17-one. Related embodiments comprise compounds related to formula 44 compounds comprise the formula 44 compounds wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the steroid nucleus are substituted with independently selected -OH, -Br, -Cl, -OCH 3 or -OC 2
H
5 atoms or groups.
In other embodiments, the 17-ketosteroids of formula 1 are dehydro-epiandrosterone where
R
4 4 in formula 44 is a -S(O)(O)-O-CH2-CH(O-C(O)-R6)-CH 2
-O-C(O)-R
5
-P(OXO)-O-CH
2
CH(O-C(O)-R
7
)-CH
2 -O-C(0)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure Y is hydrogen and the 5-6 double bond is present. Other formula 44 compounds include conjugates of dehydroepiandrosterone wherein Y is hydrogen, a double bond is present at the 5-6 position and
R
4 4 is hexyl sulfate, dodecyl sulfate, octadecyl sulfate, octadecanoyl sulfate, 0dihexadecylglycerol sulfate, hexadecane sulfonate, dioctadecanoylglycerol phosphate or Ohexadecylglycerol phosphate.
In another preferred aspect of the invention, the steroid of formula 1 is a compound of formula CH3 R 5 2 CH3 Rs R49 R50 wherein R 5 0 is -OH or R 5 1 is -Br, -Cl, -F or R 5 2 is -OH or R49 is -OH, or
OR
5 3 and R 5 3 is C1.
1 8 alkyl, C2- 1 8 alkenyl, C2- 1 8 alkynyl, a Ci.
18 ester, a C1- 1 8 thioester, wherein any of the foregoing C.- 18 or C2- 18 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OH, -NH 2 -SH or =0 groups or R 5 3 is thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester, a carbamate or a thioester. In one preferred aspect, R 4 9 is -O-C(O)-CH2-CH2-CH(R5 4 )-CH(R55)-CH 2 R5 6 wherein R 5 4 is -NH 2 -OH, -SH, -O-PO3, S03 or -OS03; R 5 5 is -NH 2 -OH, -SH, -O-PO 3
-SO
3 or -OSO3; and R 5 6 is C 1 1 8 alkyl, C2- 18 alkenyl, C 2 1 8 alkynyl, a C 1- 1 8 ester, a C 1- 1 8 thioester, wherein any of the foregoing C 1 1 8 or C2- 18 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OH, -NH 2 or -SH groups, and the precursors, metabolites and analogs thereof. Related embodiments comprise compounds related to formula 44 compounds comprise the formula WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 compounds wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the steroid nucleus are substituted with independently selected -OH, -Br, -CI, -OCH 3 or -OC 2
H
5 atoms or groups.
In other preferred embodiments, the formula 1 compounds have the formula IB or 1C SX
X
°3 I2 Q3 02 RR1 1B or 2
RIC
wherein each R 1 independently is -OH, a halogen, -CHCH 2
-CHCHCH
3 -CCH, -CCCH 3 or, or, the other moiety that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent and RI is R2 is -OH, a halogen, C1-8 alkoxy, -S-C(O)-(CH2)m-R4, -C(O)-S-(CH2)m-R4, -0- S(O)(O)-O-(CH2)m-R4, -O-C(O)-NH-(CH2)m-R4, -NH-C(O)-O-(CH2)m-R4, -O-C(S)-(CH2)m-
R
4 -C(S)-O-(CH2)m-R4, -O-C(O)-(CH2)m-R 4 or -C(O)-O-(CH2)m-R 4
R
4 is -CH 3
-C
2
H
5
-C
3
H
7
-C
2
H
4 0H, -C 3
H
6 0H, -CH2-CH 2
-O-CH
3 -CH2-CH 2
-O-CH
2
-CH
3 -CH2-CH 2
-O-CH
2 a C 3 6 alkenyl group, a C 3 6 alkynyl group, benzyl or phenyl, wherein the phenyl or benzyl groups are optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected halogen, C1-4 alkoxy, -OH, -SH, or -NH- moieties; and Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or and Q2 is -C(RI) 2 or -CH 2
-CH
2 In these embodiments, Q3 and Q6 are usually both in the (3configuration, typically they are -CH 3 Q2 usually comprises -CH 2 or -CH(OH)- with the Br, I or OH moieties in the a-configuration, or Q2 comprises and R 1 at the 7-position is -OH or Related embodiments comprise compounds related to formula 44 compounds comprise the formula IA or IB compounds wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the steroid nucleus are substituted with independently selected -OH, -Br, -Cl, -F,
-OCH
3 or -OC 2
H
5 atoms or groups.
The formula 1 compounds can exist in a crystalline or polymorphic form.
Metabolites. Also falling within the scope of this invention are the in vivo metabolites of the compounds of the invention, to the extent such products are novel and unobvious over the prior art. Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered formula 1 compound, due to enzymatic or chemical processes. Accordingly, the invention includes novel and unobvious compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a subject, a human, rodent or a primate, for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radiolabelled C 14 or H 3 compound of the invention, administering it parenterally or orally in a detectable dose greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, primate, or to a human, allowing sufficient time for WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to about 30 hours) and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples. These products are easily isolated since umy ae laubelu (oulhrs are isolated by the use of antibodies capable of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite). The metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g. by HPLC, MS or NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites is done in the same way as conventional drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilled in the art. The conversion products, so long as they are not otherwise found in vivo, are useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds of the invention even if they possess no therapeutic activity of their own.
The following description exemplifies embodiments of the formula 1 compounds.
Group 1. Exemplary embodiments include the formula 1 compounds named in table B based on the compound structure designations defined in table A. Each compound named in Table B is depicted as a compound of formula 4 X H Q6 17 H Q3 16 R2 3 7 R A H. 4 where Q3 and Q6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RIA, and Y and X have the structures designated in Table A. The compounds named according to Tables A and B are referred to as "group 1" compounds.
Compounds named in Table B are designated by numbers assigned to R 2 RIA, Y and X according to the following compound naming convention, R2.RIA.Y.X, using the numbered chemical structures depicted in Table A. As shown in formula 4, R 2 is in the 3f-position and hydrogen fills the remaining valence or R 2 is double bonded to the 3 carbon, RIA is an R 1 group at the 7-position or RIA is an R 1 group double bonded to the 7 carbon, Y is in the 16a-position and hydrogen fills the remaining valence or R 2 is double bonded to the 16 carbon and X is in the 173-position and hydrogen fills the remaining valence or X is double bonded to the 17 carbon.
When R 2 RIA, Y or X is a divalent moiety, the hydrogen at the corresponding position is absent. Thus, the group 1 compound named 1.2.1.1 specifies a formula 4 structure with a hydroxyl bonded to carbons at the 3- and 7 -positions (the variable groups R 2 and RIA WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCT/US99/28079 respectively), an a-bromine bonded to carbon 16 (the variable group Y) and double bonded oxygen at carbon 17 (the variable group having the structure shown below.
HH 1.2.1.
TABLE A R2 1 -OH 2 =0 3 -O-P(O)(O)-OH 4 -O-P(O)(O)-O-CH2-CH(O-C(O..CH 3
).CH
2
.O..C(O)CH
3
-O-S(O)(O)-QH
6 -O-S(OX(O)-O-Na+ 7 -0-S(O)(Q)-0C 2
H
5 8 S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-CH(Y.C(O>.CH
3 )-CH2-0O.C(O)CH 3 9 -Q-S(O)(Q)-OCH 2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
-O-S(O)(O)-OC(CH
3 3
Y
1 -Br 2 -Cl 3 -1 4 -F
-H
6 -OH 7 =0 8 -O-C(O)-CH 3 9 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
3 -0-C(O)-CH,CHqCHz RiA I1-H 2 -OH 3 =0 4 -CH3 5 -OCH3 6 7 -OCH2CH 2
CH
3 8 -OCH(CH 3
)CH
3 9 -OCH2CH 2
CH
2
CH
3 10 -OC(CH 3 3 x 2 -OH 3 -H 4 -F 5 -Cl 6 -Br 7 -1 8 -O-C(O)-CH 3 9 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
3 -0-C(O)-CI4CCH3 WO 00132201 PCT/US99/28cj79 TABLE B I. 1. 1. 1.2, 1.1.1.3, 1.1.1.4, 1.1.1.5, 1.1.1.6, 1.1.1.7, 1.1.1.8, 1.1.1.9, 1.1.1.10, 1.1.2.1, 1.1.2.2, 1.1.2.3- 1 .1.2.4 1.1 1~511~ 1 1 7 1 1 1 1132 ,1134 1.1. .1.3 6,1 1.3. 1.1.3.9, 1.1.4.2U, 1.1.4 ,1.14 .41.1.4 .5,1 .1.4.6, 51.21.7, 1.21.8,1.21.9, 1.21.10, 1.2.2.1, 1.2.2.2 1.2.2.3, 1.2.2.4, 1.2.2.5, 1.2.2.6, 1.2.2.7, 1.2.2.8, 1.2.2.9, 1.2.2.10, 1.2.3.1, 1.2.3.2, 1.2.3.3, 1.2.3.4, 1.2.3.5, 1.2.3.6, 1.2.3.7, 1.2.3.8, 1.2.3.9, 1.2.3.10, 1.21.4.1, 1.2.4.2, 1.2.4.3, 1.2.4.4, 1.2.4.5, 1.2.4.6, 1.2.4.7, 1.2.4.8, 1.2.4.9, 1.2.4.10, 1.2.5.1, 1.2.5.2, 1.21.5.3, 1.2.8.4, 1.2.8.5, 1.2.5.6, 1.2.8.7, 1.2.5.9 1.21.5.10, 1.2.6.1, 1.2.6.2, 1.2.6.3, 1.2.6.4, 1.2.6.6, 1.2.6.7, 1.2.6.8, 1.2.6.9, 1.2.6.10, 1.2.7.1, 1.5 1.2.7., 101.21.71.,11.7, 1.2.70.8, 1.2.70.9, 1.2.70.10, 1.2.8.9, 1.2.181, 1.2.19, 1.2.9.2, 1.2.9.3, 1.2.9.4, 1.2.9.5, 1.2.9.6, 1.2.9.7, 1.2.9.8, 1.2.9.9, 1.2.9.10, 1.22 2.10, 1, 1.2.10.2, 1.2.10.3, 1.2.10.4, 1.2.10.5, 1.2.10.6, 1.2.10.7, 1.2..10, 1.3.1.1, 1.3.1.2, 1.3.1.3, 1.3.1.4, 1.3.1.5, 1.3.1.6, 1.3.1.7, 1.3.1.8, 1.3.1.9, 1.3.1. 10, 1.32.1, 1.32.2, 1.32.3, 1.32.4, 1.32.5, 1.32.6, 1.32.7, 1.32.8, 1.32.9, 1.32.10, 1.3.3.1, 1.3.3.2, 1.3.3.3, 1.2.3.4, 1.3.3.5, 1.3.3.6, 1.3.3.7, 1.3.3.8, 1.3.3.9, 1.3.3.10, 1.3.4.1, 1.3.4.2, 1.3.4.3, 1.3.4.4, 1.3.4.5, 1.3.4.6, 1.3.4.7, 1.3.4.8, 1.3.4.9, 1.3.4.10, 1.3.5.1, 1.3.5.2, 1.3.5.3, 1.3.5.4, 1.3.5.5, 1.3.5.6, 1.3.5.7, 1.3.5.8, 1.3.5.9, 1.3.5.10, 1.3.6.1, 1.3.6.2, 1.3.6.3, 1.3.6.4, 1.3.6.5, 1.3.6.6, 1.3.6.7, 1.3.6.8, 1.3.6.9, 1.3.6.10, 1.3.7.1, 1..6 1.3.70.7, 1.0.8, 1.0.9, 1.3.710 1.3. 138, 1.3.8.3, 1.3.8.4, 1.3.8.5, 1.3.8.6, 1.3.8.7, 1.3.8.8, 1.3.8.9, 1.3.181, 1.3.19, 1.3.9.2, 1.3.9.3, 1.3.9.4, 1323 1.3..10, 1.3.10.1, 1.3.10 1.3.0313.10., 1.3..10, 1.4.1, 1.4.2, 1.4.3, 1.4.4, 1.4.5, 1.4.6, 1.34.7, 1.34.8, 1.34.9, 1.34.10, 1.4.2.1, 1.4.2.2, 1.4.2.3, 1.4.2.4, 1.4.2.5, 1.4.2.6, 1.4.2.7, 1.4.2.8, 1.4.2.9, 1.4.2.10, 1.43.1, 1.43.2, 1.43.3, 1.43.4, 1.43.5, 1.43.6, 1.43.7, 1.43.8, 1.43.9, 1.43.10, 1.4.4.1, 1.4.4.2, 1.4.4.3, 1.4.4.4, 1.4.4.5, 1.4.4.6, 1.4.4.7, 1.4.4.8, 1.4.4.9, 1.4.4. 10, 1.4.5.1, 1.4.8.2, 1.4.5.3, 1.4.5.4, 1.4.8.5, 1.4.5.6, 1.4.5.7, 1.4.5.8, 1.4.5.9, 1.4.8.10, 1.4.6.1, 1.4.6.2, 1.4.6.3, 1.4.6.4, 1.4..514..6, 1.4..6, 1.4.7.7, 1.4.7.8, 1.4.7.9, 1.4.7.10, 1.4.8.1, 1.4.8.2, 1.4.8.3, 1.4.8.4, 1.4.8.5, 1.4.8.6, 1.4.8.7, 1.4.8.8, 1.4.8.9, 1.4.8.10, 1.4.9.1, 1.4.9.2, 1.4.9.3, 1.4.9.4, 1.4.9.5, 1.4.9.6, 1.4.9.7, 1.4.9.8, 1.4.9.9, 1.4.9. 35.9 1.4..10, 1, 1.4.10.2, 1.4.10.3, 1.4.10.4, 1.4.10.5, 1.4.10.6, 1.4.10.7, 1.4..10, 351.4.1.1, 1..10.3, 1..10.4, 1..10.5, 1.0.6, 1.0.7, 1.0.8, 1.5..10 1, 22 WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCT/US99/28079 1.5.2.3, 1.5.2.4, 1.5.2.5, 1.5.2.6, 1.5.2.7, 1.5.2.8, 1.5.2.9, 1.5.2.10, 1.5.3.1, 1.5.3.2, 1.5.3.3, 1.5.3.4, 1.5.3.5, 1.5.3.6, 1.5.3.7, 1.5.3.8, 1.5.3.9, 1.5.3.10, 1.5.4.1, 1.5.4.2, 1.5.4.3, 1.5.4.4, 1.5.4.5, 1.5.4.6, L.5.4.7, 1.3.4.8, 1.5.4.9, i.5.4.Iu i 0 1.5.5.2, 1.5.5.3, 1.5.5.4, 1.5.5.5, 1.5.5.6, 1.5.5.7, 1.5.5.8, 1.5.5.9, 1.5.5.10, 1.5.6.1, 1.5.6.2, 1.5.6.3, 1.5.6.4, 1.5.6.5, 1.5.6.6, 1.5.6.7, 1.5.6.8, 1.5.6.9, 1.5.6.10, 1.5.7.1, 1. 5.7.2, 1.5.7.3, 1.5.7.4, 1.5.7.5, 1.5.7.6, 1.5.7.7, 1.5.7.8, 1.5.7.9, 1.5.7. 10, 1.5.8.1, 1.5.8.2, 1.5.8.3, 1.5.8.4, 1.5.8.5, 1.5.8.6, 1.5.8.7, 1.5.8.8, 1.5.8.9, 1.5.8.10, 1.5.9.1, 1.5.9.2, 1.5.9.3, 1.5.9.4, 1.5.9.5, 1.5.9.6, 1.5.9.7, 1.5.9.8, 1.5.9.9, 1.5.9.10, 1.5.10.1, 1.5.10.2, 1.5.10.3, 1.5.10.4, 1.5.10.5, 1.5.10.6, 1.5.10.7, 1.5.10.8, 1.5.10.9, 1.5.10.10, 1.6.1.1, 1.6.1.2, 1.6.1.3, 1.6.1.4, 1.6.1.5, 1.6.1.6, 1.6.1.7, 1.6.1.8, 1.6.1.9, 1.6.1.10, 1.6.2.1, 1.6.2.2, 1.6.2.3, 1.6.2.4, 1.6.2.5, 1.6.2.6, 1.6.2.7, 1.6.2.8, 1.6.2.9, 1.6.2.10, 1.6.3.1, 1.6.3.2, 1.6.3.3, 1.6.3.4, 1.6.3.5, 1.6.3.6, 1.6.3.7, 1.6.3.8, 1.6.3.9, 1.6.3. 1.6.4.1, 1.6.4.2, 1.6.4.3, 1.6.4.4, 1.6.4.5, 1.6.4.6, 1.6.4.7, 1.6.4.8, 1.6.4.9, 1.6.4.10, 1.6.5.1, 1.6.5.2, 1.6.5.3, 1.6.5.4, 1.6.5.5, 1.6.5.6, 1.6.5.7, 1.6.5.8, 1.6.5.9, 1.6.5.10, 1.6.6.1, 1.6.6.2, 1.6.6.3, 1.6.6.4, 1.6.6.5, 1.6.6.6, 1.6.6.7, 1.6.6.8, 1.6.6.9, 1.6.6.10, 1.6.7.1, 1.6.7.2, 1.6.7.3, 1.6.7.4, 1.6.7.5, 1.6.7.6, 1.6.7.7, 1.6.7.8, 1.6.7.9, 1.6.7.10, 1.6.8.1, 1.6.8.2, 1.6.8.3, 1.6.8.4, 1.6.8.5, 1.6.8.6, 1.6.8.7, 1.6.8.8, 1.6.8.9, 1.6.8.10, 1.6.9.1, 1.6.9.2, 1.6.9.3, 1.6.9.4, 1.6.9.5, 1.6.9.6, 1.6.9.7, 1.6.9.8, 1.6.9.9, 1.6.9. 1.6.10.1, 1.6.10.2, 1.6.10.3, 1.6.10.4, 1.6.10.5, 1.6.10.6, 1.6.10.7, 1.6.10.8, 1.6.10.9, 1.6. 10.10, 1.7.1.1, 1.7.1.2, 1.7.1.3, 1.7.1.4, 1.7.1.5, 1.7.1.6, 1.7.1.7, 1.7.1.8, 1.7.1.9, 1.7.1.10, 1.7.2.1, 1.7.2.2, 1.7.2.3, 1.7.2.4, 1.7.2.5, 1.7.2.6, 1.7.2.7, 1.7.2.8, 1.7.2.9, 1.7.2.10, 1.7.3.1, 1.7.3.2, 1.7.3.3, 1.7.3.4, 1.7.3.5, 1.7.3.6, 1.7.3.7, 1.7.3.8, 1.7.3.9, 1.7.3.10, 1.7.4.1, 1.7.4.2, 1.7.4.3, 1.7.4.4, 1.7.4.5, 1.7.4.6, 1.7.4.7, 1.7.4.8, 1.7.4.9, 1.7.4.10, 1.7.5.1, 1.7.5.2, 1.7.5.3, 1.7.5.4, 1.7.5.5, 1.7.5.6, 1.7.5.7, 1.7.5.8, 1.7.5.9, 1.7.5.10, 1.7.6.1, 1.7.6.2, 1.7.6.3, 1.7.6.4, 1.7.6.5, 1.7.6.6, 1.7.6.7, 1.7.6.8, 1.7.6.9, 1.7.6.10, 1.7.7.1, 1. 7.7.2, 1.7.7.3, 1.7.7.4, 1.7.7.5, 1.7.7.6, 1.7.7.7, 1.7.7.8, 1.7.7.9, 1.7.7.10, 1.7.8.1, 1.7.8.2, 1.7.8.3, 1.7.8.4, 1.7.8.5, 1.7.8.6, 1.7.8.7, 1.7.8.8, 1.7.8.9, 1.7.8.10, 1.7.9.1, 1.7.9.2, 1.7.9.3, 1.7.9.4, 1.7.9.5, 1.7.9.6, 1.7.9.7, 1.7.9.8, 1.7.9.9, 1.7.9.10, 1.7.10.1, 1.7.10.2, 1.7.10.3, 1.7.10.4, 1.7.10.5, 1. 7.10.6, 1.7.10.7, 1.7.10.8, 1.7.10.9, 1.7.10.10, 1.8.1.1, 1.8.1.2, 1.8.1.3, 1.8.1.4, 1.8.1.5, 1.8.1.6, 1. 8.1.7, 1.8.1.8, 1.8.1.9, 1.8.1.10, 1.8.2.1, 1.8.2.2, 1.8.2.3, 1.8.2.4, 1.8.2.5, 1.8.2.6, 1.8.2.7, 1.8.2.8, 1.8.2.9, 1.8.2.10, 1.8.3.1, 1.8.3.2, 1.8.3.3, 1.8.3.4, 1.8.3.5, 1.8.3.6, 1.8.3.7, 1.8.3.8, 1.8.3.9, 1.8.3. 1.8.4.1, 1. 8.4.2, 1.8.4.3, 1.8.4.4, 1.8.4.5, 1.8.4.6, 1.8.4.7, 1.8.4.8, 1.8.4.9, 1.8.4.10, 1.8.5.1, 1.8.5.2, 1.8.5.3, 1. 8.5.4, 1.8.5.5, 1.8.5.6, 1.8.5.7, 1.8.5.8, 1.8.5.9, 1.8.5.10, 1.8.6.1, 1.8.6.2, 1.8.6.3, 1.8.6.4, 1.8.6.5, 1.8.6.6, 1.8.6.7, 1.8.6.8, 1.8.6.9, 1.8.6.10, 1.8.7.1, 1.8.7.2, 1.8.7.3, 1.8.7.4, 1.8.7.5, 1.8.7.6, 1.8.7.7, 1. 8.7.8, 1.8.7.9, 1.8.7.10, 1.8.8.1, 1.8.8.2, 1.8.8.3, 1.8.8.4, 1.8.8.5, 1.8.8.6, 1.8.8.7, 1.8.8.8, 1.8.8.9, 1.8.8.10, 1.8.9.1, 1.8.9.2, 1.8.9.3, 1.8.9.4, 1.8.9.5, 1.8.9.6, 1.8.9.7, 1.8.9.8, 1.8.9.9, 1.8.9.10, 1.8.10.1, 1.8.10.2, 1.8.10.3, 1.8.10.4, 1.8.10.5, 1.8.10.6, 1.8.10.7, 1.8.10.8, 1.8.10.9, 1.8. 10. 1.9.1.1, 1.9.1.2, 1.9.1.3, 1.9.1.4, 1.9.1.5, 1.9.1.6, 1.9.1.7, 1.9.1.8, 1.9.1.9, 1.9.1.10, 1.9.2.1, 1.9.2.2, 1.9.2.3, 1.9.2.4, 1.9.2.5, 1.9.2.6, 1.9.2.7, 1.9.2.8, 1.9.2.9, 1.9.2.10, 1.9.3.1, 1.9.3.2, 1.9.3.3, 1.9.3.4, WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCT/US99/28079 1.9.3.5, 1.9.3.6, 1.9.3.7, 1.9.3.8, 1.9.3.9, 1.9.3.10, 1.9.4.1, 1.9.4.2, 1.9.4.3, 1.9.4.4, 1.9.4.5, 1.9.4.6, 1.9.4.7, 1.9.4.8, 1.9.4.9, 1.9.4.10, 1.9.5.1, 1.9.5.2, 1.9.5.3, 1.9.5.4, 1.9.5.5, 1.9.5.6, 1.9.5.7, 1.9.5.8, 10, i.9.6. 1, i.9.6.2, i.9.6.3, 1.9.6.4, 1.9.6.5, 1.9.6.6, 1.9.6.7, 1.9.6.8, 1.9.6.9, 1.9.6. 1.9.7.1, 1.9.7.2, 1.9.7.3, 1.9.7.4, 1.9.7.5, 1.9.7.6, 1.9.7.7, 1.9.7.8, 1.9.7.9, 1.9.7.10, 1.9.8.1, 1.9.8.2, 1.9.8.3, 1.9.8.4, 1.9.8.5, 1.9.8.6, 1.9.8.7, 1.9.8.8, 1.9.8.9, 1.9.8.10, 1.9.9.1, 1.9.9.2, 1.9.9.3, 1.9.9.4, 1.9.9.5, 1.9.9.6, 1.9.9.7, 1.9.9.8, 1.9.9.9, 1.9.9.10, 1.9.10.1, 1.9.10.2, 1.9. 10.3, 1.9.10.4, 1.9.10.5, 1.9.10.6, 1.9.10.7, 1.9.10.8, 1.9.10.9, 1.9.10.10, 1.10.1.1, 1.10.1.2, 1.10.1.3, 1.10.1.4, 1.10.1.5, 1. 10. 1.6, 1.10.1.7, 1.10.1.8, 1. 10. 1.9, 1.10.1.10, 1.10.2.1, 1.10.2.2, 1.10.2.3, 1.10.2.4, 1.10.2.5, 1. 10.2.6, 1.10.2.7, 1.10.2.8, 1.10.2.9, 1.10.2.10, 1.10.3.1, 1. 10.3.2, 1.10.3.3, 1.10.3.4, 1.10.3.5, 1. 10.3.6, 1.10.3.7, 1.10.3.8, 1. 10.3.9, 1.10.3.10, 1.10.4. 1, 1.10.4.2, 1.10.4.3, 1.10.4.4, 1.10.4.5, 1.10.4.6, 1.10.4.7, 1.10.4.8, 1.10.4.9, 1. 10.4.10, 1.10.5.1, 1.10.5.2, 1.10.5.3, 1.10.5.4, 1.10.5.5, 1. 10.5.6, 1.10.5.7, 1.10.5.8, 1.10.5.9, 1. 10.5.10, 1.10.6.1, 1.10.6.2, 1.10.6.3, 1.10.6.4, 1.10.6.5, 1.10.6.6, 1.10.6.7, 1.10.6.8, 1.10.6.9, 1.10.6.10, 1.10.7.1, 1.10.7.2, 1.10.7.3, 1.10.7.4, 1.10.7.5, 1.10.7.6, 1.10.7.7, 1.10.7.8, 1.10.7.9, 1.10.7.10, 1.10.8.1, 1. 10.8.2, 1.10.8.3, 1.10.8.4, 1.10.8.5, 1.10.8.6, 1.10.8.7, 1.10.8.8, 1.10.8.9, 1. 10. 8.10, 1.10.9.1, 1.10.9.2, 1.10.9.3, 1.10.9.4, 1.10.9.5, 1.10.9.6, 1.10.9.7, 1.10.9.8, 1.10.9.9, 1. 10.9.10, 1.10.10.1, 1.10.10.2, 1.10.10.3, 1.10.10.4, 1. 10. 10. 5, 1.10.10.6, 1.10.10.7, 1.10.10.8, 1.10.10.9, 1.10.10.10, 2.1.1.1, 2.1.1.2, 2.1.1.3, 2.1.1.4, 2.1.1.5, 2.1.1.6, 2.1.1.7, 2.1.1.8, 2.1.1.9, 2.1.1.10, 2.1.2.1, 2.1.2.2, 2.1.2.3, 2.1.2.4, 2.1.2.5, 2.1.2.6, 2.1.2.7, 2.1.2.8, 2.1.2.9, 2.1.2.10, 2.1.3.1, 2.13221.3.3, 2.1.3.4, 2.1.3.5, 2.1.3.6, 2.1.3.7, 2.1.3.8, 2.1.3.9, 2.1.3.10, 2.1.4.1, 2.1.4.2,43,2.1.4.4, 24.5, 2.1.4.6,214721482149,2.1410, 2.1.5.1, 2.1.5.2, 2.1.5.3, 2.1.5.4, 2.1.5.5, 2.1.5.6, 2.1.5.7, 2.1.5.8, 2.1.5.9, 2.1.5.10, 2.1.6.1, 2.1.6.2, 2.1.6.3, 2.1.6.4, 2.1.6.5, 2.1.6.6, 2.1.6.7, 2.1.6.8, 2.1.6.9, 2.1.6.10, 2.1.7.1, 2.1.7.2, 2.1.7.3, 2.1.7.4, 2.1.7.5, 2.1.7.6, 2.1.7.7, 2.1.7.8, 2.1.7.9, 2.1.7.10, 2.1.8.1, 2.1.8.2, 2.1.8.3, 2.1.8.4, 2.1.8.5, 2.1.8.6, 2.1.8.7, 2.1.8.8, 2.1.8.9, 2.1.8.10, 2.1.9.1, 2.1.9.2, 2.1.9.3, 2.1.9.4, 2.1.9.5, 2.1.9.6, 2.1.9.7, 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10.4.9.7, 10.4.9.8, 10.4.9.9, 10.4.9.10.
I
10.4.10.1, 10.4.10.2, 10.4.10.3, 10.4.10.4, 10.4.10.5, 10.4.10.6, 10.4.10.7, 10.4.10.8, 10.4.10.9, 10.4.10.10, 10.5.1.1, 10.5.1.2, 10.5.1.3, 10.5.1.4, 10.5.1.5, 10.5.1.6, 10.5.1.7, 10.5.1.8, 10.5.1.9, 10.5.1.10, 10.5.2. 10, 10.5.3.10, 10.5.4. 10, 10.5.5.10, 10.5.6.10, 10.5.7.10, 10.5.8.10, 10.5.2.1, 10.5.2.2, 10.5.2.3, 10.5.3.1, 10.5.3.2, 10.5.3.3, 10.5.4.1, 10.5.4.2, 10.5.4.3, 10.5.5.1, 10.5.5.2, 10.5.5.3, 10.5.6.1, 10.5.6.2, 10.5.6.3, 10.5.7.1, 10.5.7.2, 10.5.7.3, 10.5.8.1, 10.5.8.2, 10.5.8.3, 10.5.9.1, 10.5.9.2, 10.5.9.3, 10.5.2.4, 10.5.3.4, 10.5.4.4, 10.5.5.4, 10.5.6.4, 10.5.7.4, 10.5.8.4, 10.5.9.4, 10.5.2.5, 10.5.2.6, 10.5.2.7, 10.5.2.8, 10.5.2.9, 10.5.3.5, 10.5.3.6, 10.5.3.7, 10.5.3.8, 10.5.3.9, 10.5.4.5, 10.5.4.6, 10.5.4.7, 10.5.4.8, 10.5.4.9, 10.5.5.5, 10.5.5.6, 10.5.5.7, 10.5.5.8, 10.5.5.9, 10.5.6.5, 10.5.6.6, 10.5.6.7, 10.5.6.8, 10.5.6.9, 10.5.7.5, 10.5.7.6, 10.5.7.7, 10.5.7.8, 10.5.7.9, 10.5.8.5, 10.5.8.6, 10.5.8.7, 10.5.8.8, 10.5.8.9, 10.5.9.5, 10.5.9.6, 10.5.9.7, 10.5.9.8, 10.5.9.9, 10.5.9.10, 10.5.10.1, 10.5.10.2, 10.5.10.3, 10.5.10.4, 10.5.10.5, 10.5.10.6, 10.5.10.7, 10.5.10.8, 10.5.10.9, 10.5.10.10, 10.6.1.1, 10.6.1.2, 10.6.1.3, 10.6.1.4, 10.6.1.5, 10.6.1.6, 10.6.1.7, 10.6.1.8, 10.6.1.9, 10.6.1.10, 10.6.2.1, 10.6.2.2, 10.6.2.3, 10.6.2.4, 10.6.2.5, 10.6.2.6, 10.6.2.7, 10.6.2.8, 10.6.2.9, 10.6.2.10, 10.6.3.1, 10.6.3.2, 10.6.3.3, 10.6.3.4, 10.6.3.5, 10.6.3.6, 10.6.3.7, 10.6.3.8, 10.6.3.9, 10.6.3.10, 10.6.4. 1, 10.6.4.2, 10.6.4.3, 10.6.4.4, 10.6.4.5, 10.6.4.6, 10.6.4.7, 10.6.4.8, 10.6.4.9, 10.6.4.10, 10.6.5. 1, 10.6.5.2, 10.6.5.3, 10.6.5.4, 10.6.5.5, 10.6.5.6, 10.6.5.7, 10.6.5.8, 10.6.5.9, 10.6.5.10, 10.6.6.1, 10.6.6.2, 10.6.6.3, 10.6.6.4, 10.6.6.5, 10.6.6.6, 10.6.6.7, 10.6.6.8, 10.6.6.9, 10.6.6.10, 10.6.7. 1, 10.6.7.2, 10.6.7.3, 10.6.7.4, 10.6.7.5, 10.6.7.6, 10.6.7.7, 10.6.7.8, WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 10.6.7.9, 10.6.7.10, 10.6.8.1, 10.6.8.2, 10.6.8.3, 10.6.8.4, 10.6.8.5, 10.6.8.6, 10.6.8.7, 10.6.8.8, 10.6.8.9, 10.6.8.10, 10.6.9.1, 10.6.9.2, 10.6.9.3, 10.6.9.4, 10.6.9.5, 10.6.9.6, 10.6.9.7, 10.6.9.8, 10.6.9.9, 10.6.9.10, 10.6.10.1, 10.6.10.2, 10.6.10.3, 10.6.10.4, 10.6.10.5, 10.6.10.6, 10.6.10.7, 10.6.10.8, 10.6.10.9, 10.6.10.10, 10.7.1.1, 10.7.1.2, 10.7.1.3, 10.7.1.4, 10.7.1.5, 10.7.1.6, 10.7.1.7, 10.7.1.8, 10.7.1.9, 10.7.1.10, 10.7.2.1, 10.7.2.2, 10.7.2.3, 10.7.2.4, 10.7.2.5, 10.7.2.6, 10.7.2.7, 10.7.2.8, 10.7.2.9, 10.7.2.10, 10.7.3.1, 10.7.3.2, 10.7.3.3, 10.7.3.4, 10.7.3.5, 10.7.3.6, 10.7.3.7, 10.7.3.8, 10.7.3.9, 10.7.3.10, 10.7.4.1, 10.7.4.2, 10.7.4.3, 10.7.4.4, 10.7.4.5, 10.7.4.6, 10.7.4.7, 10.7.4.8, 10.7.4.9, 10.7.4.10, 10.7.5.1, 10.7.5.2, 10.7.5.3, 10.7.5.4, 10.7.5.5, 10.7.5.6, 10.7.5.7, 10.7.5.8, 10.7.5.9, 10.7.5.10, 10.7.6.1, 10.7.6.2, 10.7.6.3, 10.7.6.4, 10.7.6.5, 10.7.6.6, 10.7.6.7, 10.7.6.8, 10.7.6.9, 10.7.6.10, 10.7.7.1, 10.7.7.2, 10.7.7.3, 10.7.7.4, 10.7.7.5, 10.7.7.6, 10.7.7.7, 10.7.7.8, 10.7.7.9, 10.7.7.10, 10.7.8.1, 10.7.8.2, 10.7.8.3, 10.7.8.4, 10.7.8.5, 10.7.8.6, 10.7.8.7, 10.7.8.8, 10.7.8.9, 10.7.8.10, 10.7.9.1, 10.7.9.2, 10.7.9.3, 10.7.9.4, 10.7.9.5, 10.7.9.6, 10.7.9.7, 10.7.9.8, 10.7.9.9, 10.7.9.10, 10.7.10.1, 10.7.10.2, 10.7.10.3, 10.7.10.4, 10.7.10.5, 10.7.10.6, 10.7.10.7, 10.7.10.8, 10.7.10.9, 10.7.10.10, 10.8.1.1, 10.8.1.2, 10.8.1.3, 10.8.1.4, 10.8.1.5, 10.8.1.6, 10.8.1.7, 10.8.1.8, 10.8.1.9, 10.8.1.10, 10.8.2.1, 10.8.2.2, 10.8.2.3, 10.8.2.4, 10.8.2.5, 10.8.2.6, 10.8.2.7, 10.8.2.8, 10.8.2.9, 10.8.2.10, 10.8.3.1, 10.8.3.2, 10.8.3.3, 10.8.3.4, 10.8.3.5, 10.8.3.6, 10.8.3.7, 10.8.3.8, 10.8.3.9, 10.8.3.10, 10.8.4.1, 10.8.4.2, 10.8.4.3, 10.8.4.4, 10.8.4.5, 10.8.4.6, 10.8.4.7, 10.8.4.8, 10.8.4.9, 10.8.4.10, 10.8.5.1, 10.8.5.2, 10.8.5.3, 10.8.5.4, 10.8.5.5, 10.8.5.6, 10.8.5.7, 10.8.5.8, 10.8.5.9, 10.8.5.10, 10.8.6.1, 10.8.6.2, 10.8.6.3, 10.8.6.4, 10.8.6.5, 10.8.6.6, 10.8.6.7, 10.8.6.8, 10.8.6.9, 10.8.6.10, 10.8.7.1, 10.8.7.2, 10.8.7.3, 10.8.7.4, 10.8.7.5, 10.8.7.6, 10.8.7.7, 10.8.7.8, 10.8.7.9, 10.8.7.10, 10.8.8.1, 10.8.8.2, 10.8.8.3, 10.8.8.4, 10.8.8.5, 10.8.8.6, 10.8.8.7, 10.8.8.8, 10.8.8.9, 10.8.8.10, 10.8.9.1, 10.8.9.2, 10.8.9.3, 10.8.9.4, 10.8.9.5, 10.8.9.6, 10.8.9.7, 10.8.9.8, 10.8.9.9, 10.8.9.10, 10.8.10.1, 10.8.10.2, 10.8.10.3, 10.8.10.4, 10.8.10.5, 10.8.10.6, 10.8.10.7, 10.8.10.8, 10.8.10.9, 10.8.10.10, 10.9.1.1, 10.9.1.2, 10.9.1.3, 10.9.1.4, 10.9.1.5, 10.9.1.6, 10.9.1.7, 10.9.1.8, 10.9.1.9, 10.9.1.10, 10.9.2.1, 10.9.2.2, 10.9.2.3, 10.9.2.4, 10.9.2.5, 10.9.2.6, 10.9.2.7, 10.9.2.8, 10.9.2.9, 10.9.2.10, 10.9.3.1, 10.9.3.2, 10.9.3.3, 10.9.3.4, 10.9.3.5, 10.9.3.6, 10.9.3.7, 10.9.3.8, 10.9.3.9, 10.9.3.10, 10.9.4.1, 10.9.4.2, 10.9.4.3, 10.9.4.4, 10.9.4.5, 10.9.4.6, 10.9.4.7, 10.9.4.8, 10.9.4.9, 10.9.4.10, 10.9.5.1, 10.9.5.2, 10.9.5.3, 10.9.5.4, 10.9.5.5, 10.9.5.6, 10.9.5.7, 10.9.5.8, 10.9.5.9, 10.9.5.10, 10.9.6.1, 10.9.6.2, 10.9.6.3, 10.9.6.4, 10.9.6.5, 10.9.6.6, 10.9.6.7, 10.9.6.8, 10.9.6.9, 10.9.6.10, 10.9.7.1, 10.9.7.2, 10.9.7.3, 10.9.7.4, 10.9.7.5, 10.9.7.6, 10.9.7.7, 10.9.7.8, 10.9.7.9, 10.9.7.10, 10.9.8.1, 10.9.8.2, 10.9.8.3, 10.9.8.4, 10.9.8.5, 10.9.8.6, 10.9.8.7, 10.9.8.8, 10.9.8.9, 10.9.8.10, 10.9.9.1, 10.9.9.2, 10.9.9.3, 10.9.9.4, 10.9.9.5, 10.9.9.6, 10.9.9.7, 10.9.9.8, 10.9.9.9, 10.9.9.10, 10.9.10.1, 10.9.10.2, 10.9.10.3, 10.9.10.4, 10.9.10.5, 10.9.10.6, 10.9.10.7, 10.9.10.8, 10.9.10.9, 10.9.10.10, 10.10.1.1, 10.10.1.2, 10.10.1.3, 10.10.1.4, 10.10.1.5, 10.10.1.6, 10.10.1.7, 10.10.1.8, 10.10.1.9, 10.10.1.10, 10.10.2.1, 10.10.2.2, WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 10.10.2.3, 10.10.2.4, 10.10.2.5, 10.10.2.6, 10.10.2.7, 10.10.2.8, 10.10.2.9, 10.10.2.10, 10.10.3.1, 10.10.3.2, 10.10.3.3, 10.10.3.4, 10.10.3.5, 10.10.3.6, 10.10.3.7, 10.10.3.8, 10.10.3.9, 10.10.3.10, 10.i0.4.1, 10.10.4.2, 10.10.4.3, i0.10.4.4, 10.10.4.5, 10.10.4.6, 10.10.4.7, 10.10.4.8, 10.10.4.9, 10.10.4.10, 10.10.5.1, 10.10.5.2, 10.10.5.3, 10.10.5.4, 10.10.5.5, 10.10.5.6, 10.10.5.7, 10.10.5.8, 10.10.5.9, 10.10.5.10, 10.10.6.1, 10.10.6.2, 10.10.6.3, 10.10.6.4, 10.10.6.5, 10.10.6.6, 10.10.6.7, 10.10.6.8, 10.10.6.9, 10.10.6.10, 10.10.7.1, 10.10.7.2, 10.10.7.3, 10.10.7.4, 10.10.7.5, 10.10.7.6, 10.10.7.7, 10.10.7.8, 10.10.7.9, 10.10.7.10, 10.10.8.1, 10.10.8.2, 10.10.8.3, 10.10.8.4, 10.10.8.5, 10.10.8.6, 10.10.8.7, 10.10.8.8, 10.10.8.9, 10.10.8.10, 10.10.9.1, 10.10.9.2, 10.10.9.3, 10.10.9.4, 10.10.9.5, 10.10.9.6, 10.10.9.7, 10.10.9.8, 10.10.9.9, 10.10.9.10, 10.10.10.1, 10.10.10.2, 10.10.10.3, 10.10.10.4. 10.10.10.5. 10.10.10.6. 10.10.10.7, 10.10.10.8. 10.10.10.9, 10.10.10.10 Additional exemplary formula 1 compound groups include the following groups as disclosed below.
Group 2. Group 2 compounds are as named in Table B, R 2 RIA, Y and X substituents are as defined in Table A, but they are bonded to the steroid nucleus shown in formula which is the same as the formula 4 steroid nucleus, except that the 5-6 double bond is absent and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration
H
Qs 04 R2 R1A H H Thus, the group 2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH3 O 17 H CH3 .is Br HO 3 5 7 OH H group 2, compound 1.2.1.1.
Group 3. Group 3 compounds are as named in Table B, R 2 RI A, Y and X substituents are as defined in Table A, but they are bonded to the steroid nucleus shown in formula WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 6, which is the same as the formula 4 steroid nucleus, except that the 5-6 double bond is absent and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the f3-configuration
HH
H H 6.
Thus, the group 3 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure group 3, compound 1.2.1.1.
Group 4. Group 4 compounds are as named in Table B, R 2 RIA, Y and X substituents are as defined in Table A, but they are bonded to the steroid nucleus shown in formula 7, which is the same as the formula 4 steroid nucleus, except that Q3 is -CH 2 0H H yH 16 04 R 2 3 5 7 R A
S
H 7.
Thus, the group 4 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH g3 4 CH2OH T7
H
Sgroup 4, compound 1.2.1.1.
OH
group 4, compound 1.2.1.1.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 Group 5. Group 2 compounds are as named in Table B, R 2
R
1 A, Y and X substituents are as defined in Table A, but they are bonded to the steroid nucleus shown in formula u, hich is ute sae as e frrula 4 steroid niucleus, except that the 5-6 double bond is absent and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration and Q3 is -CH 2 0H X H
CH
2 0H
H
Thus, the group 5 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure Group 6. Group 6 compounds are as named in groups 1-5, except that Q6 in formulas 4-8 is -CH 2 0H instead of methyl. In group 6, there are 5 subgroups of group 6 compounds. The first subgroup, subgroup 6-1, has the same steroid nucleus with the substituents as defined for group 1 compounds while the second, subgroup 6-2, has the same steroid nucleus with the substituents as defined for group 2 compounds. Subgroups 6-3 through 6-5 have the same steroid nucleus with the substituents as defined for group 3 through 5 respectively. Thus, for example, the subgroup 6-1 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure and the subgroup 6-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 Group 7. Group 7 compounds are as named in groups 1-5, except that the Y moiety in formulas 4-8 is in the (3-configuration instead of in the a-configuration. Group 7 comprises subgroups, wherein the compounds are named essentially as described for group 6 compounds, except that the Y group is in the 3-configuration.
Group 8. Group 8 compounds are as named in groups 1-5, except that the X moiety in formulas 4-8 is in the a-configuration instead of in the -configuration. Group 8 comprises subgroups, wherein the compounds are named essentially as described for group 6 compounds, except that the X group is in the a-configuration.
Group 9. Group 9 compounds are as named in groups 1-5, except that the R 2 moiety in formulas 4-8 is in the a-configuration instead of in the 3-configuration. Group 9 comprises subgroups, wherein the compounds are named essentially as described for group 6 compounds, except that the R 2 group is in the a-configuration.
Group 10. Group 10 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
1 -S-C(O)-CH 3 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 3 4 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
-O-S(O)(O)-O-CH
3 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH 3 8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
9 -O-C(S)-CH 3
-O-C(S)-CH
2
-C
6
H
Group 10 comprises 25 subgroups of compounds. The first, subgroup 10-1, has the same steroid nucleus with substituents as defined for group 1, except that the R 2 moieties or groups listed replace those in Table A above. The subgroup 10-1 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure WO 00/32201 PCT/US9928079 the subgroup 10-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure the subgroup 10-6-1 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure and the subgroup 10-6-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure
H
3 C Si
O
Y
a Group 11. Group 11 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
WO 00/32201 PTU9/87 PCT/US99/28079 I -S-C(0)-CH 2
)CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 4 -O-S(0)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 5 -O-S(O)(O)-0-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3 6 -0-S(OXO)-0-CH2-C6H 4
OCH
3 7 -O-C(0)-NH-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
3 8 -O-C(0)-NH-C 6
H
4
OCH
3 9 -O-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3 10 -0-C(S)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 Group 12. Group 12 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
1 -S-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
C(O)OH
2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
F
3 -O-S(0)-O-CH2CH 2
-O-CH
2
C(O)OH
4 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
F
-0-S(0)(0)-0-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
C(O)OH
6 -O-S(O)(O)-0-CH 2
-C
6 4F 7 -Q-C(0)-NH-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
C(O)OH
8 -0-C(Q)-NH-C 6
H
4
F
9 -0-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
C(O)OH
H
2
-C
6
H
4
F
Group 13. Group 13 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
1 -S-C(0)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
OH
2 -S-C(0)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
CH
3 3 -0-S(0)-O-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
2
OH
4 -0-S(0)-0-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
CH
3 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
2
OH
6 -0-S(O)(Q)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
CH
3 7 -0-C(0)-NH-CH 2
CH
2 -0-CH 2
CH
2
OH
8 -0-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
4
CH
3 9 -0-C(S)-CH- 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
OH
-0-C(S)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
CH
3 WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCT/US99/28079 Group 14. Group 14 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
ORPR
3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
ORPR
4 -0SO--H2CH0P
-O-S(O)(O)-O-CH
2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
ORPR
6 -0SO()OC2CH0P 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
ORPR
8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
4
ORPR
9 -O-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
ORPR
-O-C(S)-CH
2
-C
6
H-
4
ORPR
Group 15. Group 15 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
1 -S-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
NHRPR
2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
3 (ORPR 2 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
NHRPR
4 -O-S(O)-OCH 2
-C
6
H
3 (QRPR 2
-O-S(O)(O)-O-CH
2
CH
2
-O.CH
2
CH
2
NHRPR
6 -0SO()OCH-63OP) 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
NHRPR
8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
3 (ORPR 2 9 -O-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
NHRPR
-O-C(S)-CH
2
-C
6
H
3
(ORPR)
2 Group 16. Group 16 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
I -S-C(O)-(CH 2 0 6
-CH
3 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
3 -O-S(O)-O-(CH 2 0 6
-CH
3 4 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
2 0 6
CH
3 6 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
7 -O-C(O)-NH-(CH 2 0 6
-CH
3 8 -O-C(Q)-NH-(CH 2 0 6
-C
6
H
9 -O-C(S)-(CH 2 0 6
-CH
3 WO 00/32201 PTU9187 PCT/US99/28079
-O-C(S)-CH
2
-C
6
H
Group 17. Group 17 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I through 10 in Tabie A are repiaced with the following moieties.
I -S-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 S0-H 2 -S-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 3 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 5 0
-H
4 -O-S(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3
-O-S(O)(O)-O-CH
2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 5 0
-H
6 -O-S(O)(Q)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 7 -O-C(O)-NH-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 -5.
0
-H
8 -O-C(O)-NH-C 6
H
4
OCH
3 9 -O-C(S)-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 5 0-H
-O-C(S)-CH
2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 Group 18. Group 18 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R- moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
I -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
C-
2 1 50
-H
2 -O-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 3 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 0 6
-CH
3 4 -O-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 N0 2 5 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 50
-H
6 -O-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
7 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3 8 -O-C(O)-C 6
H
9 -O-C(O)-CH 2
CH
2
-S-CH
2
CH
3 10 -O-C(O)-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
F
Group 19. Group 19 compou nds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I thr-ough 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
I -O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 2 -O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 3 -O-(CH 2 0 6
-CH
3 4 -Q-CH 2
-C
6
H
4 N0 2
-O-CH
2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 5 0
-H
6 -Q-CH 2
-C
6
H
7 -O-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3 8 WO 00/32201 PTU9/87 PCT/US99/28079 9 -O-CH 2
CH
2
-S-CH
2
CH
3
-O-CH
2 -C6H 4
F
Group 207. Group 20 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties 1 through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
1 -C(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 50
-H
2 -C(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
4
OCH
3 3 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 0 6
-CH
3 4 -C(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6 4N0 2
-C(O)-O-CH
2
CH
2
-(O-CH
2
CH
2 1 50
-H
6 -C(O)-O-CH 2
-C
6
H
7 -C(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3 8 9 -C(O)-O-CH 2
CH
2
-S-CH
2
CH
3
-C(O)-O-CH
2
-C
6
H
4
F
Group 21. Group 21 compounds are as named in groups 1-9, except that R 2 moieties I through 10 in Table A are replaced with the following moieties.
1 12 (G 12 is defined below) 2 -O-C(O)-G12 3 -C(O)-S-GI2 4 -S-C(O)-G12 12 6 -0-C(S)-G12 7 -O-C(O)-NH-G 12 8 -NH-C(O)-O-G]2 9 -C(O)-O-CH- 2 -G 12
-O-C(O)-CH
2 -G 12 Thus, the group 2 1-1 compound named 1.2. 1.1 has the structure 17H hie hegrup 1- cmpun name 1..1.a htutr WO 00132201 PCT/US99/28079 the group 21-3 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure the group 21-4 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure G12, the group 21-6-1 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure
O
H
G12 1-6-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure 0 4 H the group 21-6-2 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 G12 OJ7
H
and the group 21-6-3 compound named 1.2.1.1 has the structure CH2OH
O
0 CH 1 6 G12 3 7 OH
H
H
G12 in Group 21 is an organic moiety comprising 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected O, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is optionally selected from C 1 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 12 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NRPR- (including
N(RPR)
2 (including -NH 2 -C(O)ORPR (including -OC(O)RPR (including -ORPR (including -SRPR (including -NO 2 -CN, -O-A8, -S-A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(0)0-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3
(RPR)
2
OSO
3
H
2 and halogen moieties or atoms, where each RPR is an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C 1-8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C_-4 alkyl-aryl benzyl), aryl phenyl) or C1-4 alkyl-C2-9 heterocycle. G12 moieties include -CH 3
-C
2
H
5
-C
3
H
7
-C
4
H
9
-C
6
H
13
-CH
2
-C
6
H
5
-C
2
H
4
C
6
H
5
-C
3
H
6
-C
6
H
5
-C
6
H
5 -CH2-heterocycle, -CH2-CH 2 -heterocycle and a heterocycle, and of which are substituted with one, two, three or more independently selected -CI, -Br, -I, -CN, -OCH 3
-OC
2
H
5
-OC
4
H
9
-NO
2
-NH
2 -COOH, or moieties.
Other embodiments include the use of any formula 4 compound or genus of formula 4 compounds that are named in any of the foregoing groups for any of the therapeutic or other applications described herein. This includes the use of any named formula 4 compound or genus for any of those applications wherein R 2 is in the a-configuration, (ii) Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, (iii) WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 X is in the a-configuration and the -H at the 17-position is in the -configuration, (iv) Y is in the 3-configuration and the -H at the 16-position is in the a-configuration or RIA is in the aconfiguration and the -H at the 7-position is in the 13-configuration.
Embodiments also include formula 1 compounds formula 4 compounds) wherein R 4 is optionally substituted C.-8 alkyi, optionally substituted C 2 -8 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2- 8 alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycle, optionally substituted C 1 8 alkyl-aryl, optionally substituted C1-8 alkyl-heterocycle or optionally substituted -CH 2 -C 1-8 organic moiety (where the organic moiety is as described for esters), wherein any of the foregoing are independently substitued with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 or more
-NH-
or =NOH, -NO 2 -CN, -Cl, -Br, -OH, -SH, or -NH 2 Such R 4 moieties include -CH 2 -C1.
6 optionally substituted alkyl, -CH 2
-C
2 6 optionally substituted alkenyl, -CH 2 -C 1-6 -optionally substituted aryl and -CH 2
-C
2 9 optionally substituted heterocycle.
Plasma concentration-enhancing compounds. An aspect of the invention comprises administering an effective amount of a plasma concentration-enhancing compound, a compound of formula 2A or 2B compound with a formula 1 compound to facilitate preventing or treating one or more Trypanosome infections in a subject. In addition to the formula 2A or 2B compounds, the plasma concentration-enhancing compounds include bavachinin A, didymin (isosakuranetin-7-rutinoside or neoponcirin), flavanomarein (isookanine-7-glucoside), flavanone azine, flavanone diacetylhydrazone, flavanone hydrazone, silybin, which has the structure
OH
0
C
H
3 HO O 0
HOH
OH O silychristin, which has the structure O-chiral isosilybin, which has the structure WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 OH 0 ri O H
OH
HOOO
CH
3
OH
silandrin, which has the structure OH 0
OH
HO' O CH 3 0I
OH
and a compound having the structure (E)
OH
CH3
CH
OH
OH 0 Collectively, these compounds and the formula 2A and 2B compounds are referred to as the "plasma concentration-enhancing compounds".
The formula 2A and 2B compounds encompass a number of natural and synthetic flavonoids, including certain flavones, flavans, and their iso analogs. The presence of a formula 2A or 2B compound in compositions comprising a formula 1 compound has been found to enhance the systemic bioavailability of formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound. The presence of a formula 2A or 2B compound, naringin or naringenin, results in enhanced plasma concentrations of the formula 1 compound. The formula 2A or 2B compound need not be present in a formulation that contains a formula 1 compound. The formula 2A or 2B can also be administered, about 1-4 hours, before or after, preferably before, the formula 1 compound is WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 administered. In these embodiments, one will administer an oral or parenteral formulation that contains a formula 1 compound and a formula 2A or 2B compound.
The plasma concentration-enhancing compounds include compounds of formulas 50-65 Re
R
Re R 8 Ri00 RO 16 31 RR Re R 8 A R RA R 0 Re RI, R 11 50 51 RI
R
8 ReRSA R R A 0 R R11 Rl WO 00/32201 WO 0032201PCTIUS99/28079 Re R 8 A ReR 8 Re 0 Re R~iR 1 Ilf -N 56 57 ReRR R 11
R
1 58 59 ReR R 1 1 Re 1 I R 61 62 63R R o0e
R
WO 00/32201 PCTIUS9928079 wherein Rg at the 6-position independently are -OH, -CI, -Br, C 1- 6 alkyl, C1- 6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a C 1- 2 5 fatty acid, glucoside, -CH 2
CH=C(CH
3 2 or a group having the structure R8 at the 8-position independently are -OH, -CI, -Br, C1- 6 alkyl, C1- 6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a C1- 2 5 fatty acid, glucoside, -CH 2
CH=C(CH
3 2 or the residue of a formula 50-65 compound where a hydrogen atom is removed to form the formula 50-65 radical; RgA independently are -OH, -Cl, -Br, C i 6 alkyl, C 6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a
C
1 2 5 fatty acid, glucoside, -CH 2
CH=C(CH
3 2 or a group having the structure the remaining Rg independently are -OH, -CI, -Br, C l 6 alkyl, CI- 6 alkoxy, glucuronide, a C 1-25 fatty acid or -CH 2
-CH=C(CH
3 2 and RIO is -OH or -CI, -Br, C1- 6 alkyl, C1- 6 alkoxy, neohesperidoside, apioglucoside, rutinoside, glucoside, galactoside, rhamnoside, arabinoside, or a stereoisomer, hydrate, analog, derivative or metabolite of any of these moieties, any of which are optionally independently substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with -OH, -Cl, -Br, C 1-6 alkyl, Cl.
6 alkoxy, glucuronide or a C1-25 fatty acid, or (ii) R 10 is the radical of bavachinin A, didymin, flavanomarein, flavanone azine, flavanone diacetylhydrazone, flavanone hydrazone, silybin, silychristin, isosilybin, silandrin, a moiety of structure or a stereoisomer, hydrate, analog, derivative or metabolite of any of these moieties.
Additional therapeutic embodiments. In accordance with another preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treatment of one or more of the conditions described above, a Trypanosome infection, comprising administering a combination therapy including one or more of the compounds of the present invention administered simultaneously or sequentially with one or more macrophage stimulating factor (and optionally further co-administering one or more plasma concentration-enhancing compounds). Macrophage stimulating factors are well known to those of skill in the art, examples including GM-CSF (see, Callard et al., The Cytokine Facts Book, Academic Press, 1994, p. 139, which is incorporated herein) and Interleukin-4 (sold by Immunex as "Leukine" and by Schering Plough as "Prokine").
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that compounds that inhibit glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are surprisingly effective against malaria. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to the administration of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor in the treatment of any of the conditions described herein, particularly in the treatment of malaria, optionally in a combination therapy with any other compounds of the present invention or any of the compounds described herein as being suitable for use in a combination therapy. Those of skill in the art are readily familiar with inhibitors of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and can readily identify other material, which exhibits such inhibition.
In another preferred aspect of the present invention, to enhance destruction of parasite infected erythrocytes, the compounds of the present invention can be coadministered with one or more oxidation agent (optionally further together with a plasma concentration-enhancing compound and/or a macrophage stimulating factor), or the patient may be given oxygen ventilation to increase oxidative steroids in the plasma.
The components of any of the combination therapies disclosed herein can be administered simultaneously (in a combination formulation), essentially simultaneously administration of each compound a few minutes or a few hours apart), or can be administered sequentially, e.g., several days apart, or more than a week apart. For example, a compound of the present invention and a plasma-concentration-enhancing compound (and/or a macrophage stimulating factor) can be administered together, or essentially simultaneously, administration of each compound a few minutes or a few hours apart, or can be administered sequentially, several days apart, or more than a week apart (optionally together with simultaneous or sequential administration of oxidating agent or oxygen ventilation). All such variations in administration of the combination therapy are encompassed within the scope of the invention.
The invention also includes pharmaceutical formulations containing any such combination as described herein.
The invention also includes the use of combinations of compounds as disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a condition selected from malaria, African Trypanosomiasis, American Trypanosomiasis, as well as one or more kind of parasites and/or one or more diseases caused by such parasites, against one or more kind of Mycoplasma and/or one or more diseases caused by such Mycoplasmas and/or against one or more of the following indications or infections: hairy Leukoplakia, oral candidosis, mouth ulcerations-aphthous/ herpetic/bacterial, fungal candida, human papilloma virus, (f) molluscum contagiosum, squamous oral carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, (i) periodontitis, necrotizing gingivitis, orafacial herpes zoster, and rotaviruses, as well as all other indications and infections disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,292,725.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 The present invention is also directed to the use of compounds of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment as described herein.
The present invention is aiso directed to administering of compounds of the present invention to provide a prophylactic treatment of a patient against liver parasites, Trypanosome parasites.
Articles of manufacture. The present invention also provides articles of manufacture comprising, for example, packaging material, at least one unit-dosage of a compound of the present invention (optionally together with one or more unit-dosage of a compound which can be administered in a combination therapy) and a label or package insert indicating that the compound can be used in a method disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, an article of manufacture comprises packaging material, at least one unit dose of a 17-ketosteroid compound (a formula I compound) and a label or package insert indicating that the 17-ketosteroid compound (a formula 1 compound) can be used in a method as described herein. The packaging material can be made from one or more generally known materials, foam, cardboard, fiberboard, polystyrene and polypropylene, and is of a size suitable to contain the compound(s) accompanying the packaging material. A label or package insert can be a tag or label secured to the packaging material, a label printed on the packaging material or a label inserted within the packaging material. The label indicates that the 17-ketosteroid can be used in a therapy as disclosed herein, in combination with a plasma concentration-enhancing compound and/or a macrophage-stimulating factor. The label can also indicate that the compound(s) have received approval from an official agency, for example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, for medical or veterinary use according to the method. The label may also indicate suitable administration routes, dosage regimen, and the like. If desired, the article may contain additional components such as at least one unit dose of a plasma concentration-enhancing compound or the macrophage-stimulating factor.
Methods of administration and formulations. The dosage for a particular patient will vary depending on factors such as the overall health of the patient, the method, route and dose of administration and the severity of side effects (if any). Determination of the appropriate dose is made by the clinician using parameters known in the art. Generally, the dose begins with an amount somewhat less than the optimum dose and it is increased by small increments thereafter until the desired or optimum effect is achieved. The dosage of the compounds of the invention is suitably determined depending on the individual cases taking symptoms, age and sex of the subject and the like into consideration. With respect to the duration of treatment, it is typical for skilled clinicians to monitor patients in order to determine when inhibition is providing therapeutic WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 benefit, and to determine whether to increase dosage, decrease dosage, discontinue therapy, resume therapy or alter therapy.
The therapeutically effective dosage of any specific compound will vary somewhat from compound to compound and patient to patient. As a general proposition, a dosage in the range of from about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg will have therapeutic efficacy. Typically, a dosage in the range of from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg will be employed. A daily dosage of a formula 1 compound will typically comprise about 10 to about 750 mg, usually about 20 to about 400 mg, which may be administered as a single dose or as two or more subdoses. Such doses or subdoses may be administered at one or more sites or by one or more than one route of administration. The duration for the treatment is usually once per day for a sufficient length of time for the patient to become asymptomatic, or for symptoms to abate noticeably. Depending upon the severity of the infection in the individual patient, this may last several days, weeks, or longer.
With regard to the frequency and duration of treatment, it is well known that it is within the skill of the ordinary physician to monitor a patient's condition and to make appropriate decisions with regard to discontinuing, interrupting and resuming treatments.
The dosages used in accordance with the invention are suitably determined depending on the individual cases taking symptoms, age and sex of the subject and the like into consideration. In addition, it !is well known that it is within the skill of ordinary artisans to determine suitable dosages based on the above and other factors.
In accordance with the present method, a compound of the present invention may be administered orally, intramuscularly intravenously or subcutaneously with intravenous administration being especially preferred. Although other routes of administration can be used, it has been, found that intravenous administration provides surprising effectiveness. For oral administration, the use of a plasma concentration-enhancing compound may be of great importance. Alternatively, the compound or salt may also be administered intravenously or intramuscularly as a liposomal suspension. The administration may also be in a cyclodextrin formulation (given orally, SC, IV or IM). Compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically or physiologically, acceptable salts, are thus administered by any route suitable to the condition to be treated, including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including ocular, buccal or sublingual), vaginal, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intrathecal, intradural and epidural) and pulmonary by aerosol. Generally, the compounds of the invention are administered parenterally, orally or topically. If an embodiment is not sufficiently orally bioavailable it can be administered by the other routes noted above.
Embodiments include formulations that comprise a liposome or lipid complex that comprises a formula I compound. Such formulations are prepared according to known methods, WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 U.S. patents 4427649, 5043165, 5714163, 5744158, 5783211, 5795589, 5795987, 5798348, 5811118, 5820848, 5834016 and 5882678, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The liposomes may optionally comprise an additional therapeutic or other agent(s), a compound of formula 2A or 2B. The liposomes can be delivered to a subject by any standard route, oral, aerosol or parenteral SC, IV, IM).
Most often, the pharmaceutical compositions useful in the present invention will comprise a compound of Formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. If a solution is desired, water is the carrier of choice with respect to water-soluble compounds or salts. In other embodiments, an organic vehicle, such as glycerol, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, DMSO. DMS0 2 vegetable, mineral oils. ethanol, benzyl benzoate, or mixtures thereof, may be suitable. In general, the solutions in any instance should be sterilized in a suitable manner, preferably by filtration through a 0.22 micron filter. The compositions useful in the practice of the present invention may be provided in the form of vials, ampoules, and the like.
In some embodiments, the formula 1 compound that is present in the compositions or that is used in the methods disclosed herein is completely dissolved in non-aqueous excipients.
However, in some embodiments, transient compositions or some formulations, the formula I compound is partially dissolved while the remaining portion is present as a solid, which can be a suspension or a colloid. In related embodiments, the formula 1 compound is incompletely dissolved and is present as a suspension or gel.
In addition to compounds of formula i, or their salts, the pharmaceutical compositions may contain other additives, such as pH adjusting additives, in particular, agents such as acids, bases, or buffers, including sodium lactate, sodium acetate, and sodium gluconate. Further, such compositions may contain microbial preservatives, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate. If a multiple use vial is supplied, the pharmaceutical composition should likewise include such a microbial preservative. The formulations may be, of course, lyophilized, using techniques well known in the art.
It has been found that with respect to the practice of the method of the present invention, treating malaria with a compound of formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, certain compounds appear to possess superior efficacy to others.
The formulations include those suitable for the foregoing administration routes. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques, excipients and formulations generally are found in, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA 1985, 1 7 th edition, Nema et al., PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Tech. 1997 51:166-171, both of which are WO 00/32201 PCTIUS99/28079 incorporated herein by reference. Methods to make invention formulations include the step of bringing into association a formula 1 compound with one or more excipients or carriers. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the formula 1 compound with liquid excipients or finely divided solid excipients or both, and then, if appropriate, shaping the product.
Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound; as a powder or granules; as solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more excipients.
Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent.
Molded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound therein.
The oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier, which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and fat make up the emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations. Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in formulations comprising a formula 1 or a formula 2A or 2B compound include Tween® 60, Span® cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
Formulations suitable for buccal administration include lozenges comprising a formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia.
WO 00/32201 PCTUS99/28079 Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.
Formulations suitable for intrapulmonary or nasal administration will have a particle size for example in the range of 0.01 to 200 microns (including particle sizes in a range between 0.01 and 500 microns in increments of O.l microns such as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 30 microns, microns, etc.), which is administered by inhalation through the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach the various bronchi or alveolar sacs. Formulations suitable for aerosol or dry powder administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents such as compounds heretofore used in the treatment or prophylaxis of Trypanosome infections. Inhalation therapy is readily administered by metered dose inhalers.
Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the formula 1 compound such carriers or excipients as are known in the art to be appropriate.
Formulations suitable for parenteral administration are sterile and include aqueous and non-aqueous injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials with elastomeric stoppers, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. Unit dosage formulations will typically contain a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as recited above, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of a formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound.
In some embodiments, the formula 1 compounds will be administered on an intermittent basis. In these embodiments, the formula 1 compound, a dose that comprises about 5-500 mg of a formula 1 compound (typically about 50-400 mg), is administered to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day (at least 24 hours), optionally followed by at least one more daily dose of, about 50-500 mg. Intermittent dosing methods may comprise dosing 2, 3 or 4 doses per week) based on a weekly schedule, dosing on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, or on Tuesday, Thursday Saturday for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by periods of about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again on Monday, Wednesday and Friday for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks. Weekly dosing methods may comprise administration of the formula 1 compound to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks.. In related embodiments, dosing may be administered to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 45 60, 90 or more days, optionally followed by another course of daily dosing. These embodiments may further comprise treatment with a formula 2A or 2B compound or another' treatment as described herein.
To the extent not already indicated, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that any one of the various specific embodiments herein described and illustrated may be further modified to incorporate features shown in any of the other embodiments disclosed herein.
Therapeutic applications. For therapeutic applications, the compositions disclosed herein will typically comprise one or more compounds of formula 1, and, the methods disclosed herein will utilize such compositions, which will contain one, two or more of such compounds, usually one. While it is possible for the compounds of the invention to be administered as pure compounds it is preferable to present them as pharmaceutical formulations. The formulations of the present invention comprise at least one formula 1 compound together with one or more acceptable carriers or excipients and optionally other therapeutic agents, a formula 2A or 2B compound(s), chloroquine, a chlroquine analog, a macrophage stimulating factor(s) and/or an oxidation agent(s).
The one or more carriers or excipients must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the patient.
In other embodiments, a dosing regimen for a formula 1 compound will comprise the use of a relatively high induction dose, about 150-750 mg per day or about 150-750 mg per day using an intermittent dosing schedule (such as described herein), followed by lower maintenance dosing, about 50-250 mg per day or about 50-250 mg per day on an intermittent dosing schedule. These embodiments may further comprise treatment with a formula 2A or 2B compound or another treatment as described herein.
Parenteral formulations may comprise a cyclodextrin, an a-cyclodextrin, a (3cyclodextrin P-hydroxypropylcyclodextrin) or a y-cyclodextrin, which are typically employed in aqueous formulations, which optionally comprise one or more of a buffer, a salt (NaCI, etc.) to, render the solution isotonic, a bacteriostat or other excipients as known in the art and a formula 1 compound at a concentration of, about 5-25 mg/mL, typically about 10-20 mg/mL.
Parenteral formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound and one or more excipients may be diluted into, sterile saline and infeused into a subject. Parenteral formulations are typically administered by, intravenous, topical or oral delivery to a subject such as a human. For nonaqueous formulations, one or more solvents such as propylene glycol, a PEG, PEG 300 or PEG 400, ethanol, and benzyl benzoate may be employed. Typical aqueous and non-aqueous formulations will contain about 5 to about 400 mg/mL of a formula 1 compound, usually about WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 to about 200 mg/mL. Such parenteral formulations may be delivered orally, or by intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection.
In preparing co posiiioUis UiaiL comprise a formula i compound (and optionally one or more excipients), one may optionally mill or otherwise granulate the compound to obtain a desired particle size, before or after the formula 1 compound is contacted with one or more excipients. For example, one may mill a formula I compound such as 16ca-bromoepiandrosterone, to obtain an average particle size (or diameter) of about 0.5-25 AM or about 1- 10 AiM about 2, 5 or 10 .M average particle size or diameter) before contacting the milled formula 1 compound with a liquid or solid excipient. Milled formula 1 compound is useful to facilitate dissolution or suspension of the formula 1 compound in one or more liquid excipients a PEG such as PEG 300, propylene glycol or benzyl benzoate) or to facilitate uniformly distributing drug substance when the milled compound is contacted with one or more solid excipients a filler, a binder or a lubricant).
The compositions and formulations disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of, or ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with, the conditions or infections disclosed herein.
These compositions and formulations may also be used to treat, or ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with, a retroviral infection such as a HIVI or HIV2 infection in humans. As used herein, phrases such as "amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with" means that such compounds or formulations may be used to reduce replication of an infectious agent or to reduce the number of infectious agents that are present in a subject or to ameliorate one or more symptoms associated with, or caused by, the condition or infection reduced fever, a shortened duration of, or reduced level of, pain, or a noticeable reduction of or elimination of diarrhea or fatigue).
In addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above the formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring or coloring agents.
The present invention further provides veterinary compositions comprising at least one formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound together with a veterinary carrier therefor. Also, the formula 1 compound may be present in the animal's feed or water. Excipients for veterinary applications may include compounds, small amounts of chloroform, that may not be generally suitable for human use.
Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition to cats, dogs, horses, mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits and other animals and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials that are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 with the formula 1 or formula 2A or 2B compound. These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route, as described herein.
Embodiments of formula 1 compounds include or exclude any subset of compounds within the definition of formula 1, provided that at least one compound remains. For example, a subset of formula 1 compounds that are generally preferred and are usually included, for example are aqueous or nonaqueous formulations comprising 16ca-bromoepiandrosterone. A subset compounds or applications for compounds that are optionally excluded from formula 1 compounds or their uses in any embodiment or claim herein comprises, the use of one or more compounds (or their use) that are disclosed in one or more prior art references or publications, to the extent that the disclosed compounds or uses renders any claim or embodiment unpatentable for novelty, obviousness and/or inventive step reasons.
In other embodiments, a formula 1 compound may be linked to an oligonucleotide or an oligonucleotide analog to facilitate delivery of the oligonucleotide or analog into cells. Typically the formula 1 compound will be linked to the steroid nucleus through a terminal hydroxyl group at a 3' or 2' position of the oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotides and analogs of oligonucleotides are known and have been described, U.S. patents 4725677, 4973679, 4997927, 4415732, 4458066, 5047524, 4959463, 5212295, 5386023, 5489677, 5594121, 5614622, 5624621; and PCT publication Nos. WO 92/07864, WO 96/29337, WO 97/14706, WO 97/14709, WO 97/31009, WO 98/04585 and WO 98/04575 all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Synthesis methods. In general, the compounds employed in the present invention in general may be synthesized in manners known and readily understood by those skilled in the art.
Therefore, there is no need to explain in great detail the methodology used for the synthesis of most such compounds.
Formula 1 compounds that comprise a thioacetal moiety, sulfate ester, sulfite ester, carbamate or thioester moiety at R 2 (the 3-position) are prepared essentially according to methods known in the art. Suitably protected intermediates will be used as is apparent. See, for example, U.S. patent 5198432; European patent publications EP 576915 and EP 576914; C. Christiana et al., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1991 vol 22, C. Christiana et al., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.
1991 19:1403-1405, H.N. Abramson et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977 66:602-603, E.J. Corey et al., J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 1996 118:8765-8766, A.G.M. Barret et al., J. Org. Chem. 1989 54:227, D.H.R.
Barton et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1976 19:2112-2116, D.H.R. Barton et al., J. Chem.
Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1975 16:1574-1585 and W.T. Smith et al., Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 1984 45:76-77, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Enumerated embodiments. Aspects of the invention include the following enumerated embodiments, which further illustrate the invention and preferred aspects thereof or related subject matter.
WO 00/32201 PCTIUS99/28079 1. A method of treating malaria or Trypanosomiasis in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the present invention.
2. A method as recited in embodiment 1, further comprising administering to said patient at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound.
3. A method as recited in embodiment 2, wherein said at least one compound of the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration enhancing compound are administered simultaneously.
4. A method as recited in embodiment 2, wherein said at least one compound of the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered sequentially.
A method as recited in embodiment 2, wherein said plasma concentration-enhancing compound is naringin and/or naringenin.
6. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 1 5, further comprising administering to said patient at least one macrophage stimulating factor.
7. A method as recited in any one of embodiments I 6, further comprising administering to said patient one or more oxidation agent and/or oxygen ventilation.
8. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 1 7, wherein said patient is a mammal.
9. A method as recited in embodiment 8, wherein said patient is a human.
10. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 1 9, wherein said administering is by injection.
11. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 1 9, wherein said administering is by infusion.
12. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 1 9, wherein said administering is by intravenous injection.
13. A method as recited in embodiment 1, wherein said at least one compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula I, wherein R 1 7 is not hydroxy.
14. A method as recited in embodiment 1, wherein said at least one compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds of Formula 1, wherein Q2 is not CH 2 15. A method as recited in embodiment 1, wherein said double bond is not present.
16. A method as recited in embodiment 1, wherein said at least one compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds of Formula 1, wherein Q2 is a halogen.
17. A method as recited in embodiment I, wherein said at least one compound is not
DHEA.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 18. A method of treating sleeping sickness in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
19. A method as recited in embodiment 18, further comprising administering to said patient at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound.
A method as recited in embodiment 19, wherein said at least one compound of the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered simultaneously.
21. A method as recited in embodiment 19, wherein said at least one compound of the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered sequentially.
22. A method as recited in embodiment 19, wherein said plasma concentration-enhancing compound is naringin and/or naringenin.
23. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 18 22, further comprising administering to said patient at least one macrophage stimulating factor.
24. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 18 23, further comprising administering to said patient one or more oxidation agent and/or oxygen ventilation.
A method as recited in any one of embodiments 18 24, wherein said patient is a mammal.
26. A method as recited in embodiment 25, wherein said patient is a human.
27. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 18 26, wherein said administering is by injection.
28. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 18 26, wherein said administering is by infusion.
29. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 18 26, wherein said administering is by intravenous injection.
A method of treating Chagas disease in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
31. A method as recited in embodiment 30, further comprising administering to said patient at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound.
32. A method as recited in embodiment 31, wherein said at least one compound of the 71 present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered simultaneously.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 33. A method as recited in embodiment 31, wherein said at least one compound of the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered sequentially.
34. A method as recited in embodiment 31, wherein said plasma concentration-enhancing compound is naringin and/or naringenin.
A method as recited in any one of embodiments 30 34, further comprising administering to said patient at least one macrophage stimulating factor.
36. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 30 35, further comprising administering to said patient one or more oxidation agent and/or oxygen ventilation.
37. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 30 36, wherein said patient is a mammal.
38. A method as recited in embodiment 37, wherein said patient is a human.
39. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 30 38, wherein said administering is by injection.
40. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 30 38, wherein said administering is by infusion.
41. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 30 38, wherein said administering is by intravenous injection.
42. A method of treating one or more kind of parasites and/or one or more diseases caused by such parasites, against one or more kind of Mycoplasma and/or one or more diseases caused by such Mycoplasmas and/or against one or more of the following indications or infections: hairy Leukoplakia, oral candidosis, mouth ulcerations (aphthous/herpetic/bacterial), fungal candida, human papilloma virus, molluscum contagiosum, squamous oral carcinoma, (h) Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, periodontitis, necrotizing gingivitis, orafacial herpes zoster, and rotaviruses in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
43. A method as recited in embodiment 42, further comprising administering to said patient at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound.
44. A method as recited in embodiment 43, wherein said at least one compound of the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered simultaneously.
A method as recited in embodiment 43, wherein said at least one compound of the present invention and said at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound are administered sequentially.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 46, A method as recited in embodiment 43, wherein said plasma concentration-enhancing compound is naringin and/or naringenin.
47. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 42 46, further comprising administering to said patient at least one macrophage stimulating factor. 48. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 42 47, further comprising administering to said patient one or more oxidation agent and/or oxygen ventilation.
49. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 42 48, wherein said patient is a mammal.
A method as recited in embodiment 49, wherein said patient is a human.
51. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 42 50, wherein said administering is by injection.
52. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 42 50, wherein said administering is by infusion.
53. A method as recited in any one of embodiments 42 50, wherein said administering is by intravenous injection.
54. A composition comprising at least one of the compounds of the present invention, and at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound.
A composition as recited in embodiment 54, further comprising at least one macrophage stimulating factor.
56. A composition as recited in embodiment 54 or 55, further comprising an oxidation agent.
57. A composition comprising at least one of the compounds of the present invention, and at least one macrophage stimulating factor.
58. A composition as recited in embodiment 57, further comprising at least one oxidation agent.
59. A composition comprising at least one of the compounds of the present invention, and at least one an oxidation agent.
A kit comprising unit dosages of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, and unit dosages of at least one plasma concentration-enhancing compound.
61. A kit as recited in embodiment 60, further comprising unit dosages of at least one macrophage stimulating factor.
62. A kit as recited in embodiment 60 or 61, further comprising unit dosages of an oxidation agent.
63. A kit comprising unit dosages of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, and unit dosages of at least one macrophage stimulating factor.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 64. A kit as recited in embodiment 63, further comprising unit dosages of at least one oxidation agent.
A kit comprising unit dosages of at least one of the compounds of the present invention, and unit dosages of at least one oxidation agent.
66. The method, composition or kit of any of embodiments 1-65 wherein the compound of the invention is a formula 1 compound or a metabolite thereof.
67. The method of embodiment 66 wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in compound groups 1-21, or in any formula 1 any formula 4) compound or genus disclosed or named herein, or a metabolite of any of these.
68. A composition comprising 16a-bromoepiandrosterone, and 2, 3, 4 or 5 excipients selected from polyethylene glycol, dehydrated ethanol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol, wherein the composition comprises less than about 3% v/v, or less than about 1% v/v, or less than about 0.5% v/v of water, or less than about 0.1% v/v of water.
69. The composition of embodiment 68 wherein the composition comprises 16abromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 45-55 mg/mL, (ii) 20-30% v/v polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400 or a mixture of polyethylene glycol 300 and 400, (iii) 10-15% v/v dehydrated ethyl alcohol, 2.5-7.5% v/v benzyl benzoate, and (iv) 55-60% v/v propylene glycol.
The composition of embodiment 69 wherein the composition comprises 16abromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL, about 25% v/v polyethylene glycol 300, about 12.5% v/v dehydrated ethyl alcohol, about 5% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 57.5% v/v propylene glycol and less than about 0.5% v/v water.
71. The composition of embodiment 68 wherein the composition comprises 16abromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 50-105 mg/mL, about 27-33% w/w benzyl benzoate, about 27-33% w/w polyethylene glycol 300, about 25-30% w/w propylene glycol and about 1-3% w/w benzyl alcohol.
72. The composition of embodiment 71 wherein the composition comprises 16abromoepiandrosterone at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL (about 10% about 30.4% w/w benzyl benzoate, about 30.7% w/w polyethylene glycol 300, about 28% w/w propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol about 1.9% w/w.
73. The use of a formula 1 compound for making a medicament for the treatment of an infection caused by one or more Trypanosoma or Plasmodium parasites or a Mycoplasma bacterium in a subject, including one or more of Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma gambiense, Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Plasmodiumfalciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale or Plasmodium berghei, Mycoplasmafermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium or Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 74. The use of embodiment 73 wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in compound groups 1-21, or a metabolite thereof.
A method comprising administering an effective amount of a composition of any of embodiments 68-71 to a subject having, or susceptible to, a Trypanosoma, a Plasmodium or a Mycoplasma infection wherein the composition optionally comprises 16a-bromoepiandrosterone and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
76. A method to ameliorate or reduce one or more symptoms associated with a Trypanosoma, a Plasmodium or a Mycoplasma infection in a subject, or to reduce replication of a Trypanosoma, a Plasmodium or a Mycoplasma in a subject infected with a Trypanosoma, a Plasmodium or a Mycoplasma, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of formula 1.
77. The method of embodiment 76 wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound or within a genus of compounds as disclosed herein, a compound or genus named in compound groups 1-21 or in the claims as originally filed, or the formula 1 compound is present in a composition comprising one or more pharmaceutical excipients, any of the formulations disclosed or described herein.
78. A composition comprising a formula 1 compound wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound or within a genus of compounds as disclosed herein, a compound or genus named in compound groups 1-21 or in the claims as originally filed, and at least one excipient and a local anesthetic, wherein the local anaesthetic is optionally selected from procaine, benzocaine and lidocaine.
79. A product produced by the process of contacting a compound of formula 1, any compound named in compound groups 1-21, and a first excipient with a second excipient wherein the product optionally further comprises a local anesthetic, wherein the local anaesthetic is optionally selected from procaine, benzocaine and lidocaine.
A product produced by the process of contacting a compound of formula 1, any compound named in compound groups 1-21, and a first nonaqueous liquid excipient with a second nonaqueous liquid excipient wherein the product comprises less than about 3% w/w water, or less than about 0.5% w/w water, or less than about 0.1% w/w water, and wherein the first or the second nonaqueous liquid excipient optionally excludes one or more of dimethylsulfoxide, chloroform, dioxane, a vegetable oil and olive oil, and wherein the product optionally further comprises a local anesthetic, wherein the local anaesthetic is optionally selected from procaine, benzocaine and lidocaine.
81. A method comprising administering an effective amount of the composition of embodiment 78 or the product of embodiments 79 or 80 to a subject having an infection or condition described herein, Malaria, African Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease, whereby the infection or condition, or a symptom thereof, is eliminated, reduced, treated, improved or ameliorated.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 82. The method of embodiment 81 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16ahaloepiandrosterone or 16a-halodehydroepiandrosterone.
EXAMiPLES The following examples further illustrate the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Example 1. 16a-Bromoepiandrosterone formulation 1. Two lots of a non-aqueous formulation was made at a 16a-bromoepiandrosterone ("BrEA") concentration of 50 mg/mL in polyethylene glycol 300, 12.5% dehydrated ethyl alcohol, 5% benzyl benzoate, and 57.5% propylene glycol, hereafter "formulation as follows. BrEA was obtained from Procyte, Inc.
The remaining excipients are shown below.
Excipient Specifica-tion Supplier Final Product Lot No. Concentration Propylene glycol USP Arco Chemical 57.5% (v:v) HOC-61220-01104 Polyethylene NF Union Carbide 25% (v:v) glycol 300 695752 Dehydrated alcohol USP McCormick Distilling 12.5% (v:v) (ethanol) 97K10 Benzyl benzoate USP Spectrum 5% (v:v) Pharmaceuticals MG025 The formulation was prepared by suspending BrEA in polyethylene glycol 300, and sequentially adding propylene glycol, benzyl benzoate, and dehydrated ethyl alcohol to form a solution, which was diluted to the final desired volume with additional propylene glycol. The procedure is described below.
The calculated amount of polyethylene glycol 300 was added to a compounding vessel.
Then, while mixing, the calculated amount of BrEA was added to the vessel, and mixed for at least minutes to form a smooth, creamy liquid. Propylene glycol was added to the vessel, and mixed for a minimum of 5 minutes to form a uniform suspension. The calculated amount of benzyl benzoate is added to the vessel, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes to form a translucent liquid suspension. Dehydrated alcohol was added to the vessel, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes to form a clear, colorless solution. Propylene glycol was then added to achieve the desired final formulation, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes. The drug solution was transferred to a volume-dispensing device set to deliver 1.2 mL per vial. Under nitrogen pressure, the solution was filtered through two 0.2 pm polyvinylidene fluoride filters in series before dispensing. The vials were capped with Teflon-coated, butyl-rubber stoppers and crimp sealed.
Materials used in the product vials are listed below.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 Material Source Product Code Description Vial Wheaton 2702-B51BA Tubing vial, 2 mU/13 mm, glass, type I amber Stopper Omniflex V9239 FM257/2 13 mm, Teflon coated, butyl rubber stopper Seal West 4107 Flip seal, 13 mm, mist gray bridge Example 2. BrEA formulation 2. A formulation containing 100 mg/mL of BrEA, w/w, in benzyl benzoate (USP) 30.4% w/w, polyethylene glycol 300 (NF) 30.7% w/w, propylene glycol (USP), qs, about 28% w/w and benzyl alcohol (NF) 1.9% w/w, hereafter "formulation 2", was prepared as follows. A desired amount of BrEA (1.0 kg) was suspended in PEG 300 (about L) in a compounding vessel and mixed for at least 5 minutes at room temperature to form a smooth creamy liquid. The needed amount of propylene glycol (about 1.5 L) was then added and mixing was continued for at least 5 minutes to form a uniform suspension. Benzyl benzoate (about L) was then added and the vessel contents were mixed for about Sminutes to form a translucent suspension. Benzyl alcohol (about 200 mL) was then added and the mixing was continued for about 5 minutes to form a clear, colorless solution. Propylene glycol was then added to achieve the desired final formulation volume (about 1.5 L) and mixing was continued for about 5 minutes. The drug solution was transferred to a volume-dispensing device, which was set to deliver 1.2 mL per vial (2 mL, glass, type 1 amber vials). The formulation was filtered under nitrogen pressure (about 3 atm) through two 0.2 pm polyvinylidine fluoride filters in series. The vials were capped using Teflon-coated, butyl rubber stoppers and then crimp sealed essentially as described in example 1.
The vials were stored in the dark at reduced temperature (about 2-8oC).
Example 3. In vitro testing. For in vitro antimalarial testing, micro-titer plates were used. The concentration of drugs were prepared as pMol/well according to WHO standard procedures (WHO, 1990). The test compound was dissolved in 15% DMSO in sterile RPM11640.
Both chloroquine sensitive (WS/97) and resistant (MN/97) isolates were used throughout the experiments.
A. Schizont inhibition assay: The micro-titer plates were predosed with various concentrations of the test compound. 50 pL of parasitised erythrocyte suspension in RPMI-1640 (0.2 mL erythrocyte 0.3 mL serum 4-5 ml RPMI-1640) were dispensed in microtiter wells that contained various concentrations of drug. Triplicate readings were made for each concentration.
B. 3 H-Hypoxanthine incorporation assay: The testing was carried out according to the procedure of Desjardins et al.. 1979. After 30 hr culture at 37 degrees C, the same microtiter plates from schizont inhibition assays with another triplicate wells were pulsed with 3 H-hypoxanthine for WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 overnight. The cell suspensions were washed twice on millipore glass fiber filter with Millipore filter apparatus. The filter discs were counted for DPM by a Beckman LS6000 13-scintillation counter. The activity of the drug was measured by plotting DPM against concentration of drug.
Activity of compounds against Chloroquine sensitive T996/86 P. falciparum in vitro.
Concentra- DHEA Bromine- Etienic Acid Etianic Acid tion (pM) Inhibition) Epiandrosterone Methyl Ester Methyl Ester Inhibition) Inhibition) Inhibition) 65.6 98 60 61.5 44 60.1 45.7 47.4 38.3 50 40.9 45.3 3.25 37.2 43.7 46 41.4 1.875 23.2 40.9 41 43.4 0.938 37.2 31.8 43.3 47.1
IC
5 0 19.0 gM 7. 5 M 19.5 rM 17.5 gM Concentration (nM) Inhibition Chloroquine Chloroquine 200 95.9 100 94.6 97.3 94.5 12.5 86.8 6.25 27.2
IC
5 0 9.0 nM The activity of 16-chloro-epiandrosterone and DHEA-Br against chloroquine sensitive T996.86 and chloroquine resistant KI P. falciparum in vitro is shown below.
T996.86 KI 16-chloroepiandrosterone IC 50 -9.25 pgmL-1 -9.25 g.gmL1 DHEA-Br IC 50 -25.0 pgmL- 1 -25.0 pgmL-1 Example 4. Four-day in vivo test protocol for P. berghei. The 4-day suppressive test has been widely used since it can be performed with a 1 -week period. The test consists of the inoculation of parasitised erythrocytes on Monday, the first day of the experiment followed by an injection of the test compound, which is repeatedly administered on D+1, D+2, D+3. On D+4 (Friday), blood films are taken and antimalarial activity is assessed either by calculating WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 parasitaemias, or by scoring parasite numbers on a predetermined scale Peters (1970) described a basic procedure using this 4-day test.
PROTOCOL
1 5 female TO mice per test group.
2. Parasites berghei HP15 ANKA) were collected by cardiac puncture in a heparinised syringe from a donor mouse harboring a 30+% parasitaemia.
3. Blood was diluted with diluting agent (50% HIFCS+50% sterile PBS) to a final concentration of 1% parasitaemia or 1X107 infected erythrocytes per 0.2 mL infecting suspension.
4. Each mouse was inoculated intravenously, producing a more uniform infection rate than an intraperitoneal administration of parasites.
Test compounds were prepared at doses of 100 mg/kg in (16.7% DMSO 83.3% Celacol).
6. Test compounds were administered intraperitoneally 2 hours after parasite inoculation.
7. The compounds were administered once a day starting on DO, and continued on D+l, D+2 and D+3.
8. Blood films were made from tail blood on D+4, fixed with 100% methanol and stained with 10% Giemsa.
9. Parasitaemias were scored on a scale of 0-5, where a 5 would be equal to the control.
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL: female mice/group (strain TO) were used and an inoculum consisting of 1 parasitaemia or 1x10 7 parasites/mL, 0.2 mL/mouse was delivered by intravenous injection. Drug administration commenced 2 hours after inoculation on Day 1 and continued for 3 days. Blood films from all 20 mice were made on Day 5 and parasitaemias were assessed. The results are shown below.
Compound Treatment Parasitaemia Score (0 Bromine-Epiandrosterone 100mg/kg x 4 days 1 Etienic Acid 100mg/kg x 4 days i.p. 2 DHEA 100mg/kg x 4 days i.p. 1 Chloroquine 3 mg/kg x 4 days i.p. I control N/A i.p. intraperitoneal injection WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 Example 5. Interim in vivo malaria study.
Basic Protocol: 1. Infect mouse to parasitemia using a solution containing x 107 erythrocytes/mL by I.V. injection.
2. Two hours later give drug preferably by I.V. injection.
3. Drug Bromine-Epiandrosterone (Epi-Br) given (0.2 mL I.V. or once a day for 4 days.
4. Tail snips to obtain blood after study.
Experimental results: Day 0 T 0 Mice were infected with P. berghei. Parasites were harvested from cardiac mouse blood, and mice were infected using 0.2 ml of blood with 14% parasitaemia per mouse
I.V.
T 2 hours First dose given: 100 mg/kg I.V. or S.C.
T=4days Daily doses of 100 mg/kg I.V. or S.C.
T 7 days 2/5 dead in the untreated control group dead in the S.C. group.
T 8 days 1/3 dead in the untreated control group.
No deaths occurred in the group receiving I.V. drug at day 30, but all control animals were dead by day 10. All animals treated by S.C. delivery were dead by Day 11.
Example 6. Mouse in vitro and in vivo study. In the in vitro protocol the parasite (Plasmodiumfalciparum, chloroquine sensitive strain WT and chloroquine resistanr strain Dd2) level is adjusted to 1% and the hemocrit is adjusted 7% with medium. Using a 96 well plate, pL of parasite and 100 pL of drug mixed with media are added to each well and the procedure is done in triplicate. The plate is placed in a chamber containing a physiological gas mixture and incubated at 370C. The media/drug mixture is changed at 24, 48 and 72 hours. On day 5 (96 hours) slides of each well are made, stained with Gemsia and 500 red blood cells are counted for each slide. The triplicates are averaged and data are reported in percent inhibition.
In the in vivo protocol, Lewis rats weighing 80-85 grams were given a standardized IP injection of parasite (Plasmodium berghei). Rats were then intravenously injected 2 hours later with one of the treatments described in the table below, returned to their housing, fed standard lab chow and allowed free access to water. Animals were weighed and treated again 24, 48, and 72 hours after the first treatment and again returned to their housing and they were allowed free access to food and water. The animals were weighed again and then bled using a 26-gauge needle on day 5, 11 and 28 post inoculation. Hemocrits were measured and blood smears are prepared for each WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 rat. The blood smears were then stained using Gemsia and the level of parasitemia (defined as the percent of red cells with parasites) were determined. Animals were again returned to their housing and observed twice daily for evidence of progressive disease, defined as listlessness and or adverse drug reaction, which is defined as a loss of 20% of original body weight, for a total of 28 days: If either progressive disease or drug reaction is noted, the animals are euthanized.
The PPB2 formulation comprised a sterile solution containing 15 mg/mL of 16abromoepiandrosterone in 45% 1-cyclodextrin and 0.9% saline.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Control 0.9% Chloroquine Control PPB2 Low Dose PPB2 High Dose saline 40mg/kg (LD) 30 mg/kg (HD) 60 mg/kg The intravenous injections were given on days 0, 1, 2 and 3 and the results are shown below. The results showed that treatment in vivo with a formulation comprising 16cxbromoepiandrosterone reduced parasitemia to a level comparable to that seen with the chloroquine control.
PPB2 In Vivo Run #1 Day 4 0 Saline Clq LD PPB2 HD PPB2 WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 PPB2 In Vivo Run #1(Day 11) O Saline Clq LD PPB2 HD PPB2 Example 7. Human clinical study. Response to drug treatment was graded as per World Health Organization criteria (WHO 1973). Evaluation of therapeutic response was determined using the parasitic and fever clearance times. Parasite clearance was expressed as three indices; the time for the parasite count to fall by 50% of the pre-treatment (baseline) value (PC 5 0 to fall by of the baseline value (PC 90 and to fall below the level of microscopic detection (parasite clearance time PCT) (White and Krishna 1989; White et al. 1992). The fever clearance time was defined as the time from drug administration till the oral or rectal temperature fell to or below 37.20 C and remained so for at least 48 h.
Venous blood (5mL) was obtained from two patients before treatment and at 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 20, 24, 30 and 36 h after treatment or at 4 or 6-hourly intervals after treatment until there was complete clearance of peripheral parasitemia. Blood was collected aseptically and transferred to mL syringes containing 2 mL of acid citrate dextrose (ACD) for in vitro culture. Prior to incubation, the plasma was separated from the red blood cells and the red blood cells were washed twice. Parasites were cultured by modification of standard in vitro culture techniques (Trager and Jensen 1976; Oduola et at. 1992). Samples were dispensed into sterile centrifuge cubes within min of collection and spun down. The supernatant plasma was stored while the packed cells were washed twice with culture medium (washing medium, RPMI 1640 medium, containing 25 mM HEPES buffer and 25 mmol/L NaOH). The buffy coat was removed by vacuum aspiration. A 1:10 fold dilution was done for each blood sample with complete washing medium [CMP (washing medium supplemented with 10 human plasma)]. One milliliter each of the sample was WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 transferred into 2 wells of a 24 well micro culture plate. Cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% 02 and 90% N 2 premixed gas. The culture medium was changed daily and thin blood smears were prepared for microscopy at 24 and 48 h after the culture has been set up. The culture samples were diluted with unparasitized washed type A Rh-positive red blood cells if the proportion of parasitized red blood cells was more than 2%.
Microscopy. During the in vivo study, thin and thick blood films were fixed with dehydrated methanol (100%) and heat, respectively, were stained with 10% Giemsa for 20 min.
Parasitemia was quantified in thin films by counting 2000 red blood cells in clear contiguous fields and finding the proportion that was parasitized. In thick films, parasitemia was quantified by counting parasites against leukocytes. A film was declared negative if no parasites were found after examination of 200 microscope fields of a thick smear. During in vitro and ex vivo study, pretreatment thin and thick smears were, graded for ring stages by the method of Jiang as modified by Li et al. (Jiang et al, 1982; Silamut and White 1993; Li et al, 1994). Approximately 5000 erythrocytes were counted in clear contiguous fields 24 and 48 h after incubation of blood obtained at each time point and graded for maturity into tiny rings, small rings, large rings, pigmented trophozoites and schizonts. Functional viability was estimated as the percentage of asexual ring forms capable of maturing to pigmented trophozoites or schizonts after 24-48 h of in vitro culture (Watkins et al. 1993).
Calculations of parameters. The Patients presented with acute symptomatic severe non-cerebral pure P. Falciparum malaria, they had oral fluid intolerance and had body temperatures greater than 39 degrees C, greater than 5000 parasites per micro liter of blood and asexual parasitemia and they had a negative urine test for antimalarial drugs. They were administered mL intravenously every four hours with bromine epiandrosterone (16a-bromoepiandrosterone) suspended in 45% beta cyclodextrin in saline at a concentration of 25 mg/mL. This regimen was continued for four days. Parasitemia quantification and clinical examination were done once every 6 hours for the first 72 hours, followed by daily assessment of the parameters up to day 7 (168 hrs) and thereafter on day 14.
The blood films were Giemsa-stained and parasitemia quantification was done in thick films by counting 2000 parasites against leukocytes, and the thin films by finding the proportion of infected red blood cells. Response to drug treatment was graded according to WHO criteria.
Evaluation of therapeutic response was done using the parasitic and fever clearance times. Parasite clearance was expressed as three indices: The time for the parasite count to fall by 50% of the pre-treatment (baseline) value (PC 6 0 to fall by 90% of the baseline value (PC 90 and to fall below the level of microscopic detection (parasite clearance time) PCT.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US998079 The fever clearance time was defined as the time from drug administration until the oral/rectal temperature fell to below 37.2 degrees C and remained so for greater than 48 hours.
I.V. Bromine Epiandrosterone Malaria Patient Trial Patient A Patient B Fever clearance time 12 hrs 18 hrs Parasite clearance times (H) Time to 50% clearance 18 hrs 24 hrs Time to 90% clearance 24 hrs 48 hrs Time to 100% clearance 48 hrs 64 hrs Results. The response consisted of parasite clearance in both patients, the clearance rate at day 14 was 100%.
Example 8. Cellular studies in vitro. The effect of Bromine Epiandrosterone (EPI, 16abromoepiandrosterone) on pentosephosphate shunt (PPS) activity in normal human RBC was examined using whole cells. Since glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ("G6PD") is the limiting enzyme of the PPS, PPS flux measurement is considered to better reflect G6PD activity in the whole cell compared to G6PD activity measurement in a cell lysate. G6PD activity measured in a cell lysate is typically about 1100-fold higher than the PPS flux in whole resting unstimulated RBC (G6PD activity in cell lysate: 165; PPS flux 0.142 micromoles/hour/ml RBC). PPS flux and G6PD activity in the whole RBC depends on a number of factors (the concentration of NADPH, NAD, and ATP, and intracellular pH), which are kept constant if the measurement is performed in the lysate and may vary in the whole RBC. Levels of G6PD activity in cells is considerably above normal basal needs and inhibition of overall G6PD activity might have no or minor consequence on PPS flux in the whole cell. For example, RBC with the Mediterranean G6PD mutant with about 1-3 percent residual activity compared with normal individuals have no impairment in basal PPS flux, but show impaired flux when flux through PPS is stimulated by methylene blue addition. A series of experiments were perfromed using varying amounts of EPI and PPS flux was measured in unstimulated basal RBC and in methylene-blue (MB)-stimulated RBC.
The data below shows PPS flux (micromoles/hour/ml RBC) in basal unstimulated, and MB-stimulated normal RBC. Different concentrations of EPI 3.5 and 7 micromolar, final) were supplemented to suspensions of washed RBC suspended in RPMI, pH 7.4 at 10% hematocrit, whereby PPS flux was immediately measured without further incubation and without further washings. A minor inhibition of MB-stimulated PPS flux was observed with EPI at 7 9M.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 PPS flux control, unsiimulaLe RBC 230 DMSO control, unstimulated RBC 270 DMSO control, MB stimulated RBC 5090 0.3 pM EPI, unstimulated 250 0.3 pM EPI, MB stimulated 5000 gM EPI, unstimulated 270 pM EPI, MB stimulated 4950 7 uM EPI, unstimulated 295 7 uM EPI, MB stimulated 4660 The data below shows average values of 3 experiments, where basal, unstimulated, and MB-stimulated PPS flux (micromoles/hour/ml RBC) was measured in normal RBC. In these experiments, different concentrations of EPI 8 and 80 micromolar, final) were supplemented to suspensions of washed RBC suspended in RPMI, pH 7.4 at 10% hematocrit. After a incubation at 370 C with and without EPI, PPS flux was measured. The results showed a dose-dependent inhibition of MB-stimulated PPS flux. Inhibition was 10% at 8 micromolar (p=0.00 6 vs control+DMSO) and 25% at 80 micromolar (p=0.002 vs control+DMSO).
PPS flux control, unstimulated RBC 430 control, MB stimulated RBC 5410 DMSO control, unstimulated RBC 480 DMSO control, MB stimulated RBC 4890 0.8 gM EPI, unstimulated 410 0.8 pM EPI, MB stimulated 4930 8 pM EPI, unstimulated 450 8 pM EPI, MB stimulated 4430 80 pM EPI, unstimulated 450 RM EPI. MB stimulated 3660 Example 9. Inhibition of parasite growth. The effect of EPI (16a-bromoepiandrosterone) on parasite (Plasmodiumfalciparum) growth was shown. EPI was active at a concentration of 1 pM.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 Parasitemia after treatment Time 0 24hrs 48hrs72hrs control DMSO 5% 5.40% 3.10% 5.20% Epi 1 gM 5% 5.70% 5,50% 1,60% Epi 10 pM 5% 5,60% 0.90% 0 Epi 100 g.M 5% 0 0 0 Epi 500 gM 5% 0 0 0 control DMSO 2% 8.80% 11% 8% Epi 50 nM 2% 9.90% 9.20% 8.30% Epi 1 pM 2% 5.80% 6.10% 2.10% Epi 2.5 UiM 2% 7.30% 5.80% 3.20% Epi 5 p.M 2% 5.40% 6% 1.80% Epi 10 l M 2% 4.20% 3% 0 Epi 50 uM 2% 0 0 0 Parasitemias were determined by standard methods (microscopic inspection of at least 500 cells, stained with Diff-QuickTM (Baxter). Parasites were cultured under standard conditions in RPMI-1640 supplemented with Hepes/Glucose (10 mM), glutamine (0.3 g/liter) and 10% human plasma. The hematocrit was 1%.
Example 10. Stimulation of phagocytosis. The capacity of EPI (16a-bromoepiandrosterone) to influence phagocytosis of Plasmodium parasite infected RBC is examined using adherent human monocytes. The parasitemia level is about 8-10% and human monocytes are obtained from buffy coats from blood as follows. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells are separated from freshly collected platelet-poor buffy coats discarded from blood samples of heafthy adult donors of both sexes. Separated cells are washed once with luke-warm PBS supplemented with 10 mM glucose (PBS-G) and resuspended at 5 x 106 cells/mL in ice-cold RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 23 mM NaHCO 3 and 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.4 (RMBH). Dynabeads M450 Pan B and Pan T (Dynal) are added to cells in a 4:1 ratio for 20 min at 40C. B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes are removed as specified by the manufacturer. The remaining monocytes are washed 2 times in RMBH, resuspended in AIM V cell culture medium (Gibco) at 1 x 106 cell/mL.
The monocyte layer is collected, washed with PBS-G at 37 0 C and resuspended in AIM V medium at 1 x 106 cells/mL. Purified cells are >90% monocytes as assessed by CDI4 expression.
WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 Phagocytosis of opsonized parasitized RBC (PE) is determined as follows. Phagocytosis of fresh-serum opsonized PE is initiated by mixing 10 PE/monocyte. Suspensions are briefly centrifuged (150 x g for 5 sec at room temperature) to improve contact between PE and monocytes.
To avoid attachement of monocytes after centrifugation and during the whole incubation period, cells are kept in suspension at 5 x 106 cells/5 mL AIM V medium in 6 cm diameter teflon bottom dishes (Heraeus) in a humidified incubator (95% air, 5% CO 2 at 370C. On average, at least of the monocytes phagocytose PE, as assessed by microscopic inspection. Control cells are kept under similar conditions without phagocytosis. Quantitative assessment of phagocytosis is performed by a previously described bioluminescence method Schwarzer, et al., Br. J.
Haematol. 1994 88:740-745).
Erythrocyte treatments and parasite cultures are as follows. Fresh blood is used to isolate erythrocytes (RBC). Washed RBC are infected with schizont/trophozoite parasite stages (Palo Alto strain, mycoplasma-free). Stage specific parasites are isolated by the Percoll-mannitol method. Briefly, normal schizont-stage parasitized E (SPE) separated on Percoll-mannitol gradient (parasitemia 95% SPE) are mixed with E suspended in growth medium (RPMI 1640 medium containing 25 mmol/L Hepes, 20 mmol/L glucose, 2 mmol/L glutamine, 24 mmol/L NaHCO3, 32 mg/L gentamicin and 10% AB or A human serum, pH 7.30) to start synchronous cultures at selected hematocrit values. The inoculum parasitemia is adjusted to 20% normal SPE for isolation of ring parasitized RBC (RPE) and to 5% normal SPE for isolation of trophozoite-stage parasitized E (TPE). At 14-18 hours after inoculum parasites are at ring-stage in the first cycle; at 34-33 hours, parasites are at trophozoite-stage in the first cycle; and at 40-44 hours after inoculum parasites are at schizont-stage in the first cycle. RPE, TPE and SPE are separated on Percoll-mannitol gradients. The parasitemia is usually 8-10% RPE, and >95% TPE.
Nonparasitized and parasitized RBC are counted electronically. To assess total parasitemia and relative contribution of RPE, TPE and SPE, slides are prepared from cultures at indicated times, stained with Diff-QuikTM parasite stain and 400-1000 cells are examined microscopically.
The effect or EPI in parasitized RBC is examined using various concentrations of EPI, e.g., pM, I gM, 10 gM, 25 ptM and 50 tiM. Trophozoite-parasitized RBC, schizont-parasitized RBC or ring-parasitized RBC are examined as described.
Example 11. Human clinical trial. The clinical trial protocol that incorporates about patients is established. For a phase 1 or I/II trial, the patients are mildly infected with one or more Plasmodium parasites and they are mildly symptomatic (less than about 8-10% parasitemia of RBC). Before treatment, the patients are optionally tested for infection with HIV, HCV, TB, and Cryptosporidium. Patients with one or more co-infections are given standard care for the WO 00/32201 PCT/US99/28079 coinfection. The patients are hospitalized for treatment tor one week. Iwo or more dose groups, 25, 50 or 100 mg/day of 16a-bromoepiandrosterone (BrEA), or an ester thereof, administered parenteraiiy, by intramuscuiar or intravenous injection, on 3, 4 or 5 days of the week when patients are dosed. Dosing is on consecutive days or on an intermittent schedule, 2, 3 or 4 doses with one dose administrered every other day. The formulation containing BrEA is as described herein, the formulation of example 1 or 2. At day 5-7, if less than about reduction in parasitemia is observed, the patients are given standard care for malaria (mefloquine).
During the week of treatment and for 1, 2 3, or more weeks theerafter, blood samples are taken periodically for evaluation of parasitemia, pharmacokinetics, plasma cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IGF yIFN, GM-CSF), and intracellular cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IGFI, yIFN, GM-CSF). The patients are optionally treated again at about 2 to 12 weeks after the initial dosing, using the same or a similar protocol as that used in the initial dosing protocol.
To the extent not already indicated, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that any one of the various specific embodiments herein described and illustrated may be further modified to incorporate features shown in other of the specific embodiments.
The foregoing detailed description has been provided for a better understanding of the invention only and no unnecessary limitation should be understood therefrom as some modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without deviating from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
99a in the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention.
go oio H,\Shonal\Keep\peci\174S3-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04

Claims (57)

1. Use of a compound of formula 1 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a Trypanosona or Plasmodiumn infection, wherein formula 1 is R 3 14 2 3 wherein QiL is -C(R 1 2 or-CO; Q2 is -C(Ri) 2 -C(Rj) or -CH 2 -CH 2 Q3 and Q6 independently are -H or -C(RI) 3 :Q4 is -C (Rj) 2 -C hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; is -C(R 1 2 or X and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl, -0-C (0)-R 5 -C -R 5 a halogen or =0; each R, independently is a halogen, -OH, C 16 alkoxy, or C 1 6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C 1 6 alkyl, CI-6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R 3 is -S -OM, -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -R 6 -CH 2 -O-C -R 6 -P -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -R 7 -CH 2 -0-C -R 7 a glucuronide H,\Shorlal\Keep\Speci\l7453-O Speci Claims 30/01/04 101 group of structure (A) COOH H 3 C 0 OH OH CH3 or R 3 is C 1 18 alkyl, C 2 -is alkenyl, C2- 18 alkynyl, a C 1 18 ester or a Ci-ia thioester, where any of the foregoing C 1 18 or C 2 18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR R -NHR or -SR groups, or R 3 is a C 1 1 8 fatty acid, C 2 1 0 alkynyl, (J)n-phenyl-C 1 _s-alkyl, n-phenyl-C2 alkenyl; S: each R 5 independently is straight or branched C1- 14 0 alkyl; each R 6 independently is C1-1 4 straight or branched .alkyl; and each R 7 independently is C 1 14 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure 15 each RPR independently is -H or an independently *selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is a halogen, C 1 4 alkyl, C 2 -4 alkenyl, C1-4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 -6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 -6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, -S -O-CH 2 -CH (O-C -R 6 -CH 2 -O-C -Re, (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof, provided that the compound is not dehydroepiandrosterone, the 30-sulfate of H,\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 102 dchydr epiandrosterone, a salt, ether or ester of either compound.
2. Use according to claim 1 wherein the use of the medicament is by administration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol.
3. Use according to claim 2 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the medicament to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the medicament to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing 15 again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or S(c) administration of the medicament to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing.
4. Use according to claim 1 wherein S 25 Qi is -CH(halogen)-, -CH(Ci-6 alkoxy)-, -C(C 1 -6 alkoxy) -C(C-s 6 alkoxy) (halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C(Ci-6 alkoxy) C1-6 alkyl)-, -C(halogen) or -C(C1- 6 alkyl) Q2 is -CH(C-6 alkoxy)-, -CH(halogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C(Ci-6 alkyl) -C(C 1 -6 alkoxy) -C(C 1 -6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(C 1 -6 alkyl) -C(C 1 -6 alkoxy) (O-C -C(halogen) -C(C 1 -6 alkoxy) (halogen)- or -CH 2 -CH 2 Q3 is -CH 3 or -H in the P-configuration; Q6 is -CH 3 or -C 2 H 5 in the P-configuration; H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 103 Q 4 is- 2 -CH(haiogen)-, -C (Cl 6 alkoxy) (OH) -C (Cl- 6 alkyl) (OH) -C (OH), -C(halogen)=, -C(CI- 6 alkoxy)=, -C(Cl. 6 alkyl)=, hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; Q 5 is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, -CH(alkyl)-, -CH(alkoxy)-, -C(Cl 1 6 alkoxy) -C (Cl 6 alkyl) (OH) -C (CI- 6 alkoxy) (halogen) -C(Cl 1 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen)=, -C(C 1 6 alkoxy)= or -C(C 1 6 alkyl)=, X is -OH, =0 or -0-C (0)-R 5 and R 2 is -OH, C 1 6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate, or wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure 4, 5 or 6 5 6 of00 250 06X0 HO 203 H,\Shonal\Keep\SPeci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 104 Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH the formula 1 compound has the structure Q 4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; R 2 is -OH, -0-P -O-CH 2 -CH -CH 3 -CH 2 -0- C CH 3 -0-S -OH, -0-S -ONa 4 -0-S -OC 2 H 5 -O-CH 2 -cH (O-c -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 -0-S OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0 -5S(0) OC (CH 3 3, s- c CH 3 -5S- C CH 2 C 6 H5, -0-S -O-CH 3 -0-s -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S -0-CH 3
05-S(0) -OCH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-c -NH-CH 3 -0-c -NH-C 6 H 5 -O-C(S)-CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0- CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 .1 15 C6H 4 0CH 3 -0-c(o)-N-cH 2 cH 2 -O-cH 2 cH- 3 -O-c(o)-NH-c 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-c(S)-cH 2 cH 2 -0-cH 2 cH 3 -0-c(S)-cH 2 -c4-I 4 OCH 3 -cH- 2 cH 2 a.:O-cH 2 c (0)OH, -s-c (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S -O-cH 2 -c 6 H 4 F, -0-5 -O-cH 2 cH 2 -O-cH 2 c OH, -0-S -O-cH 2 -c 6 H 4 F, -0-c -NH-cH 2 cH 2 -O-cH 2 c OH, -NH-c6H 4 F, -cH 2 cH 2 -O-cH 2 c(O)OH, -CH 2 c 6 H 4 F, -cH 2 cH 2 -O-cI 2 cH 2 OH, -cH 2 -c 6 H 4 cH 3 -o-c 2 cH 2 -O-c 2 cH 2 OH, -O-cH 2 -c 6 H 4 cH 3 -0-cH 2 dH 2 -O-cI 2 cH 2 OI, -0-5 -O-cH 2 -c 6 H 4 cH 3 -0-c (0)-NH-cH 2 CH 2 -O-cH 2 cH 2 OH, -0-c (0)-NH-c 6 H 4 cH 3 -0-c cH 2 cI 2 -O-cH 2 cI 2 OH, -cH 2 -c 6 H 4 cH 3 -cH 2 cH 2 -O- 2 cI 2 OR R, S -C -cH 2 c 6 4 OR R, -0-5 O-cH 2 cH 2 -O- CIC RR, -O-05(0) -O0.CH-C6H OPR, -O-s -o-cH 2 cI 2 -o- P.a HC2R cH 2 cH 2 OR P, -O0- S -O0- cH 2 c 6 H 4 OR P, -OC -NH-CH 2 cH 2 -O- PR PR R cH 2 cH 2 OR -0-c()-NH-c 6 4 OR -cH 2 cH 2 -0-cH 2 cH 2 OR 0- C(S) cH 2 c 6 I 4 R P, -s-c -cH 2 cI 2 -0-cH 2 cH 2 NHR R, -s-c cH 2 -c 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -O-cH 2 cH 2 -O-cH 2 cI 2 NHR -0 O-O-cH 2 CI~ 6 H 3 (OR PR) 2, -0-c -N-cH 2 c 2 -0-cH 2 cH 2 NHR -0-c -N- c 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -cH 2 cH 2 -0-cI 2 cH 2 NHR R, -cH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR -s-c (cH 2 0 -cH 3 -CH 2 -0- (cH 2 0 6 -cH- 3 -0-cH 2 -c6H 5 -0-(cH- 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-c 2 -c 6 H 5 -0-c (CH 2 0 -CH 3 -0-c H.\Shenal\Keep\SPeCi\l7453.OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 105 kCH2% O-6-CH3, -CH,2-L 6 1-1 5 (0)J CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 i-so-H, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 0OS(0) 0_ CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -0- CH 2 CH 2 (0 -CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0 -5S(0) 0 -CH 2 -C 6 4 0CH 3 0 NH-CH 2 CH 2 (O-CH 2 CH 2 i-50-H, -0C(0) -NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )j 1 5 0 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -0-C(0)-C 6 H 5 -0-C()-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C(0)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )j_ 5 o-H, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 0 6 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 o-H, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -C -0-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S- CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -0-C -NH-G12, -NH-C -0-G12, -C -0-CH 2 -G12 or -0-C -CH 2 -G12; RlA is -OH, -CH 3 -OCH 3 -0C 2 H 5 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -OCH (CH 3 CH 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or -OC (CH 3 3; Y is -Br, -Cl, -OH, -OC(0)CH 3 -CC CH 2 CH 3 or -OC CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC CH 2 CH 3 or -OC CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R R is -H or a protecting group; and G12 is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected 0, 5, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is Cl- 12 alkyl, C 212 alkenyl, C 2 1 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NRPR- -N(RpR) 2 -C(0)ORR -0C(0)R PR, -OR PR ,-OH, -SR PR-SH, -NO 2 -CN, -NIIC(0)-, IH\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 106 -0-A8; -OCO) -AS, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (RPR) 2 -OSO 3 H 2 -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, where each R R is an independently selected protecting group or both R PR together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C 1 -8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2- 8 alkynyl, C 1 .4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or Ci-4 alkyl-C 2 _9 heterocycle. Use according to claim 4 wherein Y is in the P-configuration.
6. Use according to claim 4 wherein X is in the a-configuration.
7. Use according to claim 4 wherein R 2 is in the a-configuration.
8. Use according to claim 4 wherein R 1 A is in the a-configuration.
9. Use according to claim 5 wherein R 1 A is in the a-configuration. Use according to claim 6 wherein R 1 A is in the a-configuration.
11. Use according to claim 7 wherein R 1 A is in the a-configuration.
12. Use according to claim 4 wherein R 2 is in the a-configuration and Y is in the P-configuration, Y is in the 0-configuration and X is in the a-configuration, or R 2 is in the a-configuration and X is in the a- configuration.
13. Use according to claim 4 wherein the use of the medicament is by administration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol.
14. Use according to claim 13 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the medicament to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the medicament to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 107 again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing.
15. Use according to any one of claims 4-14 wherein R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or S 15 R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is 25 alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is (0)-OC 2 Hs, -S-C(0)-G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -0-C(O)-G12, H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 108 wherein 12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and R2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, or (11) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or (12) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (13) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or (14) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or 0 (15) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (16) R 1 A, R 2 X and Y are -OH, or (17) R 1 A is =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or (18) R 1 A is R2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (19) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or 5 (20) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or (21) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (22) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (23) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, or (24) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Br, or (26) R 1 A is R 2 and R 2 is -OH, Y are -OH, R 1 A X is -OH and Y is or is and X is -OH or =0, oooo coo• °oooo* (27) Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is 25 -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C(0)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -0-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, H,\Shonal\Xeep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 109 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (32) R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A, X and Y are -OH, or (34) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is o R2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (36) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (37) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -I.
16. Use according to claim 15 wherein the halogen at Q 4 is -F or -Br.
17. Use according to claim 15 wherein the medicament is a S 15 pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, buccal or sublingual administration to a human. .18. Use according to any one of claims 1-14 wherein the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for buccal or sublingual administration to a human.
19. Use according to any one of claims 1-14 wherein the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol or oral administration to a human. Use of a compound of formula 1B or 1C for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or 25 prevention of a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, wherein formula 1B and 1C are X X x R x R, Q3 Q2 3 2 /2 3R2 R, and R R, IB IC wherein, Hr\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 110 each RI independently is -OH, a halogen, -CHCH 2 -CHCHCH 3 -CCH, -CCCH 3 or, the other moiety that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent and Ri is =0; .R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C1- 8 alkoxy, -O-C(O)-R 4 -S-C(O)-R 4 (0)-R 4 (0)-OR 4 -O-C(O)-NHR 4 or -O-C(S)-R 4 R 4 is a protecting group, optionally substituted C 1 18 alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 18 alkenyl, optionally substituted C 2 18 alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl-C 1 6 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl-C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl- C 2 -6 alkynyl, optionally substituted heterocycle-C 1 alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -6 alkenyl-heterocycle, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl-heterocycle or an optionally S 15 substituted heterocycle, where any of the foregoing moieties are optionally substituted at one, two, three, four, five or more carbon or hydrogen atoms with one or .more independently selected -NHR", -SR -CN, -NO 2 -Cl, -Br or -I groups or atoms; each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; gig• X is -OH, lower alkyl, -C(O)-ORs or a halogen; 25 Q2 is or -CH 2 -CH 2 0•0 .0 Q3 and Q 6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 0H; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the steroid nucleus are optionally substituted with independently selected -OH, -Br, -Cl, -OCH 3 or -OC 2 Hs atoms or groups, provided that the compound is not dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-3-sulfate or a salt, ether or ester of either compound.
21. Use according to claim 20 wherein Q3 and Q6 are both -CH 3 in the P-configuration; and Q2 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 or -CH(OH)- with the Br, I or OH moieties in the a- configuration; and H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 111 RI independently are -OH or -CCH; and R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-R 4 wherein R 4 is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
22. Use according to claim 20 wherein Q3 and Q6 are both -CH 3 in the P-configuration; and R 2 is -OH, -Br or -I.
23. Use according to claim 20, 21 or 22 wherein the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for buccal or sublingual administration to a human.
24. Use according to claim 20, 21 or 22 wherein the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral or aerosol administration to a human. Use according to claim 20, 21 or 22 wherein the use of the medicament is by administration to a subject S 15 according to an intermittent dosing protocol.
26. Use according to claim 25 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the medicament to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the medicament to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or *00. more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing 25 again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject 1, 9: 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing.
27. Use of a compound of formula 1 for the preparation of a medicament for the enhancement of phagocytosis of Plasmodium or Trypanosome infected cells in a subject wherein formula 1 is H,\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 112 Q4' is -R0 2 or 8C(O)R, Q2is-CR 2 3CR 1 5Yo- 7CY) or R, 2 C 1 Q~andQ6 ndeendntl ar -Hor C(R)3 Q 5 is -C(R 1 2 or -C *1 Q3 and independently are H -H lowe alkyl,) iOC()- 5 -C (R)2-0R, haloenoryiyldn or0;hy e ah Y independently ise aH hloe -OH, C alkoxy, or C 1 -6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C 1 -6 alkyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R 3 is -S -OM, -S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -R 6 -CH 2 -O- C -R 6 -P -O-CH 2 -CH (O-C -R 7 -CH 2 -O-C -R- 7 a glucuronide group of structure (A) COOH H 3 c 0 OH O) H CH3 or R 3 is Cl- 18 alkyl, C 2 1 8 alkenyl, C 2 1 8 alkynyl, a Cl 16 H.\Shonal\Keep\SpeCi\l7453-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 113 ester or a CI1-i thioester, where any of the foregoing C 1 18 or C 2 18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR R -NHR or -SR groups, or R 3 is a Cie 18 fatty acid, C 2 10 alkynyl, (J)n-phenyl-C 1 -s-alkyl, (J)n-phenyl-C 2 5 alkenyl; each R 5 independently is straight or branched Ci- 14 alkyl; each R 6 independently is Ci-1 4 straight or branched alkyl; and each R 7 independently is C 1 -1 4 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; 15 n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is a halogen, C1- 4 alkyl, C 2 -4 alkenyl, Ci- 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 -6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, (O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 6 CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 6 -O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0) -R 7 -CH 2 -O-C(O)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds at both the and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 R 1 group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 6- or 17- positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof, provided that the compound is not dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-3-sulfate or a salt, ether or ester of either compound.
28. Use according to claim 27 wherein Qi is -CH(halogen)-, -CH(Cl-6 alkoxy)-, -C(C 1 -6 alkoxy) alkoxy) (halogen)-, -C(C 1 -6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, HI\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 114 1 6 a.lkOXY) C- alkyl) -C (halogen) (OH) or -C(Cl- 6 alkyl) Q2 is -CH (OH) -CH (Cl 1 6 alkoxy) -CH (halogen), -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 alkyl) -C(Cl 1 6 alkoxy) -C(Cl 1 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(Cl 1 6 alkyl) (0- C -R 5 -C 6 alkoxy) (O-C -R. 5 -C (halogen) (O-C -C (Cl 1 6 alkoxy) (halogen) or -CH 2 -CH 2 Q3 is -CH 3 or -H in the 1-configuration; Q6 is -CH 3 or -C 2 H 5 in the j-configuration; Q 4 is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, -C (Cl 6 alkoxy) (OH) -C (Cl 1 6 alkyl) (OH) -C (OH), -C(halogen)=, -C(Cl 1 6 alkoxy)=, -C(Cl-6 alkyl)=, hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; 15Q5 is -CH 2 -CH (OH) -C -CH (halogen)- -CH(alkyl)-, -CH(alkoxy)-, -C(C: 1 6 alkoxy) .0-C(C 1 6 alkyl) -C(Cl- 6 alkoxy) (halogen)-, o~o: -C(Cl 1 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen)=, .00 -C (Cl 6 alkoxy) or -C (Cl 1 6 alkyl), 0 X is -OH, =0 or -0-C and R 2 is -OH, C 1 -6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate, or wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure 4, 5 or 6 **H 4, R j H H 5, or H.\Shona1\Keep\Speci\174S3-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 115 H H 6, wherein Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH the formula 1 compound has the structure Q4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; 9..R 2 is -OH, -0-P -0-CH 2 -CH (O-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -0- 15 C CH 3 -0-S5(0) -OH, -0-S -0-S -0C 2 H 5 -0-S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 S(0) OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 0- S(0) OC (CH 3 3, S- C CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -O-CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 0S(0) (0)-O-CH 3 -0S CH 2 -C 6 H 5 0OC NH-CH 3 -NH-C 6 H 5 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -O-cH 2 CH 2 -0-cH 2 cH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 -c 6 H 4 0cH 3 -0-c (0)-NH--CH 2 cH 2 -o-cH 2 cH 3 -0-c (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -o-c(S)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0-c(S)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 ocH 3 -S-C(o)-cH 2 CH 2 0-CH0-S 0H,-()-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-S -o-CH 2 -c 6 H 4 F, -0-C -NH-cH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 c OH, -0-C -NH-C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -CH 2 cH 2 -0-CH 2 c OH, -0-C -cH 2 c 6 H 4 F, -S-c(O)-cH 2 cH 2 CH 2 cH 2 OH, -S-c(o)-cH 2 -c 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-cH 2 cH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -O-CH 2 -c 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 cH 2 OH, -0-S -O-cH 2 -C 6 H 4 cH 3 -NH-cH 2 cH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 0 CH 2 CH 2 0 -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0 c(S) cH 2 c 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0RPR, -cH 2 -c 6 H 4 OR, -0-S OCH2CHO-CHCHRR, 0.5 (0 OCR -C6HORR -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 0RR, -0-S -0-CH 2 -CH 4 ORR H.\ShonaI\Keep\Speei\17453-OO Speci ClaiMS 30/01/04 116 -0-C;r (0 ac()NCOPR, -NCH-CH 2 0C:H 2 CH 2 0PR -CH 2 C 6 H 4 0R -O-C()-CH2H2-O-H2CH R C CH 2 -C 6 H ORPR) S -C (0 CH2H2 r22NHRU P, 0 H 63(OPR2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-5 0O-CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (0RPR) 2 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-s -0-CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -OCO-HC2H--HC2H R O-C(0)-NH- C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C(S)-CH 2 CH 2 -OCH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-C -CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -S-C(0)-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -S-C(0)-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-S (CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0- (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 0OS(0) -0CH 2 -C 6 H 5 0OC(0) -NH-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -NH- (CH 2 0 6 -C 6 H 5 -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 -S-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 -(0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-HI -S-C(0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )j-So-H, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 :0000 0OS -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 i-50-H, 05- -0-CH 2 .0 15 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 i-so-H, -0C (0)-NH- *64C 3 -O C S -HC 2 SO C 2H)-oH, C 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 H 2 -6(-CH 2 -CH) 5 -H 2 C2H1-0H 0C2C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C0-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-(0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N -0-C(0)H2 OCHC2j5-,O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0C()-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 6 20-0-C(0), CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0()-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -0()-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -O(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 ,-CHN, 000-0CH 2 2 (0CH 2 CH3), 0 H -0-CH 2 -C 6 H, 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 ()OC2 goo* 6 H, -0--CH 2 2 CC 3 ,-0-C 2 -C 6 H 4 F,-C -0-CH 2 CH 2 0 0S* CisH 2 1 H -CH-CHH 3 -C -0-H -OCHCH2C 3 -Cs0 -BrC 6 H 1,-I,0 -CO, -0CHCH3-O OC)CH 2 CH 3 C r -0-CH 5 C(0) -CHC SC 2 H, C0 OC 2 C 6 H 4 -OH, G1-H,-F, -C12, -CBr, S-1 -G12, -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R R is -H or a protecting group; and G12 is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453.Oo Speci L Claims 30/01/04 117 7, 8, 9 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected O, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is CI- 12 alkyl, C2- 12 alkenyl, C 2 12 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 -9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NR P -N(RPR)2, -C(O)OR R -OC(O)RR, -OR R -OH, -SR -SH, -NO 2 -CN, -0-A8, -S-AB, -OC(O)-A8, -C(0)O-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (RPR) 2 -OS0 3 H 2 -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, where each R PR is an independently selected protecting group or both R R together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C 1 -8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl, C 2 -8 alkynyl, CI-4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C 1 -4 alkyl-C 2 9 heterocycle.
29. Use according to claim 28 wherein Y is in the P-configuration. Use according to claim 28 wherein X is in the a-configuration.
31. Use according to claim 28 wherein R 2 is in the a-configuration.
32. Use according to claim 28 wherein R 1 A is in the a-configuration.
33. Use according to claim 29 wherein R 1 A is in the a-configuration.
34. Use according to claim 30 wherein RiA is in the a-configuration. Use according to claim 31 wherein RIA is in the a-configuration.
36. Use according to claim 32 wherein R 2 is in the a-configuration and Y is in the P-configuration, R 2 is in the a-configuration and X is in the a-configuration or Y is in the P-configuration and X is in the a- configuration.
37. Use according to any one of claims 28-36 wherein R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 118 -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or 15 R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is (0)-OC 2 Hs, -S-C(0)-G12, or -O-C(0)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12 and Y S* is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -0-C(O)-G12, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and R 2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 and Y is or (10) R 1 A is R 2 and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, or (11) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or (12) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (13) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or (14) RIA, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (16) R 1 A, R 2 X and Y are -OH, or HS\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 119 RA is =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or (18) RIA is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (19) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or (21) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (22) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (23) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, or (24) R 1 A is R2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Br, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (26) R 2 and Y are -OH, R 1 A is and X is -OH or =0, or (27) Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is S-OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or 15 -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (30) RiA is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having S. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)- wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (32) R 2 is RiA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A, X and Y are -OH, or (34) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is or (35) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (36) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (37) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -I. H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 120
38. Use according to claim 37 werei the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol, buccal or sublingual administration to a human.
39. Use according to any one of claims 28-36 wherein the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol, buccal or sublingual administration to a human. Use according to any one of claims 28-36 wherein the use of the medicament is by administration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol.
41. Use according to claim 40 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the medicament to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one 5 day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or 15 administration of the medicament to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing.
42. Use of a compound of formula 45 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or the enhancement of phagocytosis of Plasmodium or Trypanosome infected cells in a subject, or the treatment or prevention of an infection or a cancer, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection or the cancer, wherein the infection is H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 121 selected from a Mycoplasma infection, a Candida infection, a human papilloma virus infection, a Rotavirus infection, a retrovirus infection, a molluscum contagiosum infection, an infection associated with hairy leukoplakia, an infection associated with necrotizing gingivitis, an infection causing an oral aphthous, herpetic or bacterial ulcer and an orafacial herpes zoster infection and (ii) the cancer is selected from squamous oral carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, wherein formula 45 is CH3 R 5 2 CH -Rsi51 R49 R50 wherein, R 49 is -OH, or -ORs 3 R 50 is -OH or =0; R 51 is -Br, -Cl, -I or -OH; R 5 2 is -OH or, Rs 2 together with the -H bonded to the same position, is =0; R 53 is C 1 18 alkyl, C 2 18 alkenyl, C2- 18 alkynyl, a C-- 18 ester, a C 1 -i 8 thioester, wherein any of the foregoing C-s 18 or C2- 1 8 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen or Scarbon atoms with one or more independently selected -OH, -NH 2 -SH or =0 groups or R 53 is a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester, a carbamate or a thioester; and the dotted line is an optional double bond, provided that if the infection is a retrovirus infection, the formula 1 compound is not 3p-hydroxy-7,17- 3p,7-dihydroxy-17-oxoandrost-5-ene or an ester or ether of either compound, and provided that if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is 16a-bromoepiandrosterone, 16a- bromodehydroepiandrosterone, 16a-bromo-3p-hydroxy-5p- androstan-17-one or a derivative of any of these compounds HI\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 122 wherein -R 6 -CH 2 -0-C -R 6 (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 7 or a glucuronide group is bonded to the 3-position, or if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is 3P,16a-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene-17-one, or an ester thereof, or if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is 3P,17p-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3P,7P,17p-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene, or an ester or ether of either compound, then the use of the medicament is by administration of the medicament to a subject in need thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol.
43. Use according to claim 42 wherein R 49 is -H and R 51 is -Br or -OH. 1 44. Use according to claim 42 or 43 wherein R 52 is =0 and 15 Rso is -OH.
45. Use according to claim 42 or 43 wherein R 52 is -OH and R 50 is -OH.
46. Use according to claim 42 or 43 wherein R 52 is -OH and R 50 is =0.
47. Use according to claim 42 wherein the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for buccal or sublingual administration to a human.
48. Use according to claim 42 wherein the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral administration to a human.
49. Use according to claim 42, 43, 47 or 48 wherein the use of the medicament is by administration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. Use according to claim 49 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the medicament to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the medicament to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 123 again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 or mor weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing.
51. Use of a compound of formula 1 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an infection or a cancer, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection or the cancer, wherein the infection is selected from the group S.. 15 consisting of a Mycoplasma infection, a Candida infection, a human papilloma virus infection, a Rotavirus infection, a retrovirus infection, a molluscum contagiosum infection, an infection associated with hairy leukoplakia, an infection associated with necrotizing gingivitis, an infection causing an oral aphthous, herpetic or bacterial ulcer and an orafacial herpes zoster infection and (ii) the cancer is selected from the group consisting of squamous oral carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, wherein formula 1 has the structure R, R1 X R1 6 00 R00 Q R1 R R R 11 13 1702 S/ 1 6 2 Q 14 2 10 8 R 1 R R2 3 5, 7 1 R 4 1 R 1 R, R wherein Qi is -C(RI) 2 or HI\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claim 30/01/04 124 Q2 iS -C0(R 1 2 -C (R 1 _C or -CH 2 -CH 2 Q3 and Q 6 independently are -H or -C (R 1 3 Q 4 is -C (RI) 2 -C hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; Qs is -C (R 1 2 or -0C(0) X and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl, -0-C (0)-R 5 -OR5, a halogen or =0; each R, independently is a halogen, -OH, Cj_, alkoxy, or C 1 -6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thicacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R 3 is -S -OM, -S -O-CH 2 -CH -R 6 -CH 2 -0- :15 C (0)-R 6 -P -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C (0)-R 7 -CH 2 -O-C (0)-R 7 a glucuronide group of structure (A) OH CH3 :or R 3 is C1_38 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, C 2 1 8 alkynyl, a Cj118 ester or a Cl-18 thioester, where any of the foregoing Cl118 or C2-18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more 0:06: 20 hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected PR PR PR -OR -NHR or -SR groups, or R 3 is a Cl-18 fatty acid, C210o alkynyl, (J),,-phenyl-Cj_ 5 -alkyl, (J),,-phenyl-C 2 5 alkenyl; each R 5 independently is straight or branched C1-14 alkyl; each R 6 independently is Cl- 14 straight or branched alkyl; and each R7, independently is Cl-14 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure each R PR independently is -H or an independently )H\Shoaal\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 125 selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is a halogen, C 1 4 alkyl, C 2 -4 alkenyl, C1-4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a Ci16 carboxyl ester or a C 1 -6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, -S(0)(0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 6 CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 6 (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds at both the and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 Ri group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 6- or 17- positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent; and 15 the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, s: metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof, provided that the compound is not 3p-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17- one, androst-5-ene-17-one-3p-sulfate, or a salt, ether or ester of either of these compounds, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is epiandrosterone, 16a- bromoepiandrosterone, 16a-bromodehydroepiandrosterone, 3P-hydroxy-5p-androstan-17-one, 16a-bromo-3p-hydroxy-5p- 25 androstan-17-one or a derivative of any of these compounds wherein (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C -CH 2 -Re, (0)-0-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -O-C(0)-R7 or a glucuronide group is bonded to the 3p-position, then the use of the medicament is by administration of the medicament to a subject in need thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is 3,17p-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3P,7p,17p-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3P,7a,17p- trihydroxyandrost-5-ene or an ester or ether of any of these compounds, then the use of the medicament is by administration of the medicament to a subject in need Hi\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 126 thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is 3x,7p-dihydroxyandrost-5-enel17. one, 3f 3 1 16ax-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene.7.one, 33,7F3- dihydroxyandrostane-l7-one, or an ester of any of these compounds, then the use of the medicament is by administration of the medicament to a subject in need thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection the formula 1 compound is not 3p-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-7,l7- dione, 3P,17f-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene-7-one, 30,7t3- dihydroxyandrost-5-ene-l7-one, 3J3, ene-17-one, or a salt, ether or ester of any of these compounds. 15 52. Use according to claim 51 wherein the formula 1 compound has the formula 4, 5 or 6 *X H 6, H.\Shona1\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 127 wherein, the dotted line represents a double bond or a single bond with a hydrogen atom at the 5-position in the ax-configuration or the P-configuration; Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH the formula 1 compound has the structure Q 4 is -CH 2 R 2 is -OH, -O-P -O-CH 2 -CH (O-C -CH 3 -CH 2 O0 -0-s -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 0- S OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 0- S -O0C (CH 3 3 S -C CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -O-CH 3 -O-CH 2 -CSH 5 (0)-O-CH 3 -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-c (0)-NH-CH 3 N1-C 6 H 5 -0-C (S)-CH 3 0OC -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 15 -S-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 SCOCH-H4H3 -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-5 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -NH-C 6 11 4 0CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C(S)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -S-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -5-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C OH, (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C(O) OH, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-c (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-C -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -S-C CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OR PR' C(0) CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0R PR -O-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O- CH2CHORPR, -O-CH C6H0R PR' -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O- PR PR )CH 2 COR,-0-5(0) (O)--CH 2 -C1-{oR ,--C(O)-2NH-C 2 H 2 -SCH(CH 2 ORPR, -0c6 ~COPR )2 OSO-0-c HCH0CHOCHHRPR -0cs HCO PR PRo H 2 HOH 2 H~ -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (ORPR)2, O5 0CH 2 CH 2 O0CH 2 CH 2 NR -0-CH 2 -C 6 3 (0RPR) 2, -0-c NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 NHRPR -O-C -NH-C 6 H, (OR PR 2 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHRP', H,\Shona1\Keep\SPeci\17453-OO SpeCi Claima 30/01/04 128 -0-C -CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR 7) 2, -s-C (CH 2 o- 6 -CH 3 -S-C -CH 2 C 6 H 5 -0-(CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, (CR 2 0 6 -CH 3 (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-C (0)-NH- (CH 2 0 6 -CR 3 -NH- (CH 2 )0o 6 -C 6 H 5 -0 -C (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0C (5)-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, 5SC(0) -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )12-5o-H, CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 i-so-H, -0- CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -NH- C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-C -CR 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -(CH 2 )O- 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -C 6 Hs, -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -S -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CR 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 )o- 6 -CR 3 -0-CR 2 -C 6 R 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -(0-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 Hs, -0-CH 2 CR 2 -S-CR 2 CH 3 -0-CR 2 -C 6 R 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CR 2 1 5 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -C -0-(CH 2 o- 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 R 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -C(0)-0-C 6 H 5 -C(0)--CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -NH-G12, -NH-C(0) -0-G12, -0-CH 2 -Gl2 or -CH 2 -G12; RIA is -OH, -CH 3 -OCR 3 -0C 2 R 5 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -OCR (CH 3 CR 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CR 2 CH 3 or -OC (CR 3 Y1 is -Br, -Cl, -OH, -OC(0)CR 3 -CC CH 2 CH 3 or -OC CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 and X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(0)CR 3 -OC (0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC CH 2 CR 2 CH 3 R R is -H or a protecting group; and G12 is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is Cl- 1 2 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 1 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is H'\Shonal\7Keep\Speci\17453-00 Spei I. Claims 30/01/04 129 independently chosen and is selected from -NR-, -N(R)PR 2 -OC(O)RPR, -OR R -OH, -SR R -SH, -NO 2 -CN, -0-A8, -S-A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(0)O-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (RR) 2 -OSO 3 H2, -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, where each R R is an independently selected protecting group or both R PR together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C 1 -8 alkyl, C 2 8 alkenyl, C 2 8 alkynyl, C 1 -4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C1- 4 alkyl-C 2 -9 heterocycle.
53. Use according to claim 52 wherein Y is in the P-configuration or X is in the a-configuration.
54. Use according to claim 52 wherein R 1 A is in the a-configuration.
55. Use according to claim 52 wherein R 2 is in the 15 a-configuration.
56. Use according to claim 52 wherein R 2 is in the a-configuration and Y is in the P-configuration, Y is in the P-configuration and X is in the a-configuration, or R 2 is in the a-configuration and X is in the a- configuration.
57. Use according to claim 52 wherein the use of the medicament is by administration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol.
58. Use according to claim 57 wherein the intermittent 25 dosing protocol optionally comprises administration of the medicament to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the medicament to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a.subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject HI\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 130 daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing.
59. Use according to any one of claims 51-58 wherein R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH, =0 or -OCH3, R 2 is -OH, or 15 G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and SX is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH3, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or 25 R 1 A is -OH or -OCH3, R 2 is -O-S (0)-OC2Hs, -S- S* C(0)-G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is S" -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and Rz is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and R 2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, or Ho\Shona\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 131 (11) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or (12) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (13) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or (14) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or (15) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (16) R 1 A, R 2 X and Y are -OH, or (17) R 1 A is =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or (18) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (19) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or (20) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or (21) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (22) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (23) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, or (24) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Br, or 15 (25) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (26) R 2 and Y are -OH, R 1 A is and X is -OH or =0, or (27) Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) RIA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 25 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1. 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (30) RiA is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (32) R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 132 is alkyI having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A, X and Y are -OH, or (34) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (36) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (37) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -I. Use according to claim 59 wherein the medicament is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol, buccal or sublingual administration to a human.
61. Use according to claim 59 wherein the medicament is for treatment or prevention of an infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a human HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection. 15 62. Use according to claim 61 wherein the use of the *o medicament is by administration to a subject according to o* an intermittent dosing protocol.
63. Use according to claim 62 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol optionally comprises administration of the medicament to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the medicament to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or 25 more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 30, 45, 60, o* or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the medicament to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing.
64. Use according to claim 59 wherein the medicament is for treatment or prevention of an infection, or for the H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 133 amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a Rotavirus infection. Use according to claim 59 wherein the medicament is for treatment or prevention of an infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a human papilloma virus infection.
66. Use according to claim 59 wherein the medicament is for treatment or prevention of an infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a Candida infection.
67. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more excipients and a compound having the structure 15 6 15 6 Y 04 3 7 R2 R 1 A wherein, the dotted line is a double bond at the 5-6 position or it is absent and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position is in the a-configuration or the P- 25 configuration; R 2 RIA, Y and X respectively are in the P P PP P, P,1 a,a,a Pltip a P3,1p, ,a P P, ,Ppp ,P a or a,a,a,P configuration; Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH20H, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH and no double bond is present at the 5-6 position, then the hydrogen atom at the 5-position is in the a-configuration; Q 4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; R 2 is -OH, (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-CH 3 )-CH 2 -O- C(O) CH 3 -O-S (O)-O-Na -O-S -OC 2 H s -O-CH 2 -CH (O-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -OC (CH 3 3, -S-C(0)-CH 3 H.\Shonal\Keep\Specl\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 134 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, CH 3 -0-s CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 3 -0-C (0)-NI{-C 6 Hs, -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C4- 4 F, -0-C (0)-NhI-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -0-C (5)-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-C (5)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 15 (0)--CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 PR PR -0S(0) -O-CH2CH2-0CH2CH0R -H-CH240R *PR PR -0-S (0))-0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 ORPR, S 0(0) -OCH 2 -C 6 H 4 0R P PR PR -0-C -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OR -0-C -NH-C 6 H 4 OR *PR PR -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 2 OR -0-C (S)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OR -CH 2 CH-O-CH 2 CH 2 NHR -CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (PR) 2 0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-S CR 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CR 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-C (0)-NH- CH(OPR)2 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 O0CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0O-C -CR 2 *C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -S-C(0)-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -S-C(O)-CH 2 -CR 5 -0-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-S CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-S (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C -NH- (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -NH- (CR 2 0 6 -C 6 Hs, -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -CR 2 C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCR 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 R 4 OCR 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -NH-CH 2 CR 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )j-so-H, -NH- C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -CR 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )1 5-H -0-C CH 2 Hs\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453.oO Speci Claims 30/01/04 135 f1 T-7 rv TtT kki /C H 'f 0 k 2)O-6-C3, 0) CH 2 C 6 H 4 NO 2 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -CEH5, -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-c (0)-C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -O-CH 2 -C-I 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 )o. 6 -CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 NO 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 (O-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -O-CH 2 -C 6 Hs,' -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -O-C 6 Hs, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -C (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -C -0-(CH 2 )o_ 6 -CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 NO 2 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -*S-CH 2 CH 3 -O-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -O-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -0-C (0)-NH-G12, -NH-C G12, -C CH 2 -G12 or -0-C (0)-CH 2 -G12; R 1 A is -OH, -CH 3 -OCH 3 -0C 2 Hs, -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -OCH (CH 3 CH 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or -OC (Cl- 3 3 15 Y is -Br, -Cl, -OH, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 RPR is -H or a protecting group; the halogen is -Cl, -Br or and Q12 is an organic moiety comprising 1-12 carbon atoms and 0-8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is optionally selected from CI- 1 2 alkyl, C 2 1 2 alkenyl, C 2 1 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NH 2 -C(0)ORPR, -C(O)OH, -OR R, -OH, -SR PR -NO 2 -CN, -C(O)NH-, -OC -C -0-A8, -S-A8, -C -OC (0)-AS, -C(O)O-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (R PR 2 -050 3 H 2 and halogen moieties or atoms, where each R PR is an independently selected protecting group or both R PRtogether comprise a protecting group, wherein AS is C 1 -8 alkyl, C 2 8 alkenyl, C 2 8 alkynyl, Cl 3 4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C 1 4 alkyl-C 2 9 heterocycle, H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-Oo Speci Claims 30/01/04 136 provided LhidC if there is no double bond, RjA and X are both Y is -Br and hydrogen at the 5-position is in the a-configuration, then R 2 is not -O-C(O)-CH 3 in the 1-configuration, and provided that if there is a double bond at the 5-6 position, RjA and X are both =0 and Y is -Br, =0 -OH in the a-configuration or -O-C(O)-CH 3 in the cc-configuration, then R 2 is not -OH, -O-C(O)-CH 3 in the 1-configuration or -0-C (0)-C 2 H 5 in the 1-configuration, and provided the compound is not 31,171-dihydroxy-7-oxo- 16a-bromoandrost-5-ene,
313-hydroxy-7, 17-dioxo-16a- 31,7ax,171-trihydroxy-16-oxoandrost-5- erie, 31,16a,171-trihydroxy-7-oxoandrost-5-ene, 313,1713- dihydroxy-7,l6-dioxoandrost-5-ene, 33, 16a-dihydroxy-7, 15 1-7-dioxoandrost-5-ene, 31l7c-dihydroxy-7,16-dioxoandrost- 31-acetoxy-7,16,17-trioxoandrost-5-ene, 313- propionoxy-16ax-acetoxy-7,17-dioxoandrost-5-ene, 313,7a,1lcc- trihydroxy-17-oxoandrost-5-ene or 313,7a, 16ax-triacetoxy-17- oxoandrost 68. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the 1,1,a,3,3,1,1,131313,~a 1313 13a,13,~a 13 1,a,1313or 13a,a,a :configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 25 position. 69. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 68 wherein R 2 oooo.RjA, Y and X respectively are in the 13,1,ax,1 configuration. o: 70. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 68 wherein R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the 13,,13,13 configuration. 71. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the a,13,a,P3a1,13a,P 3,cca,cc or a,a,a,3 configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 72. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 71 wherein R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the ax,13,a,1 configuration. 73. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 71 wherein R 2 H.\Skional\Keep\Speci\l7453-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 137 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,P,p configuration. 74. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the P,P,c,p,P,P,P,PP, or Pa,a,c configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the position in the a-configuration. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 74 wherein R 2 RIA, Y and X respectively are in the P,P,a,p configuration. 76. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 74 wherein R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the P,P,P,p configuration. 77. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH2-, and R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the a,,a,P,,pa,,Pa,PIa,a, or a,a,a,x 15 configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the position in the a-configuration. 78. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 77 wherein R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the a,p,a,P configuration. 79. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 77 wherein R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,P,p configuration. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH3, Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 RIA, Y and X respectively are in the ,P c,,p or Pa'a, a 25 configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 80 wherein R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the P,P,a,P configuration. 82. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 80 wherein R 2 RIA, Y and X respectively are in the P,P,pP configuration. 83. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,a,P,a,P,P,p, a,p,a,a, or a,a,a,p configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 84. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 83 wherein R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,a,p configuration. Hi\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 138 The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 83 wherein R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,P,p configuration. 86. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH3, Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the P,P,a,P,3,p,p,, ,PPa,a,PP, or P,a,a,a configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position in the a- configuration. 87. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the or a,a,a,P configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration. 88. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 15 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the PPa, ,PIPIP, PIPIP,,,,a,a, P,a,a, ,P or p,a,a,a o configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the position in the P-configuration. 89. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 67 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the P,a,1,a,a,,P,p or a,a,a,p configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the position in the P-configuration. 25 90. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 67-89 wherein o* R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is =0, -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 139 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are -OH, R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA, R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, -Br or -I, or RIA is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is (0)-OC 2 Hs, -S-C(0)-G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, 15 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, R 2 and Y are -OH, X is or R 1 A, Y and X are -OH and R 2 is or (11) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or (12) RiA, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is-F, or (13) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or (14) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (15) RiA, R2 and X are -OH, Y is or (16) R 1 A, R 2 X and Y are -OH, or 25 (17) R 1 A is =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or (18) RA and R are -OH, X is and Y is or (18) R 1 A and R 2 are -OH, X is =0 and Y is or 2 (19) RIA and R2 are -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or R 1 A and R 2 are -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (21) RA is =and R 2 are -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (22) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (23) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, or (24) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (26) R 1 A is -CH 3 R 2 and Y are -OH, and X is -OH or or (27) Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) R 1 A is -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is H \Shonal\Keep\peci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 140 -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C(O)-G12, Y is =0 and X is -OH, -Br, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, -Br, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 15 carbon atoms, or S. (32) R 2 is -OH, RiA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -F and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)- ,wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A, X and Y are -OH, or (34) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is =0 and RiA and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (36) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (37) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -I. 25 91. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 90 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for aerosol, buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 92. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 90 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for parenteral administration to a human. 93. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 92 wherein the formula 1 compound is present as a suspension, a colloid or a gel. 94. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 92 wherein the formula 1 compound is present as a solution. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 90 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for oral or topical H\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 141 administration to a human. 96. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more excipients and a compound of formula CH3 R52 CH R51 R49 "C R50 wherein, R 49 is -H; R 50 is -OH or =0; Rs 5 is -Br, -Cl, -I or -OH; 15 R 52 is -OH or and the dotted line is an optional S* double bond. 97. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 96 wherein R 52 is =0. 98. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 96 wherein Rs2 20 is -OH. 99. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 96 wherein R 51 is -F. 100. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 96 wherein Rsl is -Br or -OH. 25 101. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 96-100 wherein R 50 is -OH. 102. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 96-100 wherein R 50 is =0. 103. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 96-100 wherein a double bond is present in the compound at the 5-6 position. 104. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 96-100 wherein a double bond is not present in the compound at the 5-6 position. 105. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 96-100 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for buccal or sublingual administration to a human. H,\Shonal\Keep\Speci\174S3-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 142 106. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 96-100 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for oral, topical, aerosol, vaginal or rectal administration to a human. 107. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 85-89 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for parenteral administration to a human. 108. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 96 wherein the formula 1 compound is present as a solution, a suspension, a colloid or a gel. 109. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more excipients and a compound having the structure Q6 X Q 1 3 7 R 2 R 1 A wherein, the dotted line is a double bond at the 5-6 position or is absent and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position is in the a-configuration or the P- configuration and R 2 RIA, Y and X respectively are in the 25 or configurations; Q3 and Qs independently are -CH3 or -CH 2 0H, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH, then the hydrogen atom at the position is in the a-configuration; Q4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; RiA is -H; R 2 is -OH, (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-CH 3 )-CH 2 -O- C(0)CH3, (O)-O-Na -O-S (0)-OC2Hs, -O-S CH 2 -CH (O-C (0)-CH 3 )-CH 2 -O-C CH 3 (0)-OCH 2 CH2CH 2 CH 3 -O-S -OC(CH 3 3, -S-C(0)-CH 3 -S-C(O)-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -O-S ()-O-CH 3 -O-S(0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, (O)-O-CH 3 (O)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -O-C(0)-NH-CH 3 -0-C(0)-NH-C 6 Hs, -O-C(S)-CH3, -O-C (S)-CH2-C 6 H s H,\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 143 S CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 CH 3 S- C(0) CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-s -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-NI{-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C(S)-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C(S)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -S-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 C(0)OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0--CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-c -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-c (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-5 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 0-C(S) -CH 2 CHI 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -S-C CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0RR, -S I26L1H2C40R1~ 0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OR, -OCH2CHORR -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 ORPR, OS (0)0OCH2CHR -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH C 2 0R PR, -0-C -CHCH0R PR -S-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR P, S- C CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR PR) 2, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, s CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR PR) 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHRP', -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C -N1{CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -NH- .:C 6 H 3 (ORPR) 2 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -CH 2 C 6 H 3 (0RPR) 2 -S-C(0)-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -S-C(0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S (CH 2 0-6-CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S -0- (CH 2 0- 6 -CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-C -NH- (CH- 2 0 6 -CH 3 -NH- (CH 2 0 6 -C6H5, -(CH 2 )0O 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-5 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -0-C (0)-NI{-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-C (0)-NH- C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -s 0 -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-C 6 H 5 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -S -CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- H.\Shonal\iKeep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 144 -O-CH 2 CH 2 (O-CH 2 CH 2 )j 1 5 0 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -O-C 6 Hs, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 50 0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 0 (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -O-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O- CH 2 CH 3 -O-C 6 Hs, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -O-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -O-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -O-G12, -G12, -NH-G12, -NH-C(O) -O-G12, -C (0)-O-CH 2 -G12 or -0-C (0)-CH 2 -G12; Y is -Cl, -Br, -OH, -OC(0)CH 3 -0C(O)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(O)CH 3 -OC(O)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC (0)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R P is -H or a protecting group; and 15 Q12 is an organic moiety comprising 1-12 carbon atoms and 0-8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is optionally selected from C 1 2 alkyl, C 2 2 alkenyl, C 2 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C. heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NH 2 -C(O)ORP,-()H -OR PR OH, -SR PR NO 2 -CN, -C(O)NH-, 25 -OC(O) -0-A8, -S-A8, -A8, -OC(O) -A8, -C(O)O-AB, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (R PR 2 -050 3 H 2 and halogen moieties or atoms, where each R PR is an independently selected protecting group or both R PRtogether comprise a protecting group, wherein A8 is C 1 8 alkyl, C 2 8 alkenyl, C 2 6 alkynyl, C 1 4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C 1 4 alkyl-C 2 9 heterocycle. 110. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH 2 111. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 3 is -CH 2 OH and Q4~ is -CH 2 112. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 111 wherein Q 6 is -CH 3 H,\Shonal\Keep\Spci\l7453.OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 145 113. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-. 114. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 6 is -CH20H and Q 4 is -CH 2 115. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 114 wherein Q 3 is -CH 3 116. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH2- and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 117. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH(halogen)- and is present at the 5-6 position. 118. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim is 119. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim is -CH(C1)-. 120. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim is -CH(Br)-. 121. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim is 122. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim the pharmaceutical formulation is for buccal administration to a human. 123. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 3 a double bond 117 wherein Q4 117 wherein Q 4 117 wherein Q4 117 wherein Q4 109 wherein or sublingual 109 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for oral, aerosol, vaginal or rectal administration to a human. 124. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for parenteral administration to a human. 125. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 124 wherein the formula 1 compound is present as a suspension, a colloid or a gel. 126. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 124 wherein the formula 1 compound is present as a solution. 127. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 109-126 wherein R 2 is -OH or -0-C(0)-G12, Y is -Cl, -Br or -I H,\Shonal\Xeep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 146 and X is -OH, -Br o -OC(0)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is (0)-OC 2 H 5 or (O)-OC(CH 3 3 Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 or R 2 is -S-C(O)-G12, -NH-C(O)-O-G12 or -O-C(O)-NH- G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 Y and X are -OH, or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl or -Br and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (11) R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (12) R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -F and X is -OH, 25 or -OC(O)CH 3 Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (13) R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (14) R 2 Y and X are -OH and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -F and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (16) R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (17) R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Br and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, or H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 147 (18) R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -I and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-. 128. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 127 wherein the Q4 halogen is -F. 129. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 127 wherein the Q4 halogen is -Cl. 130. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 127 wherein the Q4 halogen is -Br. 131. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 127 wherein the Q 4 halogen is -I. 132. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the a,p,a,P configuration, a double bond is present at the 5-6 position, R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH. 133. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,P,p configuration, a double bond is present at the 5-6 position, R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH. 134. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,a,P or a,P,P,p configuration, a double bond is present at the 5-6 position, R 2 is -OH, Y is S. 25 -Br and X is -OH. 135. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 109 wherein Q 3 :and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RIA, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,a,P or a,P,4,p configuration, a double bond is present at the 5-6 position, R 2 Y and X are -OH. 136. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 132, 133, 134 or 135 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 137. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 132, 133, 134 or 135 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for oral, topical, aerosol, vaginal or rectal administration to a human. H,\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 148 138. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 132, 133, 134 or 135 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for parenteral administration to a human. 139. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 138 wherein the formula 1 compound is present as a suspension, a colloid or a gel. 140. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 138 wherein the formula 1 compound is present as a solution. 141. A compound having the formula *0 S S wherein, R 49 is -H; Rs 0 is -OH or =0; Rsi is -Br, -Cl, -I or -OH; R 52 is -OH or and the dotted line is an optional double bond. SOSS 5 'S. S S 142. The present. 25 143. The 144. The 145. The 146. The 147. The is -OH. 148. The is -F. 149. The is -Br. 150. The is -Cl. 151. The compound of claim 141 wherein a double bond is compound of compound of compound of compound of compound of claim 141 wherein claim 141 wherein claim 141 wherein claim 141 wherein any one of claims Rs 2 is =0. R s 2 is -OH. R 5 0 is =0. R 5 0 is -OH. 141-146 wherein R 51 compound of any one of claims 141-146 wherein R 51 compound of any one of claims 141-146 wherein R 51 compound of any one of claims 141-146 wherein R 5 1 compound of any one of claims 141-146 wherein Rsi HI\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 149 is -I. 152. A compound having the formula Q wherein, the dotted line is a double bond or is absent and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position is in the a-configuration or the P-configuration; 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the 3,~,a~f33,PP Pl x,pxJ,a, P, P,3apla~a. PI4, alP'a P Pl, PPIPa~a(xor ax,ac,c,p configuration; Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q 3 is -CH 2 OH and no double bond is present at the 5-6 position, then the hydrogen atom at the 5-position is in the cc-configuration; Q4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; R 2 is -OH, -0-P -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -0- -0-S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -0-C CH 3 -0-S -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -OC (CH 3 3 -S-C -CH 3 25 -s-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S -O-CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C -NI{-CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 5 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -5-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S5(0) -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -S-C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S5(0) -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -_C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-C (5)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 H.\ShOnal\Keep\SpCi\l7453-OO SPeci Claims 30/01/04 150 -C-CH 2 CH 2 -U-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH3, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -NH-CH- 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -NII-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -S-C CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0RPR, -S-C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0RPR -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0RPR, -0S(O) 0CH 2 -C 6 H 4 ORR PR PR -0-C -NH--CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OR P, -0-C -NH-C 6 H 4 0RPR -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0R PR, CH 2 -C6H 4 0R PR, S -C CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR PR) 2 -0-S -OC2H--HC2H R -O-S 0 CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -O-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-C -NH- C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C (S)-CH 2 CH 2 -OCH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-C -CH 2 15 C 6 H 3 (ORPR) 2 -S-C(0)-(CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -S-C(O)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 (CH 2 o- 6 -CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-C -NH- (CH 2 o- 6 -CH 3 -0-C (CH 2 )o- 6 -C 6 Hs, -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 -0-C (0)-NH- C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -CH 2 ~C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -0-C (0)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -CH- 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -C 6 H 5 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -S -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )j- 5 o-H, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -C(0)-0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -C CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-G12, -G12, -S-Gl2, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -NH-G12, -NH-C(0) -0-G12, -C CH 2 -G12 or -0-C (0)-CH 2 -G12; RjA is -OH, -CH 3 -OCH 3 -0C 2 H 5 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Hs\Shomal\Keep\speci\l7453-00 Speci A Claims 30/01/04 151 -OCH(CH 3 )CH 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(CH 3 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(O)CH 3 -OC(O)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0) CCH 2 H 2 CH 3 X is -OH, -OC CH 3 -OC(O)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R R is -H or a protecting group; and Q12 is an organic moiety comprising 1-12 carbon atoms and 0-8 independently selected O, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is optionally selected from Ci-12 alkyl, C2-12 alkenyl, C2-12 alkynyl, aryl, a C2-9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NH 2 -C(O)ORPR, -C(O)OH, 15 -ORPR, -OH, -SRPR -NO 2 -CN, -C(O)NH-, -0-A8, -S-A8, -OC(0)-A8, C(0)0-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (R P R 2 -OS0 3 H 2 and halogen •moieties or atoms, where each RPR is an independently selected protecting group or both R R together comprise a protecting group, wherein A8 is Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C1-4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C1-4 alkyl-C2-9 heterocycle. 153. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both CH3, Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RIA, Y and X respectively are in the p,p,a,p,p,p,p,p,p,p,a,a,PppaPaaP, or P,a,a,a configuration. 154. The compound of claim 153 wherein R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the p,p,a,P or P,p,a,a configuration. 155. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH2-, and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the a,pa,P,a,P,p,p,a,P,a,a, or a,a,a,p configuration. 156. The compound of claim 155 wherein R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,a,P configuration. 157. The compound of claim 152 wherein a double bond is present in the compound at the 5-6 position. 158. The compound of claim 152 wherein a double bond is not present in the compound at the 5-6 positions and H,\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 152 hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the a- configuration. 159. The compound of claim 152 wherein a double bond is not present in the compound at the 5-6 positions and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the P- configuration. 160. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH3, Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,a,P,a,P,P,p or configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 161. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the aP,a,P,a,,P,3 or p,p,p,p configuration and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration. 15 162. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the or p,p,p,p configuration and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the P-configuration. 163. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the P,p,a,P configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 164. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -H 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in 25 the P,P,a,P configuration and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration. 165. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH3, Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the P,p,a,p configuration and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the P-configuration. 166. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the P,p,a,p configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 167. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the P,P,a, configuration and hydrogen is present at H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\174S3-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 153 the 5-position in the a-configuration. 168. The compound of claim 152 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 RiA, Y and X respectively are in the P,P,a,P configuration and hydrogen is present at the 5-position in the P-configuration. 169. The compound of any one of claims 152-168 wherein R 1 A is -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl or -Br and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or 15 R 1 A is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, -G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -F or -Br and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, and G12 optionally is an alkyl group, *....wherein the alkyl group optionally comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, or RiA, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12, and G12 optionally is an alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group optionally comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH and Y is or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH and Y is or (11) R 1 A, R 2 X and Y are -OH, or (12) R 1 A is -OCH 3 R 2 and X are -OH and Y is or (13) RiA is -OCH 3 R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (14) R 1 A is -OCH 3 R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or Hs\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 or or or or is is 15 is R 1 A is (16) RiA is (17) RIA is (18) R 1 A is (19) RIA is (20) R 1 A, R 2 or (21) R 1 A, R 2 or (22) R 1 A, R 2 or (23) RIA, R 2 154 -OCH3, R 2 and X are -OH and Y is or -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -F, -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Br, -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -I, and X are -OH, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and Q 4 and X are -OH, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and Q 4 and X are -OH, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and Q 4 and X are -OH, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and Q 4 e eee is 170. A compound having the formula r wherein, the dotted line is a double bond or is absent and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position is in the a-configuration or the P-configuration; Q 4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH20H, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH, then a double bond is present or a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position in the a- configuration; R 1 A is in the P-configuration and is -H; R 2 is in the a-configuration and is -OH, CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-CH 3 )-CH 2 CH 3 HS\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 155 0 C(0)CH 3 -0 -0OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0 -OC (CH 3 3 -S-C (0)-CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -O-CH 3 -0-CH 2 C 6 Hs, )-O-CH 3 )-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 q, -0-C (0)-NH- CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 Hs, -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 -CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0- CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S(0)--CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-s CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CR 2 C OH, -0-s -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -S-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OR, -S-C (0)-CR 2 -C 6 H 4 CR 3 -0-CH 2 CR 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 4 CH 3 (0 -N-C 2 CH 2 -OC 2 CHOH -0-C -NH-C 6 H 4 C 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CR 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -S-C -CH 2 CR 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 ORPIR, S- C(0) CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0R", R PR CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR -O-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OR -0-S(0 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR R _OCo -NPR40 R PR PR -O-C(0)--CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OR -H-C 6 4 OR 25 S- C(0) CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 2 NHRPIR, 0) CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (0RPR) 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 NHRPR S(O)-O -CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (ORPR) 2 -O-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHRPR, -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0C (0)-NH- C 6 H 3 (ORR) 2, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 NHR P, -CR 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -S-C(0)-(CH 2 0 6 -CR 3 -S-C(O)-C 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-(CR 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -O-CR 2 -C 6 Hs, -0- (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 (0)-O-CR 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (CH 2 )0O 6 -CH 3 -0-C (CR 2 o. 6 -C 6 H 5 -(CR 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-C (5)-CR 2 C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 (O-CH 2 CH 2 )j-so-H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 -0-CR 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CR 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 1 50 0-5S -0 -CR 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-C (0)-NH- H,\Shonal\xeep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 156 C6H-j0CH3, -Or 13 rTY -ITT 2- (0 S Ii I -_ri I-so-ti, -0-C (S)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 -0-C (0)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 0CH 3 (CH 2 0 6 -cH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 (0)-C 6 H 5 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -S -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -O-C 6 Hs, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 _so-H, -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -C (CH 2 o.. 6 -CH 3 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -C (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -C CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -C (0)-O-C 6 H 5 -C CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -C CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, :0 0-G12, G12, 0OC(0) -NH-G12, -NH-C(0) 0-G12, -0-CH 2 -G12 or -CH 2 -G12; Y is in the a-configuration and is -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OC(O)CH 3 -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ~X is in the a-configuration and is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(O)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R P is -H or a protecting group; and Q12 is an organic moiety comprising 1-12 carbon atoms and 0-8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is :present, wherein the organic moiety is optionally selected 09.*00from Cl. 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 12 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 9 '000, 25 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NH 2 -C(O)0R PR, -C(0)OH, -OR PR OH, -SR NO 2 -CN, -C(0)NH-, -0-A8, -S-A8, -OC(0)-A8, -C(0)O-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (R PR 2 -050 3 H 2 and halogen moieties or atoms, where each R PR is an independently selected protecting group or both R PRtogether comprise a protecting group, wherein A8 is C 18 alkyl, C 2 8 alkenyl, C 2 8 alkynyl, C 1 4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C 1 4 alkyl-C 2 9 heterocycle. 171. The compound of claim 170 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both Ho\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l74S3-OO GPedi G Claims 30/01/04 157 ^-TT -C%13 172. The compound of claim 170 wherein Q4 is -CH 2 173. The compound of claim 170 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 and Q4 is -CH 2 174. The compound of claim 170 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 and Q4 is 175. The compound of claim 170 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(C1)-. 176. The compound of claim 170 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(Br)-. 177. The compound of claim 170 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 and Q4 is 178. The compound of any one of claims 170-177 wherein R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl or -Br and S 15 X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is -OC 2 H or -O-S (0)-OC (CH 3 3, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 or R 2 is -S-C(O)-G12, -NH-C(O)-O-G12 or -O-C(O)-NH- G12, Y is -F or -Br and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon 25 atoms, or R 2 Y and X are -OH, or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -I. 179. Use according to any one of claims 1-14, 20-22, 27-36, 42-43 or 51-58 further comprising use of a medicament for the enhancement of the bioavailability of the compound of formula 1, 4, 5, 6, or 45 wherein the medicament comprises a compound selected from bavachinin A, didymin, flavanomarein, flavanone azine, flavanone diacetylhydrazone, flavanone hydrazone, silandrin, HI\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 158 silybin, siiychristin, isosilybin, naringin, naringenin, a compound having the structure (E) OH 0 CH3 OH C OH 0 (E) and formula 2A and 2B are S S. *SS* wherein a double or a single bond is present at the dotted line and when a double bond is present the optionally substituted phenyl ring at the 2- or 3-position is present and the R 8 that is bonded to the carbon is absent, and (ii) one R 8 at the adjacent 2- or 3-position is absent; X 1 is or -C(R) 2 X 2 is or -C(R 11 2 each R 8 independently is -OH, halogen, C 1 i- alkyl, HI\Shonal\Keep\Speci\174S3-o0 Speci Claims 30/01/04 159 C 1 I- alkoxy, glucuronide, a C 1 -2 5 fatty acid, the residue of a formula 2A or 2B compound where a hydrogen atom is removed to form the formula 2A or 2B compound radical, -CH 2 CH=C(CH 3 2 glucoside, a group having structure (B) or O 0 HO HO 010 V OH~HO OH or HO (C) R 10 is C 1 -6 alkyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, neohesperidoside, apioglucoside, rutinoside, glucoside, galactoside, rhamnoside, arabinoside, or a stereoisomer, hydrate, 15 analog, derivative or metabolite of any of these moieties, any of which are optionally independently substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with -OH, halogen, C1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkoxy, glucuronide or a C1-2s fatty acid or Ro 1 is -H, -OH or halogen; each R 1 independently is -OH, halogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, a glucuronide group of structure a C 1 -2 fatty acid, or both R 1 together are and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, S 25 ionized forms and solvates thereof. 180. Use according to claim 179 wherein the compound is naringin or naringenin. 181. A composition comprising 16a-bromoepiandrosterone, and 2, 3, 4 or 5 excipients selected from polyethylene glycol, dehydrated ethanol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol and propylene glycol, wherein the composition comprises less than about 3% v/v of water 182. The composition of claim 181, wherein the composition comprises less than about 1% v/v of water. 183. The pharmaceutical formulation according to any one of claims 67-140 and 181-182 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation contains a local anaesthetic. H.\Shona1\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 160 184. Use of a compound for the preparation of a medicament wherein the compound has the structure 0 wherein, the dotted line is a double bond at the 5-6 position or it is absent and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position is in the a-configuration or the1- configuration; R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the ,P13a,13,13,1,a,a,ca or a,a,a,13 configuration; *,Poe*: S Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH and no double bond is present at the 5-6 position, then the hydrogen atom at the 5-position is in the a-configuration; Q4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; :R 2 is -OH, -0-P -O-CH 2 -CH (O-C (0)-CH 3 -CH 2 -O- -0-S -O-CH 2 -CH (O-C (0)-CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C (0)CH 3 -0-S -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -OC (CH 3 3 -S-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-s (0)-O-CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 3 (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 3 -0-c (0)-NH-C 6 H 5 -0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -S-C()-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 0- S(0) -O0- CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0 -5S(0) -O0- CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S5(0) -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C OH, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, H.\Shona1\Keep\SPeci\17453-0O Speci ClaiMB 30/01/04 161 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 C6H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0H, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -S-C CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0RPR, -S-C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0RPR -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0R PR, -0-5 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0RP', PR ~o C0P -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0R PR, -0-C -CH 2 -C6H 4 0R PR, S- C(0) CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -CH 2 -CsH 3 (0R PR) 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-S -0 -CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 (0 (0 -OC2H--C2HNR' -OP OC2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C N CH 2 CH 2 -OCH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, 0OC _NH_ C6H 3 (OR PR 2 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-C -CH 2 C 6 H 3 (ORPR) 2 -S-C(0)-(C1 2 0 6 -CH 3 -S-C(0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 (C1 2 )o 6 -CH 3 CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -NH- (CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -NH- (CH 2 )0. 6 -C 6 Hs, -(CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -5o-H, -C11 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH- 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-C (0)-NH- C6H1 4 0CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 )0O 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S -CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-(CH 2 )O. 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 HS, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -NH-G12, -NH-C(0) -0-G12, H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-O Speci ClaimB 30/01/04 162 -C(0)-O-CH 2 -G12 or -0-C(0)-CH 2 -G12; R 1 A is -OH, -CH 3 -OCH 3 -OC 2 H 5 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -OCH(CH 3 )CH 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(CH 3 3; Y is -Br, -Cl, -OH, -OC(O)CH 3 -OC(O)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(O)CH 3 -OC(O)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 PR is -H or a protecting group; the halogen is -Cl, -Br or and 012 is an organic moiety comprising 1-12 carbon atoms and 0-8 independently selected O, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is optionally selected from C1- 1 2 alkyl, C2- 1 2 alkenyl, C2- 1 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 -9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NH 2 -C(O)ORPR, -C(O)OH, -OR -OH, -SR' -NO 2 -CN, -C(O)NH-, -O-A8, -S-A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(O)O-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 2 -OSO, 3 H 2 and halogen moieties or atoms, where each RPR is an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together comprise a protecting group, wherein A8 is C1- 8 alkyl, C 2 8 alkenyl, 25 C 2 8 alkynyl, C1-. 4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C 1 4 alkyl-C 2 -9 heterocycle, provided that if there is no double bond, R 1 A and X are both Y is -Br and hydrogen at the 5-position is in the a-configuration, then R 2 is not -O-C(O)-CH 3 in the P-configuration, and provided that if there is a double bond at the 5-6 position, R 1 A and X are both =0 and Y is -Br, =0 -OH in the a-configuration or -O-C(O)-CH 3 in the a-configuration, then R 2 is not -OH, -O-C(O)-CH 3 in the P-configuration or -O-C(O)-C 2 H 5 in the P-configuration, and provided the compound is not 3P,17P-dihydroxy-7-oxo- 16a-bromoandrost-5-ene, 3P-hydroxy-7,17-dioxo-16a- Ht\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 163 31,7c,171-trihydroxy-6-oxoandrost-s- ene, 31,16a,171-trihydroxy-7-oxoandrost-5-eneI 313,1713- dihydroxy-7, 16-dioxoandrost-5-eneI 31,16a-dihydroxy-7,17- 31,17a-dihydroxy-7, 16-dioxoandrost-5- ene, 31-acetoxy-7,16,17-trioxoandrost-5-eneI 31-propionoxy- l6c-acetoxy-7,17-dioxoandrost-5-eneI 313,7c,16c-trihydroxy- 17-oxoandrost-5-ene or 3137a,16c-triacetoxy-l7-oxoandrost- 185. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RIA, Y and X respectively are in the 131,x131,31,1,3 3atal PI, P 13,a,1a. 13,1,a,13,1 or P3,c,a,oa configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH I Q 4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the a,P3,Pa,13,13,1,a,P13,a or cx,a,cx,1 configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 187. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the 131,c,1,31,31,31,cc,1,31,c,1,ccJfc,1,3or P1,x,a, configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration. 188. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the cx,13,1,x,13,13,13,x,1,a or x,cx,cx,1 configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position in the ax- configuration. 189. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the 13,3,cx, PI, P,13PP,13,13,13,c PP, P1a13,x,13cxfc,13,3,cx13, or 3,cx,cx,c configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 190. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q 4 is -CH (halogen)-, and R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the cx,13,cx,P13,x,P13,1,P,(x or cx,cx,cx,1 configuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 191. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both Hs\Shonal\Keep\SPeCi\l74S3-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 164 Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the P,p,,P,P,P,P,P,P,P,a,a ,3,,p or P,a,a,a configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration. 192. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the a,P,a,P,a,P,P,P,a,P,a,a or a,a,a,p configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position in the a-configuration. 193. Use according to claim 184 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH 2 and R 2 R 1 A, Y and X respectively are in the ,P,P,a,,a,a,pp,a,Pp or P,a,a,a configuration and a hydrogen atom is present at S. the 5-position in the P-configuration. 194. Use according to any one of claims 184-193 wherein R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is =0, -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or 25 -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is =0, -OH, -Br, or -OC(0)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are -OH, R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, -Br or -I, or R 1 A is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is -O-S(0)(0)-OC 2 Hs, -S-C(0)-G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12 and Y H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 165 is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, R 2 and Y are -OH, X is or R 1 A, Y and X are -OH and R 2 is or (11) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or (12) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (13) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or (14) R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or (16) RIA, R 2 X and Y are -OH, or R 1 A is =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or (18) R 1 A and R 2 are -OH, X is =0 and Y is or S(19) RIA and R 2 are -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or R 1 A and R 2 are -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or RA and R 2 are -OH, X is =0 and Y is or (21) RA is =and R 2 are -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (22) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or 0 (24) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Br, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (26) R 1 A is -CH 3 R 2 and Y are -OH, and X is -OH or or 25 (27) Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) RiA is -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is =0 and X is -OH, -Br, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, -Br, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R.\Shonal\Keep\Spec\1753-00 Speci Caia 30/01/04 166 (31) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (32) R 2 is -OH, RIA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -F and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)- ,wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A, X and Y are -OH, or (34) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (36) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (37) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -I. 195. Use of a compound for the preparation of a medicament 15 wherein the compound has the formula C S2H3 CH3 R51 R49 wherein, R 49 is -H; 25 R 50 is -OH or =0; R 51 is -Br, -Cl, -I or -OH; R 52 is -OH or and the dotted line is an optional double bond. 196. Use according to claim 195 wherein R 52 is =0. 197. Use according to claim 195 wherein R 52 is -OH. 198. Use according to claim 195 wherein R 51 is -F. 199. Use according to any one of claims 195-198 wherein Rso is -OH. 200. Use according to any one of claims 195-198 wherein Rso is =0. 201. Use of a compound for the preparation of a medicament wherein the compound has the structure Hc\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17 4 53-00 Speci L Claims 30/01/04 167 1 wherein, the dotted line is a double bond at the 5-6 position or is absent and a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position is in the a-configuration or the 03- configuration and R 2 RjA, Y and X respectively are in the aPaa,a,P343,1 or a,x,ax,p configurations; Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q 3 is -CH 2 OH, then the hydrogen atom at the 5-position is in the a-configuration; .Q 4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; RIA is -H; R 2 is -OH, -0-P -O-CH 2 -CH -CH 3 -CH 2 -0- C (0)CH 3 -0 S(0) -OH, -0 S(0) ONa+, -O0- S(0) 0C 2 H 5 -0-S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 -0-S5(0) -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0-S5(0) -OC (CH 3 3 -S-C -CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -O-CH 3 -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 olo-0-5(0) (0)-O-CH 3 (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 3 -NH-C 6 Hs, -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0 -5S(0) -O0- CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C OH, -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -NI{-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -S-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 il.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\174S3-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 168 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -NI{-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -O -CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -sC()~C 2 H~~C 2 H0PR, -C(0 H 2 CHRPR, -0S-sC -0 CH 2 CH 2 0 CH 2 CH 2 RPS -0-C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0RR PR PR -0-C (0)-H-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OR C (0 -N-H-C 6 H 4 R -0-C(S PCRH~~HC 2 RR 6 4 RR -s-C (0CH 2 0CH 2 C2C0 CH 2 HR 0 -C-H ORPR)2,CHO PR PR C-H (0P -0-C -NH 2-0- CH 2 -CH2H 2 -OCH 2 NH ,O-R0)-H PR C 6 H 3 (ORS)2,-C -CH 2 CH 2 0-CC H 2 H 2 N H H0CsR C C (0RP) C 2 C)CH 2 0 6 -CH 2 -C 6 H O P (H2 C -O.-CH2C, -0-SPR )--CH 2 -C 6 H-s (0RP) -0- 10* (0CH, -0-S(0)2(0)C-0CH 2 -CH P, C 0) 2 -0-C (ORR)2 -C-NH-CH 2 H,-0Cs-O-(CH 2 )o. 6 -CR, -H- C 6 H3 O C( -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 0 PH, S) -CH 2 4 C 3 0-53(ORR)2 0CH 2 C(OCHCH 2 -soH, S(0) CHC 6 HOH 3 CH 2 o6CH3 (-H 2 CH) 1 5 0 -H-6 -0-5 (CH2) OCH 3 -CHCH 2 (-C6H 2 CH 2 5 -H C(0) -NH- A06H3 C 6 H5O, -0(O-CHs2-C H 2- (-CC H 2H 1 -0(-Cs)H 2 -4C C 6 H 4 -(-CH2 C (0-HC 2 0--C(0)-CH0H C (0)H 3 C(0) OC2- (H)0-CHCH, -0C(0 -C-C 6 (0)0 0,H2 -60C0 -H-CH, 0()-CH 2 CH 2 -0 H2C 2 C0H 3 -CH, -0-C (0 C 2 H -CHC 3 -0-0-CHCH 2 1-C-H, -0-CH 2 )CH 2 -(0 CHC 2 1 0 H 0C 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 O)(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-(O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N 0 2 -0-CH 2 )CH 2 (-C6HCH 2 1 5 )-0CH 2 -C 6 5 ,--CH 2 CH-0O-CHCH, -0-C 6 H 5 -CC H 2HS-CH 2 CH 3 -0O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -()-0CHC H 2- (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-(CH 2 )O. 6 -CH 3 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -C CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -C(0)-0-C 6 H 5 -C(0)--CH 2 CH 2 -CH 2 CH 3 -C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-Gl2, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-Gl2, -G12, -NH-G12, -NH-C(0) -0-Gl2, -C CH 2 -Gl2 or -0-C (0)-CH 2 -G12; Y is -C1, -Br, -OH, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(0)C- 2 CH 3 or -OC CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 X is -OH, -C1, -Br, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or H-\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-Oo Speci t. Claims 30/01/04 169 -OC CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R is -H or a protecting group; and Q12 is an organic moiety comprising 1-12 carbon atoms and 0-8 independently selected O, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is optionally selected from C1-1 2 alkyl, C2- 12 alkenyl, C2-1 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C2-9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NH 2 -C(O)OR, -C(O)OH, -OR R -OH, -SR P R -NO 2 -CN, -C(O)NH-, -O-A8, -S-A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(0)O-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (RPR) 2 -OSO 3 H 2 and halogen 15 moieties or atoms, where each RR is an independently selected protecting group or both R R together comprise a protecting group, wherein A8 is C 1 8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl, C 2 -8 alkynyl, C1- 4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or CI-4 alkyl-C 2 _9 heterocycle. 202. Use according to claim 201 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH3 and Q 4 is -CH 2 203. Use according to claim 201 wherein Q 6 is -CH 3 204. Use according to claim 201 wherein Q 3 and Q 6 are both -CH 3 Q4 is -CH(halogen)- and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 205. Use according to claim 204 wherein Q 4 is 206. Use according to claim 204 wherein Q4 is -CH(Br)-. 207. Use according to claim 204 wherein Q4 is 208. Use according to any one of claims 201-207 wherein R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is (0)-OC 2 Hs or (0)-OC(CH 3 3 Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 or H,\Shonal\Keep\Spceci\7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:12 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 4- IPAUSTRALIA 121007 -170 (4 -R 2 is -SC(O)-G12, _NH-C(O)".O-Gl 2 or -0-C(O)-NH- G12, y Ls -OR, -F or -Br and X is -O1H, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms5, or R 2 Y and X are -OH, or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (E R 2 and x are -OH and Y is -Br, or R3 and X are -OH and Y is Or p-2 is -OH or o-C (0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl or -Br and X s -OH, or -OC CH, 04 is -CH (halogen) wherein G12 op.,ioflally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC C3, Q4 is -CH (halogenl)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (12) R7. is -OR, Or -O-C (O)-G12, Y is -F and X is -OH, or -OC CH 3 Qt is -cH(halogel)-, wherein G12 optionally is allyl. having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or 13) R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(QY-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -ON, or .OC(O)CH 3 Q4 is -CH~halogel)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or (14) P1 2 Y and X are -OH and 04 is -CH (halogen)-, or (15) R2 and X are -OH and Y is -P and Q4 is -CH(hilogn)-, or (16) R 2 and X are -OH and Y is -Cl and Q, is -CH(halogen)-, or R 2 and X( are -OH and Y is -Br and 04, is -CH(Ialogefl)-, or (18) R. 2 and X are -OR and Y isE -I and 04 is -CH(1.aJlogen) 209. Use ccordinlg to claim 208 wherein the 04 halogen is ::35 210. Use according to claim 208 wherein the Q, halogen is -Br. 211. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more 3 resp a o icsi o 4 09/08 '04 MON 15:12 FAX 51 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA -171- excipients, and a coinpound having the str-uctu~re Z00O8 R 2 3 pt, F R 201 R Q6 x R alkoxy'), FA, RC( i- a l o y O F1,. 6 a l o y ha o e 5 aly2 (OH)-p Q0)2 or the carbon at the i-poitiofl togethritte Y R at the 1 7-psitil is -CHC- 6 lkoy)(H)- _~c3_falkxy (halog n-(9OSC 09/08 '04 MON 15:13 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 0oo9 172 alkoxy) -CH(halogen)-, -C(halogen)(halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 alkyl) -C(C 1 -e alkoxy) -C(C 1 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(C 1 -g ilkyl)(O-C(0) alkoxy) -Rs) -C(haloen)(O-C(O)-Rs)-, -C(C 1 alkoxy) (halogen)- or -CHa- CH 2 Q3 and Q6 independently are -H or -C(RI Q4 is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, 6 alkoxy)(OH)-, -C(C-s alkyl)(OH)-, -C(OH), -C(halcgen)=, -C(01-6 alkoxy)=, -C(Cl-s alkyl)=, hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; QE is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, -CH(allyl)-, -CH(alkoxy)-, -C(CI-s alkoxy) -C(C-s alkyl) -C(Ci-s alkoxy)(halogen)-, -C(C.-s alkyl) halogen)-, -C(halogen) -C(Cj-6 alkcoxy or alkyl)=; X is -OH or Y is -OH, =0 or -0-C(0)-Rs; each R 1 at the 11-, 12-, 141-, 15- and 17-positions independently is a halogen, -OH, C1,6 alkoxy, or C1-6 alkyl, or, if a 4-5 or a 5-6 dcuble bond is present, R 1 at the 5-position is absent, or, if a 1-2 or a 4-5 double bond is present, one R, at the 1, 2 cr 4-position is absent; 1.2 is -OH, C.s alkoxy, -OR, an ester, a thioe:Iter, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate; uA is -S -S -0-CH 2 -CH (0-C -Rs6) -CH2-O- C -t -P -0-CI2-CH (O-C -CH2-O-C -R7, CI-ta alkyl. C2-.a alkenyl, C2.18 alkynyl, a C1-19 ester or a C1.1e 30 thioester, where any of the foregoing CI-18 or Cz, moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -ORPR, -NHRPR, or -SROR, groups, or R3 is a Ci-ig fatty acid, C2.-o10 alkynyl, Phenyl-C-5-alkyl, 35 each Rs independently is straight or branched C-14 alky); each R 4 independently is C1-14 straight or branched H,\fona1\Keep\spt et\114Sl o i reupnae 09/,l/94 09/08 '04 MON 15:13 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 44 IPAUSTRALIA Zo010 173 alkyl; eah R, independently is Cl-4 straight or branched alkyl; eazh RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; each J independently is halogen, C 1 4 alkyl, Cz2-4 alkenyl, C. 1 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 6 caxboxyl ester or a C1-_ sulfate ester; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; M is hydrogen or sodium; and the dotted lines represc:nt a double bond or a single bond, provided that one or more R 1 at the 1-position, 2-position, 4- position, 5-position, 6-position, 8-position, 9 -position, 11-pos.tion, 14-position or 15-position independently are -Br, -OH, C3_ 6 alkoxy, or C3_6 alkyl, or R2 is a sulfonate ester or a carbamate, or one or both of Q3 and Qs independently are -H, -CH 2 Rj, -CHR 2 or alkyl containing 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms where R, independently are -Cl, -Br, -I or C.-6 alkoxy, Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, -C(C.-6 alkox) -C(C.6 alkyl)(OH)-, -C(halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 alkoxy)=, -C(C 1 6 alkyl)-, hydro3yvinylidine or methyl methylene, or 5) Qs is -CH(halogen)-, -CHi(a. kyl)-, -CH(alkoxy)-, -C(Cl-6 alkoxy) -C(Cl- 6 alkyl -C(C1-6 alkoxy) (halogen)-,. -C(Ci-s alkyl (halogen)-, -C(halogen)., -C(C-e alkoxr)= or -C(Cis. alkyl) and either R2 is a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or one or both of Q3 and Qs indep3ndently are -CHOH, -CH 2 Rj, -CHR 2 or alkyl containing 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms where R 1 indepndently are -Cl, -Br, -I or C1-6 alkoxy. :212. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein 03 35 and Cs are -CH3 and Q3 and Qs are in the P-configuration. 213. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein Q3 is -1 and Qs is -Cit and Qa and Q are in the II\tctfl\CV \lrsci17430 3' reapoflre fl/OS/Ct 09/08 '04 MON 15:13 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 4*4 IPAUSTRALIA o011il 173a configuration. 214. Th3 pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein Q, is -H and Q6 is -CH 2 CH3 and Q03 and Q6 are in the j- configuration. 215. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 216. Tle pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein a double bond is present at the 4-5 position. 217. Tte pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein a double bond is present at the 1-2 position. 218. TI.e pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein a double bond is present at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions. 219. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein no double bond is present at the 1-2, 4-5 or 5-6 positions. 220. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein Q, is -H -CH3, Q6 is -CH3 and Q, and Q6 are in the P- configiration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 positio n. 221. Tae pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein Q3 is -H Dr -CH 3 Qj is -CH, and Q3 and Q6 are in the I- 0 009 90*0 0e0~ 000 0*000* 0 0p. 000* 0000 0 0 0000 9. 0 9 9 0 0@ 0 0 00** 0090 9* 0@ 00 0000 00** a.\bonaI\teep\Spaci\ 1 7
433.oo -00 rlp e 09/08/04 174 configuration and a double bond is present at the position. 222. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein Q 3 is -H or -CH3, Q6 is -CH3 and Q3 and Q6 are in the P- configuration and a double bond is present at the 1-2 position. 223. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein Q3 is -H or -CH 3 Q6 is -CH3 and Q3 and Q6 are in the P- configuration and a double bond is present at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions. 224. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 211 wherein Q3 is -H or -CH 3 Q6 is -CH 3 and Q3 and Q 6 are in the P- configuration and no double bond is present at the 1-2, 4-5 or 5-6 positions. 15 225. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 211-224 wherein Qi is -C(C 1 -6 alkyl)- or -C(Ci-6 alkyl)(OH)-; Q2 is -CH(OH)- or -CH(halogen)-; Q4 is -CH 2 -C(halogen)(halogen)-, -CH(halogen)- or -C(halogen)=; Qs is -CH 2 -CH(OH)- or and X and R 2 are -OH. 226. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims S* 211-224 wherein 25 Qi is -C(Ci-6 alkyl)- or -C(Ci-6 alkyl)(OH)-; Q2 is -CH(OH)- or -CH(halogen)-; Q4 is -CH 2 -C(halogen)(halogen)-, -CH(halogen)- or -C(halogen)=; Qs is -CH 2 -CH(OH)- or RI at the 9-position is -F or -Cl, and RI at the 11-, 12- and 14-positions are and X and R 2 are -OH. 227. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 211-224 wherein Qi is -C(C 1 -6 alkyl)- or -C(Ci-6 alkyl) Q2 is -CH(OH)- or -CH(halogen)-; Q 4 is -CH 2 -C(halogen)(halogen)-, H-\Shonal\Keep\Speci\174S3o00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 LGJ I7 09/08 '04 MON 15:13 FAX 81 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK -4-4 IPAUSTRALIA 175 -CH(halogen)- or -C(halogen)=; Qs is -CH 2 -CH(OH)- or RI at the 9-position is -F or -Cl, and Ri at the 12- and 14-positions are and X and R 2 are -OH. 228. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 211-224 wherein Q is -C(Cl- 6 alkyl)- or -C(Ci-s alkyl)(OH)-; Q or the carbon at the 16-position and Y and Ri at the 16-position are -CF 2 Q4 is -CHz-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -CH(ha]ogen)- or -C(halogen) Q, is -CH(OH)- or R 2 at the 9-position is -F or -Cl, and Ri at the 4- 12- and 14-positions are and X and R 2 are -OH. 229. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 211-22-1 wherein Q. is -C(Ci- 6 alkyl)- or -C(Ci- 6 alkyl)(OH)-; Q. or the carbon at the 16-position and Y and R 1 at the 16-position are -CF 2 Q is -CH2-, -CF 2 -CHF- or -CF=; Q, is -CH2-, -CH(OH)- or RL at the 9-position is -F or -Cl, RI at the 1-, 12- and 14-positions are -H and R 1 at the 3-position is Ci-6 alkyl or C 1 -6 alkoxy; and X and R 2 are -OH. 230. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more :3 excipients and a compound of formula 1 *S Se e• S*iA \holMep\pec\l"*53-Ofl 3 rcspocc 09/01/< o* *g 012Ui 09/08 '04 MON 15:14 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK +44~ IPAUSTRALIA 16jO13 -176 210 wher 3irQ, R Ri c(H- C(C~ loy- CC 1 6 akx)(H- 0: is -CH (OH) -CH-I(C 1 6 alkoxy) -C(hl-salkogf) (OH c alkoxy) (hogn)-, -Cy) (hlogn-,(C alkyl) (0-ogn C i) -RiO Ci--r alkoxy C( -CH (halogen R 5 -C(CI-0 alkoxy) (halogen) Or -CF 2 -CH 2 Q. is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 hydroxyvilYlidile or methyl methylenle; is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, ~~CH (al kyl)- -CH (alkoxy) -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (OH) -C 6 alkyl) -C (Cl- 6 alkoxy) (halogen) -C(CM- 6 *alkyl) (halogen) -C (OH) -C (halogen) -C (C] 1 -c alkox-j)= or -C(C 1 alkyl)=; Iis and t ach R, independently is a halogen, -OH, Cl- 6 alkoxy, or C 1 alkyl; 1.2 is -OH, C 1 6 alkoxy, -OR3, an ester, a thioeIer a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate; 1.3±5 s 0) 0)-OM, -S -0-.CH 2 -CH (0-C -RS) -CH 2 -O- 34\bnLXe\SWi1430 xcapow 09/09/04 0 LQJ U 14 09/08 '04 MON 15:14 FAX 81 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 4*4 IPAUSTRALIA 177 C -p -O-CHl-CH (0-C -R 7 -CH 2 -O-C -R71 C-o 16 alkyl, :2-1e alkenyl, C 2 -15 alkynyl, a C-_ 19 ester or a C1-1 thioest r, where any of the foregoing C.. 19 or C 2 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with onR or more independently selected -NHR', or -SR croups, or R3 is a C.r. 1 fatty acid, C2-. 1 o alkynyl, (J),-phm-nyl-C-s-alkyl, each R, independently is straight or branched CL- 1 x alkyl; each R 4 independently is C 1 4 straight or branched alkyl; each R, independently is C1.14 straight or branched alkyl; each R'R independently is -H or an independently selecttd protecting group; eE.ch J independently is halogen, C 1 4 alkyl, C 2 -4 alkeny, C 1 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C1.s carboxyl ester or a C.s sulfate ester; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; M is hydrogen or sodium; and the dotted lines represtnt a double bond or a single bond, provided that one or more RI 1 at the 1-position, 2-position, 4- position, 5-position, 6-position, 8-position, 9-position, 11-position, 14-position or 15-position independently are -CL, -Br, -OH, C 1 -6 alkoxy, or C 1 -6 alkyl, or o R 2 is a sulfonate ester or a carbamate, or i. one or both of Q3 and Qs independently are :16 CH 2 0H, -CH 2 R, -CHR2 or alkyl containing 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms where R, independently are -Cl, -Br, -I or 30 C 1 6 alkoxy, 400000 Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 alkoxy)(OH)-, 6 alkyl)(OH)-, -C(halogen)., 6 alkoxy)=, alkyl)=, hydroyvinylidine or methyl methylene, or 35 Qs is -CH(halogen)-, -CH(alkyl)-, -CH(alkoxy)-, -C(C 1 -6 alkoxy)(OH)-, -C(C.6 alkyl)(OH)-, -C(C.6 alkoxy)(halogen)-, -C(C 1 -6 0 :\Bamdl\Kcp\peti\27 4 5 30 3' tOBpanfe 09/08/04 Lo 014 09/08 '04 MON 15:14 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA [015 178 alkyl) (nalogen)-, -C (halogen)-, -C(CI-6 alkoxy)= or alkyl)= and either R 2 is a sulfonate ester cr a carbamate or one or both of Q3 and Qs independently are -CH20H, -CH 2 R 1 -CHR2 or alkyl contairing 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms where R, indeperdently are -Cl, -Br, -I or C-6. alkoxy. 231. Te pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein Q3 and Qs are -CH3 and Q3 and Qs are in the p-configuration. 232. Tle pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein Q3 is -H End Q6 is -CH 3 and Q3 and Q6 are in the J- configi .ration. 233. Th.e pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein Q3 is -H E.nd Q6 is -CH2CH 3 and Q3 and Q are in the P- configi ration. 234. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 235. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein a double bond is present at the 4-5 position. 236. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein a double bond is present at the 1-2 position. 237. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein a double bond is present at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions. 238. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein no douDle bond is present at the 1-2, 4-5 or 5-6 positions. 239. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein Qa *O is -H or -CH 3 Q is -CH3 and Q3 and Q6 are in the 3- conficuration and a double bond is present at the 5-6 position. 30 240. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein Q3 is -H or -CH3, Q~ is -CH3 and Q3 and Qs are in the P- conficuration and a double bond is present at the position. 241. "he pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein Q3 35 is -H or -CH 3 Q, is -CH3 and Q3 and QG are in the j- conficguration and a double bond is present at the 1-2 Sposit:.on. 0•0 oo *o iaj ulti 09/08 '04 MON 15:15 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK -r IPAUSTRALIA 179 242. Th pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein Q3 is -H or -CH 3 Qs is -CH3 and Q3 and Qs are in the P- configuration and a double bond is present at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions. 243. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 230 wherein Q3 is -H or -CH3, Q6 is -CH3 and Q3 and Qs are in the P- configuration and no double bond is present at the 1-2, or 5-6 positions. 244. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 230-243 wherein Qi is -CH(OH)- or -C(Ci-s alkyl)(OH)-; Q2 is -CH(halogen)- or -C(halegen)(halogen)-; Q4 is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)- or -C(halogen)=; Q is -CH2-, or -C(halogen)=; and R; is -OH. 245. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 225 or 244 wherein the carbon atom and Ri at the 11-position are -CH(ha*.ogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C(alkoxy) (halogen)-, -CH(alkyl)-, -CH(OH)-, -C(OH) :halogen)- or -C(alkyl) 246. T.ie pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 211-221 or 230-243 wherein the carbon atom and Ri at the 11-posLtion are -CH(halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 alkoxy)(halogen)-, -CH(C 1 6 alkyl)-, -C(OH)halogen)- or -C(CI-6 alkyl) 247. Tae pharmaceutical formulation of claim 245 wherein all otier R 1 are -H. 248. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 246 wherein all other Ri are -H. 249. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 225 or 244 wherein the carbon atom and R 1 at the 12-position are -CH(halogen) -C(alkyl) (halogen)-, -CH(CI- 6 alkyl)-, 35 or -C(Ci-6 alkyl) 250. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 211-2:4 or 230-243 wherein the carbon atom and RI at the S Ij- 016 09/08 '04 MON 15:15 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 44* IPAUSTRALIA 1J017 179a 12-position are -CH(halogen)-, -C(alkyl)(halogen)-, -CH(alkyl)-, -CH(OH)- or -C(alkyl) 251. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 249 wherein all other RI are -H. 252. Tle pharmaceutical formulation of claim 250 wherein all otter R 1 are -H. 253. TIe pharmaceutical formulation of claim 225 or 244 whereir. R at the 9-position is -halogen. 254. TI.e pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 211-22' or 230-243 wherein R, at the 9-position is -halog in. 255. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 253 wherein all other R, are -H. 256. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 254 wherein all otier R, are -H. 257. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 253 wherein RI at the 9-position is -F. 258. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 254 wherein RI at the 9-position is -F. 259. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more excipisnts and a compound having the structure *r a S S. S S S. S S S S S S .5. B:\ShhOsll\eep\ESpec\L7433-0 0 3 reoponl 0)/0/01 180 R2 R ,R R RR R, R 1 R R 1 R, R 1 R, i 1 1 R RR R 1 R, o wRin 03 and R1 inepnenl are -H or-( RC, -r I 1 lyC -OH C 1 i alk xy or CRlk alkoxy (OH) or -CC 1 alyl (OH wrin at the 17-osiopent s e C-H a rlky; Y 2 is -OH, aFkoxy, -Or 3 an, ester ayC- estery or a0- ca0bamate; eac is indpedetl (a)tM -S(e 1O-,C 2 -H(3-CO4-, 5-,H6-, 2 C 1-R 7 i -CH, 0 C CH(Cl alkeyl,)C 2 alkynyl, aloy- C 1 1 ete ora 1 thioester, w hreanyl of theforeon Cster or C 2 oties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l74S3-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 igj cia 09/08 '04 MON 15:15 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 181 with one or more independently selected -OR R -NHR R or -SR R croups, or R 3 is a Ci-ia fatty acid, C 2 10 alkynyl, (J)n-ph nyl-C_-s-alkyl, (J)n-phenyl-C2-s-alkenyl; each Rs independently is straight or branched CI-1 4 alkyl; each R 6 independently is CI- 14 straight or branched alkyli each R 7 independently is C1-14 straight or branched alkyl; e.ch R independently is -H or an independently selecttd protecting group; ez.ch J independently is halogen, C 1 -4 alkyl, C 2 4 alkeny:., C.-4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 -6 ca:-boxyl ester or a C 1 6 sulfate ester; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and M is hydrogen or sodium, provided that the compound is not 3P,17p-dihydroxy-7-oxo-17a-methyl-5a-androstane. 260. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 259 wherein R, at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-positions are one Ri at the 2-position is and the otaer R, at the 2-position is -C1, -Br, -OH, C 1 -6 altoxy, or C-s 6 alkyl. 261. Tae pharmaceutical formulation of claim 259 wherein R, at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-positions are and RI at the 2-position are both -F, -Br, cr C 1 -6 alkyl. 262. Ihe pharmaceutical formulation of claim 259 wherein RI at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-poEitions are one R, at the 4-position is and 30 the other Ri at the 2-position is -Cl, -Br, -OH, CI-6 alkoxy, or C 1 alkyl. 263. 'he pharmaceutical formulation of claim 259 wherein R at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-po:itions are and RI at the 4-position are both -F, 35 -Br, or C 1 -6 alkyl. 264. 'he pharmaceutical formulation of claim 259 wherein Ri S"at tho 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and H:\8hbnal\Kcep\bpec;i\l'U .Os-o u r5.pnc e O/o/C€ i018 09/08 '04 MON 15:16_FAX 61 3 9243 8333GRFIhHC PUTLA j1 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA [it 019 182 16-pos--*tiole are one at the 6-position is and the oth~er at the 6-position is -Cl, -Br, -OH, C 1 -6 all'oxy, or Cl-g alkyl. 265. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 259 wherein R, at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-pos:.tions are and R, at the 6-poeition are both -F, 266. V~ie pharmaceu.tical formulation of claim 259 wherein R, at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-positiOns are and R, at the 9-positiOn is -Br, or Cl-t alkyl. 267.A pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more excipiants and a compound having the structure where Q3 and Q6 independently are -H or CR)3 :is -O1H or -0-C (0)-R 5 1is -OH, 'Cl, -Br, CIL. 6 alkyl, C 1 ,6 alkoxir 35 ach R, independently at the 6-, 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- or 16-position iS -Cl, C- alkoxy, or CI- alkcyl; Ii 1 3 .~\SC~iI74 3 "3 .*BPoa OVioo/oi 09/08 '04 MON 15:16 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK +4 IPAUSTRALIA Z020 183 the carbon atom and R 1 at. the 7-position is -CH(OH)-, -CH(halgen)-, -C(halogen)(halogen)-, -C(halogen)(C 1 6 alkyl)-, -CH(C,5 alkyl)-, -CH(C2-6 alkoxy)-, -C(C-6 alkoxy) or -C(C 2 6 alkyl) (OH)- R 1 at the 17-position is C 2 -s alkyl when Y is or R 1 at the 17-position is C.. 6 alkyl when Y is -OH, -F, -Cl, -Er, C 1 6 alkyl, C 1 6 alkoxy or -O-C(O)-R 5 or (2) when ore or more R 1 at the 9-, 11-, 12-, 14-, or 15-positions are -C1, -Br, -OH, C 1 6 alloxy, or C 1 6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, C 1 .s alkoxy, -OR 2 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester cr a carbamate; R- is -O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R6) -O-CH 2 CH(O-C(O)-R 7 )-CH2-O-C(O) -R7, C-. 18 alkyl, C 2 18 alkenyl, C 2 -s alkynyl, a C:ie ester or a C 1 18 thioeslter, where any of the foregoing C-2e or Ca 2 1 moieties are op:ionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR" _NHRP or -SRR, groups, or R 3 is a C1- 18 fatty acid, C 2 -o alkynyl, (J),-phenyl-Cz-s-alkenyl; each Rs independently is straight or branched C1-. 14 alkyl; each Re independently is C 1 14 l straight or branched alkyl; each R 7 independently is C 1 14 straight or branched alkyl; S* each R independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; 30 Each J independently is halogen, C 1 4 alkyl, C 2 4 0 *alken,1, C 1 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 6 carboxyl ester or a C.-6 sulfate ester; r is 0, 1, 2 or 3; *9 is hydrogen or sodium, provided that the compound is not 3 p,17p-dihydroxy-7-oxo-17a-ethylandrost-s5-ene. 268. "he pharmaceutical formulation of claim 267 wherein R 1 at the(! 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and *@e \a\ShLOnDI\Keep\SbPeCi\17453-O0 3" reopate 09/08/04 *0*e 09/08 '04 MON 15:16 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 184 16-positions are one RI at the 2-position is and the other Ri at the 2-position is -Cl, -Br, -OH, Ci- alkoxy, or C 1 -s alkyl. 269. Tte pharmaceutical formulation of claim 267 wherein Ri at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-positions are and Ri at the 2-position are both -F, -Br, or CZ-g alkyl. 270. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 267 wherein RI at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-positions are one Ri at the 4-position is and the oti.er RI at the 2-position is -C1, -Br, -OH, C 1 -g all:oxy, or Ci- 6 alkyl. 271. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 267 wherein Ri at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-pos:.tions are and RI at the 4-position are both -F, -Br, C-6 alkyl. 272. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 267 wherein Ri at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-pos.tions are one RI at the 6-position is and the otler R 1 at the 6-position is -Cl, -Br, -OH, C 1 -6 alcoxy, or C1-6 alkyl. 273. Tie pharmaceutical formulation of claim 267 wherein RI at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-positions are and R1 at the 6-position are both -F, -Br, or CI- 6 alkyl. 274. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 267 wherein Ri at the 11-, 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-positions are and Rx at the 9-position is -F. 275. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 267 wherein RI at the 12-, 14-, 15- and 16-positions are one Ri at the 11-position is -H and the other R, at the 11-position is -Cl or C-.6 alkyl. 276. 'he pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 267-2"5 wherein Q3 is -H and Qg is -CH 3 35 277. "he pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 259-2t:6 wherein -H at the 5 position is in the a- conficuration. Go H:\hnnl\cttp\gfp-ci\ 'o°P i ue VM/O/o0 *r 1021 09/08 '04 MON 15:17 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 185 278. Use of a compound of formula 1 for the treatment or prevention of a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, wherein formula 1 is R, RI X R, R1 1 13Q2 14 R RI wherein Q: is -C(Ri)2- or Q2 is or -CHz-CH2-; Q and Q independently are -H or -C(R)3; Q. is -C(R 1 hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methyl ne Q; is -C(RI)2- or x and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl, -O-C(Oi-Rs, -C(O)-ORs, a halogen or =0; S. each R 1 independently is a halogen, -OH, C 1 -s alkoxy, or C 1 -6 alkyl; R is -OH, a halogen, C 1 6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkoxy, -OR 3 30 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R, is (0)-O-CH2-CH(0-C(0)-Rs)-CH2 -O- C 6 -P -O-CH2-CH (O-C -R 7 -CH 2 -0-C -R 7 a 35 glucuronide group of structure (A) o**\flLot o \lKcp\Epcci\l 5 .O0 X -POJ 09/01/04 S [a022 186 H 3 C 0 OH OH CH3 S or R 3 is C 1 18 alkyl, C 2 1 8 alkenyl, C2- 18 alkynyl, a C 1 -e 8 ester or a C 118 thioester, where any of the foregoing C 1 -ie or C2- 18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR PR -NHR or groups, or R 3 is a C1- 18 fatty acid, C 21 -o alkynyl, -phenyl-C 1 -s-alkyl, (J)n-phenyl-C2-s- alkenyl; each Rs independently is straight or branched C1- 14 alkyl; each R 6 independently is C1- 14 straight or branched alkyl; and each R 7 independently is Ci- 14 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is a halogen, C1- 4 alkyl, C 2 -4 alkenyl, C1- 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a CI-6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 i- sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, (O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R 6 CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 6 (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof, provided that the compound is not dehydroepiandrosterone, the 3P-sulfate of dehydroepiandrosterone or a salt, ether or ester of either compound. H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08_'04 MON 15:17 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Z0123 -187 279. Uee according to claim 278 wherein the use Of the compourd of formula 1 is by administration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing prcitocol. 280, U~e according to claim 279 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least cne day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or (11) administration~ of the compound of formula I. to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 60 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followtod by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, B or more wioeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subjec: 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more w- eks, or (I1) administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subjec:_ daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a pariod of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, or mora days without dosing, followed by another course of daily losing. 281. U~e according to claim 278 wherein QL is -CH -CH (halogen) -CH-1(C1.6 alkoxy)- (C 1 6 alkoxy) -C alkoxy) (halogen)-, -C(M 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C(Cl- 6 alkoxy) 6666 (C 1 6 alkyl)-, -c(halogen) or -C(C 1 alkyl) C2 is -CH(C 1 6 alkoxy)-, -CH(halogefl)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 alkyl) -C(C 3 6 too*:alkoxy) 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(Cl-6 alkyl) (0-C -Rs) C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (0-C -R 5 -C (halogen) (O-C C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (halogen) or -CH 2 -CH 2 too: C is -CH 3 or -H in the P3-configuration; (65 is -04 3 Or -C 2 14 5 in the P-configuration; is -C14 2 -CHCOR)-, -CH(halogen)-, -C alkoxy) -C alkyl) -CH1=, -CC(OH)= 66 B,ba\eep\SP.C\1741OO0 I" 1£6pons 09/00/04 .too 188 -Ck(halogen) -C (Cl- alkoxy) -C (Cl- 6 alkyl) hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, -CH (alkyl) -CH (alkoxy) -C (Cl 1 6 alkoxy) (OH)- -C (Cl- 6 alkyl) (OH) -C (Cl. 6 alkoxy) (halogen) -C(C 1 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen)=, -C(Cl 1 6 alkoxy)= or -C(Cl- 6 alkyl)=; X is -OH, =0 or -R5; and R 2 is -OH, C 1 6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate, or wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure 4, 5 or 6 or wherein, Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH the formula 1 compound has the structure Q 4 is -CH 2 or -CH (halogen)-; R 2 is -OH, -0-P -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -0- B.\Shoual\Keep\Speci\174S3-OO SPeCi Claime 30/01/04 189 -0-s -0-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -0-C CH 3 -0-S -0CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -OC (CH 3 3, -s-c -CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0S(0) -0-CH 3 -0S(0) -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 (0)-0-CH 3 (0)-0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C(0)-NH-CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 5 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -0-C -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -NH.-C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C(0)OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-5 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-C (0)-NI{-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 ~SC()~C 2 H~~C 2 H0PR, HO PR -0CC0 C0H 2 CH 2 0RP, CCHRP PR PR -0-5(0 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OR PR PR -0-C 0(0) -H-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR (0-C CH-C 6 H 4 OR PR PR 25-0-C -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR C ()H-C 6 H 4 R *PR P -S-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR P, -CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR PR) 2 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 N}IR P, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NIIR P, -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHRP', -0-C (0)-NH- C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 N{R PR, -0-C C2 C 6 H 3 (ORPR 2 -S-C(0)-(CH 2 )0. 6 -CH 3 -S-C(0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0- (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -Nil-(CH 2 )o. 6 -C 6 H 5 -(CH 2 )0. 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 O-H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-5 -0-CH 2 H.\Shonal\Keep\speCi\274S3-00 Sped. Claims 30/01/04 190 C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -0-C (0)-NI--CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 i- 5 0 -0-C (0)-NH- C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 .SO-H, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-C (0)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -(CH 2 )0. 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 0CH 3 (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -O-CM 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -0-CM 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-C 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -C (CM 2 0 6 -CH 3 -C CM 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -C CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 Hs, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S -CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -NI{-G12, -NH-C(0) -0-G12, -C(0)--CH 2 -G12 or -0-C(0)-CH 2 -G12; RjA is -OH, -CM 3 -0CM 3 -0C 2 H 5 -OCH 2 CM 2 CH 3 -0CM (CM 3 CH 3 -OCM 2 CM 2 CM 2 CH 3 or -OC (CM 3 3 Y is -Br, -Cl, -OH, -OC(0)CM 3 -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0)CM 2 CH 2 CM 3 X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(O)CH 3 -OC(O)CM 2 CM 3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CM 2 CM 3 R. :PR is -H or a protecting group; and G12 is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 25 7 or 8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is Cl- 1 2 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C 2 1 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NRR, -N(R PR 2 -C(O)OR PR' _0C(O)R PR, -OR PR ,-OH, -SR' -SM, -NO 2 -CN, -O-A8, -S-A8, -OC(0)-A8, -C(0)O-A8, =N-OM, -OPO 3 (RR) 2 -050 3 M 2 -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, where each R PR is an independently selected protecting group or both R PR together comprise a protecting H.\Shoaal\Keep\SpeCi\74S3-O Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:17 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA 191 group, and A8 is Ci.a alkyl, Ca 2 alkenyl, Ca alkynyl, C1. 4 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C 1 4 alkyl-Cz-, heterocycle. 282. UEe according to claim 281 wherein Y is in the p-configuration. 283. ULEe according to claim 281 wherein X is in the a-configuration. 284. UEe according to claim 281 wherein R 2 is in the 1024 a-configuration. 285. UEe according to claim 281 a-configuration. 286. UEe according to claim 282 a-conf:guration. 287. Us:e according to claim 283 a-conf:.guration. 288. U(;e according to claim 284 a-conf:.guration. 289. U:;e according to claim 281 a-conf.guration and Y is in the in the P-configuration and X is wherein RiA is in the wherein R 1 A is in the wherein R 1 A is in the wherein R 1 A is in the wherein R 2 is in the 0-configuration, Y is in the a-configuration, or 00 *0 oO. o 0 g* *0 0 O* 6 0 0 006 eeoc 6* 0060 @000 U 0 0 09 U 0 00 0*0 0 0- 00 «0 0040 R 2 is in the a-configuration and X is in the a-confLguration. 290. Use according to claim 281 wherein the use of the compouid of formula 1 is by administration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. 291. Use according to claim 290 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 45, 6C, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally 35 folloved by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or c) administration of the compound of formula 1 to a HBbAShol\KeeC\Spcci\17453- 0 0 I" reeponse 09/01/o4 09/08 '04 MON 15:18 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 192 subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a pEriod of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily cosing. 292. UEe according to any one of claims 281-291 wherein RA is R, is -OH, -0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH3, R2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O -G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH3, R2 is -OH, or -O-C(O-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 whereii G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are Ra is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl naving 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is RIA is -OH, -OCH3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH,, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbor. atoms, or RA is -OH or -OCH3, Ra is S -OC 2 Hs, -S-C(C)-G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X 30 is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH3, wherein G12 optionally is lkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RiA and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12 and Y is -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or 35 8) R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and Rz is -OH or -O-C(O)-012, where:.n G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 *carbon atoms, or a 0.\Sofl\Z.' ep\Si\B 0 I' rio nice 0 /0/0, 0025 193 R i and R2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, (11) (12) (13) (14) (16) (17) (18) (19) (21) (22) (23) (24) (26) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or R 1 A, R 2 X and Y are -OH, or R 1 A is =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Br, or R 1 A is R 2 and R 2 is -OH, Y are -OH, R 1 A X is -OH and Y is or is and X is -OH or =0, a or (27) Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (30) R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or H.\Shonal\Keep\Spec\1l7453-OO Speci r Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:18 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 194 R 2 is RIA is -OH, -OCH1 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0) -CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alk-1 having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is =0 and RiA, X and Y are -OH, or R 2 is =0 and RIA and X are -OH and Y is or Ra is .0 and RIA and X are -OH and Y is -C1, or (16) R 2 is =0 and RiA and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (57) R 2 is =0 and RIA and X are -OH and Y is -I. 293. U;e according to claim 292 wherein the halogen at Q4 is -F 3r -Br. 294. Use according to claim 292 wherein the compound of formula 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 295. Use according to any one of claims 278-291 wherein the comnpound of formula 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for buzcal or sublingual administration to a human. 296. Use according to any one of claims 278-291 wherein the ccmpound of formula 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol or oral administration to a human. 297. Use of a compound of formula 1B or IC for the treatnent or prevention of a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, wherein formula 1i and 1C are *Y 30 R, N RR and 1B IC where .n, .ach R3 independently is -OH, a halogen, -CHCH 2 35 -CHCH:H3, -CCH, -CCCH 3 or, the other moiety that is bonded to th- same carbon atom is absent and R 1 is =0; 12 is -OH, a halogen, C-a 8 alkoxy, -O-C(O)-R 4 M6:\ghoal\K PSC i\1 7 43"-0 0 2" repo 2 09/0/04 o o Q026 09/08 '04 MON 15:18 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK +e IPAUSTRALIA 1027 195 -S-C(0)-R 4 (0)-R 4 (0)-OR 4 -O-C(O)-NHR 4 or -R 4 R 4 is a protecting group, optionally substituted Cl-1j alcyl, optionally substituted C2-o alkenyl, optionally substituted Ca.ie alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionElly substituted aryl-C.s alkyl, optionally substituted aryl-C2.s alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl- C2-. allynyl, optionally substituted heterocycle-C-. alkyl, optionelly substituted C2- 6 alkenyl-heterocycle, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl-heterocycle or an optionally substituted heterocycle, where any of the foregoing moietit:s are optionally substituted at one, two, three, four, :live or more carbon or hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -NRPR OR, -NHRPR, -SR R -CN, -NO 2 -Cl, -Br or -I groups or atoms; eich-RPR independently is -H or an independently select':d protecting group; X is -OH, lower alkyl, -C(0)-ORs or a halogei; Q: is -C(R)a 2 or -CH 2 -CH2-; Q, and Qs independently are -CH3 or -CH 2 OH; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the steroid nucleus are optionally substituted with indepeadently selected -OH, -Br, -Cl, -OCH 3 or -OCzH, atoms or groups, provided that the compound is not Sdehydrepiandria osterone, dehydroepiandrosterone- 3 -sulfate or a salt, ether or ester of either compound. 298. Use according to claim 297 wherein Q3 and Q are both 30 -CH3 il the p-configuration; and C2 is -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, or -CH(OF)- with the Br, I or OH moieties in the a- conficuration; and Fi independently are -OH or -CCH; and F 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-R 4 wherein R 4 is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms. 299. U;e according to claim 297 wherein Q3 and Qg are both \'\hoO&til\Xk p\Bpeci\4s- 0 0 reipO W l e g09/0o/0 g* 09/08 '04 MON 15:19 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA [028 196 -CH 3 in the p-configuration; and lI2 is -OH, -Br or -I. 300. UEe according to claim 297, 298 or 299 wherein the compourd of formula lB or IC is a pharmaceutical formulation for buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 301. U.e according to claim 297, 298 or 299 wherein the compou.d of formula 1B or IC is a pharmaceutical formuli.tion for parenteral or aerosol administration to a human. 302. U::e according to claim 297, 298 or 299 wherein the use of the compound of formula lB or IC is by admini:;tration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. 303. U:je according to claim 302 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the compound of formula lB or IC to t subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily lose, or administration of the compound of formula lB or 1C to subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 30, 45, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or 4. administration of the compound of formula 1B or IC to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1B or 1C to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, follooed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, -60, 9[ or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing. 35 304. Ise of a compound of formula 1 for the enhancement of phagocytosis of Plasmodium or Trypanosome infected cells, where n formula 1 is Ms Uo\Shnl ke9SpOCi\145 .OQ 3 u r=i=pctmt 09g/o 197 54 1 1 R 2 10 8 R o. o wherein is -C (Rl) 2 or -C Q2 is -C (Rl) 2 -C (Rl) or -CH 2 -CH 2 and Q6 independently are -H or -C (Rl) 3 Q 4 is -C (Rl) 2 -C hydroxy-vinyl idine or methyl methyl ene; Q 5 is -C(R 1 2 or X and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl, -0-C (0)-R 5 -C -R 5 a halogen or =0; :each R, independently is a halogen, -OH, CI- 6 alkoxy, or Cl- 6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C 1 -6 alkyl, C 1 6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R 3 is -S -OM, -S -O-CH 2 -CH -R 6 -CH 2 -0- C (0)-R 6 -P (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O) -R 7 -CH 2 -O-C (0)-R 7 a glucuronide group of structure (A) COOH H 3 c 0 OH OH CH3 or R 3 is Cl- 18 alkyl, C 2 18 alkenyl, C 2 18 alkynyl, a Cl 1 8 H. \Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-O0 Speci Claims 30/01/04 I~J 029 09/08 '04 MON 15:19 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA -198 ester cr a C 1 18 thioester, where any of the foregoing C 118 a or C2-l moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydroge-n atoms with one or more independently selected -OR PR, *N1RPR, or _-SRSI, groups, or R3 is a Cl. 1 fatty acid, C 2 10 alkynyl, (J).-phenyl-C].-s-alkyl, (J)n-phenyl-C 2 .S- alkenyi; ez..ch R 5 independently is straight or branched Cl.. 14 alkyl; eE.ch R 6 independently is C~I 4 straight or branched al~kyl; and ei.ch R 7 independently is CI 1 4 straight or branched alkyl a glucuronide group of structure eich R PR independently is or an independently selectt~d protecting group; n is0, 1, 2 or 3; each j independently is a halogen, C 1 alkyl, C 2 4 alkeny.., C1- 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 6 ca.'toxyl ester or a C2._ 6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, -S (0)-0-CH 2 -CH (0-C CH 2 -R 6 -P -0-CH 2 CH(O-C -RZ 7 -CI4 2 -0-C -R 7 or a gluc ironide group of structure and tie dotted lines represent an optional double bond, providtd that there are not double bonds at both the and 5-5 positionls and provided that when a double bond is presen:-, zero or 1 R, group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 6- or 17- positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent; and tae salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionizel forms and solvates thereof, provided that the compound is not dehydroepiandrosterole, dehydIroepiandrosterole-3-sulfate or a salt, ether or ester of either compound. 305. Lse according to claim 304 wherein Q3, is -CH(halogen)-, -CH(C-r alkoxy)-, -C (C 1 alkoxy) (OH) -C alkoxy) (halogen) alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, 029 199 -C(C 1 alkoxy) C 1 -6 alkyl) -C(halogen) (OH) or -C (Cl. 6 alkyl) (OH) Q2 is -CH(Cl. 6 alkoxy)-, -CH(halogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C(Cl 1 6 alkyl) -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (OH) -C (Cl- 6 alkyl) (halogen) -C (C 1 6 alkyl) (0-C -R 5 -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (0-C -R 5 -C (halogen) (0-C -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (halogen) or -CH 2 -CH 2 Q3 is -CH 3 or -H in the f-configuration; Q6 is -CH 3 or -C 2 H 5 in the P-configuration; Q 4 is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, -C(C 1 6 alkoxy) -C(Cl- 6 alkyl) -C (halogen) -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) -C (Cl.. 6 alkyl) hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; Q5 is -CH 2 -CH -C -CH (halogen)-, -CH(alkyl)-, -CH(alkoxy)-, -C(Cl 1 6 alkoxy) (Cl 6 alkyl) (OH) -C (Cl- 6 alkoxy) (halogen)- -C(Cl 1 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen)=, -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) or -C (Cl 1 6 alkyl) X is -OH, =0 or -0-C and R 2 is -OH, C 1 -6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate :ester or a carbamate, or wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure 4, 5 or 6 1 N. \Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claims~ 30/01/04 200 'T H 5, or Q H H 6, 15 wherein Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH the formula 1 compound has the structure Q 4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; R 2 is -OH, -0-P -O-CH 2 -CH -CH 3 -CH 2 -0- C (0)CH 3 -0 -5S(0) -OH, -0 S(0) ONa+, S -0OC 2 H 5 -0-S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 -0-S -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0-S5(0) -OC (CH 3 3, -S-C -CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -O-CH 3 -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 (0)-O-CH 3 (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 3 25 -NH-C 6 H 5 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -5-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C OH, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -5-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -5-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S5(0) -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 H.\Shonal\Keep\SPeci\743-O Speci S Claims 30/01/04 201 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -SC()~C 2 H~~C 2 H0PR, HOPR -0S-SC(0) -0 CC H 2H- 0 CH 2 CH 2 RP, CH 2 C 6 H 4 0RP -0-S(0 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 R PR (0)0H2CHCHR P PR PR -0-C (0)-H 2 CHH2C-H 2 CH 2 R (0-)H-HORC2CHO PR PR -O-C(S)-H-CH 2 0CH 2 CCH 2 OR -0(S-CH 2 -CH 4 R S- C CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -S-C -CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (OR PR) 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHRPR, S(o)-o -CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (0RPR 2 -0-5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 3 (OR PR -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR -0-C (0)-NH- C 6 H 3 (OR"R) 2 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-C CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR -S-C -(CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S (CH 2 0- 6 -CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0- (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-C -NH- (CH 2 o- 6 -CH 3 -Nl- (CH 2 )0O 6 -C 6 Hs, -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 o-H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S 0OCH 2 CH 2 (O-CH 2 CH 2 )j-5o-H, 0S0 C 2 6 4 C 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -0-C (0)-NH- C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -(CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH-0-CH 2 CH, -0-C -C 6 H 5 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -S -CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 )j-so-H, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )j-so-H, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -C (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -C CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 Hs, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -NH-G12, -NH-C(0) -0-Gl2, -C CH 2 -G12 or -0-C (0)-CH 2 -G12; RIA is -OH, -CH 3 -OCH 3 -0C 2 H 5 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -OCH (CH 3 CH 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or -OC (CH 3 3 Y is -Br, -C1, -OH, -OC(0)CH 3 H -\Skional \Keep \Speci\1745 3- 00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:19 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA I030 202 -OC(0) C HCH 3 or -OC CH 2 CHz 3 X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(O)CH3, -OC(O)CH 2 CH3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R P is -H or a protecting group; and G32 is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, ii a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is Cl-12 alkyl, C2-12 alkeny:, C2-12 alkynyl, aryl, a C2-9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, wherein each substituent is independently chosen and is selected from -NR-, -N(R"R) 2 -OC(O)R R -OR -OH, -SR -3H, -NO, -CN, -O-A8, -S-A8, -OC(0)-A8, -C(0)0-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (RPR) 2 -0SOHI2, -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, where each R"P is an independently selected protec-.ing group or both R m together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is Ci.s alkyl, C 2 8 alkenyl, C2.a alkynyl, C1-4 alkyl-.tryl, aryl or C1-4 alkyl-C 2 9 heterocycle. 306. U;e according to claim 305 wherein Y is in the p-conf .guration. 307. Use according to claim 305 wherein X is in the a-conf guration. 308. U;e according to claim 305 wherein R2 is in the a-configuration. 309. Use according to claim 305 wherein R 1 A is in the c-confLguration. 30 310. Use according to claim 306 wherein RiA is in the a-configuration. 311. Use according to claim 307 wherein RA is in the -a-configuration. 312. Use according to claim 308 wherein RiA is in the 35 a-configuration. 313. Lse according to claim 309 wherein R2 is in the -configuration and Y is in the p-configuration, R 2 is \Lh\Coal\ fbp\pei\l' 4 5 3.00 34 repontSC 09/0/0 09/08 '04 MON 15:19 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA (031 203 in the a-configuration and X is in the a-configuration or Y is in the n-configuration and X is in the a-configuration. 314. UEe according to any one of claims 305-313 wherein R 1 A is Rz is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 whereii. G2 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH3 or -CH3, R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O -G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RiA is -OH, =0 or -OCHa, R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O -012, Y is -OH and X is 0O, -OH, or -OC(O)CH3, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C(0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH3, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl .laving 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, O, -Br or -OC(O)-CH3, whereii 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is (0)-OC 2 Hs, -S-C(O)-G12, or -0-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH3, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and Ra is -OH or -0-C(0)-G12, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbor atoms, or RIA and R 2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 and Y is or 110) RA is Ra and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, or 0 h\Shona\rKetp\8BuCi\17453-00 3" s"OTSO 0 i/0/04 *oo* *o 204 (11) (12) (13) (14) (16) (17) (18) (19) (21) (22) (23) (24) (26) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or RIA, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or R 1 A, R 2 and X are -OH, Y is or RA, R 2 X and Y are -OH, or R 1 A is =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, or R 1 A is R 1 A is R 2 and R 2 is -OH, R 2 is -OH, Y are -OH, R 1 A X is -OH and Y is -Br, or X is -OH and Y is or is and X is -OH or =0, 9 0 or (27) Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 25 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RiA is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (32) R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or OC(O)-CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally H.\Shomal\Keep\Speci\174S3-00 Speci Clais 30/01/04 IGJ U 32 09/08 '04 MON 15:20 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 205 is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A, X and Y are -OH, or (24) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is -0 and RIA and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or R 2 is =O and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (27) R 2 is =0 and RIA and X are -OH and Y is -I. 315. Use according to claim 314 wherein the compound of formule 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aeroso], buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 316. UEe according to any one of claims 305-313 wherein the coripound of formula 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol, buccal or sublingual admini::tration to a human. 317. U.:e according to any one of claims 305-313 wherein the use! of the compound of formula 1 is by administration to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. 318. U:;e according to claim 317 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subjec: for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subjec: of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 3 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 45, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a 30 subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed ge by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, 35 or moze days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing. 319. ise of a compound of formula 45 for the treatment H.:\BhanalK1 eep\&Apci\17433-00 I" r.sponze oi/O'I4 o* WjU3Z 206 or prevention of a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or the enhancement of phagocytosis of Plasmodium or Trypanosome infected cells in a subject, or the treatment or prevention of an infection or a cancer, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection or the cancer, wherein the infection is selected from a Mycoplasma infection, a Candida infection, a human papilloma virus infection, a Rotavirus infection, a retrovirus infection, a molluscum contagiosum infection, an infection associated with hairy leukoplakia, an infection associated with necrotizing gingivitis, an infection causing an oral aphthous, herpetic or bacterial 15 ulcer and an orafacial herpes zoster infection and (ii) the cancer is selected from squamous oral carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, wherein formula 45 is CH2 R52 CH3 )-R51 R49 R50 wherein, R 49 is -OH, or -ORs 3 Rso is -OH or =0; Rs 1 is -Br, -Cl, -I or -OH; R 52 is -OH or, Rs 2 together with the -H bonded to the same position, is =0; R 53 is C- 18 alkyl, C2- 18 alkenyl, C2- 1 8 alkynyl, a C 1 18 ester, a Cie 18 thioester, wherein any of the foregoing Ci- 18 or C2- 1 8 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen or carbon atoms with one or more independently selected -OH, -NH 2 -SH or =0 groups or R 53 is a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester, a carbamate or a thioester; and the dotted line is an optional double bond, provided that if the infection is a retrovirus infection, HE\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:20 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GIFT AK4~IASRLAIj3 GRIFFITH RACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Q033 207 the foxmula 1 compound is not 3p-hydroxy-7,17' 33, 7-dihydroxy-17-oxoaldrost-5-Sfle or an estr or ether of either compound, and provided that if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compourd is l6a-bromoepiandrosterone, 16cc- bromodf hydroepiandrosterofle,1 la-bromo-313-hydroxy-5p- androstan-17-ole or a derivative of any of these compounds whereii. -S -O-CH 2 -CHi (0-C -R 6 -CH 2 -O-C -R6, -P -0-C11 2 -CH (0-C -R 7 -CH 2 -0-C -R 7 or a glucuronide group bonded to the 3-position, or if the infection is a retrc-virus infection and the formula 1 compound is 33, 16L- dihydroxyandrost-5-ele-17-ole, or an ester thereof, or if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formui. 1 compound is 3P,17p-dihydroxyandrost-5-ele, 3p,7p,27Ip-trihydroxyafldrost-5-ee, or an ester or ether of either compound, then the use of the medicament is by adminiotration of the medicament to a subject in need thereo.' by an intermittent dosing protocol. 320. Use according to claim 319 wherein R 49 is -H and Rn,1 is or -OH. 321. Us;e according to claim 319 or 320 wherein R5 2 is =0 and R 50 is -OH. 322. Uie according to claim 319 or 320 wherein R 52 is -OH and Rsc is -OH. 323. Uie according to claim 319 or 320 wherein R 52 is -OH and R 5 is =0. U~e according to claim 319 wherein the compound of formuli 45 is a pharmaceutical formulation for buccal or sublin~ual administration to a human. 3 30 325. Uie according to claim 319 wherein the compound of formula 45 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral to a human. 326. Uae according to claim 319, 320, 324 or 325 wherein the use of the compound of formula 45 is by administration .*35 to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. 327. Use according to claim 326 wherein the intermittent dosinc protocol comprises 09/08 '04 MON 15:20 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA (1034 208 administration of the compound of formula 45 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least cne day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the compound of formula 45 to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, E or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more we:eks, or administration of the compound of formula 45 to a subject. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 45 to a subjec daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily losing. 328. Use of a compound of formula 1 for the treatment or preven:ion of an infection or a cancer, or for the amelio:ation of one or more symptoms associated with the infect.on or the cancer, wherein the infection is selected from the group consisting of a Mycoplasma infection, a Candida infection, a human papilloma virus infectLon, a Rotavirus infection, a retrovirus infection, *a molliscum contagiosum infection, an infection associated with hairy leukoplakia, an infection associated with necrotLzing gingivitis, an infection causing an oral 3: aphthois, herpetic or bacterial ulcer and an orafacial 30 herpes zoster infection and (ii) the cancer is selected from tae group consisting of squamous oral carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, wherein formula 1 has the structure 00 09/ 0* 0 D g 2"9- u8\ R, R2 3 5 7R wherein1 Q, is -C (Rj) 2 or -C Q2 is -C 2 -C (Rj) or -CH 2 -CH 2 Q3 and Q6 independently are -H or -C(Ri) 3 Q4 is -C(R 1 2 hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; is -C (Rj) 2 or -C X and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl, -C(O)-0R 5 a halogen or =0; each independently is a halogen, -OH, C 1 6 alkoxy, or C 1 -6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C 1 -6 alkyl, C 1 6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; 25 R 3 i S S OM, S -O0- CH 2 -CH (0 -C R 6 CH 2 0- C -R 6 -P -0-CH 2 -CH (0-C -R 7 -CH 2 -0-C (0)-R 7 a glucuronide group of structure (A) COOH H 3 C 0 OH 0OH CH 3 or R 3 is Cl- 18 alkyl, C 2 18 alkenyl, C 2 1 8 alkynyl, a Cl-: 8 ester or a CI- 1 8 thioester, where any of the f oregoing Cl- 18 or C 2 18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more H.\Shona1\Keep\Speci\17453-O Speci Claime 30/01/04 210 hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR, -NHR R or -SR, groups, or R 3 is a Ci- 18 fatty acid, C 2 -10 alkynyl, (J)n-phenyl-C 1 -s-alkyl, (J)n-phenyl-C2-s- alkenyl; each Rs independently is straight or branched Ci- 14 alkyl; each R 6 independently is C1-1 4 straight or branched alkyl; and each R 7 independently is C1- 14 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is a halogen, C1- 4 alkyl, C 2 -4 15 alkenyl, C 1 -4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 -6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, (O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R 6 CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 6 (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -O-C(0)-R7 or a glucuronide group of structure and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds at both the and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 Ri group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 6- or 17- positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof, provided that the compound is not 3p-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17- one, androst-5-ene-17-one-3p-sulfate, or a salt, ether or ester of either of these compounds, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is epiandrosterone, 16a- bromoepiandrosterone, 16a-bromodehydroepiandrosterone, 3p-hydroxy-5p-androstan-17-one, 16a-bromo-30-hydroxy-5p- androstan-17-one or a derivative of any of these compounds wherein (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 6 )-CH 2 -O-C (0)-R 6 H.\ShonaI\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claime 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:21 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK -44 IPAUSTRALIA 0 035 211 -O-CHZ-CH (O-C -R 7 -CH 2 or a glucuronide group :s bonded to the 3-position, then the use of the medicarient is by administration of the medicament to a subject in need thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirue infection and the fo:-mula 1 compound is 30,17p-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3p,7p,17p-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene, 30,7L,17p- or an ester or ether of any of these compounds, then the use of the medicament is by admini:itration of the medicament to a subject in need thereo.f by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is 3a,7p-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene-17- one, 3J1,16-dihydroxyandroEst-5-ene-17-one, 3j,7- dihydrxyandrostane-17-one, or an ester of any of these compouids, then the use of the medicament is by administration of the medicament to a subject in need thereo& by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection the formula 1 compound is not 30-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-7,17- dione, 3P,17p-dihydroxyandrost-S-ene-7-one, 3I,7P- dihydr xyandrost-5-ene-17-one, 3P,70c-dihydroxyandrost-5- ene-17-one, or a salt, ether or ester of any of these compounds. 329. Use according to claim 328 wherein the formula 1 compound has the formula 4, 5 or 6 006 X CY RRIA 0 4, Jl~qShMm\kocpNsp~i\\J76S3.00 3 Mr"o96 09/09104 Zz- 5, or 103 H H 6, wherein, the dotted line represents a double bond or a single bond with a hydrogen atom at the 5-position in the c-configuration or the P-configuration; S 15 Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH the formula 1 compound has the ***structure Q4~ is -CH 2 R?2 is -OH, (O)-O-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-CH 3 )-CH 2 -O- C CH 3 -0-S -OH, -0-S -ONa+, -0-S -OC 2 H 5 -0-s -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 -OCH C- 2 HCH 3 -O0- S(0) C (CHO) 3 0 C 3 CH 2 -C 6 H 5 0OS(O) -O-CH 3 -0S(O) 0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 CH 3 (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 3 -0C(O) NH-C 6 H 5 -0-C(S)-CH 3 -0C (S)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -SC*-HCH HC 3 -SCS-H 64C3 SC(0) CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 0(0) -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C OH, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 -C6H 4 F, -0-C -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C(O) OH, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0 -5S(0) 0- CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0 S(0) 0- CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 il \Shona1\Keep\Speci\17453-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 213 fr%-.T-T -jT 0 HC H, 10 LL%11%" -NtI-L 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -S-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0RPR, C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0RPR -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 0RPR, -O-s O0CH2CHRR -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0RPR, -O-2C6H0R P -0 ~)NC PR -0-C -CH-CHH2CH 2 H2 C 0R, C -H 2 C 6 H 4 0R -S-C -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 NHRP, C CH 2 CsH 3 0RPR -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -O-S (0 -0 -CH 2 -CsH 3 (ORPR 2 -0-5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHRP', -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR P, -0-C -NH- C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-C C2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -S-C -(CH 2 o 6 -CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S (CH 2 o-6-CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0- (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-C -NH- (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -NH- (CH 2 )o- 6 -C 6 Hs, -(CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 O-H, -C()CH-C 6 H 4 OC 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -0-C (0)-NH- C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (0)-CH 2 CH- (0-CH 2 CH) 1 5 -0-C (0)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 0OC(0) -(CH 2 0 6 CH 3 0OC(0) CH 2 C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-C CH 2 -C 6 Hs, 0OC CH 2 CH 2 -OCH 2 CH 3 -0-C C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 )O. 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -C (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -C CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -C CH 2 CH 2 -0- CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 Hs, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -0-G12, -G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -NH-G12, -NH-C(0) -0-Gl2, -C CH 2 -G12 or -0-C (0)-CH 2 -G12; R 1 A is -OH, -CH 3 -OCH 3 -0C 2 H 5 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -OCH (CH 3 CH 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or -OC (CH 3 3 Y is -Br, -C1, -OH, -OC(0)CH 3 H,\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:21 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 4 IPAUSTRALIA Q1036 214 -OC(0) C 2 CH 3 or -OC CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 and X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(O)CH 3 -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R is -H or a protecting group; and G12 is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is Ci-12 alkyl, C 2 2 alkenyl, C2- 12 alkynyl, aryl, a C-s 9 heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or mere substituents, wherein each substituent is indeperdently chosen and is selected from -NRP-, -N(RPR) 2 -C(O)ORk, -OC(O)RR, -ORPR -OH, -SR P -NO 2 -CN, -0-A8, -S-A8, -OC(O)-A8, -C(0)O-A8, =N-OH, -OPO 3 (R PR -OSO3H,, -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, where each R' is an independently selected protecting group or both R R together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C1-a alkyl, alkenyl, C2-. alkynyl, C 1 4 alkyl-z.ryl, aryl or Cz-4 alkyl-C2-9 heterocycle. 330. U:ie according to claim 329 wherein Y is in the P-conf:guration or X is in the a-configuration. 331. Uite according to claim 329 wherein RiA is in the a-conf:.guration. 332. U:;e according to claim 329 wherein R 2 is in the a-conf..guration. 333. Utne according to claim 329 wherein Ra is in the a-conf.guration and Y is in the P-configuration, Y is 30 in the p-configuration and X is in the a-configuration, or R, is in the a-configuration and X is in the a-conf guration. 334. U;e according to claim 329 wherein the use of the compou-d of formula 1 is by administration to a subject 35 accordLng to an intermittent dosing protocol. 335. U3e according to claim 334 wherein the intermittent *dosing protocol optionally comprises 00o0 09/08 '04 MON 15:21 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Z037 215 administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least cne day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, E or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more w eks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, or mor( days without dosing, followed by another course of daily cosing. 336. Use according to any one of claims 328-335 wherein RIA is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 option.lly is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RiA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, -O or 25 -O-C(O-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH3, S whereilL G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH, -0 or -OCH 3 R1 is -OH, or -O-C(0 -G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(0)CH 3 30 whereinL G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RiA and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C(0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or 35 Rz is RiA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH1, Y is -OH, *5 -F -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH, G wherei:i G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 |I,\(nonl\ *ap\sp<\Spc± 147*s 00 3" response vS/8/ t oo 216 t.CarLL) aLoffis, or RA is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is -0-S -0C 2 H 5 -S-C (0)-G12, or -0-C (0)-NI{-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RjA and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -0-C (0)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RjA, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -0-C (0)-G12, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA and R 2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 and Y is or RA is R 2 and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, SO SO 0 S S SS0 0 S ego. 0S S 055 S 0 0 55.. *055 0*S@ 0* 0 0@ 0S 5555 5 *055 5.55 0 0050 0000*S 0 (11) (12) (13) (14) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) R]LA i s RjA, R 2 RjA, R 2 RjA, R 2 RIA, R 2 RjA, R 2 RjA is RjA is RjA is RjA is RjA is RjA is RjA is RjA is RjA is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or and X are -OH, Y is or and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or and X are -OH, Y is or X and Y are -OH, or =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, oi R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Br, oi R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (26) R 2 and Y are -OH, RIA is and X is -OH or =0, or (27) Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) RjA is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) RjA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or Us \Shonal\Keep\Speci\174S3 -00 Speci G Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:22 FAX 81 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Q038 217 -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(0)CH 3 and 04 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) RIA and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C(0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH3 and Q04 is -CH(halogen)-, whereir. G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (32) R 2 is RiA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alk>l having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A, X and Y are -OH, or (34) R 2 is =0 and RIA and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is =0 and RIA and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -I. 337. Use according to claim 336 wherein the compound of formule 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol, buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 338. Use according to claim 336 wherein the compound of 25 formul 1 is for treatment or prevention of an infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with tl.e infection, wherein the infection is a human HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection. 339. Uue according to claim 338 wherein the use of the 30 compound of formula 1 is by administration to a subject accord:.ng to an intermittent dosing protocol. 340. Usie according to claim 339 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol optionally comprises (iL) administration of the compound of formula 1 to a 35 subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, *or f: n .onaL\Keecp\Bpeci\t4S)-00 3i" responce 091 /0i 09/08 '04 MON 15:22 FAX 81 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 4.4 IPAUSTRALIA [039 218 administration of the compound of formula i to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, E or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula I to.a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily cosing. 341. Use according to claim 336 wherein the compound of formula 1 is for treatment or prevention of an infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with tle infection, wherein the infection is a Rotavirus infect:on. 342. Use according to claim 336 wherein the compound of formul.. 1 is for treatment or prevention of an infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a human papillrma virus infection. 25 343. Utie according to claim 336 wherein the compound of S. formului 1 is for treatment or prevention of an infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a Candida infect:.on. 30 344. A method for the treatment or prevention Trypanosoma or Pla.umodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more srmnptoms associated with a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infect-on, which comprises administering a therapeutically "effect-ve amount of a compound of formula 1 to a subject 35 in nee-1 thereof, wherein formula 1 is 9e 9 9 .qo9 999 *ood 9 99 219 51 1021 R R, wherein Q, is -C0(Rj) 2 or -C0(0) *Q2 is -C (R 1 2 -C0(Rj) -C or -CH 2 -CH 2 15 Q3 and Q6 independently are -H or -0(R 1 3 Q 4 is -0(R 1 2 hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; Qs is -C0(RI) 2 or -0C(0) X and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl, -O-0(O)-R 5 -0(O)-OR 5 a halogen or =0; each R, independently is a halogen, -OH, Cl- alkoxy, or C1-6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, a halogen, 01.6 alkyl, CI- alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R 3 is -S -OM, -S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-0 -R 6 -CH 2 -O- 0 -R 6 P -O-CH 2 -CH (0-0 -0H 2 -O-C -R 7 a glucuronide group of structure (A) COOH H 3 C o OH O H C H 3( A or R 3 is Cl1 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, C2-18 alkynyl, a 01-18 H.\Shonial\Keep\Speci\l7453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:22 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA Q040 220 ester cr a Ci-le thioester, where any of the foregoing CI- 18 or C 2 -Ix moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected NHR", or -SRR, groups, or R 3 is a C 1 -is fatty acid, C 2 0 o al cynyl, (J),-phenyl-C1-s-alkyl, (J),-phenyl-Ca-s- alkenyl; each R 5 independently is straight or branched C- 1 4 alkyl; each Rs independently is Ci- 14 straight or branched alkyl; and each R 7 independently is C- 14 straight or branched alkyl cr a glucuronide group of structure each RP independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; eech J independently is a halogen, C 1 4 alkyl, C2- 4 alkeny], C 1 -4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 -6 caiboxyl ester or a Cx-6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, (O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-R 6 CHa-O-C -R 6 (0)-0-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7 )-CH2-0-C(0)-R 7 or a gluctronide group of structure and tie dotted lines represent an optional double bond; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, 25 metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionizec. forms and solvates thereof, provided that the compour.d is not dehydroepiandrosterone, the 3P-sulfate of dehydr(cepiandrosterone or a salt, ether or ester of either compoui d. 30 345. A method according to claim 344 wherein the compound of forriula 1 is administered to a subject according to an interm .ttent dosing protocol. 346. A method according to claim 345 wherein the interm:.ttent dosing protocol comprises 35 (it) administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subjecl: for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, H!\shonal\Kep\Speci\i 45-00 a" rcpacne 09/oI/«t eooo 09/08 '04 MON 15:22 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GIFT AK---IASRLA[]4 GRIFFITH RACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Q041 221 or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, E or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 45, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followEd by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject daily for 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a pe-riod of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, or morE days without dosing, followed by another course of daily cosing. 347. A method according to claim 344 wherein Q, is -CH(halogen)-, -CH(C 1 6 alkoxy)-, -C (C- 1 alkoxy) (OH) -C (Cl- 6 alkoxy) (halogen) alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C (Cl-6 alkoxy) CI- 6 alkyl) -C (halogen) (OH) or -C (C1-6 alkyl) (OH) Q2 is -CH(C 1 6 alkoxy)-, -CH(halogen)-, -C (halc gen) (halogen) -C (Cl- 6 alkyl) (0oi)- -C(Cl- 6 alkoxy) -C(Cl-g alkyl) (halogeni)-, 25 -C (C 1 .g alkyl) (0-C -Rs) -C (CI- 6 alkoxy) (0-C -R 5 -C (halc gen) (0-C -RS) -C (C: 1 alkoxy) (halogen) or 03 is -CH3 or -H in the P-configuration; 06 is -CH 3 or -C 2 H 5 in the P-configuration; 04 is -CFI 2 -C -CH (OH) -CH (halogen) -C (halc.gen) -C (C) 1 alkoxy) -C (C 1 6 alkyl), hydrox)-vinylidine or methyl methylene; is -CH 2 -CH(halogen)-, :35 -CH (al}yl) -CH (alkoxy) -C (Cl 1 6 alkoxy) (OH)- -C(Cl- 6 alkyl) -C(C 1 6 alkoxy) (halogen)-, -C(C 1 g alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen)=, M,\Sihvua\Xeev'.Sveci\17453-O 3" responae op/ao/4I 222 akox) =or -C C- alI-- X is -OH, =0 or and R 2 is -OH, C 1 -6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate, or wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure 4, 5 or 6 wherein, Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH the formula 1 compound has the structure Q 4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; R 2 is -OH, -0-p -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C (0)-CH 3 -CH 2 -O- -0-S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 -O0-S OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0 S(0) OC (CH 3 3 S-C CH 3 -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S (0)-O-CH 3 -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-s (0)-O-CH 3 -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 3 H. \ShOnal\Keep\Speei\l74S3 -00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 223 e If N TTT rl TTY j -S-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 00H 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0CH 3 I -CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -NHi-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 Cr 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-5 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-C(S)-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-C(S)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -S-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0RIR I -S-C (0)-CH 2 -CH,0R", -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0R PR, 0-5S -O -CH2-CH4RP', -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 0R PR, -0-5 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0R PR, PR PR -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OR I -0-C -NH-C 6 H 4 0R -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OR P, _CS) -CH 2 -C6H 4 ORPR -S-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, CH 2 -C 6 H 3 (ORPR 2 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHRPR, -0-S -0-CH 2 -CH 3 (OR PR 2 0 -CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 2 NHRPR, CH 2 C *6H3 (OR 222RC -0-C NH-CHCH-0-CHCHNHR PR, -0-C C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0O-C -CH 2 *C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -S-C(0)-(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -S-C(0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-(CH 2 0 6 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0- (CH 2 o.. 6 -CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C -NiH- (CH 2 o- 6 -CH 3 -NH- (CH 2 )O. 6 -C 6 Hs, -(CH 2 )o- 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-HI -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -0-S -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -0-C (0)-NH- C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -so-H, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 -0-C (0)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -(CH 2 )0O 6 -CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H. 5 -0-C (0)-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-C 6 Hs, H-\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-oo Speci Claimo 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:23 FAX 61 3 9243 8333GRFIH AC -*IAUTLA i4 GRIFFITH RACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Z042 224 -CH2CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 11 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CH 2 CH 2 J. 5 Q-H, -O-CF1 2 -CsH 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 0 6 S-CH 3 -O-CHa-C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 Ci- (O-CH 2 CH 2 1 50 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -Q-CH2CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -O-C4IS, -O-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -O-CH 2 CH 2 (0- CHi 2 CH)3_ 50 -0-CH 2 -C,H 4 OCH 3 -0-(CH2) 0 6 -CH3, -C-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-aH 2 -C6H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 HS, -0-CH2CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -CCC) -0-CH 2 CgH 4 F, -O-G12, -012, -C(0)-S-G12, -012, -C-G12, -G12, -NH-G12, -0-G12, -C -CH 2 -G12 or -O-C (0)-CH 2 -G12; Rlk is -OH, -CH3, -OCH 3 -0C 2 H 5 -OCH 2 CH2CH 3 -OCH (CF 0)CH 3 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or -C(CH 3 )3i Y is -Br, -Cl, -OH1, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CH 2 CH3; X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC C 3 -OC(0)CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(0)CH2CH2CH 3 RP1 is -H1 or a protecting group; and G32 is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 5 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms arnd 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected 0, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, ii a.Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is CI- 1 2 alkyl, C 2 Z 12 alkeny) C2- 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 _9s heterocycle or a substituted derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 25 4 or mc-re substituents, wherein each substituent is indepei.dently chosen and is selected from -NR.a- -N(RPP) 2 -C(O)ORPR, -OC(0)R R, -OH, PR -SR -3H, -NO 2 -CN, -O*B CS A A -C O -A N *C 30 N-OH, -OP0 3 (R PR )21 -0S0 3 H 2 -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, where each RP is an independently selected protecting group or both R PR together comprise a protecting group, and AB is CI- 8 alkyl, C2- alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C2_ 4 aly-itryl, aryl or C. 4 alkyl-C 2 .ghtrcce 35 348. A method according to claim 347 wherein Y is in the P-conf:.guration. 349. A method according to Claim 347 wherein X is in the 3' mz 9130 09/08 '04 MON 15:23 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRI FFITH RACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA 0043 225 a-configuration. 350. A method according a-configuration. 351. A method according a-configuration. 352. A method according a-configuration. 353. A method according a-configuration. 354. A method according a-configuration. 355. A method according the a-configuration and to claim 347 wherein R 2 is in the to claim 347 wherein R 1 A is in the to claim 348 wherein R 1 A is in the to claim 349 wherein R 1 A is in the to claim 350 wherein R 1 A is in the to claim 347 wherein R 2 is in Y is in the n-configuration, Y 0 0 0: 0e 0 o0o. 0o 9 9 9 b 0 0 9. *o is in the a-configuration and X is in the a-configuration, or R 2 is in the a-configuration and X is in the a-configuration. 356. A method according to claim 347 wherein the compound of fornula I is administered to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. 357. A method according to claim 356 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least cne day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, E or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally 30 followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula I to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, Ss\shna, ze \sp i\1/4s1-0 i''t re epce 0310104 09/08 '04 MON 15:23 FAX 81 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA E044 226 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dDsing. 358. A nethod according to any one of claims 347-357 wherein RIA is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH, or Rz is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH3, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RiA is -OH, =0 or -OCH3, R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are Ra is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH3 or -CH3, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH or -OCH 3 Ra is -0-S (0)-OC 2 H 5 25 -S-C(O)-G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X S. is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(O)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 30 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and R 2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 and Y is or 35 (10) RA is R 2 and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, or (11) RA is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or o a :SaaetpSe±It±0 o epcef~8O S B:\haonal\cep\Speci\l.7«l -00 3" response 0W 0/04 227 (12) (13) (14) (16) (17) (18) (19) (21) (22) (23) (24) R 1 A, R 1 A, R 1 A, R 1 A, R 1 A, R 1 A R 1 A R 1 A R 1 A R 1 A R 1 A R 1 A R 1 A R 2 R 2 R2 R2 R2 is is is is is is is is and X are -OH, Y is or and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or and X are -OH, Y is or ,X and Y are -OH, or =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, o R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y r is is is is is is is or -Cl, or -Br, or or or -Cl, or -Br, or 9* (25) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or (26) R 2 and Y are -OH, R 1 A is and X is -OH or =0, or (27) Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(0)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(0)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (32) R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or H,\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:24 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 21045 228 Rz is -O0 and RiA, X and Y are -OH, or (14) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is =0 and RIA and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (26) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -I. 359. A method according to claim 358 wherein the halogen at Qa is -F or -Br. 360. A method according to claim 358 wherein the compound of formula I is a pharmaceutical formulation for parent(ral, buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 361. A method according to any one of claims 344-357 whereir. the compound of formula 1 is a pharmaceutical formulaztion for buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 362. A method according to any one of claims 344-357 whereii. the compound of formula 1 is a pharmaceutical formul.tion for parenteral, aerosol or oral administration to a human. 363. A method for the treatment or prevention of a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, which comprises adminii:tering a therapeutically effective amount of a 25 compound of formula 1B or IC to a subject in need thereof, ,wherein formula 1B and 1C are Q X Q X R, B 1C wherein, 35 e; ch R, independently is -OH, a halogen, -CHCH2, -CHCHCII3, -CCH, -CCCH3, or, the other moiety that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent and R, is =0; s\shonal\Iaep\speci\17<s-oo recpn e 09OO/ @000 09/08 '04 MON 15:24 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA E]046 229 R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C 2 8 alkoxy, -O-C(0)-R 4 -S-C(O)-R 4 (0)-R 4 (0)-OR 4 -O-C(O)-NHR 4 or -O-C(S)-Ra; R 4 is a protecting group, optionally substituted C 1 z-z alcyl, optionally substituted C2-ze alkenyl, optionally substituted C 2 1 s alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryl-Ci.s alkyl, optionally substituted aryl-C2- 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl- C2- 6 alkynyl, optionally substituted heterocycle-C_. alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 6 alkenyl-heterocycle, optionally substituted C 2 -6 alkynyl-heterocycle or an optionally substituted heterocycle, where any of the foregoing moieties are optionally substituted at one, two, three, four, five or more carbon or hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -NRR-, -ORPR, -NHR, -SR P -CN, -NO 2 -Cl, -Br or -I groups or atoms; each RPR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group; X is -OH, lower alkyl, -C(O)-ORs or a halogen; Qz is -C(Ri) 2 or -CH 2 Q, and Q6 independently are -CH3 or -CH20H; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 hydrogen atoms that are bonded to 25 the steroid nucleus are optionally substituted with independently selected -OH, -Br, -Cl, -OCH 3 or -OC 2 Hs c.toms or groups, provided that the compound is not dehydrcepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-3 -sulfate or a salt, ether or ester of either compound. 30 364. A method according to claim 363 wherein Q3 and Qg are both -CH3 in the P-configuration; and Q2 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 or -CH(OH)- with the Br, I or OH moieties in the a- configuration; and e 35 Ri independently are -OH or -CCH; and R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-R 4 wherein R4 is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms. S A :\sbhonal\xeep\sBpcc\17ef>-0o 3. response 09/0/10 0000 09/08 '04 MON 15:24 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH RACK 44 IPAUSTRALIA Z047 230 365. A method according to claim 363 wherein Q3 and Q 6 are both -CR 3 in the p-configuration; and R 2 is -OH, -Br or -I. 366. A method according to claim 363, 364 or 365 wherein the compound of formula 1B or 1C is a pharmaceutical formulation for buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 367. A method according to claim 363, 364 or 365 wherein the compound of formula 1B or 1C is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral or aerosol administration to a human. 368. A method according to claim 363, 364 or 365 wherein the compound of formula 1B or 1C is administered to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. 369. A method according to claim 368 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the compound of formula 1B or IC to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dDse, or administration of the compound of formula 1B or 1C to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 30, 45, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally 25 followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula lB or I1C to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, cr more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1B or 1C to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dosing. 370. A method for the enhancement of phagocytosis of Plasmocium or Tzypanosome infected cells which comprises adminiEtering a therapeutically effective amount of a ew.\k.c l\Ke ep\pici\1745 oo I" ram tc oP/0olo 231 comoun offorulaI to a s-ubject in nieed thereof, wherein formula 1 is R 1 0 0 9 IR wherein Q, is -C(R 1 2 or Q2 is -C (Rj) -C (RI) -C or -CH 2 -CH 2 Q3 and Q6 independently are -H or -C(Ri) 3 Q 4 is -C(R 1 2 hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; Qs is -C(R 1 2 or X and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl, -0-C (0)-R 5 -C -R 5 a halogen or =0; :each R, independently is a halogen, -OH, 25 C 1 6 alkoxy, or C 1 6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C 1 -6 alkyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbarnate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R 3 is -S -OM, -S -O-CH 2 -CH -R 6 -CH 2 -0- C -R 6 -P -O-CH 2 -CH (O-C -R 7 -CH 2 -O-C (0)-R 7 a glucuronide group of structure (A) H.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l74S3-00 Speci 6 Claims 30/01/04 232 H 3 0 OH OH CH3 or R 3 is C 1 18 alkyl, C2- 18 alkenyl, C 2 18 alkynyl, a CI- 18 ester or a C-i 8 e thioester, where any of the foregoing Ci- 18 or C2- 18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR R -NHR R or -SR groups, or R 3 is a CI- 18 fatty acid, C2-io alkynyl, n-phenyl-C 1 -s-alkyl, (J)n-phenyl-C2-s- alkenyl; each Rs independently is straight or branched C1- 14 alkyl; S 10 each R 6 independently is C 1 14 straight or branched alkyl; and each R7 independently is C 1 14 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure each RPR independently is -H or an independently 15 selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is a halogen, C1- 4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C1- 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 -6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 -6 sulfate ester; S 20 M is hydrogen, sodium, (0)-O-CH 2 H-CH(-C(0)-R 6 CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 6 (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R7)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds at both the and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 Ri group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 6- or 17- positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, Hs\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:25 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GIFT AKIASRLAIj4 GRIFFITH RACK 444 IFAUSTRALIA Q048 233 icnizec. forma~ and solvates thereof, provided that the compowrd is not debydroepiandrosterone, dehydrcepiandrosterone-3-sulfate or a salt, ether or ester of eith~er compound. 371. A method according to claim 370 wherein 5 alkoxy) -C(Cl- 6 alkoxy) (halogen)-, -C (C 1 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C(halogen) (halogen)-, -C (cl-e alkoxy) CI- alkyl)-, -C(halogen) or -C (C3_. 6 alkyl) Q2 is -CH(C1.G alkoxy)-, -CH(halogen)-, -C (halcgen) (halogen) -C(W 1 6 alkyl) (OH) -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (OH) -C (Cj.. 6 alkyl) (halogen)-, -C (C 1 6 alkyl) (0-C (0)-R 5 -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (0-C (0)-R 5 -C (halc -gen) (0-C -C (CI- 6 alkoxy) (halogen) or -C1 2 CBh-; Q3 is -CH 3 or -H in the 1-conf iguration; Q6 is -CH 3 or -C 2 Hs in the P-configuration; Q4 is -CH 2 -CH(OH) -CH(halogen) -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (OH) -C (Cl-r alkyl) (OH) -C (OH), -C (halcogen) -C (Cl-c alk~x-y) -C (C 1 6 alkyl) hydrox3 vinyl idine or methyl methylene; Qs is -CH 2 -CHOH)-, -CHi(halogen)-, -CH (allyl) -CH (alkoxy) -C (Cl- 6 alkox-y) (OH)- -C (Cl- 6 alkyl) (OH) -C (C 1 6 alkoxy) (halogen) -C (Ci- 6 alkyl) (halogen) -C (OH) -C (halogen)= -C (C3_ alkoxy) or -C (C 1 -6 alkyl); X is -OH, =0 or and R: is -OH, C 1 6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioest-er, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester o~r a carbarnate, or wherein the formula 1 compound has thE! atructure 4, 5 or 6 03 16 k 4, /Yh.~lKe~~ c~1t- O i'rao. 234 R2R 1 A H Fl5, or H 6, wherein Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 0H the formula 1 compound has the structure Q 4 is -CH 2 or -CH(halogen)-; R 2 is -OH, -0-P -O-CH- 2 -CH (0-C (0)-CH 3 -CH 2 -O- -0-S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -0-C CH 3 -0CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -OC (CH 3 3, -s-C -CH 3 -S-C -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S -0-CH 3 -0-S5(0) -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S -0-CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C -NI{-CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 Hs, -CH 3 -C 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C (0)-NI{-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -S-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-S5(0) -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 H.\Shonal\xeep\SpeCi\174S3-OO SpeCi Claims 30101/04 235 -0-S CH 2 CH 2 -0-CHCH 2 OH, -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 (0 -C2H--HC2R R 0 CH2 C6HORPR, PR PR -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OR S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0R -0C0 H lICI CCO PR 0PR) HO -0-C (0 CH 2 CH 2 O CC H 0RPR -0-S 0 CH 2 CEH 4 ORPR PR P -S-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR -CH 2 C 6 H 3 (RPR -C2H--HC2H SSC(0) -0-C--C 6 H 3 (OR R) -0-S (0)OCC2OCH 2 CC H 2NHR PR S -CH (RIR 2 2 C 6 H 3 (OR PR 2 -0-C (0)-NH-CH 2 Cl- 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR -0-C -NH- 6 H 3 (ORR) 2, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 NHR PR, -0-C C2 CsH 3 (ORPR) 2 -S-C(0)-(CH 2 )o_ 6 -CH 3 -S-C(0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S (CH 2 o- 6 -CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -0-S -0- (CH 2 0-6-CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C -NH- (CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -NH- (CH 2 )0O 6 -C6H5, -(CH 2 )o_ 6 -CH 3 -CH- 2 -C 6 H 5 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-CH 2 CH- 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -H, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -H, 0(0) 0- CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -C(0-NCHC-(-C 2 CH 2 -so -H, -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H- 4 0CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -HI -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -Cl- 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -H, -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-C -(CH 2 0 6 -CH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 C 6 H 4 N0 2 -CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-C 6 H- 5 -0-C (0)-CH- 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C (0)-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 Cl- 2 )j. 5 0 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 (CH 2 )o_ 6 -CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 )j 1 5 0 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 H 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -C CH 2 CH 2 (0-CH 2 CH 2 1 5 0 -C (0)-0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 2 0 6 ,-CH 3 2 C 6 H 4 N0 2 C(0) 0-CH 2 C 6 H 5 -C CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -0-C 6 Hs, -C CH 2 CH 2 -S- CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -C G12, -0-C (0)-G12, -S-G12, -G12, -0-G12, -G12, -0-C (0)-NH-G12, -NH-C G12, -C CH 2 -G12 or -0-C -CH 2 -G12; H.\Shonal\Xeep\Speci\7453-OO Speci Claims 30/02/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:25 FAX 01 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 236 R 1 A is -OH, -CH 3 -0CH 3 -OC 2 Hs, -OCH 3 CH 2 CH 3 -OCHI (CHi) CH3, -OCH2CH2CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(CH) 3 Y is -Br, -Cl, -OH, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(0)C1 2 CH 3 or -OC(O)CHC 2 CH 3 X is -OH, -Cl, -Br, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(0)Cai 2 CH3 or -OC(0)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 R" is -H or a protecting group: and Gl; is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 independently selected O, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is C1- 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl, C2-. 2 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 9 heterocycle or a substitated derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or moce substituents, wherein each substituent is indepenlently chosen and is selected from -NR 2 -N(R) 2 -C(O)ORPR, -OR" -OH, -SR PR -SH, -NO 2 -CN, -0-AS, -S-AS, -OC(O)-AB, -C(O)O-AS, =N-OH, -OPO(R") 2 -OS0 3 H 2 -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, here each R" is an independently selected protecting group or both PR together comprise a protecting group, ind A8 is Cia alkyl, C2- 8 alkenyl, C2.8 alkynyl, C 1 alkyl-aryl, aryl or C 1 4 alkyl-C 2 s heterocycle. 25 372. A nethod according to claim 371 wherein Y is in the p-confi juration. 373. A nethod according to claim 371 wherein X is in the *a-confi uration. 374. A nethod according to claim 371 wherein R 2 is in the a-confi ;uration. 375. A nethod according to claim 371 wherein R 1 A is in the a-confi uration. 376. A nethod according to claim 372 wherein R 1 A is in the a-confi 3uration. 35 377. A nethod according to claim 373 wherein R 1 A is in the a-confi guration. 378. A nethod according to claim 374 wherein R 1 A is in the Ie39 Ili \Sionta1\K..v\Spec1ll?45)-00 jz CB9pUnse 9108/04 I049 09/08 '04 MON 15:25 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK ,44 IPAUSTRALIA Q050 237 a-configuration. 379. A nethod according to claim 375 wherein R 2 is in the a-configuration and Y is in the a-configuration, R 2 is in the a-configuration and X is in the a-configuration or Y is in the P-configuration and X is in the a-configuration. 380. A method according to any one of claims 371-379 wherein R 1 A is Rz is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms or R 1 A is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH3, R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH, =0 or -OCH3, R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(0)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH3 or -CH3, Y is -OH, 25 -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)-CH 3 wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is -O-S -OC 2 Hs, S-S-C(O)-G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -P or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or 35 R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -0-C(O)-G12, 9 9 wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or .e Xi\Sobnnl\xeep\speci\1743-0o 3 lcpaune 0asos1/C/ 238 RA and R 2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 4nd Y is or RjA is R 2 and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, (11) (12) (13) (14) (16) (17) (18) (19) (21) (22) (23) (24) RIA i s RjA, R 2 RjA, R 2 RjA, R 2 RIA, R 2 RIA, R 2 RjA is RIA is RjA is RjA is RjA is RjA is R 1 A is RjA is RIA is R 2 and X and X and X and X X anc =0 and H, R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or are -OH, Y is or are -OH, Y is -Cl, or are -OH, Y is -Br, or are -OH, Y is or IY are -OH, or R 2 X and T are -OH, or is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, o~ is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Br, o is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or S S S S S S OSS 55 55*5 5*55 S 5*5* (26) R 2 and Y are -OH, RjA is and X is -OH or =0, or (27) Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, or (28) RIA is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally 25 is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (29) RjA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C (0)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC (0)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (30) R 1 A is -OH, =0 or -OCH 3 R 2 is -OH, or -0-C (0)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC (0)CH 3 and Q 4 is -CH(halogen)-,* wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (31) RjA and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C (0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH (halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or Hi.\Shonal\Keep\Speci\l7453 -00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:25 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA 239 (32) R2 is RiA is -OH, -OCi 3 or -CH,3, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 and Q, is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 2 is =0 and RIA, X and Y are -OH, or (34) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is -0 and Ri 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (36) R 2 is =0 and Ri 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (37) R 2 is =0 and RiA and X are -OH and Y is -I. 381. A method according to claim 380 wherein the compound of forrriila 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol, buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 382. A method according to any one of claims 371-379 wherein the compound of formula 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol, buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 383. A nethod according to any one of claims 371-379 wherein the compound of formula 1 is administered to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. 384. A nethod according to claim 383 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at 25 least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the compound of formula 1 tq a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, C.. 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 45, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followel by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or eeoc oo administration of the compound of formula 1 to a :subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 35 more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed H, \SpC\74 -00 3" SPn 08/04 *oo* Q051 09/08 '04 MON 15:28 FAX 81 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK IPAUSTRALIA @[052 240 by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily d:sing. 385. A nethod for the treatment or prevention of a Trypanosoma or Plasmodium infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with a TrypanQooma or Plasmodium infection, or the enhancement of phagocytosis of Plasmodium or Trypanosome infectei cells, or the treatment or prevention of an infectinn or a cancer, or for the amelioration of one or more synptoms associated with the infection or the cancer, wherein the infection is selected from a Mycoplasma infection, a Candida infection, a human papilloma virus infection, a Rotavirus infection, a retrovirus infection, a molluacum contagiosum infection, an infection associated with hairy leukoplakia, an infection associated with necrotizing gingivitis, an infection causing an oral aphthou3, herpetic or bacterial ulcer and an orafacial herpes zoster infection and (ii) the cancer is selected from sqiamous oral carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma oral lesions, which comprises administering a therapeutically effecti re amount of a compound of formula 45 to a subject in need thereof, wherein formula 45 is 9 9 9 H *49 C R s t .e Ro.. wherein, R 4 is -OH, or -ORs 3 Rst is -OH or =0; Rs is -Br, -Cl, -I or -OH; 35 Rs is -OH or, Rs 2 together with the -H bonded to the same po3ition, is =0; Rs: is CI-. 8 alkyl, C 2 1 alkenyl, C2-ai alkynyl, a C-e 18 i \Shonal%\Kep\SpCL\1745)-00 3) respoOse 09/0/O 0 09/08 '04 MON 15:26 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GIFT AK4~IASRLALj5 GRIFFITH RACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA 1aO53 241 ester, 3L Cl-l 8 thioeater, wherein any of the foregoing C2_1. or C 2 -1 8 groups is substituted at one or more hydrogen or carbon atomns with one or more independently selected -0 -NH 2 -SH or =0 groups or R 53 is a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate eater, a carbarnate or a thioestar; and the dotted line is an optional double bond, providei that if the infection is a retrovirus infection, the formula 1 compound is not 3p-hydroxy-7,17- 33, 7-dihydroxy-17-oxoandrost-5-ele or an ester or ether of either compound, and provided that if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is 16cz-brotoepiandrosterone, 16OL- bromodeniydroepiandrosterone, androstan-17-one or a derivative of any of these compounds wherein -S -O-CH 2 -CI (0-C -R 6 -CH 2 -0-C -R 6 -P -O-CH 2 -CH- (0-C -R 7 -CH 2 -0-C -R 7 or a glucuronide group ig bonded to the 3-position, or if the infection is a retrcv'irus infection and the formula 1 compound is 3P3,1loa-iihydroxyandrost-5-ene-17-ofle, or an ester thereof,. or if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the formula 1 compound is 30,170-dihydroxyandro~t-5-ene, 3P,7p,17p3-trihydroxyaldrost-5-ele, or an ester or ether of either com1pound, then the use of the medicament is by administration of the medicament to a subject in need 25 thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol. 386. A method according to claim 385 wherein R 49 is -H and R 51 is P, -Br or -OH. 387. A method according to claim 385 or 386 wherein R 52 is =0 and R 50 is -OH. 388. A method according to claim 385 or 386 wherein R 52 i S -OH and R50 is -OH. *0%6 .00: 389. A method according to claim 385 or 386 wherein R 52 is OH arn R 5 0 isa =0. *390. A method according to claim 385 wherein the compound of forTnula 45 is a pharmaceutical formulation for buccal or sublingual administration to a human. 391. A method according to claim 385 wherein the compound 09/08 '04 MON 15:26 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRI FFITH RACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Q 054 242 of fori rla 45 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral administration to a human. 392. A method according to claim 385, 386, 390 or 391 wherein the compound of formula 45 is administered to a subject according to an intermittent dosing protocol. 393. A method according to claim 392 wherein the intermittent dosing protocol comprises administration of the compound of formula 45 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the compound of formula 45 to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 45, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followei by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 45 to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 45 to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followei by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 90 or more days without dosing, followed by another course Df daily dosing. 394. A method for the treatment or prevention of an infection or a cancer, or for the amelioration of one or 0000 more symptoms associated with the infection or the cancer, wherein the infection is selected from the group 30 consisting of a Mycoplasma infection, a Candida infection, a human papilloma virus infection, a Rotavirus infection, a retrovirus infection, a molluscum contagiosum infection, an infection associated with hairy leukoplakia, an o infection associated with necrotizing gingivitis, an infection causing an oral aphthous, herpetic or bacterial ulcer and an orafacial herpes zoster infection and (ii) 0 .the cancer is selected from the group consisting of 3•0o \flhcn1\Kr ep\BpccL\175"3-OD I, reotporme 09/06/09t 243 0en~mu ora cacnm ndKp Si scarcoma ora.l lesions, which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula 1, wherein formula 1 has the structure 14 1 R R Q, is -C(R 1 2 or Q2 is -C (R 1 C (Rj) C or CH 2 -CH 2 Q3 and Q6 independently are -H or -C(R 1 3 Q 4 is -C(R 1 2 hydroxyvinylidine or methyl methylene; CR)-o-(O X and Y independently are -OH, lower alkyl, -O-C(O)-R 5 -C -R 5 a halogen or =0; each R, independently is a halogen, -OH, C 1 -6 alkoxy, or C 1 6 alkyl; R 2 is -OH, a halogen, C 16 alkyl, C 1 6 alkoxy, -OR 3 an ester, a thioester, a thioacetal, a sulfate ester, a sulfonate ester or a carbamate or R 2 together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0; R 3 is (O)-O-CH 2 -CH (O-C (0)-R 6 -CH 2 -0- C (0)-R 6 -p (0)-O-CH 2 -CH (0-C (0)-R 7 -CH 2 -O-C -R 7 a glucuronide group of structure (A) H.\Shonal\reep\SpeCi\74S3-O0 Speci Claims 30/01/04 244 H 3 C o OH OH CH, or R 3 is C 118 alkyl, C 2 18 alkenyl, C 2 18 alkynyl, a C 1 -i 8 ester or a C 1 18 thioester, where any of the foregoing Ci- 18 or C2- 18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR P -NHR, or -SR groups, or R 3 is a C 1 18 fatty acid, C 2 -io alkynyl, (J)n-phenyl-C 1 5 alkyl, alkenyl; each Rs independently is straight or branched C 1 14 alkyl; 10 each R 6 independently is C1- 14 straight or branched alkyl; and each R 7 independently is C 1 -1 4 straight or branched alkyl or a glucuronide group of structure each RPR independently is -H or an independently 15 selected protecting group; n is 0, 1, 2 or 3; each J independently is a halogen, C1-4 alkyl, C 2 -4 alkenyl, C 1 4 alkoxy, carboxy, nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 i-6 carboxyl ester or a C 1 6 sulfate ester; M is hydrogen, sodium, (O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-Re)- CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 6 (0)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -O-C(0)-R 7 or a glucuronide group of structure and the dotted lines represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds at both the and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 Ri group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 6- or 17- positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent; and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs, precursors, hydrates, tautomers, ionized forms and solvates thereof, provided that H.\Sbonal\Keep\Speci\453-OO Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:27 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GIFT AK44IASRLAIj5 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA 12055 245 the compound is not 3f-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17- one, anirost-5-ene-17-one-33-sulfate, Or a salt, ether or eater of either of these compounds, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the fornula 1 compound is epiandrosterone, l6cc- bromoep jandrosterone, l6a-bromodehydroepiandrosterone, 3J3-hydr oxy-513-androstan-17-one, l6ch-bromo-303-hydroxy-53- androstin-17-one or a derivative of any of these compounds wherein -S -0-CH 2 -CH (0-C -R 6 -CH2-O-C -R 6 -P -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C (0)-R 7 -CH 2 -0-C -P 7 or a glucuronide group is bonded to the 31-position, then the use of the medicam~nt is by adminis tration of the medicament to a subject in need thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirus. infection and the fornula 1 compound is 30,17j-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene, 313,713,1 11-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene, 313,7c, 17(3- trihydr~oxyandrost-S-ene or an eater or ether of any of these cmpounds, then the use of the medicament is by adminis:ration of the medicament to a subject in need thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection and the fornula 1 compound is 3c,71-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene-17- one, 301i6a-dihydiroxyandrost-5-ene-17-one, 3P3,703- 25 dihydro.Kyandrostane-l7-one, or an ester of any of these *to. compounis, then the use of the medicament is by 0:0* adminis:ration of the medicament to a subject in need 0.6. thereof by an intermittent dosing protocol, and if the infection is a retrovirus infection the formula 1 compound is not 31-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-7,17- dione, 31,17(-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene-7-one, 3(3,7(3- too:dihydro~cyandrost-5-ene-17-one, 3(3, ene-17-Dne, or a salt, ether or ester of any of these compoun is. *..too 35 395. A nethod according to claim 394 wherein the formula 1 compouni has the formula 4, 5 or 6 oo09d 246 10 04 l H0 0 H H 6, wherein, the dotted line represents a double bond or a single bond wit h a hydrogen atom at the 5-position in the a-configuration or the P-configuration; Q3 and Q6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH, provided that when Q3 is -CH 2 OH the formula 1 compound has the structure 9 Q 4 is -CH 2 R 2 is -OH, -0-P -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C (0)-CH 3 -CH 2 -O- -0-S -O-CH 2 -CH (0-C -CH 3 -CH 2 -O-C CH 3 0- S OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 0- S OC (CH 3 3, S -C CH 3 -s-C CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-S (0)-O-CH 3 -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -OCH 3 -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 -C 6 H 5 -0-C (0)-NI{-CH 3 -0-C (0)-NH-C 6 H 5 -CH 3 -0-C -CH 2 -C 6 Hs, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -0-S -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -NI{-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -NH-C 6 H 4 0CH 3 H.\Sklonal\Keep\Speci\l74S3-Oo Speci Claims 30/01/04 247 -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OCH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S (0)-O-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C (0)OH, -0-s -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-S -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-C -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C OH, -0-c (0)-NH-C 6 H 4 F, -0-C (5)-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 C (0)OH, -CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -0-S -0-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -0-S5(0) -O-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 0- S(0) -O0- CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, 0 -S -O0- CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -NH-C 6 H 4 CH 3 -CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 CH 3 -S-C -CH 2 CH 2 -0 -CH 2 CH 2 0R, -S-C CH 2 -C 6 H 4 0RPR PR PR -0-C (0)-H-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 CH 2 OR O-S0)i -0-C-C 6 H 4 R -SC (0CH 2 OCH 2 C2C CH 2 HRIR S- 0 -C 6 H 3 (ORPR) R PR -0S0)~~C 2 H~0C 2 C 2 HPR, 0)CC OPR) CH(OR),-0-C -NHCH 2 CH 2 0CH 2 CH 2 NHR -0-C PR PR CH15R 2 -CH 2 CH2- CH2 CH 2 OCH 2 N-H -C CsH 3 c(0RP) 2 -SC2C2-C0- 2CH 2 6 -CPR, 2 H O P -0-S (H2 C -O.-CH2CH2-0-5(0) -0-S)--CH 2 -C -0- (CH 2 0 -0-CH 2 -0-C 2 -C 3 C*H C(OR PH C2 -0-H-HC(S-0C! 2 )HN PRC, _0 C H C 6 H3 ORP SC()2,-CH-c(-C2H- C H 2 0 -H -C0-CH(S)-CH2OH -0-5(0R)2 -0-CHC-(O-C 2 H 2 CH 2 -C 6 HOH 3 -0-S(0 CH 2 06CH3, (0)O-CH 2 CH 2 C6H5-, 5 (CH2) OCH 3 0 -HCH 2 (-C6HsC 2 C -NH- H)o6C3 C 6 H 4 -CHH (0-C 2 CH)-(CH2o-H, -0-C(S)-C C 6 H 4 O, C -CH 2 C- (0-CH 2 C) 1 -0(-CH20) -CH 2 C 6 H 4 (OC! 2 )CH, C(0 Cl! 2 CH 4 N 2 CH0C -0-C -Cl! 2 Cl! 2 0-CH 2 CH -0-C(0 -CHl -CH 2 CH 2 -O-CH 2 -0-Cl! 2 -CH 2 -(0 Cl!C! 2 1 soH 0-l 2 6 4 CH 3 (CH 2 )O.)0 6 -CH 3 -0-Cl! 2 -CH2-l! 4 N0 2 -0-CH 2 C! 2 (0-CH 2 Cl! 2 )j- 5 o-H, -0-C! 2 -C 6 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-CH 2 C! 3 -0-C 6 5 -0-CH 2 Cl! 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 F, -0-Cl! 2 CH 2 (0- Cl! 2 Cl! 2 150 -0-CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OC! 3 -0-(Cl! 2 0 6 -C! 3 H-\Shonal\Keep\Speci\17453-0O Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:27 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Q056 248 -c -O-CH 2 -CsH4 1 O 2 -C -O-CH2-CsHs, -C -O-CH 2 CHa-O- CH2CH 3 -O-CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 3 -C(O)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F, -C(0)-O-G12, -C(O)-S-G12, -S-C(0)-G12, -C(S)-O-G12, -O-C(S)-G12, -O-C(0)-NH-Gl2, -NH-C(0)-O-G12, -C(0)-O-CH 2 -Gl12 or -O-C(0)-CH 2 -G12; R11 is -OH, -CH 3 -OCH 3 -OC 2 H 5 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 -OCH(CH: )CHs, -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 or -OC(CH3)3; Y s -Br, -Cl, -OR, -OC(0)CH,, -OC(O)C1 2 CH 3 or -OC(O)CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 and X -OH, -C1, -Br, -OC(0)CH 3 -OC(O)C1 2 C1 3 or -OC(0)OH 2 CH 2 C3; RPR is -H or a protecting group; and Gi: is an organic moiety comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 :ndependently selected O, S, N, P, or Si atoms, but, if a Si or P atom is present, only one Si or P is present, wherein the organic moiety is C1..12 alkyl, C- 12 alkenyl, C2- 12 alkynyl, aryl, a C 2 heterocycle or a subsitited derivative of any of these comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or moie substituents, wherein each substituent is indepencently chosen and is selected from -N(RPR) 2 -C(O0)OR, -OC(0)RR", -ORR -OH, -SRPR _SH1, -NO2, -CN, -C(0)NfH-, -0-AS, -S-AB, -OC(0)-A8, -C(0)0-A8, 25 =N-OH, -Op0 3 (RPR)2, -OS0 3 H 2 -Cl, -Br or -I moieties or atoms, where each RPR is an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together comprise a protecting group, and AS is 01.6 alkyl, C2.8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C.4 *alkyl-azyl, aryl or C1.4 alkyl-C 2 .9 heterocycle. 396. A method according to claim 395 wherein Y is in the 0-configaration or X is in the a-configuration. 397. A rrethod according to claim 395 wherein RIA is in the a-configuration. 398. A mathod according to claim 395 wherein R 2 is in the a-configuration. 399. A mathod according to claim 395 wherein Ra is in the j-cofiguration and Y is in the 0-configuration, Y sMhOa\B oZeW*D\peci5\27453 00 3 teoponsc 09/08/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:27 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 4* IPAUSTRALIA 121057 249 is in t'ie n-configuration and X is in the a-configuration, or is in the a-configuration and X is in the a conf i. purat ion. 400. A niethod according to claim 395 wherein the compound of formula 1 is administered to a subject according to an intermit:tent dosing protocol. 401. A nethod according to claim 400 wherein the intermit.tent dosing protocol optionally comprises administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followec by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed 5 by a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, S* 25 or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dcsing. 402. A nethod according to any one of claims 394-401 Swherein RiA is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12, Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein 312 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH, -OCH3 or -CH3, R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-312, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(0)CH3, wherein 312 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 35 carbon atoms, or R 1 A is -OH, -0 or -OCH3, R 2 is -OH, or -O-C(0)-312, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 n>\6lfOnl\Keep\Speci\ 7453-o0 3 reponnae 01/05/04 250 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(0)-G12 and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 2 is RiA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH or -OCH 3 R 2 is -O-S(O0) (0)-OC 2 H s -S-C(O)-G12, or -O-C(O)-NH-G12, Y is -OH, -F or -Br and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)CH 3 wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and X are -OH, R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12 and Y is -OH, -F or -Br, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A, X and Y are -OH and R 2 is -OH or -O-C(0)-G12, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or R 1 A and R 2 are -OH, X is -OH or =0 and Y is or R 1 A is R 2 and Y are -OH and X is -OH or =0, S
555. 5SSS *55555 (11) (12) (13) (14) (16) (17) (18) (19) (21) (22) (23) (24) R 1 A is R 1 A, R 2 R 1 A, R2 R 1 A, R 2 R 1 A, R 2 R 1 A, R 2 R 1 A is R 1 A is R 1 A is R 1 A is R 1 A is R 1 A is R 1 A is R 1 A is R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, Y is -F and X is -OH, or and X are -OH, Y is or and X are -OH, Y is -Cl, or and X are -OH, Y is -Br, or and X are -OH, Y is or X and Y are -OH, or =0 and R 2 X and Y are -OH, or R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Cl, or R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is -Br, or R 2 is -OH, X is =0 and Y is or R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Cl, or R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is -Br, oz R 2 is -OH, X is -OH and Y is or H.\Shoal\Keep\Speci\174S3-00 Speci Claims 30/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:28 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA o058 251 R 2 and Y are -OH, R 1 A is and X is -OH or =0, or Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, or R 1 A is R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH, =0 -C1, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alky.. having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH, -OCH 3 or -CH3, R 2 is -OH, =0 or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -H and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(I:alogen)-, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or RIA is -OH, =0 or -OCH3, Ra is -OH, or -O-C(O)-G12, Y is -OH and X is -OH, or -OC(O)CH 3 and 04 is -CH(1.alogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or (33) R 1 A and Y are R 2 is -OH, =0 or -0-C(0)-G12 and X it -OH, -Br or -OC(0)CH 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein 012 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon etoms, or (32) R 2 is R 1 A is -OH, -OCH) or -CH 3 Y is -OH, -Cl, -Br or -I and X is -OH, -Br or -OC(O)-C(H 3 and Q4 is -CH(halogen)-, wherein G12 optionally is alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, or 2 (33) R 2 is =0 and RIA, X and Y are -OH, or S: 25 (34) R 2 is -0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is or R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -Cl, or (3E) R 2 is =0 and RiA and X are -OH and Y is -Br, or (37) R 2 is =0 and R 1 A and X are -OH and Y is -I. 403. A nethod according to claim 402 wherein the compound of formula 1 is a pharmaceutical formulation for parenteral, aerosol, buccal or sublingual administration to a huran. 404. A nethod according to claim 402 wherein the compound of formula 1 is for treatment or prevention of an 35 infecticn, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a human HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection. H \Shooal\loaop\Cpe0\l'p174s-oo 3 reoposeo 09/0l/0 09/08 '04 MON 15:28 FAX 81 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Z059 252 A nethod according to claim 404 wherein the compound of formila 1 is administered to a subject according to an intermi.tent dosing protocol. 406. A nethod according to claim 405 wherein the intermi :tent dosing protocol optionally comprises (a administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject for at least one day, followed by no dosing for at least one day, followed by at least one more daily dose, or (b administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject of 1, 2, 3 or 4 doses per week for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, followed by about 2, 3, 4, 5, 60, 90 or more days with no dosing, optionally followed by dosing again for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 or more weeks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or more we(ks, or administration of the compound of formula 1 to a subject daily for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more days, followed by a peziod of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 60, or more days without dosing, followed by another course of daily dcsing. 9 407. A nethod according to claim 402 wherein the compound 25 of forrmla 1 is for treatment or prevention of an infecticn, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms 9.9. associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a Soe Rotavinrs infection. oo*oo S9 408. A nethod according to claim 402 wherein the compound of formula 1 is for treatment or prevention of an infecticn, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a human papilloma virus infection. ."409. A rethod according to claim 402 wherein the compound 35 of formula 1 is for treatment or prevention of an S" infection, or for the amelioration of one or more symptoms an associated with the infection, wherein the infection is a *o H.\Sh0onaJ\Keep\BPeci\1745)-O0 I" r.ipmca Of/I/O4 09/08 '04 MON 15:28 FAX 61 3 9243 8333GRFIhHCIPUTAA OO GRIFFITH HACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Q060 253 Candida infection. 410. Us* of a compound substantially as herein described with reteerence to any one of the examples. 411. A lnethod of treatment substantially as herein describ..d with reference to any one of the examples. 412. A ]harmaceutical composition substantially as herein describnd with reference to any one of the examples. 413. A (.,ompound having the formula as defined in claim 152 or 170 :;ubstantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples. 414. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising one or more excipieiits and a compound selected from the group consist: ng of 31,la-dihydroxy-Sa'-androstan-17-one, 3cc, l6a- liydroxy-Sc-androstan-17 -one, 33, 17f3-dihydroxy-Sc- androsei.n-l6-one, 3cc, 171-dihydroxy-Sa-androstan-16-one, 3j,l6a,;7p-trihydroxy-5cc-androetane, 3cc,lcz,17j3- trihydrc.xy-Sa-androstane, 3c, 16cc, 17cc-trihydroxy-cz- androstune, 3P,1lef, 171-trihydroxy-5a-androstane, 3c, i6J3J71-trihydroxy-Sa-androstane, 3P, 16cc-dihydroxy-53- androstzn-17-one, 31,161-dihydroxy-51-androstan-17-one, 3a,l6a-c.ihydroxy-5J3-androstan-17-one, 3cc,161-dihydroxy-53- androsten-17-one, 33, 17p-dihydroxy-SJ3-androstan-i6-one, 3cc,1713-kihydroxy-513-androstan-l6-one, 313,16cc, 1713- trihydrcxy-513-androstane, 3a, 16cc, 17J-trihydroxy-53- androstEne, 3cc,lc,17c-trihydroxy-S1-androstane, 313,163, 17j3-trihydroxy-5f3-androstane, 3c, 163, 171-trihydroxy- 9.. and an analog of any of these compounds wherein a halogen is present at the 2-position. 415. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 414, wherein the compound is 3j,l6a-dihydroxy-Scc- *:.aandrostan-17-one or 3cc, l6cz-dihydroxy-Scc-androstan-17-one. 416. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 414 or 415, wherein the halogen is -Cl, -Br or -1. 417. Use of a compound for the preparation of a medicament, wherein the compound is selected from the group ccnsisting of 3J,l6c-dihydroxy-Sc-androstan-17-one, 3cc~la-tydlroxy-Sex-androstan-17-one, 30,17j3-dihydroxy-5a- 14.\Chor.1\Ka~r\pocflh4S-QO 3" reap-.e G9/08/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:29 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GIFT AK--.IASRLA(j6 GRIFFITH RACK 444 IPAUSTRALIA Q061 -254 androstiLn-16-one, 3ac, 17P -dihydroxy-cc-androstan- 6 -one, 3I 3 ,16c,.71-trihydroxy-sc-adrostane, 3c, 1.6c, 1713- trihydroxy-Soc-androstane, 3cc, la, 17cc-trihydroxy-5cc- androstitne, 33, 163, 17I-trihydroxy-5cc-androstane, 3cc,i6J3,: 71-trihydroxy-5a-androstane, 301,ac-dihydroxy-53- androsti.n-17-one, 33, 161-dihydroxy-5r3-androstan-17.one, 3c, 16cc-cihydroxy-5f-drostan-17-one, 3c, 16g3-dihydroxy-53- androatzn-17-one, 31,171-dihydrcoxy-51-androstan-16..one, 3cc,171-cihydroxy-513-androst an-16..one, 31ac,l7J3- trihydrcxy-5f3-androstane, 3c, 16cc, 1713-trihydroxy-j3- androatF-ne, 3c, 16c, 17c-trihydroxy-5P-androstane, 313,163, 1713-trihydroxy-5r3-androstane, 3cc, 163, 1713-trihydroxy- 51-andrcstane and an analog of any of these compounds wherein a halogen is present at the 2-position. 418. A rharmacautical formulation comprising one or more excipierts and a compound selected from the group consisting of 33, 171-dihydroxy-16cc-fluoroandrost-5-ene, 33, 171-dihydroxy-161-fluoroandrost-5-ene, 3cc, 1713-dihydroxy- 3cc, 1713-dihydroxy-l1ji- fluoroandrost-5-ene, 313,17cc-dihydroxy-16cc-fluoroandrost-.. ene, 33, 17c-dihydroxy-161-fluoroandrost-5-ene, 3cc,17a- dihydroxy-16cc-fluoroandrost-5-ene, 33, 17f3-dihydroxy-163- iodoandrjst-5-ene, 3c, 171-dihydroxy-16cc-iodoandrost-S-ene, *3cc, 170-dihydroxy-16I3-iodoandrost-5-ene, 3P,17cc-dihydroxy- 25 16cc-iodoandrost-5-ene, 3P1adhdoy1pidadot5 ene, 3c,17c-dihydroxy-16c-iodoandrost-5-ene and an analog of any oE these compounds wherein a halogen is present at the 2-poition. 419. The pharmaceutical formulation according to claim 418, wher:ein the halogen is -Cl, -Sr or -1. 420. Use of a compound for the preparation of a medicame.it, wherein the compound is selected from the *group coisisting of 33, 171-dihydroxy-l6a-fluoroandrost-5- ene, 313,..7f-dihydroxy-161-fluoroandrost-5-ene, 3cc,1713- 35 dihydrox,'-16c-fluoroandrost-5-ene, 3c, 1713-dihydroxy-163- fluoroantirost-5-ene, 33, 17c-dihydroxy-16a-fluoroandrost-5- ene, 313, .7c-dihydroxy-161-fluoroandrost-5-ene, 3c, 17cc- N.\ShoTna1\%eeqiNspecl\17453 -00 2 recponle ()9/01/04 09/08 '04 MON 15:29 FAX 61 3 9243 8333 GRIFFITH HACK *4IPAUSTRALIA [Z062 255- diyr: -6cfuradot5ee 3P3, 17p-dihydroxy- 1fl- 3z, 17P-dihydroxy-16c-iodoankost-...ene, 3r, l7Il-dihydroxcy-16p-iodoanrost.s..ene, aP, 17cr-dihydroxy- l1cz-iodoandrost-s-ene, 3P,17ac-dihydroxy-1-iodoanrost-5-. ene, 3ar 17cdhdoy1a-ocnrs-- and an analog of any cot these compounds wherein a halogen is present at the 2-pc-sition. Dated t~is 9 th" day of August 2004 HOLLIS-FDEN PHARMACEUTICALS INC By theti Patent Attorneys GRIPPITE HACK Fellows Institute of Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys of Australia Cee *of: 04 U:\0b4n&1WqcpaPSC±\17453-0a3 j responset 09/05/04
AU17453/00A 1998-11-24 1999-11-24 Use of 17-ketosteroid compounds and derivatives, metabolites and precursors thereof in the treatment of malaria and the treatment of African and American Trypanosomiasis Ceased AU776853B2 (en)

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US12605699P 1999-03-23 1999-03-23
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US6555523B1 (en) 1999-07-08 2003-04-29 Patrick T. Prendergast Use of cirsiliol and derivatives to treat infections
PT1955700E (en) 1999-09-30 2011-05-04 Harbor Biosciences Inc Therapeutic treatment of androgen receptor driven conditions
US20050101581A1 (en) 2002-08-28 2005-05-12 Reading Christopher L. Therapeutic treatment methods 2
US7910755B2 (en) 2004-09-29 2011-03-22 Harbor Biosciences, Inc. Stem cell expansion and uses
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