EP0065208B2 - Method and installation for producing thick-walled hollow castings - Google Patents
Method and installation for producing thick-walled hollow castings Download PDFInfo
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- EP0065208B2 EP0065208B2 EP82103856A EP82103856A EP0065208B2 EP 0065208 B2 EP0065208 B2 EP 0065208B2 EP 82103856 A EP82103856 A EP 82103856A EP 82103856 A EP82103856 A EP 82103856A EP 0065208 B2 EP0065208 B2 EP 0065208B2
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- mould
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- castings
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- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 208000015943 Coeliac disease Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007528 sand casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009750 centrifugal casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
- B22C9/24—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for hollow articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
- B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the feedless manufacture of thick-walled castings from spheroidal graphite cast iron, in which the shape is built up relentlessly, the castings are cooled and the gates are dimensioned such that the cast iron is frozen in them before the eutectic solidification of the Casting uses.
- the mold is closed with the exception of the gates, and the cast iron does not flow again after the mold has been filled from funnel-shaped feeders which have been removed from different parts of the mold, but only through the gates for a short time.
- Thick-walled, container-like castings made of spheroidal graphite cast iron are e.g. required as a transport container for used fuel elements from nuclear power plants. This places particularly high demands on the quality of the casting. It must have a fine-grained and tough cast structure that is free from volume deficit errors, in particular free from micropores.
- Thick-walled sand castings have long solidification times, since the considerable amounts of heat released can only be dissipated via the insulating molding material. In the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron, this can result in a rough globulitic cast structure. In addition, under these conditions, flat temperature gradients occur between the residual melt and the solidifying edge shell, which favor the occurrence of volume deficit errors, in particular micropores. In the case of a coarse cellular cast structure, the volume expansion, which predominates locally in graphitic eutectic crystallization and exerts a pressure that saturates to supply, cannot completely feed the micropores. The harmful consequences are micro-voids, which lead to indications in non-destructive testing methods and which limit micro segregation or, in extreme cases, even carbide deposits on the eutectic grain (cell), which impair the toughness of the material.
- DE-A-28 27 091 it is known in conventional casting of steel into slabs or blocks to build a mold from individual walls from water-cooled cooling boxes.
- DE-C-665 119 relates to the production of hollow bodies, in particular cast steel hollow bodies in a centrifugal casting mold which rotates about a vertical axis, the lower part of the inner wall of the casting body being additionally cooled with a coolant to counteract the formation of voids.
- the object of the invention is seen in obtaining a fine-grained, low-segregation and non-porous casting structure in a thick-walled, container-like casting via a steeper temperature gradient which favors the shell-like solidification in conjunction with a shortened solidification time, as is otherwise only possible in thin-walled casting structures Castings can be reached.
- This object is achieved in a method of the type mentioned at the outset in that for the casting of container-like castings using a mold core and an external mold, the rigid structure affects both the mold core and the external mold and the castings both on their external and on their Be cooled on the inside, the cooling on the inside being metered and regulated by liquid nitrogen evaporating in the system.
- This effective type of cooling of the core from the inside and the stubborn structure of the core means that the cooling casting is shrunk onto the core, a gap bond is avoided and the good heat transfer is maintained. Due to the unyielding structure of the entire mold, the expansion of the metal during graphitic eutectic solidification has a full effect as an increase in pressure in the mold cavity. That has with the result that the formation of micropores is avoided in the solidifying casting.
- the invention can be advantageously configured as follows.
- the cooling of the castings on the outer surface also contributes to the effective pressure increase in the mold cavity during the eutectic solidification.
- the outer jacket surface must be provided with cooling fins for later practical use, sufficient cooling can be achieved on the outer surface by forming the casting on its outer surface with large cooling fins . Then the outer shape e.g. made of dimensionally stable, cold resin-bonded quartz sand.
- the cooling of the outer surface of the casting can e.g. with smaller cooling fins or a smooth outer surface, can be improved by a metallic outer shape.
- the metallic outer shape improves the dissipation of the heat to the outside due to its greater thermal conductivity compared to a ceramic shape and thus convection cooling by the ambient air due to the higher temperature. This can be improved by cooling fins on the outer shape.
- the metallic outer shape can be metered and controlled by coolants, primarily by liquid, non-flammable coolants that evaporate in the system.
- the measures to improve the external cooling of the castings promote a shell-like solidification and thereby increase the pressure increase in the residual melt which improves the tightness of the casting during the eutectic solidification.
- the outer contour of the mold core is formed by a preliminary mold made of sheet steel, on the inner surface of which cooling elements through which coolant is arranged and the space between the lost mold, the cooling elements and the free space inside the mold core is filled with moldable, fine-grained substances.
- Sheet steel with a thickness of 10 to 20 mm is suitable for the lost shape.
- the fine-grained substances serve to stabilize the core and promote heat transfer between the lost mold shape and the cooling elements, in which the cooling is effected by the coolant flowing through.
- the outer surface of the core is generally provided with a size customary in the foundry in order to avoid welding.
- the cooling elements can be designed as cooling boxes in which inflow and outflow pipes are arranged next to one another in order to enable uniform heat dissipation.
- the cooling boxes are advantageously held by metallic elements such as wedges and pressed against the lost shape.
- cooling coils can also be used.
- the fine-grained substances with which the gaps between the cooling elements, the preformed formwork and the free space are filled can be ceramic molding materials, as are common in foundries.
- fine-grained metallic materials preferably steel gravel, may also be used, or metallic materials may also be added to the molding material.
- the outer shape is advantageously made of sheet steel and is provided with cooling elements. These can either be cooling boxes or cooling coils. Additional cooling fins improve heat dissipation.
- the entire mold was made up of a mold core 6 and a metallic or non-metallic outer mold 3 and the cast piece 1 both on its outer and on its inner surface cooled, the cooling on the inner surface by cooling the mandrel 6 with liquid nitrogen.
- the gates 2 were dimensioned such that the cast iron solidified in them before the eutectic solidification of the casting 1 began.
- the outer shape 3 was made of dimensionally stable, cold resin-bonded quartz sand. To produce the outer mold 3, cores 4 were used for the cooling fins 5 to be produced on the outer surface of the casting 1.
- the lost mold core 6 consisted of an approximately 6 m long cylindrical iron sheet jacket 7 with 15 mm wall thickness with a 30 mm welded-on cover 8. Before the cover 8 was welded on, the cooling boxes 9, 10 were introduced in two levels and with steel wedges 11 pressed against the sheet metal jacket 7. A good cooling of the cooling boxes 9, 10 was achieved by a system of parallel, vertical cooling pipes, distributed over the entire circumference, a lower feed line and an upper discharge line laid alternately and each connected to a feed and discharge ring line. The lid 8 was also provided with a cooler 12. The core 6 was arranged upright. The casting was poured upwards. The casting temperature was 1320 ° C, the amount of magnesium-treated and inoculated iron was 115 t .
- the composition of the melt corresponded to GGG-40.3, DIN 1693.
- the approximate dimensions of the casting 1 were in relation to the Length 6 400 mm, the outer diameter with ribs 2 500 mm, the inner diameter 1 200 mm; the floor thickness was 400 mm.
- the core 6 was cooled with liquid nitrogen in such a way that evaporation occurred when it flowed into the cooling elements 9, 10, 12.
- Inlets 2 were designed to freeze when the melt in the mold had reached a temperature of 1160 to 1200 ° C. Cooling was maintained throughout the solidification time. The coolant supply was only switched off shortly above the y-a conversion in order not to disturb the ferrite formation. Overall, the setting time was shortened by 56% compared to pure sand casting.
- the casting was drawn and the fine-grained penetrations in the core were removed, the cooling elements arranged in several planes were removed and finally the formwork, that is, the sheet metal jacket 7 with the cover 8 was removed by cutting and pulling. The rest of the casting was cleaned in the usual way.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Casting Devices For Molds (AREA)
- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
- Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum speiserlosen Herstellen von dickwandigen Gußstücken aus Gußeisen mit Kugelgraphit, bei dem die Form unnachgiebig aufgebaut wird, die Gußstücke gekühlt werden und die Eingüsse so bemessen werden, daß das Gußeisen in ihnen erstorrt, bevor die eutektische Erstarrung des Gußstücks einsetzt. Beim speiserlosen Giessen ist die Form mit Ausnahme der Eingüsse abgeschlossen und ein Nachfliessen des Gusseisens nach Füllung der Form erfolgt nicht von auf verschiedenen Stellen der Form abgebrachten trichterförmigen Speisern, sondern nur während kurzer Zeit durch die Eingüsse. Dickwandige, behälterartige Gußstücke aus Gußeisen mit Kugelgraphit werden z.B. benötigt als Transportbehälter für gebrauchte Brennelemente aus Kernkraftwerken. Dabei werden an die Qualität des Gussstücks besonders hohe Anforderungen gestellt. Es muss eine feinkörnige und zähe Gussstruktur haben, die frei von Volumendefizitfehlern, insbesondere frei von Mikroporen ist.The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the feedless manufacture of thick-walled castings from spheroidal graphite cast iron, in which the shape is built up relentlessly, the castings are cooled and the gates are dimensioned such that the cast iron is frozen in them before the eutectic solidification of the Casting uses. In the case of feeder-free casting, the mold is closed with the exception of the gates, and the cast iron does not flow again after the mold has been filled from funnel-shaped feeders which have been removed from different parts of the mold, but only through the gates for a short time. Thick-walled, container-like castings made of spheroidal graphite cast iron are e.g. required as a transport container for used fuel elements from nuclear power plants. This places particularly high demands on the quality of the casting. It must have a fine-grained and tough cast structure that is free from volume deficit errors, in particular free from micropores.
Dickwandiger Sandguss weist lange Erstarrungszeiten auf, da die frei werdenden beträchtlichen Wärmemengen nur über den isolierenden Formstoff abgeführt werden können. Dies kann im Falle von Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit eine grobe globulitische Gussstruktur zur Folge haben. Hinzu kommt, dass unter diesen Bedingungen sich flache Temperaturgradienten zwischen der Restschmelze und der erstarrenden Randschale einstellen, die das Entstehen von Volumendefizitfehlern, insbesondere Mikroporen, begünstigen. Im Falle einer groben zellularen Gussstruktur kann die Volumenausdehnung, die bei der graphitischen eutektischen Kristallisation örtlich vorherrscht und einen zur Speisung sättigenden Druck ausübt, die Mikroporen nicht vollständig zuspeisen. Die schädlichen Folgen sind Mikrohohlräume, die zu Anzeigen bei zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren führen und Mikroseigerungen oder in Extremfällen sogar Karbidausscheidungen an den eutektischen Korn(Zell)grenzen, die die Zähigkeit des Werkstoffs beeinträchtigen.Thick-walled sand castings have long solidification times, since the considerable amounts of heat released can only be dissipated via the insulating molding material. In the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron, this can result in a rough globulitic cast structure. In addition, under these conditions, flat temperature gradients occur between the residual melt and the solidifying edge shell, which favor the occurrence of volume deficit errors, in particular micropores. In the case of a coarse cellular cast structure, the volume expansion, which predominates locally in graphitic eutectic crystallization and exerts a pressure that saturates to supply, cannot completely feed the micropores. The harmful consequences are micro-voids, which lead to indications in non-destructive testing methods and which limit micro segregation or, in extreme cases, even carbide deposits on the eutectic grain (cell), which impair the toughness of the material.
Aus der DE-B-21 13 267 ist beim Elektroschlackeumschmelzen bei der Erzeugung von dickwandigen Hohlkörpern bekannt, als Kern einen monolitischen Stützkörper mit Kühlung einzusetzen, der nach Ausschalten der Kühlung und damit verbundener Ausdehnung, sowie anschliessendem Wiedereinschalten der Kühlung aus dem erschmolzenen Block gezogen werden kann. Mit dem Problem der Herstellung von Gussstücken aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit ohne Mikroporen beschäftigt sich die Schrift nicht, sondern mit einem Verfahren zum Ziehen des Kerns. Das gleiche Problem löst die DE-B-19 52 009 mit einem wassergekühlten Kern beim Elektroschlackeumschmelzen durch Zurückziehen von keilförmigen Teilen des Kerns mittels eines Spindeltriebs, wobei zum Ziehen der Kerndurchmesser verkleinert wird. Aus der DE-A-28 27 091 ist es beim konventionellen Giessen von Stahl zu Brammen oder Blöcken bekannt, eine Kokille aus Einzelwänden aus wassergekühlten Kühlkästen aufzubauen. Die DE-C-665 119 betrifft die Herstellung von Hohlkörpern, insbesondere Stahlgusshohlkörpern in einer um eine senkrechte Achse umlaufenden Schleudergussform, wobei der untere Teil der Innenwand des Gusskörpers mit einem Kühlmittel zusätzlich beschleunigt abgekühlt wird, um einer Lunkerbildung entgegenzuwirken. Mit dem Problem der Erfindung des porenfreien Giessens von Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit befassen sich auch diese beiden Schriften nicht.From DE-B-21 13 267 it is known for electro-slag remelting in the production of thick-walled hollow bodies to use a monolithic support body with cooling as the core, which is pulled out of the melted block after the cooling has been switched off and the expansion associated therewith, and then the cooling has been switched on again can. The document does not deal with the problem of producing castings from spheroidal graphite cast iron without micropores, but rather with a method for drawing the core. DE-B-19 52 009 solves the same problem with a water-cooled core during electro-slag remelting by pulling back wedge-shaped parts of the core by means of a spindle drive, the core diameter being reduced for pulling. From DE-A-28 27 091 it is known in conventional casting of steel into slabs or blocks to build a mold from individual walls from water-cooled cooling boxes. DE-C-665 119 relates to the production of hollow bodies, in particular cast steel hollow bodies in a centrifugal casting mold which rotates about a vertical axis, the lower part of the inner wall of the casting body being additionally cooled with a coolant to counteract the formation of voids. These two documents do not deal with the problem of the invention of the pore-free casting of spheroidal graphite cast iron.
In Giesserei 67 (1980) Nr. 2 Seiten 31-37 werden die theoretischen Grundlagen für das speiserlose Giessen von Gussstücken aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit besprochen. Die Sekundärschwindung der Gussstücke soll danach durch einen unnachgiebigen Formaufbau und Verschließen der Zugüsse zum Beginn des eutektischen Erstarrungszeitpunktes durch die Volumzunahme bei der eutektischen Erstarrung ausgeglichen werden. Es wird auch die Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit als ein Parameter für die spezifische Ausdehnung genannt. Auf die Schwierigkeiten bei der Dichtspeisung durch die eutektische Volumzunahme wird ausführlich eingegangen. Aus der DE-OS 29 14 551 ist es bekannt, einen hohlen Gussblock aus Stahl im steigenden Guss abzugießen, bei dem die Innenoberfläche des Kerns mit Hilfe einer Gasströmung gekühlt wird, um die Schlußerstarrungsfront des Gussstücks nach innen zu verschieben und aus der japanischen Schrift Sho 50 28898 die Innenkühlung des Kerns, um das Seigerungsverhalten zu beeinflussen.In Giesserei 67 (1980) No. 2 pages 31-37 the theoretical basics for the feeder-free casting of cast iron with spheroidal graphite are discussed. The secondary shrinkage of the castings is then to be compensated for by an unyielding build-up of shape and closing of the castings at the beginning of the eutectic solidification time by the volume increase in the eutectic solidification. The cooling rate is also mentioned as a parameter for the specific expansion. The difficulties in sealing feeding due to the eutectic volume increase are discussed in detail. From DE-OS 29 14 551 it is known to cast a hollow casting block made of steel in ascending casting, in which the inner surface of the core is cooled with the aid of a gas flow in order to shift the final solidification front of the casting inwards and from the Japanese script Sho 50 28898 the internal cooling of the core to influence the segregation behavior.
Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik wird die Aufgabe der Erfindung darin gesehen, bei einem dickwandigen, behälterartigen Gussstück über einen die schalenförmige Erstarrung begünstigenden steileren Temperaturgradienten in Verbindung mit einer verkürzten Erstarrungszeit ein feinkörniges, seigerungsarmes und porenfreies Gussgefüge zu erhalten, wie es sonst nur in dünnwandigeren Gussstücken zu erreichen ist.Based on this prior art, the object of the invention is seen in obtaining a fine-grained, low-segregation and non-porous casting structure in a thick-walled, container-like casting via a steeper temperature gradient which favors the shell-like solidification in conjunction with a shortened solidification time, as is otherwise only possible in thin-walled casting structures Castings can be reached.
Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Verfahren der eingangs genannten Gattung dadurch gelöst, dass für das Giesen von behälterartigen Gussstücken unter Verwendung eines Formkerns und einer Aussenform der unnachgiebige Aufbau sowohl den Formkern als auch die Aussenform betrifft und die Gussstücke sowohl an ihrer Aussen- als auch an ihrer Innenseite gekühlt werden, wobei die Kuhlung an der Innenseite durch flüssigen, im System verdampfenden Stickstoff dosiert und geregelt erfolgt. Durch diese wirksame Art der Kühlung des Kerns von innen und den storren Aufbau des Kerns wird bewirkt, dass das abkühlende Gussstück auf den Kern aufschrumpft, eine Spaltbindung vermieden wird und so der gute Wärmeübergang erhalten bleibt. Durch den unnachgiebigen Aufbau der gesamten Form wirkt sich die Ausdehnung des Metalls während der graphitischen eutektischen Erstarrung voll als Druckerhöhung im Formhohlraum aus. Das hat zur Folge, dass im erstarrenden Guss die Bildung von Mikroporen vermieden wird.This object is achieved in a method of the type mentioned at the outset in that for the casting of container-like castings using a mold core and an external mold, the rigid structure affects both the mold core and the external mold and the castings both on their external and on their Be cooled on the inside, the cooling on the inside being metered and regulated by liquid nitrogen evaporating in the system. This effective type of cooling of the core from the inside and the stubborn structure of the core means that the cooling casting is shrunk onto the core, a gap bond is avoided and the good heat transfer is maintained. Due to the unyielding structure of the entire mold, the expansion of the metal during graphitic eutectic solidification has a full effect as an increase in pressure in the mold cavity. That has with the result that the formation of micropores is avoided in the solidifying casting.
Im einzelnen kann die Erfindung wie folgt vorteilhaft ausgestaltet sein.In particular, the invention can be advantageously configured as follows.
Zur wirksamen Druckerhöhung im Formhohlraum während der eutektischen Erstarrung trägt ausser der stabilen Ausbildung der Form auch die Kühlung der Gussstücke an der äusseren Oberfläche bei. Bei Gussstücken, wie Behältern für Brennelemente, bei denen die äussere Mantelfläche für den späteren, praktischen Einsatz mit Kühlrippen versehen sein muss, kann man schon eine ausreichende Kühlung an der Aussenoberfläche dadurch erreichen, dass die Gussstücke an ihrer äusseren Oberfläche mit gross dimensionierten Kühlrippen ausgebildet werden. Dann kann die Aussenform z.B. aus formstabilem, kaltharzgebundenem Quarzsand aufgebaut werden.In addition to the stable design of the mold, the cooling of the castings on the outer surface also contributes to the effective pressure increase in the mold cavity during the eutectic solidification. In the case of castings, such as containers for fuel assemblies, in which the outer jacket surface must be provided with cooling fins for later practical use, sufficient cooling can be achieved on the outer surface by forming the casting on its outer surface with large cooling fins . Then the outer shape e.g. made of dimensionally stable, cold resin-bonded quartz sand.
Die Kühlung der äusseren Oberfläche des Gussstücks kann, z.B. bei kleineren Kühlrippen oder einer glatten äusseren Oberfläche, durch eine metallische Aussenform verbessert werden. Die metallische Aussenform verbessert durch ihr grösseres Wärmeleitvermögen gegenüber einer keramischen Form die Abfuhr der Wärme nach aussen und dadurch infolge höherer Temperatur die Konvektionskühlung durch die Umgebungsluft. Diese kann noch durch Kühlrippen auf der Aussenform verbessert werden. Ausserdem kann man die metallische Aussenform durch Kühlmittel, vornehmlich durch flüssige, im System verdampfende, nicht brennbare Kühlmittel dosiert und geregelt kühlen.The cooling of the outer surface of the casting can e.g. with smaller cooling fins or a smooth outer surface, can be improved by a metallic outer shape. The metallic outer shape improves the dissipation of the heat to the outside due to its greater thermal conductivity compared to a ceramic shape and thus convection cooling by the ambient air due to the higher temperature. This can be improved by cooling fins on the outer shape. In addition, the metallic outer shape can be metered and controlled by coolants, primarily by liquid, non-flammable coolants that evaporate in the system.
Die Massnahmen zur Verbesserung der Aussenkühlung der Gussstücke fördern eine schalenförmige Erstarrung und erhöhen dadurch den die Dichtheit des Gussstücks verbessernden Druckanstieg in der Restschmelze während der eutektischen Erstarrung.The measures to improve the external cooling of the castings promote a shell-like solidification and thereby increase the pressure increase in the residual melt which improves the tightness of the casting during the eutectic solidification.
Bei einer für das Verfahren besonders geeigneten Giessform aus einem Formkern und aus einer Aussenform ist die äussere Kontur des Formkerns durch eine vorlorene Form aus Stahlblech gebildet, an deren innerer Oberfläche von Kühlmittel durchflossene Kühlelemente angeordnet sind und der Zwischenraum zwischen der verlorenen Form, den Kühlelementen und der freie Raum im Inneren des Formkerns durch formbare, feinkörnige Substanzen ausgefüllt sind. Für die verlorene Form eignet sich Stahlblech mit 10 bis 20 mm Stärke. Die feinkörnigen Substanzen dienen der gestaltlichen Stabilisierung des Kerns und fördern den Wärmetransport zwischen der verlorenen Kokillenform und den Kühlelementen, in denen die Kühlung durch die durchfliessenden Kühlmittel bewirkt wird. Die Aussenoberfläche des Kerns wird im allgemeinen mit einer giessereiüblichen Schlichte versehen, um ein Anschweiseen zu vermeiden.In the case of a mold which is particularly suitable for the method and consists of a mold core and an outer mold, the outer contour of the mold core is formed by a preliminary mold made of sheet steel, on the inner surface of which cooling elements through which coolant is arranged and the space between the lost mold, the cooling elements and the free space inside the mold core is filled with moldable, fine-grained substances. Sheet steel with a thickness of 10 to 20 mm is suitable for the lost shape. The fine-grained substances serve to stabilize the core and promote heat transfer between the lost mold shape and the cooling elements, in which the cooling is effected by the coolant flowing through. The outer surface of the core is generally provided with a size customary in the foundry in order to avoid welding.
Die Kühlelemente können als Kühlkästen ausgebildet sein, in denen Ein- und Ausströmrohre nebeneinander angeordnet sind, um eine gleichmässige Wärmeabfuhr zu ermöglichen. Die Kühlkästen sind vorteilhaft durch metallische Elemente wie Keile gehalten und gegen die verlorene Form gedrückt. Anstelle von Kühlkästen kann auch mit Kühlschlangen gearbeitet werden.The cooling elements can be designed as cooling boxes in which inflow and outflow pipes are arranged next to one another in order to enable uniform heat dissipation. The cooling boxes are advantageously held by metallic elements such as wedges and pressed against the lost shape. Instead of cooling boxes, cooling coils can also be used.
Die feinkörnigen Substanzen, mit denen die Zwischenräume zwischen den Kühlelementen, der vorlorenen Schalung und der Freiraum ausgefüllt sind, können keramische Formstoffe sein, wie sie in Giessereibetrieben üblich sind. Zur Erhöhung des Wärmeleitvermögens können aber auch feinkörnige metallische Stoffe, verzugsweise Stahlkies eingesetzt sein oder auch metallische Stoffe dem Formstoff zugesetzt werden.The fine-grained substances with which the gaps between the cooling elements, the preformed formwork and the free space are filled can be ceramic molding materials, as are common in foundries. To increase the thermal conductivity, fine-grained metallic materials, preferably steel gravel, may also be used, or metallic materials may also be added to the molding material.
Vorteilhaft besteht die Aussenform aus Stahlblech und ist mit Kühlelementen versehen. Dies können entweder Kühlkästen oder auch Kühlschlangen sein. Zusätzliche Kühlrippen verbessern die Wärmeabfuhr.The outer shape is advantageously made of sheet steel and is provided with cooling elements. These can either be cooling boxes or cooling coils. Additional cooling fins improve heat dissipation.
Im folgenden wird anhand einer Zeichnung ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung erläutert.An exemplary embodiment of the invention is explained below with reference to a drawing.
- Fig. 1 einen gegossenen Behälter für Brennelemente aus Kernkraftwerken in perspektivischer Darstellung.Fig. 1 shows a cast container for fuel elements from nuclear power plants in a perspective view.
- Fig. 2 eine schematische Darstellung einer Giessform für Giessen des Behälters nach Fig. 1 im senkrechten Schnitt.Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a mold for casting the container of FIG. 1 in vertical section.
Zur speiserlosen Herstellung eines dickwandigen, behälterartigen Gussstücks 1 aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit, nämlich eines Behälters für Brennelemente wurde die gesamte Form aus einem Formkern 6 und einer metallischen oder nichtmetallischen Aussenform 3 unnachgiebig aufgebaut und das Gussstück 1 sowohl an seiner Aussen- als auch an seiner Innenfläche gekühlt, wobei die Kühlung an der Innenfläche durch Kühlung das Formkerns 6 mit flüssigem Stickstoff erfolgte. Die Eingüsse 2 waren so bemessen, dass das Gusseisen in ihnen erstarrte, bevor die eutektische Erstarrung des Gussstückes 1 einsetzte. Die Aussenform 3 war aus formstabilem, kaltharzgebundenem Quarzsand aufgebaut. Zur Herstellung der Aussenform 3 wurden Kerne 4 für die auf der Aussenfläche des Gussstücks 1 zu erzeugenden Kühlrippen 5 eingesetzt. Der verlorene Formkern 6 bestand aussen aus einem ca. 6 m langen zylindrischen Eisenblechmantel 7 mit 15 mm Wandstärke mit einem 30 mm starken aufgeschweissten Deckel 8. Vor dem Anschweissen des Deckels 8 wurden die Kühlkästen 9, 10 in zwei Ebenen eingebracht und mit Stahlkeilen-11 gegen den Blechmantel 7 angepresst. Eine gute Kühlung der Kühlkästen 9, 10 wurde erreicht durch ein System von parallelen, senkrecht verlaufenden Kühlrohren, wobei über den Gesamtumfang verteilt, jeweils eine untere Zuleitung und eine obere Ableitung abwechselnd verlegt und an je eine Zuführungs- und Abführungsringleitung angeschlossen waren. Auch der Deckel 8 war mit einem Kühlkasten 12 versehen. Der Kern 6 war stehend angeordnet. Das Gussstück wurde steigend gegossen. Die Giesstemperatur betrug 1320°C, die Menge an magnesiumbehandeltem und geimpften Eisen lag bei 115 t. Die Zusammensetzung der Schmelze entsprach einem GGG-40.3, DIN 1693. Die ungefähren Abmessungen des Gussstücks 1 betrugen bezüglich der Länge 6 400 mm, des äusseren Durchmessers mit Rippen 2 500 mm, des inneren Durchmessers 1 200 mm; die Bodenstärke lag bei 400 mm.For the feeder-free production of a thick-walled, container-like cast piece 1 from spheroidal graphite cast iron, namely a container for fuel assemblies, the entire mold was made up of a
Nach dem Abguss wurde der Kern 6 mit flüssigem Stickstoff in der Weise gekühlt, dass beim Einströmen in die Kühlelemente 9, 10, 12 eine Verdampfung erfolgte. Die Eingüsse 2 waren so ausgelegt, dass sie zufroren, als die Schmelze in der Form eine Temperatur von 1160 bis 1200°C erreicht hatte. Die Kühlung wurde über die gesamte Erstarrungszeit beibehalten. Erst kurz oberhalb der y-a-Umwandlung wurde die Kühlmittelzufuhr abgestellt, um die Ferritbildung nicht zu stören. Insgesamt wurde durch den Einsatz der Kühlung die Erstarrungszeit gegenüber einem reinen Sandguss um 56% verkürzt.After the casting, the
Nach erfolgter Erstarrung und Abkühlung in der Form wurden das Gussstück gezogen und die feinkörnigen Einstampfungen im Kern beseitigt, die in mehreren Ebenen angeordneten Kühlelemente herausgeholt und schliesslich die Ausschalung, das ist der Blechmantel 7 mit dem Deckel 8 durch Aufschneiden und Ziehen entfernt. Das übrige Gussstück ist auf dem üblichen Wege geputzt worden.After solidification and cooling in the mold, the casting was drawn and the fine-grained penetrations in the core were removed, the cooling elements arranged in several planes were removed and finally the formwork, that is, the sheet metal jacket 7 with the
Die Ultraschallprüfung des geputzten und innen bearbeiteten. Gussstückes mit verschiedenen Winkel-Prüfköpfen und mit Frequenzen von 1 bis 2 MHz ergab keine Anzeigen bei einer Erkennbarkeit von einer Ersatzfehlergrösse von 3 mm.Ultrasonic testing of the cleaned and machined inside. Cast piece with various angle probes and with frequencies of 1 to 2 MHz gave no indications with a recognizable substitute defect size of 3 mm.
Claims (13)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT82103856T ATE15338T1 (en) | 1981-05-13 | 1982-05-05 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THICK-WALLED, HOLLOW CASTINGS. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3118928 | 1981-05-13 | ||
| DE19813118928 DE3118928A1 (en) | 1981-05-13 | 1981-05-13 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING THICK-WALLED, HOLLOW CASTING PIECES |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0065208A1 EP0065208A1 (en) | 1982-11-24 |
| EP0065208B1 EP0065208B1 (en) | 1985-09-04 |
| EP0065208B2 true EP0065208B2 (en) | 1990-12-27 |
Family
ID=6132150
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP82103856A Expired - Lifetime EP0065208B2 (en) | 1981-05-13 | 1982-05-05 | Method and installation for producing thick-walled hollow castings |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5058655A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0065208B2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5825859A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE15338T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1224325A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3118928A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA822691B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007017690A1 (en) | 2007-04-14 | 2008-10-16 | Siempelkamp Giesserei Gmbh | Production of large castings comprises controlling temperatures of different areas of mold and core to produce desired structure |
| CN103990762A (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2014-08-20 | 马鞍山市晨光高耐磨科技发展有限公司 | Casting device specially used for annular long casting part |
| DE102022125056A1 (en) | 2022-01-04 | 2023-07-06 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INCREASING THE COOLING RATE OF METAL SAND CASTINGS DURING SOLVIFICATION |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3120221C2 (en) * | 1981-05-21 | 1989-08-10 | Siempelkamp Gießerei GmbH & Co, 4150 Krefeld | Production of thick-walled shielding transport and storage containers made of spherical cast iron |
| DE3216327C1 (en) * | 1982-05-03 | 1983-05-19 | Siempelkamp Gießerei GmbH & Co, 4150 Krefeld | Production of thick-walled shielding transport and storage containers made of spherical cast iron |
| JPS59105045U (en) * | 1982-12-29 | 1984-07-14 | 日産ディーゼル工業株式会社 | Cylinder liner installation structure |
| DE3324929A1 (en) * | 1983-07-09 | 1985-01-17 | Buderus Ag, 6330 Wetzlar | Process for the production of a thick-walled container base of high notch toughness |
| JPH0226745U (en) * | 1988-08-08 | 1990-02-21 | ||
| EP0890400B1 (en) * | 1997-06-17 | 2002-07-31 | Wärtsilä Schweiz AG | Casting method for making metallic mouldings |
| CA2282636A1 (en) * | 1999-09-16 | 2001-03-16 | Philippe Viarouge | Power transformers and power inductors for low frequency applications using isotropic composite magnetic materials with high power to weight ratio |
| DE102004027592A1 (en) * | 2004-06-05 | 2005-12-22 | Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag | Method and apparatus for low-feeder or gingerless casting of hypoeutectic cast iron alloys |
| US7342989B2 (en) * | 2005-06-23 | 2008-03-11 | Nac International, Inc. | Apparatuses and methods for mechanical shielding and cooling |
| DE102012103884A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 | 2013-11-07 | Fritz Winter Eisengiesserei Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method for casting a casting provided with at least one passage opening |
| RU2634819C2 (en) * | 2013-01-18 | 2017-11-03 | Немак Вернигероде Гмбх | Casting method and casting mould with special feeding channel for manufacturing cast parts, in particular, cylinder blocks and cylinder heads |
| KR102305376B1 (en) | 2013-10-02 | 2021-09-27 | 낵 인터내셔날, 인크 | Systems and methods for transferring spent nuclear fuel from wet storage to dry storage |
| US9793021B2 (en) | 2014-01-22 | 2017-10-17 | Nac International Inc. | Transfer cask system having passive cooling |
| EP3088537A1 (en) * | 2015-04-27 | 2016-11-02 | Georg Fischer GmbH | Production method for hpi cast iron |
| CN104941548A (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2015-09-30 | 含山县宏记精工铸造厂 | Mixing reaction bucket of chemical reagents |
| GB201612294D0 (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2016-08-31 | Rolls Royce Plc | Method and apparatus for particle injection moulding |
| CN106799467A (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-06-06 | 广西玉柴机器配件制造有限公司 | A kind of production method of Sand-Faced Metal Mould Casting spheroidal graphite cast-iron truck spring perch |
| CN106862497A (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-06-20 | 广西玉柴机器配件制造有限公司 | A kind of production method of Sand-Faced Metal Mould Casting truck pusher bar support |
| CN106862496A (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2017-06-20 | 广西玉柴机器配件制造有限公司 | A kind of production method of Sand-Faced Metal Mould Casting spheroidal graphite cast-iron truck end cap |
| CN107377890B (en) * | 2017-07-11 | 2023-05-12 | 宜昌船舶柴油机有限公司 | Method and device for improving wear resistance of inner hole of cylinder liner of marine diesel engine |
| CN114147182B (en) * | 2021-12-07 | 2024-01-23 | 勤威(天津)工业有限公司 | Casting model structure of high-quality high-step stay support for sand core molding |
| CN117620119A (en) * | 2023-10-23 | 2024-03-01 | 武汉武重铸锻有限公司 | A process method for preventing shrinkage and looseness of the ductile iron milling head body |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE566085C (en) * | 1932-12-10 | Fritz Halbrock | Mold core for casting hollow blocks | |
| DE665119C (en) * | 1937-04-03 | 1938-09-17 | Dr Franz Bartscherer | Method and device for the production of hollow bodies |
| DE961290C (en) * | 1951-01-18 | 1957-04-04 | Otto Junker G M B H | Process for casting alloyed iron castings |
| DE1952209A1 (en) * | 1968-11-11 | 1970-09-24 | I I Elektrosvarki Im E O Paton | Device for producing hollow metal blocks |
| AT295765B (en) * | 1969-10-13 | 1972-01-25 | Vnii Elektrotermicheskogo Obor | Mold for the production of hollow blocks from metal or metal alloys |
| AU5265273A (en) * | 1972-04-08 | 1974-08-29 | Wako Kinzoku Kogyo Co. Ltd | a CASTING METHOD AND METAL MOLD ANDA COOLING MOLD USED IN SAW METHOD |
| JPS5225358B2 (en) * | 1973-07-17 | 1977-07-07 | ||
| JPS545820A (en) * | 1977-06-17 | 1979-01-17 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Casting method |
| US4278124A (en) * | 1978-04-11 | 1981-07-14 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Method of producing hollow steel ingot and apparatus therefor |
| DE2827091A1 (en) * | 1978-06-21 | 1980-01-10 | Seybold Rolf Prof Dr Ing | Upright chilled mould for casting steel slabs or ingots - where each mould wall consists of copper plate fixed on box through which which cooling water flows |
| DE2831842A1 (en) * | 1978-07-20 | 1980-02-07 | Leybold Heraeus Gmbh & Co Kg | THORN FOR CHILLERS FOR ELECTRIC MELTING OF METALS TO HOLLOW BLOCKS |
-
1981
- 1981-05-13 DE DE19813118928 patent/DE3118928A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1982
- 1982-04-20 ZA ZA822691A patent/ZA822691B/en unknown
- 1982-05-05 EP EP82103856A patent/EP0065208B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1982-05-05 AT AT82103856T patent/ATE15338T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-05-05 DE DE8282103856T patent/DE3265991D1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-12 JP JP57078516A patent/JPS5825859A/en active Granted
- 1982-05-13 CA CA000402873A patent/CA1224325A/en not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-03-19 US US06/841,167 patent/US5058655A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007017690A1 (en) | 2007-04-14 | 2008-10-16 | Siempelkamp Giesserei Gmbh | Production of large castings comprises controlling temperatures of different areas of mold and core to produce desired structure |
| CN103990762A (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2014-08-20 | 马鞍山市晨光高耐磨科技发展有限公司 | Casting device specially used for annular long casting part |
| DE102022125056A1 (en) | 2022-01-04 | 2023-07-06 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INCREASING THE COOLING RATE OF METAL SAND CASTINGS DURING SOLVIFICATION |
| US11766716B2 (en) | 2022-01-04 | 2023-09-26 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | System and method of increasing cooling rate of metal sand casting during solidification |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3265991D1 (en) | 1985-10-10 |
| ZA822691B (en) | 1983-02-23 |
| US5058655A (en) | 1991-10-22 |
| JPS5825859A (en) | 1983-02-16 |
| EP0065208B1 (en) | 1985-09-04 |
| JPH0329500B2 (en) | 1991-04-24 |
| DE3118928A1 (en) | 1982-12-02 |
| EP0065208A1 (en) | 1982-11-24 |
| ATE15338T1 (en) | 1985-09-15 |
| CA1224325A (en) | 1987-07-21 |
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