CN112902859B - On-line measurement method and device of blade tip clearance based on blade tip timing technology - Google Patents
On-line measurement method and device of blade tip clearance based on blade tip timing technology Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种基于叶尖定时技术的叶顶间隙在线测量装置及方法，包括：光纤探头的一端设有机匣；机匣以光纤探头中心为圆心开孔；光纤探头的另一端与集束光纤的出口端固定；集束光纤的另一端与控制及采集电路连接；控制及采集电路与上位机连接；透镜设置在光纤探头内，使得发射光纤发出的单模激光经过透镜后能够形成锥形光束通过机匣照射在叶轮上；集束光纤包括发射光纤和接收光纤；发射光纤与接收光纤分别与控制及采集电路连接。本发明通过使用锥形激光对叶片进行探测，结合转速和叶片半径计算出叶顶间隙大小。
The invention provides an on-line measuring device and method for blade tip clearance based on blade tip timing technology, comprising: a casing is provided at one end of an optical fiber probe; The other end of the bundled fiber is connected to the control and acquisition circuit; the control and acquisition circuit is connected to the upper computer; the lens is set in the fiber probe, so that the single-mode laser emitted by the transmitting fiber can form a cone beam after passing through the lens. The casing is irradiated on the impeller; the bundled optical fiber includes a transmitting optical fiber and a receiving optical fiber; the transmitting optical fiber and the receiving optical fiber are respectively connected with the control and acquisition circuits. The invention detects the blade by using a conical laser, and calculates the size of the blade tip clearance in combination with the rotational speed and the blade radius.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of blade tip clearance measurement, in particular to a blade tip clearance online measurement method and device based on a blade tip timing technology.
Background
Tip clearance refers to the radial distance between the tip of the rotor blade and the casing. Tip clearance is an important design parameter for turbomachinery. If the clearance between the blade tops is too small, the blades and the shell are collided and rubbed, potential safety hazards are generated, and equipment faults are caused. Therefore, the blade top clearance online measurement technology can improve the running efficiency of the impeller machine and reduce the running risk. The prior art is divided into several categories.
One is measurement by capacitive sensors (for example, the 2009 capacitive gap measurement system applied to turbomachines, the university of electronics and technology, book). The disadvantages of the method are: the measurement can be completed only by calibrating a plurality of points, and the measurement is greatly influenced by the geometrical shape of the blade tip of the measured blade, the working medium property of the turbine and the like, the reliability of long-time work is low, and the transportability is limited.
And the other is to measure the change of the intensity (amplitude) of the reflected signal by an optical (including electromagnetic wave) probe (for example, the paper "aero-engine tip clearance measurement research" published by kuuixin and jowa in the aero-engine 2001, page 26, 4 th). Such methods are extremely sensitive to the reflective properties of the blade surface, and a slight smearing or tilting can greatly affect the measurement results.
Third, ranging by laser triangulation (also mentioned in the above paper). The method has high reliability and usability, but the sampling frequency is limited, and the method cannot be applied to impeller machinery with high rotating speed. And the product size is large, which is not suitable for practical application.
And a tip timing method closer to this patent (for example, the tip clearance measurement technique based on the multi-beam tip timing principle, which is published by ye de er et al in photoelectron. laser 2011, volume 22, page 4, 570). The probe of the method has a complex structure and a large size, and two channels of photoelectric signals are needed for detection.
Patent document CN112097662A (application number: 202010881482.1) discloses a three-beam tip timing-based tip clearance measuring device, which includes a three-beam optical fiber tip timing sensor, an extended optical fiber for transmitting an optical fiber, a laser, an extended optical fiber for receiving an optical fiber, a preamplifier, a signal acquisition system, and a computer. The three-beam type optical fiber tip timing sensor is internally composed of three optical fiber sensors l1, l2 and l3, wherein l1 and l2 are parallel to each other, l3 and l2 are radially and symmetrically formed into an inverted V-shaped structure, the three optical fiber sensors form an alpha angle with the perpendicular direction of an end face, the transmitting end of a laser is connected with the transmitting optical fiber of each optical fiber sensor, the receiving optical fiber of each optical fiber sensor is connected with a photoelectric conversion module, and the photoelectric conversion module converts received light intensity signals into electric pulse signals; the electric pulse signal is processed by the preamplifier and then sent to the computer by the signal acquisition system.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method and a device for measuring the blade top clearance on line based on a blade tip timing technology.
The invention provides an online blade tip clearance measuring device based on a blade tip timing technology, which comprises: the device comprises a case 3, a lens 4, an optical fiber probe 5, a bundled optical fiber 6, a control and acquisition circuit 9 and an upper computer 10;
one end of the optical fiber probe 5 is provided with the casing 4; the casing 4 is provided with a hole by taking the center of the optical fiber probe as the center of a circle; the other end of the optical fiber probe 5 is fixed with the outlet end of the bundled optical fiber 6; the other end of the bundling optical fiber 6 is connected with the control and acquisition circuit 9; the control and acquisition circuit 9 is connected with the upper computer 10; the lens 4 is arranged in the optical fiber probe 5, so that single-mode laser emitted by the emission optical fiber can form a conical beam after passing through the lens 4 and irradiate on the blade 1 to be measured through the casing 4;
the bundled optical fiber 6 comprises a transmitting optical fiber 7 and a receiving optical fiber 8; the transmitting optical fiber 7 and the receiving optical fiber 8 are respectively connected with the control and acquisition circuit 9.
Preferably, said control and acquisition circuit 9 comprises:
the control and acquisition circuit 9 controls the intensity of the single-mode laser emitted by the emission optical fiber; the reflected light is transmitted by the receiving optical fiber and enters the control and acquisition circuit 9, a photoelectric tube and an amplifying circuit in the control and acquisition circuit convert the received optical signal into an analog electrical signal, the analog electrical signal realizes analog-to-digital conversion through the control and acquisition circuit 9, the time for the detected blade to pass through the light cone is identified through the control and acquisition circuit 9, and the identified time is transmitted to the upper computer 10.
According to the blade tip timing technology-based online blade top clearance measuring method provided by the invention, the online blade top clearance measuring device based on the blade tip timing technology is used for executing the following steps:
step M1: the transmitting optical fiber emits single-mode laser, and after passing through the lens, a cone-shaped light beam is formed and is irradiated on the blade to be detected through the casing;
step M2: when the blade to be measured passes through the conical light beam, the blade top area generates diffuse reflection, and the reflected light is transmitted to the control and acquisition circuit through the receiving optical fiber and converted into an analog electric signal;
step M3: after analog-to-digital conversion is carried out on the analog electric signals, the time for the blades to pass through the conical light beams is identified;
step M4: calculating the equivalent length of the light cone according to the rotating speed of the blades and the radius of the blades;
step M5: and calculating the size of the blade top gap according to the equivalent length of the passing light cone.
Preferably, said step M5 comprises:
c＝kwrt-b
wherein c represents the size of the tip clearance; k represents the fiber probe constant; w represents the blade rotational speed; r represents the tip radius; t represents the time when the blade passes through the light cone and the control and acquisition circuit is triggered; b represents the constant associated with the blade under test.
Preferably, the time when the blade passes through the light cone and the control and acquisition circuit is triggered comprises:
when the amplitude of the analog electric signal collected by the control and acquisition circuit exceeds a preset trigger voltage threshold, the control and acquisition circuit is triggered, and the blade starts to pass through the probe; when the amplitude of the analog electric signal is lower than the preset trigger voltage threshold, the control and acquisition circuit is triggered, and the blade completely leaves the probe.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps: the analog electric signal has noise fluctuation, and after the control and acquisition circuit is triggered, the time when the blade starts to pass through the probe exceeds a preset delay threshold value, the blade is considered to be effectively triggered; after the control and acquisition circuit is triggered, when the time for the blade to completely leave the probe exceeds a preset delay threshold, effective triggering is considered; and the time difference between the time point when the blade starts to pass through the probe under the effective triggering condition and the time point when the blade completely leaves the probe under the effective triggering condition is used as the triggered time t of the control and acquisition circuit.
Preferably, the fiber optic probe constants comprise: and calibrating the constant of the optical fiber probe by using a test bed which can accurately control the rotating speed and the blade top clearance.
Preferably, the test bench capable of accurately controlling the rotating speed and the blade tip clearance comprises: the device comprises a bracket 22, a servo motor 21, an impeller 23 and an XYZR four-axis micro-motion platform 26;
the bracket 22 is fixedly connected with the servo motor 21; the impeller 23 is sleeved and fixed on the shaft of the servo motor 21; an optical fiber probe 5 in the blade tip clearance online measuring device based on the blade tip timing technology is fixed on an XYZR four-axis micromotion platform 26; and the blade top clearance is controlled by the horizontal position of the XYZR four-axis micro-motion platform 26.
Preferably, the test stand, in which the rotational speed and the tip clearance can be precisely controlled, is mounted on a platform 20 having a rigidity that meets a predetermined requirement.
Preferably, the calibration of the fiber probe constant comprises:
step S1: the impeller rotates for n circles, and the time t of the jth blade passing through the probe in the ith circle is acquiredij；
Step S2: based on n revolutions of the impeller, the average time of the blade passing through the probe is calculated,
step S3: increasing the blade top clearance by preset values in sequence, and repeatedly executing the steps S1 to S2;
step S4: by the product of the triggered time and the blade tip speed of the control and acquisition circuit
The set blade top clearance is plotted as a longitudinal axis to obtain a corresponding variation relation of each blade;
step S5: fitting the corresponding change relation of each blade into a straight line by using a least square method to obtain a slope kj；
Step S6: calculating the average k ═ k ∑ k of the slopejAnd completing the calibration of the constant of the optical fiber probe.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. detecting the blade by using conical laser, and calculating the size of the blade top gap by combining the rotating speed and the radius of the blade;
2. the invention can realize non-contact real-time measurement of the blade top clearance, is not interfered by factors such as blade materials, surface properties and the like, and improves the measurement reliability;
3. the blade top clearance measurement is completed through the optical fiber probe 5 with the top end containing the lens, the structure is simple, the cost is low, the assembly and disassembly are convenient, and multi-point calibration is not needed in practical application, so that the difficulty of blade top clearance monitoring is reduced;
4. the time that the blade passes through the light cone is measured only, the blade top gap is converted, the data volume can be reduced while the measurement is carried out at a very high sampling rate, and therefore the measurement precision is improved, and the communication pressure with an upper computer is reduced.
Drawings
Other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon reading of the detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the following drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an on-line tip clearance measurement device based on tip timing technology;
FIG. 2 shows a dimension mark
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a calibration apparatus;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a trigger time determination method;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a calibration probe constant k;
FIG. 6 is a measurement flow chart;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the measurement results;
in the figure, 1-measured leaf; 2-laser light cone; 3-a casing; 4-a lens; 5-a probe; 6-bundling optical fibers; 7-an emission fiber; 8-a receiving fiber; 9-a control and acquisition circuit; 10-an upper computer; 20-a rigid bottom surface; 21-a servo motor; 22-a scaffold; 23-an impeller; 24-a fiber optic probe; 25-an optical fiber; 26-XYZR four-axis micro-motion platform.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. All falling within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The invention provides an online blade tip clearance measuring device based on a blade tip timing technology, which comprises: the device comprises a case 3, a lens 4, an optical fiber probe 5, a bundled optical fiber 6, a control and acquisition circuit 9 and an upper computer 10;
one end of the optical fiber probe 5 is provided with the casing 4; the casing 4 is provided with a hole by taking the center of the optical fiber probe as the center of a circle; the other end of the optical fiber probe 5 is fixed with the outlet end of the bundled optical fiber 6; the other end of the bundling optical fiber 6 is connected with the control and acquisition circuit 9; the control and acquisition circuit 9 is connected with the upper computer 10; the lens 4 is arranged in the optical fiber probe 5, so that single-mode laser emitted by the emission optical fiber can form a conical beam after passing through the lens 4 and irradiate on the blade 1 to be measured through the casing 4;
the bundled optical fiber 6 comprises a transmitting optical fiber 7 and a receiving optical fiber 8; the transmitting optical fiber 7 and the receiving optical fiber 8 are respectively connected with the control and acquisition circuit 9.
Specifically, the control and acquisition circuit 9 comprises:
the control and acquisition circuit 9 controls the intensity of the single-mode laser emitted by the emission optical fiber; the reflected light is transmitted by the receiving optical fiber and enters the control and acquisition circuit 9, a photoelectric tube and an amplifying circuit in the control and acquisition circuit convert the received optical signal into an analog electrical signal, the analog electrical signal realizes analog-to-digital conversion through the control and acquisition circuit 9, the time for the detected blade to pass through the light cone is identified through the control and acquisition circuit 9, and the identified time is transmitted to the upper computer 10.
According to the blade tip timing technology-based online blade top clearance measuring method provided by the invention, the online blade top clearance measuring device based on the blade tip timing technology is used for executing the following steps: as shown in figure 6 of the drawings,
step M1: the transmitting optical fiber emits single-mode laser, and after passing through the lens, a cone-shaped light beam is formed and is irradiated on the blade to be detected through the casing;
step M2: when the blade to be measured passes through the conical light beam, the blade top area generates diffuse reflection, and the reflected light is transmitted to the control and acquisition circuit through the receiving optical fiber and converted into an analog electric signal;
step M3: after analog-to-digital conversion is carried out on the analog electric signals, the time for the blades to pass through the conical light beams is identified;
step M4: calculating the equivalent length of the light cone according to the rotating speed of the blades and the radius of the blades;
step M5: and calculating the size of the blade top gap according to the equivalent length of the passing light cone.
Specifically, the step M5 includes:
c＝kwrt-b
wherein c represents the size of the tip clearance; k represents the fiber probe constant; w represents the blade rotational speed; r represents the tip radius; t represents the time when the blade passes through the light cone and the control and acquisition circuit is triggered; b represents the constant associated with the blade under test.
Specifically, the time when the blade passes through the light cone and the control and acquisition circuit is triggered comprises:
when the amplitude of the analog electric signal collected by the control and acquisition circuit exceeds a preset trigger voltage threshold, the control and acquisition circuit is triggered, and the blade starts to pass through the probe; when the amplitude of the analog electric signal is lower than the preset trigger voltage threshold, the control and acquisition circuit is triggered, and the blade completely leaves the probe.
Specifically, the method further comprises the following steps: the analog electric signal has noise fluctuation, and after the control and acquisition circuit is triggered, the time when the blade starts to pass through the probe exceeds a preset delay threshold value, the blade is considered to be effectively triggered; after the control and acquisition circuit is triggered, when the time for the blade to completely leave the probe exceeds a preset delay threshold, effective triggering is considered; and the time difference between the time point when the blade starts to pass through the probe under the effective triggering condition and the time point when the blade completely leaves the probe under the effective triggering condition is used as the triggered time t of the control and acquisition circuit.
Specifically, the fiber optic probe constants include: and calibrating the constant of the optical fiber probe by using a test bed which can accurately control the rotating speed and the blade top clearance.
Specifically, the test bench that the rotational speed and the blade tip clearance can be controlled accurately includes: the device comprises a bracket 22, a servo motor 21, an impeller 23 and an XYZR four-axis micro-motion platform 26;
the bracket 22 is fixedly connected with the servo motor 21; the impeller 23 is sleeved and fixed on the shaft of the servo motor 21; an optical fiber probe 5 in the blade tip clearance online measuring device based on the blade tip timing technology is fixed on an XYZR four-axis micromotion platform 26; and the blade top clearance is controlled by the horizontal position of the XYZR four-axis micro-motion platform 26.
Specifically, the test stand, in which the rotation speed and the tip clearance can be precisely controlled, is mounted on a platform 20 having a rigidity that meets a predetermined requirement.
Specifically, the calibration of the fiber probe constant includes:
step S1: the impeller rotates for n circles, and the time t of the jth blade passing through the probe in the ith circle is acquiredij；
Step S2: based on n revolutions of the impeller, the average time of the blade passing through the probe is calculated,
step S3: increasing the blade top clearance by preset values in sequence, and repeatedly executing the steps S1 to S2;
step S4: by the product of the triggered time and the blade tip speed of the control and acquisition circuit
The set blade top clearance is plotted as a longitudinal axis to obtain a corresponding variation relation of each blade;
step S5: fitting the corresponding change relation of each blade into a straight line by using a least square method to obtain a slope kj；
Step S6: calculating the average k ═ k ∑ k of the slopejAnd completing the calibration of the constant of the optical fiber probe.
Example 2
Example 2 is a modification of example 1
And (3) using an optical fiber probe to emit conical laser, measuring the time taken by the blade to pass through the optical cone, and calculating to obtain the blade top gap, thereby realizing the real-time non-contact blade top gap measurement of the running impeller machinery.
The blade is detected by using an optical fiber probe with the top end containing a lens, single-mode laser is emitted by an emitting optical fiber, a cone-shaped light beam is formed after the single-mode laser passes through the lens and irradiates on an impeller, when the blade passes through a light cone, the diffuse reflection occurs in the blade top area, reflected light is transmitted by a receiving optical fiber and then enters a photoelectric tube and an amplifying circuit thereof to be converted into an analog electric signal, after analog-to-digital conversion, the time for the blade to pass through the light cone is identified, the equivalent length of the light cone is calculated by combining the rotating speed and the radius of the blade, and finally the blade top gap size is calculated through a geometric relation.
As shown in fig. 1, the measurement hardware system includes a probe 5, a bundled optical fiber 6, a control and acquisition circuit 9, and an upper computer 10. Wherein, the front end of the probe 5 is a lens 4, and the rear end is fixed with the outlet end of the bundling optical fiber 6. The other end of the bundling optical fiber 6 is forked into a transmitting optical fiber 7 and a receiving optical fiber 8 and is connected with a control and acquisition circuit 9. The control and acquisition circuit is connected with the upper computer 10. The impeller to be tested typically comprises a casing 3 and an opening in the casing is required to mount the probe 5.
As shown in FIG. 2, using dlensRepresenting the effective diameter of the lens. x is the number ofpassRepresenting the blade tip transit length in the light cone region. And c represents the size of the tip clearance. v denotes an image distance. dtipThe tip thickness is indicated. dfocusThe focal diameter is indicated. OmegaIndicating the rotational speed. r represents the tip radius. t represents the time the photocell is activated when the blade passes the cone of light.
The tip clearance versus trigger length may be expressed as:
the right end of the formula consists of two parts, the first part
The time of triggering the photoelectric tube when the blade passes through the light cone is proportional to a term, and a proportionality coefficient of the term is irrelevant to a measured object and only relevant to a probe. The second part
Is a constant associated with both the object being measured and the probe. In practical use, the formula can be simplified to
c＝kwrt-b
Where k is a constant associated with the probe only, called the probe constant, which needs to be calibrated before actual measurement. And b is a constant related to the blade to be measured, which only affects the specific value of the tip clearance and does not affect the variation thereof, so the value of b can be regarded as a measurement zero point and can be specified in the measurement process.
As shown in fig. 4-5, the method of determining the time t at which the photocell is triggered is as follows. Firstly, a trigger voltage threshold and a noise suppression delay threshold are set. When the amplitude of the analog signal collected by the acquisition circuit exceeds a set trigger voltage threshold, the trigger is considered to be started, namely, a blade starts to pass through the probe. When the analog signal amplitude is below the trigger voltage threshold, the trigger is considered to be over, i.e., the blade is completely clear of the probe. Considering that the analog signal has noise fluctuation, the end trigger with the time exceeding the delay threshold value after the start trigger is considered as the effective end trigger, and similarly, the start trigger with the time exceeding the delay threshold value after the end trigger is considered as the effective start trigger. The time difference between one effective rising trigger and one effective falling trigger is the triggered time t of the photoelectric tube.
As shown in FIG. 3, the calibration of the probe constant k is required on a bench where the rotation speed and tip clearance can be precisely controlled. The bench is arranged on a platform 20 with enough rigidity, a support 22 supports a servo motor 21, an impeller 23 is sleeved and fixed on the shaft of the servo motor 21, and a probe 5 is connected with a bundled optical fiber 6 and fixed on an XYZR four-shaft micro-motion platform 26. The blade top clearance can be accurately controlled by finely adjusting the horizontal positions of the four-axis micro-motion platform 26, and the control precision is not lower than 0.01 mm.
The method of calibrating the probe constant k is as follows. Setting the rotation speed as a constant omega and the tip clearance as c1. Acquiring the time t of the jth blade in the ith circle of the impeller rotating to pass through the probeijCollecting n circles in total, wherein n is more than or equal to 100. Calculating the mean value
The leaf tip gap was sequentially increased by 0.2, 0.4, …,1.2 mm and the above collection procedure was repeated. By the product of the trigger time and the tip speed
The horizontal axis is set, the blade top clearance is set as a vertical axis for drawing, and the variation relation corresponding to each blade can be obtained and is an approximate straight line segment. Fitting the corresponding change relation of each blade into a straight line by using a least square method to obtain the slope k of the straight linej. Finally, the average value k ═ k ∑ k of the slopes is calculatedjThereby completing the calibration.
The measurement scheme of the invention has been verified experimentally. The probe constants were calibrated on a bench scale with 12 blades. And the tip clearance was measured in real time under the condition of the change in the rotation speed, and the result is shown in fig. 7. Therefore, the method can accurately reflect the change of the blade top clearance under the working condition of variable rotating speed, and the precision is not lower than 0.05mm, thereby verifying the feasibility of the method.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in addition to implementing the systems, apparatus, and various modules thereof provided by the present invention in purely computer readable program code, the same procedures can be implemented entirely by logically programming method steps such that the systems, apparatus, and various modules thereof are provided in the form of logic gates, switches, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic controllers, embedded microcontrollers and the like. Therefore, the system, the device and the modules thereof provided by the present invention can be considered as a hardware component, and the modules included in the system, the device and the modules thereof for implementing various programs can also be considered as structures in the hardware component; modules for performing various functions may also be considered to be both software programs for performing the methods and structures within hardware components.
The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes or modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention. The embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other arbitrarily without conflict.
Claims (8)
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| CN202110143238.XA CN112902859B (en) | 2021-02-02 | 2021-02-02 | On-line measurement method and device of blade tip clearance based on blade tip timing technology |
| PCT/CN2021/095979 WO2022166037A1 (en) | 2021-02-02 | 2021-05-26 | Tip clearance online measuring device, measuring method, and test bench |
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| CN202110143238.XA CN112902859B (en) | 2021-02-02 | 2021-02-02 | On-line measurement method and device of blade tip clearance based on blade tip timing technology |
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| CN115704671A (en) * | 2021-08-04 | 2023-02-17 | 上海交通大学 | Blade operation parameter measuring device and measuring method |
| CN113865519A (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2021-12-31 | 中国航发动力股份有限公司 | A concentricity assembly quality detection device and method |
| CN114034259B (en) * | 2022-01-11 | 2022-06-10 | 成都中科翼能科技有限公司 | Blade tip clearance measuring system and method based on double optical fiber probes |
| CN115493823A (en) * | 2022-09-07 | 2022-12-20 | 中国联合重型燃气轮机技术有限公司 | Gas Turbine and Its Blade Monitoring System |
| CN115717866B (en) * | 2022-10-31 | 2025-08-12 | 上海交通大学 | Device and method for measuring steady-state deformation of rotating blades in casing |
| CN115854898B (en) * | 2022-11-23 | 2026-02-24 | 南京航空航天大学 | Aeroengine blade tip clearance test system and test method |
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| WO2022166037A1 (en) | 2022-08-11 |
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