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EP1986795B2 - Procédé pour diminuer l'influence des excentricités de cylindres - Google Patents
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EP1986795B2 - Procédé pour diminuer l'influence des excentricités de cylindres - Google Patents

Procédé pour diminuer l'influence des excentricités de cylindres Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1986795B2
EP1986795B2 EP07703793.5A EP07703793A EP1986795B2 EP 1986795 B2 EP1986795 B2 EP 1986795B2 EP 07703793 A EP07703793 A EP 07703793A EP 1986795 B2 EP1986795 B2 EP 1986795B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
roll
rolling
tensile force
run
eccentricities
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP07703793.5A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1986795A1 (fr
EP1986795B1 (fr
Inventor
Josef Hofbauer
Martin Niemann
Bernhard Weisshaar
Dietrich Wohld
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Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH
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Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH filed Critical Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH
Priority to PL07703793T priority Critical patent/PL1986795T3/pl
Publication of EP1986795A1 publication Critical patent/EP1986795A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1986795B1 publication Critical patent/EP1986795B1/fr
Publication of EP1986795B2 publication Critical patent/EP1986795B2/fr
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/58Roll-force control; Roll-gap control
    • B21B37/66Roll eccentricity compensation systems
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B2261/00Product parameters
    • B21B2261/02Transverse dimensions
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B2265/00Forming parameters
    • B21B2265/02Tension
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B27/00Rolls, roll alloys or roll fabrication; Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use
    • B21B27/02Shape or construction of rolls
    • B21B27/03Sleeved rolls
    • B21B27/032Rolls for sheets or strips
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B38/00Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product
    • B21B38/06Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product for measuring tension or compression
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B38/00Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product
    • B21B38/08Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product for measuring roll-force
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/45Scale remover or preventor
    • Y10T29/4517Rolling deformation or deflection
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49462Gear making
    • Y10T29/49467Gear shaping
    • Y10T29/49471Roll forming
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49481Wheel making
    • Y10T29/49492Land wheel
    • Y10T29/49524Rim making
    • Y10T29/49531Roller forming
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/51Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
    • Y10T29/5197Multiple stations working strip material
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/51Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
    • Y10T29/5198Continuous strip

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for suppressing the influence of roll eccentricities on the outlet thickness of a rolling stock passing through a roll stand, the roll eccentricities being identified using a process model and being taken into account when determining a correction signal for at least one control device for an actuator of the roll stand.
  • eccentricities of the rolls caused by imprecisely machined back-up rolls or imprecise mounting of the back-up rolls are often found, which impair the quality of the rolled strip, whereby depending on the rigidity of the roll stand and the rolled stock, the roll eccentricities with the speed of the eccentric rolls, in the rule of the backup rolls, map in the belt.
  • the frequency spectrum of the eccentricities and the disturbances caused by them in the strip essentially contains the fundamental frequencies of the upper and lower backup rolls; but there are also higher harmonic oscillations, which, however, often only appear with reduced amplitudes. Because of the slightly different diameters and speeds of the upper and lower backup rollers, the frequencies assigned to the backup rollers can differ from one another.
  • the EP 0 170 016 B1 describes a method of the type mentioned at the outset, wherein the influence of roll eccentricities in the position or thickness control of roll stands is compensated, the roll eccentricities being identified on the basis of a measurement of the rolling force in the roll stand.
  • Oil pressure transducers are generally used to measure the rolling force, the measured values of which are significantly falsified by the effects of friction. This means that the influence of roller eccentricities cannot be suppressed in a sufficiently reliable and effective manner with the aid of the measuring devices. More reliable and more accurate measuring methods for the rolling force are too expensive and too complex.
  • JP 04 200 915 A Of the JP 04 200 915 A a similar disclosure can be found.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method for suppressing the influence of roll eccentricities which avoids the disadvantages known from the prior art and in particular the disadvantages described above.
  • FIG 1 shows schematically and by way of example a roll stand 1 of a rolling train for rolling a rolling stock 10.
  • the rolling train for rolling the rolling stock 10 has one or more such rolling stands 1.
  • another roll stand, a reel device, a cooling device and / or another device, for example for thermal and / or mechanical influencing of the rolling stock and / or a device for transporting the rolling stock 10 can be provided.
  • the rolling stock 10 is preferably a strip, a profile, a wire or a slab.
  • the rolling stock 10 can be a metal strip, for example a steel strip, a non-ferrous metal strip or an aluminum strip.
  • a roll stand 1 has at least one upper backup roll 4 with a radius R o and at least one lower backup roll 5 with a radius R u .
  • the roll stand 1 shown has at least one upper work roll 2 and at least one lower work roll 3, the diameter of the work rolls 2 and 3, as a rule, being smaller than the diameter of the backup rolls 4 and 5.
  • the setting position is used to regulate of the roll stand 1, a hydraulic adjusting device 7 which can be actuated via a control valve 6 is provided.
  • an electromechanical adjustment system can also be provided.
  • the adjusting device 7 or that not in more detail Adjustment system shown are used to adjust the roll adjustment s.
  • the hydraulic adjustment 7 is supported on the scaffolding frame.
  • the elastic scaffolding frame is symbolically represented by a spring with the spring constant C G.
  • the rolling stand 1 is passed through by the rolling stock 10, the thickness of the rolling stock 10 being reduced from the inlet thickness h e to the outlet thickness h a with the aid of the work rolls 2, 3 as it passes through the roll gap.
  • the roller eccentricities of the upper support roller 4 or the lower support roller 5 can be caused by uneven roller wear, deformations due to thermal stresses and / or the deviations of the geometrical cylinder axis of the rollers from the operationally established rotation axes.
  • the roll eccentricities are denoted by ⁇ R o and ⁇ R u , ie as deviations from the ideal backup roll radii R o and R u .
  • the measurement of the roll speed n o or n u of the upper or lower backup roll 4 or 5 is used to determine the fundamental oscillation of the roll eccentricities. Under the simplifying prerequisite that the upper and lower rolls of the roll stand 1 rotate at the same speed, it is sufficient to detect the speed of only one driven roll, for example the lower work roll 3, by means of a tachometer 11.
  • the back-up rolls 4 and 5 are the eccentric rolls
  • the roll adjustment s is measured with a position sensor 9 on the adjustment device 7 or on the adjustment system.
  • the roll adjustment s is fed to a control device 18.
  • a tensile measuring device 8 for measuring the tensile force F z prevailing in the rolling stock 10 is provided in front of the roll stand 1.
  • the tension measuring device 8 can as in FIG 1 indicated, have a measuring roller for tension measurement. This measuring roller can preferably be segmented.
  • the tension measuring device 8 can also be designed as a contactless tension measuring device.
  • a corresponding device for contactless measurement of the tensile force F z in a rolled stock 10 designed as a metal strip is for example in FIG DE 198 39 286 B4 described.
  • the control device 18 has a process model 27.
  • the process model 27 is based on an observer and models the behavior of the roll gap and the rolls 2 to 5.
  • the process model 27 is controlled in terms of frequency with the help of the rolling speed, ie for example with the help of the determined roll speeds n o or n u .
  • the time course of the disturbances to be modeled is periodic, but not purely sinusoidal. In other words, the oscillation to be modeled consists of a fundamental oscillation and several harmonics.
  • sinusoidal correction setpoints assigned to the eccentricity frequencies are calculated for an actuator of the roll stand 1 with the appropriate phase position and amplitude for the position of the roll gap control.
  • the correction setpoints can be given via a control device 19 and possibly via a control valve 6 to the adjusting device 7 or to a adjusting system.
  • the required strip thickness that is to say the outlet thickness h a of the rolling stock 10
  • the required strip thickness can be set extremely uniformly with the aid of the control device 18. Deviations in thickness caused by the roll eccentricity ⁇ R o or ⁇ R u can be avoided in this way.
  • the thickness of the rolling stock 10, for example the outlet thickness h a can be measured by means of a thickness measuring device 16.
  • FIG 2 shows schematically and by way of example the structure used to identify roller eccentricities according to the observer principle.
  • a setpoint value s * of the setting position is used both in a real process 29, as it runs, for example, in a rolling stand 1 through which a rolling stock 10 passes (see FIG FIG 1 ), as well as an observer module 30.
  • the observer module 30 has the process model 27, with the aid of which roller eccentricities can be identified and with the aid of which the identified roller eccentricities ⁇ R i can be provided for compensation purposes.
  • an identified runout thickness h ai can preferably be determined, which can be linked to the measured tensile force F z in order to determine an observer error e.
  • the measured tensile force F z is first fed to a module 21 in the measuring channel, which inversely takes into account the transmission behavior from the outlet thickness to the strip tension.
  • the measured value of the tensile force F z is converted to the outlet thickness and compared with the identified outlet thickness h ai determined with the aid of the process model 27.
  • the difference e resulting from this comparison forms the observer error e.
  • the states of the process model 27 are corrected taking into account the observer error e until the measurement and model at least largely agree and the observer error e is sufficiently small or zero.
  • the roll eccentricities ⁇ R i identified in the process model 27 also agree with those actually in the roll stand 1 (see FIG 1 ) existing roller eccentricities.
  • the identified roller eccentricities ⁇ R i ascertained in this way by the observer module 30 enable an extremely reliable and precise eccentricity compensation.
  • a selection can be made by means of a switch 20 as to whether the process model 27 should take into account the outlet thickness h a , the rolling force F w or the tensile force F z when identifying roller eccentricities.
  • FIG 3 shows an example of how the transfer behavior from the adjustment position to the strip tension can be taken into account when using the tensile force F z to identify and suppress roller eccentricities.
  • a module 21 is preferably provided in the measuring channel which inversely takes into account the transfer behavior from the outlet thickness to the strip tension.
  • the measured values of the tensile force F z are preferably linked with the corresponding transfer function H yak . This can be done, for example, by multiplication by a factor which corresponds to the inverse transfer function H train .
  • an adaptation circuit can be provided which takes into account the dependence on the rolling stock speed v B.
  • the value present at the output of module 21, which was determined with the aid of tensile force F z is preferably fed to process model 27.
  • the process model 27 preferably simulates the behavior of the process 29 from the contact position s or from the setpoint s * of the contact position up to the outlet thickness h a . If, as an alternative or in addition to the tensile force F z, the rolling force F w is to be taken into account in the process model 27, it is expedient to provide a module 28 in the measuring channel of the rolling force F w which has a suitable transfer characteristic.
  • FIG 4 shows an example of the use of an inlet thickness compensation in connection with the method according to the invention.
  • a thickness measuring sensor 17 is provided in front of the roll stand 1, with the aid of which a measured inlet thickness h em is recorded.
  • the shown inlet thickness compensation module 22 has a strip tracking module 23. With the aid of the strip tracking module 23, the measured inlet thickness h em is tracked down to the roll stand 1. With the aid of the inlet speed v SE , a tracked inlet thickness h ev is determined.
  • the tape tracking module 23 is preferably model-based.
  • the inlet thickness compensation module 22 has at least one compensation model 24, 25, 26 with the aid of which the influence of the inlet thickness h e on the outlet thickness h a is determined as a function of the measured variable m E used or the corresponding measured value. Since the quality of the inlet thickness compensation depends essentially on the compensation model (s) 24, 25, 26 used, in the example shown there are a compensation model 24 for using the outlet thickness h a as the measured variable m E , and a compensation model 25 for the use of the rolling force F w as the measured variable m E and a compensation model 24 for the use of the tensile force F z as measured variable m E is provided.
  • the compensation signal given by the inlet thickness compensation module 22 is linked to the corresponding measured value of the measured variable m E to form a compensated measured variable m K.
  • Periodic thickness fluctuations resulting from the inlet thickness with frequencies that are almost equal to the eccentricity frequencies can interfere with the identification of the roll eccentricities.
  • An inlet thickness compensation can therefore be provided, which determines and compensates for the influence of the inlet thickness fluctuations on the measured variable m E used and thus eliminates this type of disturbance.
  • the tension regulators present in known control concepts of a rolling mill designed as a tandem mill can avoid part of the effects on the thickness caused by the eccentricities due to their limited dynamics only at low rolling speeds and only on the front stands of the tandem mill.
  • a control device 18 designed according to the invention for suppressing the influence of roll eccentricities, to which the tensile force F z measured on the rolling stock 10 is supplied, can compensate for the eccentricity frequencies on a roll stand 1 and thus completely relieve conventional tension regulators.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Metal Rolling (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Procédé destiné à supprimer l'influence d'excentricités des cylindres sur l'épaisseur de sortie (ha) d'un produit de laminage (10) qui traverse une cage de laminoir (1) ; dans lequel on identifie les excentricités des cylindres en utilisant un modèle de processus (27) et on les prend en compte lors de la détermination d'un signal de correction pour au moins un dispositif de commande (19) pour un organe de réglage de la cage de laminoir (1) ; dans lequel, à des fins d'identification des excentricités des cylindres, on achemine audit au moins un modèle de processus (27) des valeurs de mesure (mE) de la force de traction (Fz) en vigueur dans le produit de laminage (10) ; dans lequel on procède à une compensation de l'épaisseur d'entrée des valeurs de mesure (mE) utilisées à des fins d'identification des excentricités des cylindres ; dans lequel le modèle de processus (27) décrit au moins l'emprise et les cylindres de la cage de laminoir (1).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel on mesure la force de traction (Fz) avant ou après la cage de laminoir (1).
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    - dans lequel on achemine une valeur de consigne (s*) de l'endroit de positionnement (s) à un processus réel (29) tel qu'il se déroule dans la cage de laminoir (1) ;
    - dans lequel on achemine la valeur de consigne (s*) de l'endroit de positionnement également au modèle (27) ;
    - dans lequel le modèle (27) détermine, en prenant en compte les excentricités identifiées des cylindres, une épaisseur de sortie identifiée (hai) ;
    - dans lequel on achemine les valeurs de mesure (mE) de la force de traction (Fz) à un module (21) qui prend en compte à l'inverse le comportement de transmission de la force de traction (Fz) en vigueur dans le produit de laminage (10) comme fonction de l'endroit de positionnement (s), d'une manière telle que, sur base de la force de traction enregistrée (Fz), on détermine une épaisseur de sortie (ha) du produit de laminage (10) ;
    - dans lequel, sur base de la différence de l'épaisseur de sortie identifiée (hai) déterminée à partir du modèle (27) et sur base de l'épaisseur de sortie déterminée (ha) à partir de la force de traction enregistrée (Fz), on détermine une erreur de l'observateur (e) ;
    - dans lequel l'erreur de l'observateur (e) est acheminée au modèle (27) ;
    - dans lequel on corrige les excentricités des cylindres à partir de l'erreur de l'observateur (e) jusqu'à ce que l'erreur de l'observateur (e) soit suffisamment minime ou nulle.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, dans lequel, lors de la détermination de l'épaisseur de sortie déterminée (ha), on procède à une prise en compte adaptative de la dépendance de la vitesse du produit de laminage (VB).
  5. Produit de programme informatique comprenant des moyens de code de programme appropriées pour la mise en œuvre de toutes les étapes d'un procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, lorsque le produit de programme informatique est exécuté sur un système de traitement de données.
EP07703793.5A 2006-02-22 2007-01-11 Procédé pour diminuer l'influence des excentricités de cylindres Active EP1986795B2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL07703793T PL1986795T3 (pl) 2006-02-22 2007-01-11 Sposób tłumienia wpływu mimośrodowości walców

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006008574A DE102006008574A1 (de) 2006-02-22 2006-02-22 Verfahren zur Unterdrückung des Einflusses von Walzenexzentrizitäten
PCT/EP2007/050248 WO2007096204A1 (fr) 2006-02-22 2007-01-11 Procede pour diminuer l'influence des exCENTRIcités dE cylindreS

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1986795A1 EP1986795A1 (fr) 2008-11-05
EP1986795B1 EP1986795B1 (fr) 2013-09-18
EP1986795B2 true EP1986795B2 (fr) 2020-08-19

Family

ID=37886246

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07703793.5A Active EP1986795B2 (fr) 2006-02-22 2007-01-11 Procédé pour diminuer l'influence des excentricités de cylindres

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US8386066B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1986795B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN101443136B (fr)
DE (1) DE102006008574A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL1986795T3 (fr)
RU (1) RU2429925C2 (fr)
UA (1) UA95794C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007096204A1 (fr)

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AT507087B1 (de) * 2008-12-05 2010-02-15 Siemens Vai Metals Tech Gmbh Verfahren und vorrichtung zur semi-aktiven reduktion von druckschwingungen in einem hydrauliksystem
CN101927272B (zh) * 2010-08-23 2012-09-05 中冶南方工程技术有限公司 基于在线递推参数估计的轧辊偏心补偿设备
CN101927271B (zh) * 2010-08-23 2012-07-04 中冶南方工程技术有限公司 基于在线递推参数估计的轧辊偏心补偿方法及其设备
DE102012200936A1 (de) 2012-01-23 2013-07-25 Converteam Gmbh Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Walzstraße
US20180161839A1 (en) * 2016-12-09 2018-06-14 Honeywell International Inc. Metal thickness control model based inferential sensor
EP3936248B1 (fr) 2020-07-07 2023-10-25 Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH Laminage en fonction de la réponse de fréquence
EP3974073B1 (fr) * 2020-09-28 2023-07-19 Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH Laminage en fonction de la réponse de fréquence
US20240299997A1 (en) * 2023-03-10 2024-09-12 Honeywell International Inc. Dynamic Roll Eccentricity Identification Using Extended Kalman Filter State Estimation and Control Upgrade for Cold Rolling Mills
EP4613393A1 (fr) 2024-03-06 2025-09-10 Primetals Technologies Germany GmbH Cage de laminoir avec compensation complète d'excentricités

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EP1986795A1 (fr) 2008-11-05
UA95794C2 (ru) 2011-09-12
PL1986795T3 (pl) 2014-03-31
RU2429925C2 (ru) 2011-09-27
EP1986795B1 (fr) 2013-09-18
CN101443136B (zh) 2012-11-14
US20090210085A1 (en) 2009-08-20
WO2007096204A1 (fr) 2007-08-30
DE102006008574A1 (de) 2007-08-30
RU2008137605A (ru) 2010-03-27
CN101443136A (zh) 2009-05-27
US8386066B2 (en) 2013-02-26

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