CN113965500B - Method, equipment and medium for managing port occupation of serial server - Google Patents

Abstract

The present application discloses a serial server port occupation management method, equipment and medium. The method includes: determining the first IP address of the serial server; determining the query interface of the serial server according to the first IP address; querying the serial server through the query interface, Determine the active TCP connection information of the serial port server; the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupancy information of the serial port server; according to the active TCP connection information, the corresponding port of the serial port server is occupied, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server through the corresponding port to connect. In the test environment of the switch, the embodiment of the present application can manage the port resources of the serial server through the active TCP information of the serial server, so that the user can know the port occupancy of the serial server, and the manual query is replaced by the software system query method. Simple and fast query speed, improving test efficiency.

Description

A serial port server port occupation management method, equipment and medium

technical field

The present application relates to the technical field of software systems, and in particular to a serial server port occupancy management method, equipment and media.

Background technique

In the test environment of the switch, it is often necessary to use a serial server to remotely manage the switch. When the user tests the switch, after connecting the serial port of the switch to the port of the serial server, the user can use the TCP/IP ( Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) network to remotely manage the switch to be tested.

At present, the port occupancy status of the serial port server is manually inquired, and the users who have occupied the port after the inquiry may not respond in time or sometimes at all, which affects the execution of the test work and leads to low test efficiency.

Contents of the invention

The embodiment of the present application provides a serial port server port occupation management method, equipment and medium, which are used to solve the problem of low test efficiency in the test environment of the switch.

The embodiment of the application adopts the following technical solutions:

On the one hand, the embodiment of the present application provides a method for managing port occupancy of a serial port server, the method comprising: determining a first Internet Protocol IP address of the serial port server; determining a query interface of the serial port server according to the first IP address ; query the serial port server through the query interface to determine the active transmission control protocol TCP connection information of the serial port server; the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupancy information of the serial port server; according to the activity The TCP connection information occupies the port corresponding to the serial port server, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server through the corresponding port.

In an example, the occupying the port corresponding to the serial port server according to the active TCP connection information specifically includes: generating an active TCP connection information table according to the active TCP connection information; table to generate the first port mapping table of the serial port server; the first port mapping table is used to indicate whether the port of the serial port server is occupied; according to the first port mapping table, generate the first port mapping table of the serial port server Two port mapping tables; the first port mapping table is used to represent the port occupants of the serial port server; the port corresponding to the serial port server is occupied through the second port mapping table.

In an example, the generating the first port mapping table of the serial port server according to the active TCP connection information table specifically includes: determining the port mapping template preset by the serial port server; according to the active TCP connection information table , determine the occupied port of the serial port server and the second IP address occupying the occupied port; in the port mapping template, retrieve the occupied port according to the TCP port number, and determine the corresponding IP address of the occupied port position; according to the position corresponding to the occupied port, determine the position corresponding to the second IP address; write the second IP address into the position corresponding to the second IP address to generate the first serial port server A port mapping table.

In an example, the generating the second port mapping table of the serial port server according to the first port mapping table specifically includes: parsing the second IP address in the first port mapping table, Determining a host name corresponding to the second IP address; determining a user name corresponding to the second IP address through the host name, so as to generate a second port mapping table of the serial port server.

In an example, the occupying the port corresponding to the serial port server through the second port mapping table specifically includes: determining the designated occupied port of the serial port server; in the second port mapping table, judging Whether the designated occupied port is occupied; if not, occupy the designated occupied port.

In an example, the judging whether the designated occupied port is occupied specifically includes: judging whether the designated occupied port is occupied; if so, judging whether the serial port server has an idle port; to occupy.

In an example, the judging whether the designated occupied port is occupied specifically includes: judging whether the designated occupied port is occupied; the designated occupied port is a port that must be occupied; if so, determining the corresponding The occupant: the user sends a message to the occupant for communication, so as to determine whether the designated occupied port can be occupied.

In an example, the judging whether the serial port server has an idle port specifically includes: judging whether the serial port server has an idle port; if not, then judging whether other serial port servers have corresponding idle ports; The corresponding free port is occupied.

On the other hand, the embodiment of the present application provides a serial port server port occupancy management device, including: at least one processor; and a memory connected to the at least one processor in communication; Instructions executed by the at least one processor, the instructions are executed by the at least one processor, so that the at least one processor can: determine the first IP address of the serial port server; determine the The query interface of the serial port server; the serial port server is queried through the query interface to determine the active transmission control protocol TCP connection information of the serial port server; the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupancy information of the serial port server ; According to the active TCP connection information, occupy the port corresponding to the serial port server, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server through the corresponding port.

On the other hand, an embodiment of the present application provides a non-volatile computer storage medium for port occupation management of a serial port server, which stores computer-executable instructions, wherein the computer-executable instructions are set to: determine the first port of the serial port server An IP address; determine the query interface of the serial server according to the first IP address; query the serial server through the query interface, and determine the active transmission control protocol TCP connection information of the serial server; the activity The TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupancy information of the serial port server; according to the active TCP connection information, the port corresponding to the serial port server is occupied, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server through the corresponding port to connect.

The above at least one technical solution adopted in the embodiment of the present application can achieve the following beneficial effects:

In the test environment of the switch, through the active TCP information of the serial port server, the port resources of the serial port server can be managed, so that the user can know the port occupancy of the serial port server, occupy the corresponding port of the serial port server, and pass the corresponding port. The switch to be tested is connected to the serial port server, and the manual query is replaced by the software system query method. The query method is simple and the query speed is fast, which improves the test efficiency.

Description of drawings

In order to illustrate the technical solution of the present application more clearly, some embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the accompanying drawings:

Fig. 1 is the frame diagram of a kind of serial port server port occupancy management system provided by the embodiment of the present application;

FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of a serial port server port occupancy management method provided by an embodiment of the present application;

FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a serial port server port occupancy management device provided by an embodiment of the present application.

Detailed ways

In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the present application clearer, the technical solution of the present application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with specific embodiments and corresponding drawings. Apparently, the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts belong to the scope of protection of this application.

In the switch test environment, when the user tests the switch, after connecting the serial port of the switch to the port of the serial port server, the user can remotely manage the switch to be tested on the computer device through the TCP/IP network.

Generally, there are multiple serial servers in the switch test environment, and there are multiple ports on one serial server, and multiple users share the ports of all serial servers. However, since there is no way to directly query the occupancy of each port on the serial port server, when a user wants to use a designated port on the serial port server, he cannot query whether the designated port is occupied.

At present, it is inefficient to manually inquire about the port occupancy of the serial port server, and the user who has already occupied the port may not respond in time or sometimes at all after inquiring. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, the present application provides a serial port server port occupancy management method, device and medium.

Among them, the serial port server provides the serial port to network function, which can convert the RS-232/485/422 serial port into a TCP/IP protocol network interface, and realize the two-way transparent transmission of data between the RS-232/485/422 serial port and the TCP/IP protocol network interface , or support MODBUS protocol bidirectional transmission.

Some embodiments of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic framework diagram of a serial port server port occupancy management system provided by an embodiment of the present application.

As shown in Figure 1, the serial server port occupancy management system at least includes: a serial server, some computer equipment connected to the serial server, and some switches to be tested connected to the serial server, wherein the serial server includes a query interface and several ports.

A number of computer devices are installed in the office area, and each computer device has its own IP address and host name, and a serial port server and a number of switches to be tested are installed in the computer room. Among them, the office area and the computer room communicate through router interconnection.

It should be noted that only one serial port server is shown in FIG. 1 , but actually several serial port servers can be included, which can be set according to actual needs, and are not specifically limited here.

Specifically, when the user enters the first IP address of the serial server in the serial server port occupancy management system on the computer equipment, for example, input "172.16.1.1".

Then, the computer device determines the query interface of the serial server according to the first IP address, and uses the query interface provided by the serial server to query the active TCP connection information of the serial server. Wherein, the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupation information of the serial port server.

Finally, the computer equipment queries the port occupancy information of the serial port server through the active TCP connection information, and occupies the port corresponding to the serial port server, thereby connecting the switch to be tested with the serial port server.

Next, continue to explain how to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server in the embodiment of the present application, as shown in FIG. 2 .

FIG. 2 is a schematic flowchart of a serial server port occupancy management method provided by an embodiment of the present application, which is applied to the serial server occupation management system in FIG. 1 .

The analysis method involved in the embodiment of the present application may be implemented as a computer device or as a server, which is not particularly limited in this application. For the convenience of understanding and description, the following embodiments are described in detail by taking computer equipment as an example.

The process in Figure 2 may include the following steps:

S201: Determine the first IP address of the serial port server.

In some embodiments of the present application, the user inputs the first IP address of the serial server to be queried in the serial server port occupancy management system, so that the computer device can determine the first IP address of the serial server.

S202: Determine the query interface of the serial port server according to the first IP address.

Among them, the query interface is used for communication between the computer equipment and the serial port server.

S203: Query the serial port server through the query interface, and determine the active TCP connection information of the serial port server.

Wherein, after the computer equipment occupies the port of the serial port server, the active TCP connection information of the port can be found on the serial port server, if the port is not occupied, then the active TCP connection information cannot be found.

S204: Occupy the port corresponding to the serial port server according to the active TCP connection information, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server through the corresponding port.

In some embodiments of the present application, the computer device generates an active TCP connection information table through the active TCP connection information.

Wherein, the active TCP connection information carries the first IP address of the serial port server, the TCP port number of the occupied port, and the second IP address of the computer device corresponding to the occupied port. For example, the active TCP connection information table is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Local Address Foreign Address State 172.16.1.1:10001 10.1.1.11:60019 ESTABLISHED 172.16.1.1:10002 10.1.1.12:60024 ESTABLISHED 172.16.1.1:10016 10.1.1.13:3233 ESTABLISHED

In Table 1, the Local Address carries the first IP address and TCP port number of the serial port server, and the Foreign Address carries the second IP address and TCP port number of the computer device.

When the serial server establishes a TCP connection, the TCP port number generation rule of the serial server is "10000+physical port number", so 10001 in the Local Address corresponds to port 1, 10002 corresponds to port 2, and so on. If the port of the serial server is in the Local Address If not, it means that the port is not occupied by any computer equipment.

Further, the computer device generates a first port mapping table of the serial port server according to the active TCP connection information table, and the first port mapping table is used to indicate whether the port of the serial port server is occupied.

Wherein, the computer device determines the port mapping template preset by the serial port server, and then determines the occupied port of the serial port server and the second IP address occupying the occupied port according to the active TCP connection information table. In the port mapping template, according to the TCP port number Retrieve the occupied port, determine the position corresponding to the occupied port, determine the position corresponding to the second IP address according to the position corresponding to the occupied port, write the second IP address into the position corresponding to the second IP address, to generate the serial port server The first port mapping table. For example, the first port mapping table is shown in Table 2.

Table 2:

Wherein, in the port mapping template, the values in the TCP port number and the second IP address are empty. Then the computer device extracts the values of the TCP port number and the second IP address from the active TCP information table, and completes the values of the TCP port number and the second IP address in the port mapping template. That is, if there is a TCP port number in the active TCP information table, then extract the corresponding second IP address and fill in the second IP address column in the port mapping template, if the TCP port number is not in the active TCP information table, then fill in NA, Indicates that the port is not occupied by any computer equipment.

Furthermore, the computer device generates a second port mapping table of the serial port server according to the first port mapping table, and the second port mapping table is used to represent the port occupants of the serial port server.

Wherein, the computer device analyzes the second IP address in the first port mapping table, determines the host name corresponding to the second IP address, and determines the user name corresponding to the second IP address through the host name, wherein the resolved user name It is the port occupant, the user name and the host name can be consistent, that is, the user name is the host name, so as to generate the second port mapping table of the serial port server. For example, the second port mapping table is shown in Table 3.

In the first port mapping table, the computer device resolves the corresponding host name according to the value of the second IP address in each row, and fills in the host name in the corresponding "User Name" column, if the second IP address is "NA" then Do nothing.

Furthermore, the computer device prints the second port mapping table for visual display, so that the user can know the occupancy of each port of the serial server from the second port mapping table output by the computer device.

Furthermore, the computer device occupies the port corresponding to the serial port server through the second port mapping table.

Wherein, the computer device determines the designated occupied port of the serial port server, and then judges whether the designated occupied port is occupied in the second port mapping table, and if not, occupies the designated occupied port.

If so, judge whether the serial port server has an idle port, and if so, occupy the designated occupied port. If not, repeat steps S101-105 to query the port occupancy of other serial port servers until an idle port is found and occupied.

In addition, if the designated occupied port is a port that must be occupied, the occupant corresponding to the designated occupied port is determined and communicated by sending a message to the occupant to determine whether the designated occupied port can be occupied.

That is, if the port must be occupied under some special circumstances but the port is already occupied, after the user of the computer equipment occupying the port is inquired through the serial port server port occupation management system, the user can request the user to occupy the port through the serial port server port occupation management system. The users of the computer equipment on the port send messages to communicate, and through the communication, it is decided who will use the current port.

It should be noted that although the embodiment of the present application describes step S201 to step S204 sequentially with reference to FIG. 2 , this does not mean that step S201 to step S204 must be executed in strict order. The reason why the embodiment of the present application sequentially introduces step S201 to step S204 according to the sequence shown in FIG. 2 is to facilitate the understanding of the technical solution of the embodiment of the present application by those skilled in the art. In other words, in the embodiment of the present application, the order of steps S201 to S204 may be adjusted appropriately according to actual needs.

By the method of Fig. 2, in the test environment of the switch, through the active TCP information of the serial port server, obtain the second IP address of the occupied port, then resolve the host name according to the second IP address, and finally output the second port mapping table, which can make The user knows the port occupancy of the serial port server, can manage the port resources of the serial port server, can query whether the port is occupied and who is occupying it, and the manual query is replaced by the software system query method. The query method is simple and the query speed is fast. At the same time, when When multiple users want to occupy the same port, users can send messages to communicate with each other to solve the port conflict problem, thereby improving the test efficiency.

Based on the same idea, some embodiments of the present application also provide devices and non-volatile computer storage media corresponding to the above methods.

Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a serial port server port occupancy management device provided by the embodiment of the present application, including:

at least one processor; and,

a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein,

The memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor, the instructions being executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to:

Determine the first Internet Protocol IP address of the serial port server;

Determine the query interface of the serial port server according to the first IP address;

Query the serial port server through the query interface to determine the active transmission control protocol TCP connection information of the serial port server; the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupation information of the serial port server;

According to the active TCP connection information, the port corresponding to the serial port server is occupied, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server through the corresponding port.

Some embodiments of the present application provide a serial port server port occupancy management non-volatile computer storage medium, which stores computer-executable instructions, and the computer-executable instructions are set to:

Determine the first Internet Protocol IP address of the serial port server;

Determine the query interface of the serial port server according to the first IP address;

Query the serial port server through the query interface to determine the active transmission control protocol TCP connection information of the serial port server; the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupation information of the serial port server;

According to the active TCP connection information, the port corresponding to the serial port server is occupied, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server through the corresponding port.

Each embodiment in the present application is described in a progressive manner, the same and similar parts of each embodiment can be referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments. In particular, for the device and medium embodiments, since they are basically similar to the method embodiments, the description is relatively simple, and for relevant parts, refer to part of the description of the method embodiments.

The devices and media provided in the embodiments of the present application correspond to the methods one by one, therefore, the devices and media also have beneficial technical effects similar to their corresponding methods. Since the beneficial technical effects of the method have been described in detail above, therefore, The beneficial technical effects of the equipment and media will not be repeated here.

Those skilled in the art should understand that the embodiments of the present invention may be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Accordingly, the present invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.

The present invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It should be understood that each procedure and/or block in the flowchart and/or block diagram, and a combination of procedures and/or blocks in the flowchart and/or block diagram can be realized by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or processor of other programmable data processing equipment to produce a machine such that the instructions executed by the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing equipment produce a An apparatus for realizing the functions specified in one or more procedures of the flowchart and/or one or more blocks of the block diagram.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory capable of directing a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to operate in a specific manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture comprising instruction means, the instructions The device realizes the function specified in one or more procedures of the flowchart and/or one or more blocks of the block diagram.

These computer program instructions can also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing device, causing a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable device to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby The instructions provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow chart or blocks of the flowchart and/or the block or blocks of the block diagrams.

In a typical configuration, a computing device includes one or more processors (CPUs), input/output interfaces, network interfaces, and memory.

Memory may include non-permanent storage in computer-readable media, in the form of random access memory (RAM) and/or nonvolatile memory such as read-only memory (ROM) or flash RAM. Memory is an example of computer readable media.

Computer-readable media, including both permanent and non-permanent, removable and non-removable media, can be implemented by any method or technology for storage of information. Information may be computer readable instructions, data structures, modules of a program, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include, but are not limited to, phase change memory (PRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), other types of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), Flash memory or other memory technology, Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) or other optical storage, Magnetic tape cartridge, tape magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage device or any other non-transmission medium that can be used to store information that can be accessed by a computing device. As defined herein, computer-readable media excludes transitory computer-readable media, such as modulated data signals and carrier waves.

It should also be noted that the term "comprises", "comprises" or any other variation thereof is intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion such that a process, method, article, or apparatus comprising a set of elements includes not only those elements, but also includes Other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent in the process, method, commodity, or apparatus are also included. Without further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising a ..." does not exclude the presence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article or apparatus comprising said element.

The above descriptions are only examples of the present application, and are not intended to limit the present application. For those skilled in the art, various modifications and changes may occur in this application. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the technical principles of this application shall fall within the protection scope of this application.

Claims (9)

1. A serial port server port occupation management method is characterized in that, the method comprises: Determine the first Internet Protocol IP address of the serial port server; Determine the query interface of the serial port server according to the first IP address; Querying the serial port server through the query interface to determine the active transmission control protocol TCP connection information of the serial port server; the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupancy information of the serial port server; Occupy the port corresponding to the serial server according to the active TCP connection information, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial server through the corresponding port; According to the active TCP connection information, the port corresponding to the serial port server is occupied, specifically including: Generate an active TCP connection information table according to the active TCP connection information; Generate the first port mapping table of the serial port server according to the active TCP connection information table; the first port mapping table is used to indicate whether the port of the serial port server is occupied; Generate a second port mapping table of the serial port server according to the first port mapping table; the second port mapping table is used to represent the port occupant of the serial port server; Occupy the port corresponding to the serial port server through the second port mapping table. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first port mapping table of the serial port server is generated according to the active TCP connection information table, specifically comprising: Determine the port mapping template preset by the serial port server; According to the active TCP connection information table, determine the occupied port of the serial port server and the second IP address occupying the occupied port; In the port mapping template, retrieve the occupied port according to the TCP port number, and determine the position corresponding to the occupied port; Determine the location corresponding to the second IP address according to the location corresponding to the occupied port; Writing the second IP address into a position corresponding to the second IP address to generate a first port mapping table of the serial port server. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the generating the second port mapping table of the serial port server according to the first port mapping table specifically includes: In the first port mapping table, the second IP address is analyzed to determine the host name corresponding to the second IP address; A user name corresponding to the second IP address is determined through the host name, so as to generate a second port mapping table of the serial port server. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the occupying the port corresponding to the serial port server through the second port mapping table specifically includes: Determine the specified occupied port of the serial port server; In the second port mapping table, it is judged whether the specified occupied port is occupied; If not, occupy the specified occupied port. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the judging whether the designated occupied port is occupied specifically comprises: judging whether the designated occupied port is occupied; If so, determine whether the serial port server has an idle port; If yes, occupy the designated occupied port. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the judging whether the designated occupied port is occupied specifically comprises: judging whether the designated occupied port is occupied; the designated occupied port is a must occupied port; If so, then determine the occupant corresponding to the designated occupied port; The user sends a message to the occupant for communication to determine whether the designated occupied port can be occupied. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein said judging whether said serial port server has an idle port specifically comprises: Judging whether the serial port server has an idle port; If not, then judge whether other serial port servers have corresponding idle ports; If yes, occupy the corresponding idle port. 8. A serial port server port occupancy management device, characterized in that, comprising: at least one processor; and, a memory communicatively coupled to the at least one processor; wherein, The memory stores instructions executable by the at least one processor, the instructions being executable by the at least one processor to enable the at least one processor to: Determine the first IP address of the serial port server; determining the query interface of the serial port server according to the first IP address; Querying the serial port server through the query interface to determine the active TCP connection information of the serial port server; the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupancy information of the serial port server; Occupy the port corresponding to the serial port server according to the active TCP connection information, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial port server through the corresponding port; According to the active TCP connection information, the port corresponding to the serial port server is occupied, specifically including: Generate an active TCP connection information table according to the active TCP connection information; Generate the first port mapping table of the serial port server according to the active TCP connection information table; the first port mapping table is used to indicate whether the port of the serial port server is occupied; Generate a second port mapping table of the serial port server according to the first port mapping table; the second port mapping table is used to represent the port occupant of the serial port server; Occupy the port corresponding to the serial port server through the second port mapping table. 9. A serial port server port occupies a non-volatile computer storage medium, which is stored with a computer-executable instruction executed by a processor, wherein the computer-executable instruction is set to: Determine the first IP address of the serial port server; determining the query interface of the serial port server according to the first IP address; Querying the serial port server through the query interface to determine the active TCP connection information of the serial port server; the active TCP connection information is used to represent the port occupancy information of the serial port server; Occupy the port corresponding to the serial server according to the active TCP connection information, so as to connect the switch to be tested with the serial server through the corresponding port; According to the active TCP connection information, the port corresponding to the serial port server is occupied, specifically including: Generate an active TCP connection information table according to the active TCP connection information; Generate the first port mapping table of the serial port server according to the active TCP connection information table; the first port mapping table is used to indicate whether the port of the serial port server is occupied; Generate a second port mapping table of the serial port server according to the first port mapping table; the second port mapping table is used to represent the port occupant of the serial port server; Occupy the port corresponding to the serial port server through the second port mapping table.

Images