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EP4673502A1 - Composition de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneu et procédés associés - Google Patents
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EP4673502A1 - Composition de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneu et procédés associés - Google Patents

Composition de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneu et procédés associés

Info

Publication number
EP4673502A1
EP4673502A1 EP24715354.7A EP24715354A EP4673502A1 EP 4673502 A1 EP4673502 A1 EP 4673502A1 EP 24715354 A EP24715354 A EP 24715354A EP 4673502 A1 EP4673502 A1 EP 4673502A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
phr
tire tread
rubber composition
tan
parts
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP24715354.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jessica L. PLACKE
Jamie L. WHYTE
Kenny L. HOWMAN
Benjamin C. GALIZIO
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations LLC
Original Assignee
Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations LLC filed Critical Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations LLC
Publication of EP4673502A1 publication Critical patent/EP4673502A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
    • B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread

Definitions

  • the present application is directed to tire tread rubber compositions and related methods.
  • Tires comprise many components including a road-contacting tread.
  • the particular ingredients used to prepare the rubber composition which comprises the tire tread may vary.
  • Formulation of tire tread rubber compositions is a complex science since changes to the formulation which result in an improvement in one property (e.g., wet performance) may result in deterioration of another property (e.g., dry traction).
  • a tire tread rubber composition is disclosed.
  • the composition is made of ingredients comprising: (a) 100 parts of an elastomer component comprising (i) 30-45 parts, preferably 30-40 parts, of at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg at least about -20 °C, preferably about -20 to about -10 °C, and (ii) 55-70 parts, preferably 60-70 parts, of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 or -110 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group; and (b) 80- 120 phr of at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g, preferably about 150 to about 300 m 2 /g; (c) no more than 15 phr of carbon black, preferably no more than 10 p
  • a tire tread rubber composition is disclosed.
  • the composition is made of ingredients comprising: (a) 100 parts of an elastomer component comprising (i) 30-45 parts, preferably 30-40 parts, of at least one oil-extended non-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of at least about -20 °C , preferably about -20 to about -10 °C, and a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole, preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole, and (ii) 55-70 parts, preferably 60-70 parts, of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 or -110 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group; (b) 80-120 phr of at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g
  • a tire tread rubber composition is disclosed.
  • the composition is made of ingredients comprising: (a) 100 parts of an elastomer component comprising (i) 30-45 parts, preferably 30-40 parts, of at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg at least about -20 °C, preferably about -20 to about -10 °C, and (ii) 55-70 parts, preferably 60-70 parts, of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 or -110 °C, and a silicareactive functional group; and (b) 80-120 phr of at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g, preferably about 150 to about 300 m 2 /g; (c) no more than 15 p
  • the tire tread rubber composition has a value for tan 6 at 60 °C of 0.18 to 0.26, preferably 0.19 to 0.24 and meets at least one of the following: (a) has a value for tan 6 at -30 °C of no more than 3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 2.9 and 2 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; (b) has a value for tan 6 at 30 °C of at least 1.3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 1.4 times and 1.7 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; or (c) has a value for tan 6 at 0 °C of at least 1.9 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.9 times and 2.7 times the
  • a tire tread rubber composition is disclosed.
  • the composition is made of ingredients comprising: (a) 100 parts of an elastomer component comprising (i) 30-45 parts, preferably 30-40 parts, of at least one oil-extended non-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of at least about -20 °C , preferably about -20 to about -10 °C, and a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole, preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole, and (ii) 55-70 parts, preferably 60-70 parts, of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 or - 110 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group; (b) 80-120 phr of at least one reinforcing silica filler having
  • the tire tread rubber composition has a value for tan 6 at 60 °C of 0.18 to 0.26, preferably 0.19 to 0.24 and meets at least one of the following: (a) has a value for tan 6 at -30 °C of no more than 3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 2.9 and 2 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; (b) has a value for tan 6 at 30 °C of at least 1.3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 1.4 times and 1.7 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; or (c) has a value for tan 6 at 0 °C of at least 1.9 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.9 times and 2.7 times the
  • a tire tread rubber composition is disclosed.
  • the composition is made of ingredients comprising: (a) 100 parts of an elastomer component comprising (i) 30-45 parts, preferably 30-40 parts, of at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg at least about -20 °C, preferably about -20 to about -10 °C, and (ii) 55-70 parts, preferably 60-70 parts of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 or -110 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group; and (b) 80- 120 phr of at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g, preferably about 150 to about 300 m 2 /g; (c)
  • a tire tread rubber composition is disclosed.
  • the composition is made of ingredients comprising: (a) 100 parts of an elastomer component comprising (i) 30-45 parts, preferably 30-40 parts, of at least one oil-extended non-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of at least about -20 °C , preferably about -20 to about -10 °C, and a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole, preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole, and (ii) 55-70 parts, preferably 60-70 parts, of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 or -110 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group; (b) 80-120 phr of at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g
  • a tire tread rubber composition is disclosed.
  • the composition is made of ingredients comprising: (a) 100 parts of an elastomer component comprising (i) 30-45 parts, preferably 30-40 parts, of at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg at least about -20 °C, preferably about -20 to about -10 °C, and (ii) 55-70 parts, preferably 60-70 parts, of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 or -110 °C, and a silicareactive functional group; and (b) 80-120 phr of at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g, preferably about 150 to about 300 m 2 /g; (c) no more than 15 p
  • the tire tread rubber composition has a value for tan 6 at 60 °C of 0.18 to 0.26, preferably 0.19 to 0.24 and meets at least one of the following: (a) has a value for tan 6 at -30 °C of no more than 3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 2.9 and 2 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; (b) has a value for tan 6 at 30 °C of at least 1.3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 1.4 times and 1.7 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; or (c) has a value for tan 6 at 0 °C of at least 1.9 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.9 times and 2.7 times the
  • a tire tread rubber composition is disclosed.
  • the composition is made of ingredients comprising: (a) 100 parts of an elastomer component comprising (i) 30-45 parts, preferably 30-40 parts, of at least one oil-extended non-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of at least about -20 °C , preferably about -20 to about -10 °C, and a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole, preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole, and (ii) 55-70 parts, preferably 60-70 parts, of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 or - 110 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group; (b) 80-120 phr of at least one reinforcing silica filler having
  • the tire tread rubber composition has a value for tan 6 at 60 °C of 0.18 to 0.26, preferably 0.19 to 0.24 and meets at least one of the following: (a) has a value for tan 6 at -30 °C of no more than 3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 2.9 and 2 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; (b) has a value for tan 6 at 30 °C of at least 1.3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 1.4 times and 1.7 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; or (c) has a value for tan 6 at 0 °C of at least 1.9 times the tan S at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.9 times and 2.7 times the
  • the abbreviation Mn is used for number average molecular weight.
  • the abbreviation Mp is used for peak molecular weight.
  • Mw is used for weight average molecular weight.
  • Mooney viscosity refers to the Mooney viscosity, ML1+4. As those of skill in the art will understand, a rubber composition's Mooney viscosity is measured prior to vulcanization or curing.
  • natural rubber means naturally occurring rubber such as can be harvested from sources such as Hevea rubber trees and non-/7eveo sources (e.g., guayule shrubs and dandelions such as TKS). In other words, the term “natural rubber” should be construed so as to exclude synthetic polyisoprene.
  • the term “phr” means parts per one hundred parts rubber. The one hundred parts rubber is also referred to herein as 100 parts of an elastomer component.
  • polyisoprene means synthetic polyisoprene.
  • the term is used to indicate a polymer that is manufactured from isoprene monomers, and should not be construed as including naturally occurring rubber (e.g., Hevea natural rubber, guayule-sourced natural rubber, or dandelion-sourced natural rubber).
  • polyisoprene should be construed as including polyisoprenes manufactured from natural sources of isoprene monomer.
  • the term "tread,” refers to both the portion of a tire that comes into contact with the road under normal inflation and load as well as any subtread.
  • the first-fourth embodiments disclosed herein are directed to tire tread rubber compositions made of specified ingredients.
  • the subject rubber compositions are used in preparing treads for tires, generally by a process which includes forming of a tread pattern by molding and curing one of the subject rubber compositions.
  • the tire treads will contain a cured form of one of the tire tread rubber compositions.
  • the tire tread rubber compositions may be present in the form of a tread which has been formed but not yet incorporated into a tire and/or they may be present in a tread which forms part of a tire.
  • the Tg of the overall rubber composition may vary.
  • the Tg of the overall rubber composition may be referred to as a compound Tg or as a rubber composition Tg.
  • the rubber composition has a compound Tg of -40 to -60 °C (e.g., -40, -41, -42, - 43, -44, -45, -46, -47, -48, -49, -50, -51, -52, -53, -54, -55, -56, -57, -58, -59, or -60 °C ), preferably -45 to -55 °C (e.g., -45, -46, -47, -48, -49, -50, -51, -52, -53, -54, or -55 °C ).
  • the compound Tg of a rubber composition can be measured using a dynamic mechanical thermal spectrometer (such as the Gabo instrument described below, operating in tension mode) generally following the guidelines of ASTM D5992-96 (2011) and using a temperature sweep (from -70 to 65 °C), under specified test conditions (i.e., frequency 52 Hz, static strain of 6%, dynamic strain of 0.1%, sample geometry 4.75 mm wide x 29 mm long x 2 mm deep), with the measurement made on the sample after curing for 15 minutes at 170 °C, and using a vibratory method to estimate the Tg from the curve that results.
  • a dynamic mechanical thermal spectrometer such as the Gabo instrument described below, operating in tension mode
  • the tire tread rubber composition is made of ingredients comprising (including) 100 parts of an elastomer component.
  • the ingredients of the elastomer component include styrene-butadiene rubber and polybutadiene rubber.
  • the total amount of 100 parts of elastomer or rubber is used so that the amount of other ingredients may be listed in amounts of phr or the number of parts per hundred parts of rubber (or 100 parts of the elastomer component).
  • the amount of silica filler can also be described as 110 phr.
  • the 100 parts of elastomer component comprises (includes) (i) 30-45 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45 parts), preferably 30-40 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 parts) of at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of at least -20 °C, preferably a Tg of about -20 to about -10 °C or -20 to -10 °C (e.g., -20, -19, -18, -17, -16, -15, -14, -13, -12, - 11, or -10 °C); and (ii) 55-70 parts (e.g., 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,
  • 30-45 parts e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33,
  • the 100 parts of elastomer component comprises (includes) (i) 30-45 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45 parts) of at least one oil-extended, nonfunctionalized styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of at least -20 °C, preferably a Tg of about - 20 to about -10 °C or -20 to -10 °C (e.g., -20, -19, -18, -17, -16, -15, -14, -13, -12, -11, or -10 °C), and a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole (e.g., 600,000; 650,000; 700,000; 750,000; 800,000; 850,000; 900,000; 950,000; 1,000,000; 1,050,000; 1,100,000;
  • 30-45 parts e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37
  • the amount of styrenebutadiene rubber (i) is 30-40 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 parts), and the amount of the polybutadiene rubber (ii) (as discussed above) is 60-70 parts (e.g., 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70 parts).
  • the elastomer component (a) includes no more than 9 parts (e.g., 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or even 0 parts), preferably no more than 5 parts (e.g., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or even 0 parts) of natural rubber, polyisoprene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, the elastomer component (a) includes 0 parts of natural rubber, polyisoprene, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments of the first -fourth embodiments, an amount of no more than 9 parts refers to 1-9 parts and in other embodiments 0-9 parts. Similarly, in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, an amount of no more than 5 parts refers to 1-5 parts and in other embodiments 0-5 parts.
  • the 100 parts of elastomer component consists (only) of (i) (/.e., the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber, as specified) and (ii) (/.e., the polybutadiene rubber, as specified), in amounts as discussed above.
  • the 100 parts of elastomer component includes in addition to (i) and (ii), one or more additional rubbers (iii).
  • the amount when one or more additional rubbers (iii) is present, the amount will generally be limited preferably to no more than 20 parts (e.g., 20 parts, 15 parts, 10 parts, 5 parts, or less), more preferably no more than 15 parts (e.g., 15 parts, 10 parts, 5 parts, or less), no more than 9 parts (e.g., 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or even 0 parts), or no more than 5 parts (e.g., 5 parts, 4 parts, 3 parts, 2 parts, 1 part, or less).
  • an amount of no more than 20 parts refers to 1-20 parts and in other embodiments 0-20 parts.
  • an amount of no more than 15 parts refers to 1-15 parts and in other embodiments 0-15 parts. In certain embodiments of the first- fourth embodiments, an amount of no more than 9 parts refers to 1-9 parts and in other embodiments 0-9 parts. In certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, an amount of no more than 5 parts refers to 1-5 parts and in other embodiments 0-5 parts.
  • one or more additional rubbers (iii) are selected from diene monomer-containing rubbers; in certain such embodiments, the one or more additional rubbers (iv) are selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, polyisoprene, styrene-isoprene rubber, butadiene-isoprene rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber, butyl rubber (both halogenated and non-halogenated), ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), ethylenebutylene rubber (EBR), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), and combinations thereof.
  • EPR ethylene-propylene rubber
  • EBR ethylenebutylene rubber
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
  • the one or more additional rubbers are selected from natural rubber, polyisoprene, or a combination thereof; one or more styrenebutadiene rubbers other than the styrene-butadiene rubber (i), e.g., a SBR having a Tg of greater than -10 °C (e.g., -7 °C ,-5 °C, -3 °C or higher) or having a Tg of less than -20 °C (e.g., -25, -30, -35, -40, -45, -50, -55, -60 °C or lower); or from a polybutadiene other than the polybutadiene (ii), e.g., a polybutadiene having a low cis 1,-4 bond content (e.g., of less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, etc.), a non-functionalized polybutadiene rubber having
  • the Tg values referred to herein for elastomers represent a Tg measurement made upon the elastomer without any oil-extension.
  • the Tg values above refer to the Tg prior to oil extension or to a non-oil-extended version of the same elastomer.
  • Elastomer or polymer Tg values may be measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) instrument, such as manufactured by TA Instruments (New Castle, Delaware), where the measurement is conducted using a temperature elevation of 10°C/minute after cooling at -120 °C. Thereafter, a tangent is drawn to the base lines before and after the jump of the DSC curve.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimeter
  • the average Tg of the elastomer component is -60 to -85 °C (e.g., -60, -61, -62, -63, -64, -65, -66, -67, -68, -69, -70, -71, -72, -73, -74, -75, -76, -77, -78, -79, -80, -81, -82, -83, -84, or -85 °C), preferably -65 to -75 °C (e.g., -65, -66, -67, -68, -69, -70, -71, -72, -73, -74, or -75 °C).
  • the average Tg of the elastomer component can be calculated using the Tg of each rubber present in the 100 parts of elastomer component and accounting for their relative weight percentage.
  • the amount of rubber i.e., excluding any amount of oil
  • the Tg of the oil-extended rubber in its non-oil-extended form i.e., rubber only
  • the elastomer component of the tire tread rubber composition includes at least one styrene-butadiene rubber (i) having a Tg of at least -20 °C, preferably about -20 to about -10 °C or -20 to -10 °C (e.g., -10, - 11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, or -20 °C), in an amount as discussed above.
  • the Mw of the styrene-butadiene rubber used in (i) may vary. In certain embodiments of the first and third embodiments and according to the second and fourth embodiments, the Mw of the styrene-butadiene rubber used in (i) is at least 600,000 grams/mole, preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole.
  • (i) of the elastomer component consists of at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having at least one of Tg of about -20 to about -10 °C or -20 to -10 °C (e.g., -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, or -20 °C) and a Mw of 700,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole, (e.g., 700,000; 725,000; 750,000; 775,000; 800,000; 825,000; 850,000; 875,000; 900,000; 925,000; 950,000; 975,000; 1,000,000; 1,025,000; 1,050,000; 1,075,000; 1,100,000; 1,125,000; 1,150,000; 1,175,000; or 1,200,000 grams/mole), a Mw of 700,000 to 950,000 grams/mole (e.g., 700,000; 725,000; 750,000; 775,000; 800,000, -15, -16, -17,
  • (i) of the elastomer component includes at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of about -10 to about -20 °C and a Mw of 700,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole (e.g., 700,000; 725,000; 750,000; 775,000; 800,000; 825,000; 850,000; 875,000; 900,000; 925,000; 950,000; 975,000; 1,000,000; 1,025,000; 1,050,000; 1,075,000; 1,100,000; 1,125,000; 1,150,000; 1,175,000; or 1,200,000 grams/mole), a Mw of 700,000 to 950,000 grams/mole (e.g., 700,000; 725,000; 750,000; 775,000; 800,000; 825,000; 850,000; 875,000; 900,000; 925,000; or 950,000 grams/mole), or a Mw of 800,000 to 950,000 grams/mole (e.g., 800,000; 825,000
  • the Mw values referred to herein are weight average molecular weights which can be determined by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) calibrated with styrene-butadiene standards and Mark-Houwink constants for the polymer in question.
  • GPC gel permeation chromatography
  • the Mn of the at least one styrene- butadiene rubber used in (i) may vary.
  • (i) of the elastomer component includes at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having at least one of a Tg of about -10 to about -20 °C or a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole, preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole (or a range within the foregoing range, as discussed above), and which also has an Mn of 300,000 to 500,000 grams/mole (e.g., 300,000; 325,000; 350,000; 375,000; 400,000; 425,000; 450,000; 475,000; or 500,000 grams/mole); in certain such embodiments, (i) includes only one SBR and it has a Mn within the foregoing range.
  • (i) of the elastomer component includes at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of about -10 to about -20 °C and an Mn of 350,000 to 450,000 (e.g., 350,000; 375,000; 400,000; 425,000; or 450,000 grams/mole); in certain such embodiments, (i) includes only one SBR and it has a Mn within the foregoing range.
  • the SBR of (i) can have a Mn within one of the foregoing ranges in combination with a Mw within one of the foregoing ranges, optionally in combination with a Mw/Mn value as discussed below.
  • Mn values referred to herein are number average molecular weights which can be determined by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) calibrated with styrene-butadiene standards and Mark-Houwink constants for the polymer in question.
  • GPC gel permeation chromatography
  • (i) of the elastomer component includes at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having at least one of a Tg of about -10 to about -20 °C or a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole, preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole (or a range within this range, as discussed above); and which also has a Mw/Mn (polydispersity) of 1.5 to 2.5 to (e.g., 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, or 2.5), preferably 1.7 to 2.5 (e.g., 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, or 2.5); in certain such embodiments, (i) includes only one SBR and it has a Mw/Mn within one of the foregoing ranges.
  • (i) of the elastomer component consists of at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of about -10 to about -20 °C and/or a Mw of least 600,000 grams/mole, more preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole (or a range within this range, as discussed above).
  • the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber comprises (includes) an oil- extended styrene-butadiene rubber; in certain such embodiments the Tg of the oil-extended SBR is about -10 to about -20 °C.
  • the SBR may be extended with varying amounts of oil, preferably 30-40 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 parts) of oil per 100 parts of styrene-butadiene rubber.
  • an oil-extended SBR that was extended with 35 parts of oil per 100 parts of styrene- butadiene rubber would provide 14 parts of oil for every 40 parts of the SBR used in a rubber composition.
  • the amounts (parts) of the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber (i) discussed above refer to the polymer amount of the styrene-butadiene rubber and do not include the amount of oil contributed when an oil-extended SBR is utilized as (ii).
  • the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber (i) has a styrene content of at least 20% (e.g., 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or more), more preferably at least 25% (e.g., 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or more) or 20-50% (e.g., 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50%) or 20-40% (e.g., 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40%).
  • a styrene content of at least 20% (e.g., 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or more), more preferably at least 25% (e.g., 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or more) or 20-50% (e.g., 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50%) or 20-40% (e.g., 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40%).
  • the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber (i) also has a vinyl bond content of 30 to 60% (e.g., 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, or 60%), 35 to 55% (e.g., 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, or 55%), 40 to 50% (e.g., 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, or 50%), or 42 to 48% (e.g., 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, or 48%).
  • a vinyl bond content e.g., 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, or 60%
  • 35 to 55% e.g., 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,
  • the vinyl bond contents referred to herein should be understood as being for the overall vinyl bond content in the SBR polymer chain rather than of the vinyl bond content in the butadiene portion of the SBR polymer chain, and can be determined by H 1 -NMR and C 13 -NMR (e.g., using a 300 MHz Gemini 300 NMR Spectrometer System (Varian)).
  • the styrene-butadiene rubber used for (i) may have a vinyl bond content and styrene content within one of the foregoing ranges, optionally in combination with one or more of the Mw, Mn, and/or Mw/Mn ranges discussed above.
  • At least one of the following is met: (a) the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber of (a)(i) is non-functionalized; (b) the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber of (a)(i) is oil-extended; or (c) the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber of (a)(i) has a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole, preferably 600,000 to 1,200,000 grams/mole, more preferably 700,000 to 950,000 grams/mole.
  • each of the foregoing (a)-(c) are met.
  • the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber of (i) may be functionalized or non-functionalized.
  • the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber of (i) is non-functionalized.
  • the term functionalized should be understood to encompass the use of both functional groups and coupling agents.
  • One or more than one type of functional group may be utilized for each SBR.
  • a functional group may be present at the head of the polymer, at the tail of the polymer, along the backbone of the polymer chain, or a combination thereof.
  • Functional groups present at one or both terminals of a polymer are generally the result of the use of a functional initiator, a functional terminator, or both. Alternatively or additionally, the functional group may be present as a result of coupling of multiple polymer chains using a coupling agent (as described below).
  • at least one styrene- butadiene rubber of (i) is functionalized, preferably with a silica-reactive functional group.
  • (i) consists (only) of one styrene- butadiene rubber, as described above, which is functionalized with a silica-reactive functional group.
  • the at least one styrene-butadiene rubber of (i) is non-functionalized or unfunctionalized.
  • (i) consists (only) of one styrene-butadiene rubber, as described above, which is non-functionalized (/.e., contains no functional group and no coupling agent).
  • (i) consists of more than one styrene-butadiene rubber (e.g., two, three, or more), as described above; in certain such embodiments, at least one of the styrene-butadiene rubbers is functionalized with a silica-reactive functional group.
  • silica-reactive functional groups generally include nitrogen-containing functional groups, silicon-containing functional groups, oxygen- or sulfur-containing functional groups, and metal-containing functional groups, as discussed in more detail below.
  • the functionalization can be achieved by adding a functional group to one or both terminus of the polymer, by adding a functional group to the backbone of the poly (or a combination of the foregoing) or by coupling more than one polymer chains to a coupling agent, or by a combination thereof, such effects can be achieved by treating a living polymer with coupling agents, functionalizing agents, or a combination thereof which serve to couple and/or functionalize other chains.
  • the functionalized SBR of (ii) contains one or more functional groups but is not coupled (/.e., does not contain any coupling agents).
  • coupling agent is added in a one to one ratio between the equivalents of lithium on the initiator and equivalents of leaving groups (e.g., halogen atoms) on the coupling agent.
  • leaving groups e.g., halogen atoms
  • coupling agents include metal halides, metalloid halides, alkoxysilanes, alkoxystannanes, and combinations thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of nitrogen-containing functional groups that can be utilized in certain embodiments of the first-third embodiments as a silica-reactive functional group in the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) include, but are not limited to, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, an amide residue, an isocyanate group, an imidazolyl group, an indolyl group, an imino group, a nitrile group, a pyridyl group, and a ketimine group.
  • the foregoing substituted or unsubstituted amino group should be understood to include a primary alkylamine, a secondary alkylamine, or a cyclic amine, and an amino group derived from a substituted or unsubstituted imine.
  • the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) comprises at one silica-reactive functional group selected from the foregoing list of nitrogen-containing functional groups.
  • the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) includes a silica-reactive functional group from a compound which includes nitrogen in the form of an imino group.
  • an imino-containing functional group may be added by reacting the active terminal of a polymer chain with a compound having the following formula (I): wherein R, R', R", and R'" each independently are selected from a group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 carbon atoms) selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an allyl group, and an aryl group; m and n are integers of 1 to 20 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) and 1 to 3 (1, 2, or 3), respectively.
  • each of R, R', R", and R'" are preferably hydrocarbyl and contain no heteroatoms.
  • each R and R' are independently selected from an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms), preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms).
  • m is an integer of 2 to 6 (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), preferably 2 to 3.
  • R'" is selected from a group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms), preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms).
  • R" is selected from an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms), preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms), most preferably 1 carbon atom (e.g., methyl).
  • n is 3 resulting in a compound with a trihydrocarboxysilane moiety such as a trialkoxysilane moiety.
  • compounds having an imino group and meeting formula (I) above, which are suitable for providing the silica-reactive functional group for the styrene-butadiene rubber of (i) include, but are not limited to, N-(l,3-dimethylbutylidene)-3-(triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine, N-(l- methylethylidene)-3-(triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine, N-ethylidene-3-(triethoxysilyl)-l- propaneamine, N-(l-methylpropylidene)-3-(triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine, and N-(4-N,N- dimethylaminobenzylidene )
  • the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) comprises at least one silica-reactive functional group selected from the foregoing list of silicon-containing functional groups.
  • the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) includes a silica-reactive functional group which includes a silicon-containing functional group having a siloxy group (e.g., a hydrocarbyloxysilane-containing compound), wherein the compound optionally includes a monovalent group having at least one functional group.
  • Such a silicon-containing functional group may be added by reacting the active terminal of a polymer chain with a compound having the following formula (II): wherein A 1 represents a monovalent group having at least one functional group selected from epoxy, isocyanate, imine, cyano, carboxylic ester, carboxylic anhydride, cyclic tertiary amine, non-cyclic tertiary amine, pyridine, silazane and sulfide; R c represents a single bond or a divalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
  • R d represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbon atoms), a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 carbon atoms) or a reactive group
  • R e represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbon atoms) or a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
  • b is an integer of 0 to 2; when more than one R d or OR e are present, each R d and/or OR e may be the same as or different from each other; and an active proton is not contained in a molecule) and/or a partial condensation product thereof.
  • a partial condensation product refers to a product in which a part (not all) of a SiOR group in the hydrocarbyloxysilane compound is turned into a SiOSi bond by condensation.
  • R c represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms), or 2 to 3 carbon atoms (e.g., 2 or 3 carbon atoms);
  • R e represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms), or 1 to 2 carbon atoms or a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms;
  • R d represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms(e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one epoxy group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include 2-glycidoxyethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, (2- glycidoxyethyl)methyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltri methoxysilane, 3- glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)-methyldimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl(methyl)dimethoxys
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one isocyanate group.
  • a 1 has at least one isocyanate group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- isocyanatopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltriisopropoxysilane and the like, and among them, 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane is particularly preferred.
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one imine group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include N-(l,3-dimethylbutylidene)-3-(triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine, N-(l-methylethylidene)- 3-(triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine, N-ethylidene-3-(triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine, N-(l- methylpropylidene)-3-(triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine, N-(4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzylidene)-3- (triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine, N-(cyclohexylidene)-3-(trieth
  • N-(l,3- dimethylbutylidene)-3-(triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine and N-(l-methylpropylidene)-3- (triethoxysilyl)-l-propaneamine are particularly suited.
  • the imine(amidine) group- containing compounds include preferably l-[3-trimethoxysilyl]propyl]-4,5-dihydroimidazole, 3- (l-hexamethyleneimino)propyl(triethoxy)silane, (1- hexamethyleneimino)methyl(trimethoxy)silane, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-di hydroimidazole, N-(3-isopropoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole, N-(3-methyldiethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5- dihydroimidazole and the like, and among them, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole and N-(3-isopropoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole are preferred.
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one carboxylic ester group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include 3-methacryloyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, 3- methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloyloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3- methacryloyloxypropyltriisopropoxysilane and the like, and among them, 3- methacryloyloxypropyltriethoxysilane is preferred.
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one carboxylic anhydride group.
  • a 1 has at least one carboxylic anhydride group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include 3-trimethoxysilylpropylsuccinic anhydride, 3-triethoxysilylpropylsuccinic anhydride, 3-methyldiethoxysilylpropylsuccinic anhydride and the like, and among them, 3- triethoxysilylpropylsuccinic anhydride is preferred.
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one cyano group.
  • a 1 has at least one cyano group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include 2-cyanoethylpropyltriethoxysilane and the like.
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one cyclic tertiary amine group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include 3-(l-hexamethyleneimino)propyltriethoxysilane, 3-(l- hexamethyleneimino)propyltri methoxysilane, (l-hexamethyleneimino)methyltriethoxysilane, (l-hexamethyleneimino)methyltrimethoxysilane, 2-(l- hexamethyleneimino)ethyltriethoxysilane, 3-(l-hexamethyleneimino)ethyltrimethoxysilane, 3- (l-pyrrolidinyl)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(l-pyrrolidinyl)propyltriethoxysilane, 3-(l- heptamethyleneimino)propyltriethoxysilane, 3-(l- dodecamethyleneimino)propyltriethoxysilane, 3-(l- hexamethyleneimino)propyldieth
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (i) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one non-cyclic tertiary amine group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include 3-dimethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- dimethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-diethylami nopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- dimethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-dimethylaminoethyltriethoxysilane, 2- dimethylaminoethyltri methoxysilane, 3-dimethylaminopropyldiethoxymethylsilane, 3- dibutylaminopropyltriethoxysilane and the like, and among them, 3- dimethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane and 3-diethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane are suited.
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one pyridine group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include 2-trimethoxysilylethylpyridine and the like.
  • the functional group of the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) results from a compound represented by Formula (II) wherein A 1 has at least one silazane group.
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such compounds include N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 1-tri methylsi lyl-2,2- dimethoxy-l-aza-2-silacyclopentane, N, N-bis(trimethylsi lyl)a mi nopropyltri methoxysilane, N,N- bis(trimethylsilyl)aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N,N- bis(trimethylsilyl)aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, N,N- bis(trimethylsilyl)aminoethyltrimethoxysilane, N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)ami noethyltriethoxysilane, N, N-bis(tri methylsi lyl)aminoethylmethyldimethoxysilane, N,N- bis(trimethylsilyl)aminoethylmethyldieth
  • N,N- bis(trimethylsilyl)aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N,N- bis(trimethylsilyl)aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane or l-trimethylsilyl-2,2-dimethoxy-l-aza-2- silacyclopentane are particularly preferred.
  • the nitrogen may be deprotected or deblocked by hydrolysis or other procedures to convert the protected nitrogen(s) into a primary nitrogen.
  • a nitrogen bonded to two trimethylsilyl groups could be deprotected and converted to a primary amine nitrogen (such a nitrogen would still be bonded to the remainder of the formula (II) compound).
  • the functionalized polymer can be understood as containing a functional group resulting from a deprotected (or hydrolyzed) version of the compound.
  • Non-limiting examples of oxygen- or sulfur-containing functional groups that can be utilized in certain embodiments of the first-third embodiments as a silica-reactive functional group in the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) include, but are not limited to, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an epoxy group, a glycidoxy group, a diglycidylamino group, a cyclic dithiane- derived functional group, an ester group, an aldehyde group, an alkoxy group, a ketone group, a thiocarboxyl group, a thioepoxy group, a thioglycidoxy group, a thiodiglycidylamino group, a thioester group, a thioaldehyde group, a thioalkoxy group, and a thioketone group.
  • the foregoing alkoxy group may be an alcoholderived alkoxy group derived from a benzophenone.
  • the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) comprises at least silica-reactive functional group selected from the foregoing list of oxygen- or sulfur-containing functional groups.
  • the one or more styrene-butadiene rubbers having a silica-reactive functional group of (ii) may be prepared by either solution polymerization or by emulsion polymerization.
  • the only styrene-butadiene rubbers having a silica-reactive functional group used in (ii) are prepared by solution polymerization.
  • the only styrene-butadiene rubbers having a silica-reactive functional group used in (ii) are prepared by emulsion polymerization.
  • the rubbers are a combination of solution polymerized SBR and emulsion polymerized SBR (e.g., one solution SBR and one emulsion SBR).
  • the only styrene-butadiene rubber(s) present in the elastomer component is a solution SBR (/.e., no emulsion SBR is present).
  • the coupling agent for the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) comprises a metal halide or metalloid halide selected from the group comprising compounds expressed by the formula (1) R* n MlY(4- n ), the formula (2) M -Y4, and the formula (3) IV Y3, where each R* is independently a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, is a tin atom, silicon atom, or germanium atom, IV is a phosphorous atom, Y is a halogen atom, and n is an integer of 0-3.
  • Exemplary compounds expressed by the formula (1) include halogenated organic metal compounds, and the compounds expressed by the formulas (2) and (3) include halogenated metal compounds.
  • M 1 represents a tin atom
  • the compounds expressed by the formula (1) can be, for example, triphenyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, triisopropyltin chloride, trihexyltin chloride, trioctyltin chloride, diphenyltin dichloride, dibutyltin dichloride, dihexyltin dichloride, dioctyltin dichloride, phenyltin trichloride, butyltin trichloride, octyltin trichloride and the like.
  • tin tetrachloride, tin tetrabromide and the like can be exemplified as the compounds expressed by formula (2).
  • the compounds expressed by the formula (1) can be, for example, triphenylchlorosilane, trihexylchlorosilane, trioctylchlorosilane, tributylchlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane, diphenyldichlorosilane, dihexyldichlorosilane, dioctyldichlorosilane, dibutyldichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane, phenyltrichlorosilane, hexyltrichlorosilane, octyltrichlorosilane, butyltrichlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane and the like.
  • silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrabromide and the like can be exemplified as the compounds expressed by the formula (2).
  • the compounds expressed by the formula (1) can be, for example, triphenylgermanium chloride, dibutylgermanium dichloride, diphenylgermanium dichloride, butylgermanium trichloride and the like.
  • germanium tetrachloride, germanium tetrabromide and the like can be exemplified as the compounds expressed by the formula (2).
  • Phosphorous trichloride, phosphorous tribromide and the like can be exemplified as the compounds expressed by the formula (3).
  • mixtures of metal halides and/or metalloid halides can be used.
  • the coupling agent for the styrene-butadiene rubber of (ii) comprises an alkoxysilane or alkoxystannane selected from the group comprising compounds expressed by the formula (4) R* n M 1 (OR A )4_ n , where each R is independently a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, M 1 is a tin atom, silicon atom, orgermanium atom, OR A is an alkoxy group where R A is a monovalent organic group, and n is an integer of 0-3.
  • Exemplary compounds expressed by the formula (4) include tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetrapropyl orthosilicate, tetraethoxy tin, tetramethoxy tin, and tetrapropoxy tin.
  • Polybutadiene Rubber ii
  • (ii) of the elastomer component consists of polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95% (e.g., 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more), a Tg of less than -101 °C (e.g., -102, -103, -104, -105, -106, -107, -108, -109, -110, -111, -112 °C or less), preferably -101 or -110 °C (e.g., -102, -103, -104, -105, -106, -107, - 108, -109, or -110 °C), and a silica-reactive functional group.
  • the Tg of the polybutadiene rubber (ii) is -101 to -110 °C.
  • the cis bond content refers to the cis 1,4- bond content.
  • the cis 1,4-bond contents and vinyl bond contents referred to herein for polybutadiene rubber are determined by FTIR (FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy) wherein a polymer sample is dissolved in CS2 and then subjected to FTIR.
  • the polybutadiene rubber of (ii) has a cis 1,4-bond content of at least 98% (e.g., 98%, 99%, or more) or at least 99% (e.g., 99%, 99.5%, or more). Since the cis bond content of the polybutadiene rubber (ii) is high (i.e., at least 95%, as discussed above), the vinyl bond content will be low.
  • the polybutadiene rubber of (ii) has a vinyl bond content of less than 4% (e.g., 3.9%, 3.5%, 3%, 2.5%, 2%, 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, etc.), preferably less than 3% (e.g., 2.5%, 2%, 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, etc.), more preferably less than 2% (e.g., 1.5%, 1.4%, 1.3%, 1.2%, 1.1%, 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, etc.).
  • any polybutadiene rubber used in the tire tread rubber compositions has a Tg of -105 °C or less (e.g., -105, -106, -107, -108, -109 °C or less) such as -105 to -110 °C.
  • any polybutadiene rubber used in the tire tread rubber compositions contains less than 3% by weight (e.g., 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or less), preferably less than 1% by weight (e.g., 1%, 0.5%, or less) or 0% by weight syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene.
  • one or more than one polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group may be used for (ii).
  • (ii) consists of only one polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95% (e.g., 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more), a Tg of less than -101 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group.
  • the amount of any polybutadiene rubber having a high vinyl content is limited (in the overall tread rubber composition) to less than 25 parts, more preferably less than 10 parts, even more preferably less than 5 parts or 0 parts.
  • the polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group is present as (ii).
  • the Tg of this polybutadiene rubber (ii) is -101 to -110 °C (e.g., -101, -102, -103, - 104, -105, -106, -107, -108, -109, or -110 °C), or -105 to -110 °C (e.g., -105, -106, -107, -108, -109, or -110 °C).
  • the 100 parts of elastomer component comprises (includes) (i) 30-45 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45 parts), preferably 30-40 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 parts) of at least one styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of at least -20 °C, preferably a Tg of about -20 to about -10 °C or -20 to -10 °C (e.g., -20, -19, -18, -17, -16, -15, -14, -13, -12, - 11, or -10 °C); and (ii) 55-70 parts (e.g., 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,
  • 30-45 parts e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33,
  • the 100 parts of elastomer component comprises (includes) (i) 30-45 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45 parts) of at least one oil-extended, nonfunctionalized styrene-butadiene rubber having a Tg of at least -20 °C, preferably a Tg of about - 20 to about -10 °C or -20 to -10 °C (e.g., -20, -19, -18, -17, -16, -15, -14, -13, -12, -11, or -10 °C), and a Mw of at least 600,000 grams/mole (e.g., 600,000; 650,000; 700,000; 750,000; 800,000; 850,000; 900,000; 950,000; 1,000,000; 1,050,000; 1,100,000;
  • 30-45 parts e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37
  • the amount of styrenebutadiene rubber (i) is 30-40 parts (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 parts), and the amount of the polybutadiene rubber (ii) (as discussed above) is 60-70 parts (e.g., 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70 parts).
  • the Mw of the polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 to -110 -101 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group of (ii) may vary.
  • the polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 to -110 -101 °C, and a silicareactive functional group of (ii) has a Mw of 450,000 to 700,000 grams/mole (e.g., 450,000; 500,000; 550,000; 600,000; 650,000; or 700,000 grams/mole), preferably a Mw of 500,000 to 650,000 grams/mole (e.g., 500,000; 525,000; 550,000; 575,000; 600,000; 625,000; or 650,000 grams/mole).
  • Mw ranges falling within the foregoing ranges such as 500,000 to 600,000 grams/mole, 550,000 to 600,000 grams/mole, 450,000 to 600,000 grams/mole, and 500,000 to 700,000 grams/mole can also be utilized in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments.
  • the polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 to - 110 -101 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group of (ii) has a Mn of 180,000 to 300,000 grams/mole (e.g., 180,000; 200,000; 220,000; 240,000; 250,000; 260,000; 280,000; or 300,000 grams/mole), preferably a Mn of 200,000 to 280,000 grams/mole (e.g., 200,000; 210,000; 220,000; 230,000; 240,000; 250,000; 260,000; 270,000; or 280,000 grams/mole).
  • Mn ranges falling within the foregoing ranges such as 200,000 to 250,000 grams/mole, 230,000 to 280,000 grams/mole, 180,000 to 280,000 grams/mole, and 200,000 to 280,000 grams/mole can also be utilized in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments.
  • the polybutadiene rubber having a cis bond content of at least 95%, a Tg of less than -101 °C, preferably -101 to -110 -101 °C, and a silica-reactive functional group of (ii) has a Mw of 450,000 to 700,000 grams/mole (or a range within the foregoing, as described above) and a Mn of 180,000 to 300,000 grams/mole (or a range within the foregoing, as described above).
  • the foregoing Mw and Mn values for the polybutadiene of (ii) refer to values measured 1 by GPC using a polystyrene standard.
  • the foregoing Mw and Mn values for the polybutadiene of (ii) refer to coupled Mw and coupled Mn rather than base polymer values.
  • the at least one polybutadiene rubber (ii), as described above is an oil-extended rubber, incorporating oil in an amount as discussed further below.
  • the at least one polybutadiene rubber (ii), as described above is a non oil-extended rubber (/.e., the BR is not extended with any oil).
  • the tire tread rubber composition exhibits an improvement in wear of at least 2% (e.g., 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 2-13%, 2-10%, etc.), at least 5% (e.g., 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 5-13%, 5-10%, etc.), or even at least 10% (e.g., 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 10-13%, etc.).
  • at least 2% e.g., 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 2-13%, 2-10%, etc.
  • at least 5% e.g., 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 5-13%, 5-10%, etc.
  • at least 10%
  • the tire tread rubber composition exhibits an improvement in rolling resistance (as evidenced by its value tan 6 at -60 °C, as discussed in more detail, infra) of at least 5% (e.g., 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 5-20%, 5-19%, 5-18%, 5-17%, 5-16%, 5-15%, 5-14%, 5-13%, 5-10%, etc.), preferably at least 10% (e.g., 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 10-20%, 10-19%, 10-18%, 10-17%, 10-16%, 10-15
  • the polybutadiene rubber of (i) includes a silica-reactive functional group which includes a silicon-containing functional group having a siloxy group (e.g., a hydrocarbyloxysilane- containing compound), wherein the compound optionally includes a monovalent group having at least one functional group.
  • a silica-reactive functional group which includes a silicon-containing functional group having a siloxy group (e.g., a hydrocarbyloxysilane- containing compound), wherein the compound optionally includes a monovalent group having at least one functional group.
  • Such a silicon-containing functional group may be added by reacting the active terminal of a polymer chain with a compound having the following formula (H): wherein A 1 represents a monovalent epoxy group; R c represents a single bond or a divalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbon atoms); R d represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbon atoms), a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 carbon atoms) or a reactive group; R e represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
  • a partial condensation product refers to a product in which a part (not all) of a SiOR group in the hydrocarbyloxysilane compound is turned into a SiOSi bond by condensation.
  • R c represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
  • R e represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms), or 1 to 2 carbon atoms or a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms
  • R d represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms(e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms), or 1 to 2 carbon atoms or a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms
  • R d represents a monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms(e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g
  • the particular epoxy group present in the formula (II) functionalizing compound can vary.
  • the epoxy group i.e., A 1 in formula (II), above
  • the epoxy group is selected from glycidoxy, 3,4-epoxycyclohexyl, or a glycidyl group having 3-8 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8), preferably 3-6 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, or 6), carbons overall (with the 2 end carbons being within the epoxy ring and the other end of the carbon chain bonded to R c ).
  • the polybutadiene rubber of (ii) has a silica-reactive functional group resulting from use of a functionalizing compound of formula (II) where the epoxy group (i.e., A 1 ) is selected from glycidoxy. In certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, the polybutadiene rubber of (ii) has a silica-reactive functional group resulting from use of a functionalizing compound of formula (II) where the epoxy group (i.e., A 1 ) is selected from 3,4-epoxycylohexyl.
  • the polybutadiene rubber of (ii) has a silica-reactive functional group resulting from use of a functionalizing compound of formula (II) where the epoxy group (i.e., A 1 ) is selected from a glycidyl group having 3-8 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8), preferably 3-6 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, or 6), carbons overall (with the 2 end carbons being within the epoxy ring and the other end of the carbon chain bonded to R c ).
  • Non-limiting specific examples of such functionalizing compounds according to formula (II) which include an epoxy group include 2-glycidoxyethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, (2- glycidoxyethyl)methyldimethoxysilane, (2-glycidoxyethyl)methyldiethoxysilane, 3- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)- methyldi methoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)-methyldiethoxysilane, 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl(methyl)dimethoxysilane, 2-(3,
  • 3- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, and 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane are particularly preferred.
  • the elastomer component may consist of (include) up to 9 parts (e.g., 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0 parts) of natural rubber, polyisoprene, or a combination thereof, which can be referred to as (iii).
  • the amount of (iii) is 0-9 parts, and in other embodiments 1-9 parts.
  • (iii) of the elastomer component consists of up to 5 parts, 0-5 parts, or 1-5 parts of natural rubber, polyisoprene, or a combination thereof.
  • (iii) consists (only) of natural rubber. In other embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, (iii) consists (only) of polyisoprene. In yet other embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, as previously mentioned, no natural rubber or polyisoprene is present or used in the tire tread rubber composition.
  • natural rubber may include Hevea natural rubber, non-Hevea natural rubber (e.g., guayule natural rubber), or a combination thereof.
  • the natural rubber When natural rubber is utilized in the tire tread rubber compositions of the first-fourth embodiments, the natural rubber preferably has a Mw of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 grams/mole (e.g., 1 million, 1.1 million, 1.2 million, 1.3 million, 1.4 million, 1.5 million, 1.6 million, 1.7 million, 1.8 million, 1.9 million, 2 million grams/mole); 1,250,000 to 2,000,000 grams/mole, or 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 grams/mole (as measured by GPC using a polystyrene standard).
  • the Tg of the natural rubber may vary.
  • the first-fourth embodiments when natural rubber is utilized it has a Tg of -65 to -80 °C (e.g., - 65, -66, -67, -68, -69, -70, -71-, -72, -73, -74, -75, -76, -77, -78, -79, or -80 °C), more preferably a Tg of -67 to -77 °C (e.g., -67, -68, -69, -70, -71, -72, -73, -74, -75, -76, or -77 °C).
  • the Tg of the polyisoprene may vary.
  • the Tg of the polyisoprene when polyisoprene is utilized it has a Tg of -55 to -75 °C (e.g., -55, -56, -57, -58, -59, -60, -61, -62, -63, - 64, -65, -66, -67, -68, -69, -70, -71, -72, -73, -74, or -75 °C), more preferably -58 to -74 °C (e.g., - 58, -59, -60, -61, -62, -63, -64, -65, -66, -67, -68, -69, -70, -71, -72, -73, -74, or -75 °C), more preferably -58 to -74 °C
  • the term "reinforcing filler” is used to refer to a particulate material that has a nitrogen absorption specific surface area (N2SA) of more than about 100 m 2 /g, and in certain instances more than 100 m 2 /g, more than about 125 m 2 /g, more than 125 m 2 /g, or even more than about 150 m 2 /g or more than 150 m 2 /g.
  • N2SA nitrogen absorption specific surface area
  • the traditional use of the term “reinforcing filler” can also be used to referto a particulate material that has a particle size of about 10 nm to about 50 nm (including 10 nm to 50 nm).
  • si-reinforcing filler is used to refer to a filler that is intermediary in either particle size, surface area (N2SA), or both, to a non-reinforcing filler (as discussed below) and a reinforcing filler.
  • the term "reinforcing filler” is used to refer to a particulate material that has a nitrogen absorption specific surface area (N2SA) of about 20 m 2 /g or greater, including 20 m 2 /g or greater, more than about 50 m 2 /g, more than 50 m 2 /g, more than about 100 m 2 /g, or more than 100 m 2 /g.
  • N2SA nitrogen absorption specific surface area
  • the term "reinforcing filler” is used to refer to a particulate material that has a particle size of about 10 nm up to about 1000 nm, including 10 nm to 1000 nm, about 10 nm up to about 50 nm and 10 nm to 50 nm.
  • the tire tread rubber compositions comprise (include) at least one reinforcing silica filler in an amount of 80-120 phr (e.g., 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, or 120 phr), having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g (e.g., 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, or 300 m 2 /g), preferably about 150 to about 300 m 2 /g, and more preferably about 180 to about 250 m 2 /g.
  • 80-120 phr e.g., 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98
  • the tire tread rubber compositions comprise (include) at least one reinforcing silica filler in an amount of 85-95 phr (e.g., 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95), having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g (e.g., 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, or 300 m 2 /g), preferably about 150 to about 300 m 2 /g, and more preferably about 180 to about 250 m 2 /g.
  • 85-95 phr e.g., 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95
  • a surface area e.g., 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, or 300 m 2 /g
  • the tire tread rubber compositions comprise (include) at least one reinforcing silica filler in an amount of 100-120 phr (e.g., 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, or 120 phr), having a surface area of about 100 to about 300 m 2 /g (e.g., 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, or 300 m 2 /g), preferably about 150 to about 300 m 2 /g, and more preferably about 180 to about 250 m 2 /g.
  • 100-120 phr e.g., 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116
  • the tire tread rubber composition comprises (includes) at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of 150 to 300 m 2 /g (e.g., 150, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, or 300 m 2 /g).
  • the tire tread rubber composition comprises (includes) at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of 180 to 250 m 2 /g (e.g., 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, or 250 m 2 /g) which should be understood as including intermediary ranges such as 180-240, 180-230, 180-220, 180-210, 190-240, 190-230, 190-220, 190-210, etc.
  • at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area of 180 to 250 m 2 /g (e.g., 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, or 250 m 2 /g) which should be understood as including intermediary ranges such as 180-240, 180-230, 180-220, 180-210, 190-240, 190
  • one or more than one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area as discussed above may be utilized; in those embodiments where more than one such reinforcing silica filler is utilized, the foregoing amounts refer to the total amount of all reinforcing silica fillers. In certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, only one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area as discussed above is utilized.
  • the only reinforcing silica filler(s) used in the tire tread rubber composition have a surface area as discussed above; in such embodiments, the tire tread rubber composition can be understood as being free of (i.e., contains 0 phr of) reinforcing silica filler having a surface area outside the above-discussed ranges.
  • the particular type of silica used for the at least one reinforcing silica filler having a surface area as discussed above may vary.
  • Nonlimiting examples of reinforcing silica fillers suitable for use in certain embodiments of the first- fourth embodiments include, but are not limited to, precipitated amorphous silica, wet silica (hydrated silicic acid), dry silica (anhydrous silicic acid), fumed silica, calcium silicate and the like.
  • suitable reinforcing silica fillers for use in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments include, but are not limited to, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate (Mg2SiO4, MgSiOs etc.), magnesium calcium silicate (CaMgSiO4), calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4 etc.), aluminum silicate (A ⁇ SiOs, AI4.3SiO4.5H2O etc.), aluminum calcium silicate (Al2O3.CaO2SiO2, etc.), and the like.
  • magnesium silicate Mg2SiO4, MgSiOs etc.
  • CaMgSiO4 magnesium calcium silicate
  • Ca2SiO4 etc. calcium silicate
  • Al silicate Al2O3.CaO2SiO2, etc.
  • precipitated amorphous wet-process hydrated silica fillers are preferred.
  • the reinforcing silica fillers are produced by a chemical reaction in water, from which they are precipitated as ultrafine, spherical particles, with primary particles strongly associated into aggregates, which in turn combine less strongly into agglomerates.
  • the surface area is a preferred measurement for characterizing the reinforcing character of different reinforcing silica fillers.
  • the rubber composition comprises a reinforcing silica filler having a surface area (as measured by the BET method), as discussed infra.
  • the rubber composition comprises reinforcing silica filler having a pH of about 5.5 to about 8, 5.5 to 8 (e.g., 5.5, 5.7, 5.9, 6.1, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.9, 7.1, 7.3, 7.5, 7.7, 7.9, or 8), about 6 to about 8, 6 to 8 e.g., 6, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8, 7, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, or 8), about 6 to about 7.5, 6 to 7.5, about 6.5 to about 8, 6.5 to 8, about 6.5 to about 7.5, 6.5 to 7.5, about 5.5 to about 6.8, or 5.5 to 6.8.
  • 5.5 to about 8 e.g., 5.5, 5.7, 5.9, 6.1, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.9, 7.1, 7.3, 7.5, 7.7, 7.9, or 8
  • about 6 to about 8, 6 to 8 e.g., 6, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8, 7, 7.2, 7.4, 7.
  • Some of the commercially available reinforcing silica fillers which can be used in certain embodiments of the first -fourth embodiments include, but are not limited to, Hi-Sil® EZ120G, Hi-Sil® EZ120G-D, Hi-Sil® 134G, Hi- Sil® EZ 160G, Hi-Sil® EZ 160G-D, Hi-Sil®190, Hi-Sil®190G-D, Hi-Sil® EZ 200G, Hi-Sil® EZ 200G-D, Hi- Sil® 210, Hi-Sil® 233, Hi-Sil® 243LD, Hi-Sil® 255CG-D, Hi-Sil® 315-D, Hi-Sil® 315G-D, Hi-Sil® HDP 320G and the like, produced by PPG Industries (Pittsburgh, Pa.) As well, a number of useful commercial grades of different reinforcing silica fillers are also available from Evonik Corporation ⁇ e.g., Ultras
  • one or more than one silica coupling agent may also (optionally) be utilized.
  • at least one silica coupling agent is utilized.
  • Silica coupling agents are useful in preventing or reducing aggregation of the silica filler in rubber compositions. Aggregates of the silica filler particles are believed to increase the viscosity of a rubber composition, and, therefore, preventing this aggregation reduces the viscosity and improves the processability and blending of the rubber composition.
  • any conventional type of silica coupling agent can be used, such as those having a silane and a constituent component or moiety that can react with a polymer, particularly a vulcanizable polymer.
  • the silica coupling agent acts as a connecting bridge between silica and the polymer.
  • Suitable silica coupling agents for use in certain embodiments of the first- fourth embodiments disclosed herein include those containing groups such as alkyl alkoxy, mercapto, blocked mercapto, sulfide-containing (e.g., monosulfide-based alkoxy-containing, disulfide-based alkoxy-containing, tetrasulfide-based alkoxy-containing), amino, vinyl, epoxy, and combinations thereof.
  • the silica coupling agent can be added to the rubber composition in the form of a pre-treated silica; a pre-treated silica has been pre-surface treated with a silane prior to being added to the rubber composition.
  • a pre-treated silica can allow for two ingredients (i.e., silica and a silica coupling agent) to be added in one ingredient, which generally tends to make rubber compounding easier.
  • Alkyl alkoxysilanes have the general formula R 10 p Si(OR 11 )4- p where each R 11 is independently a monovalent organic group, and p is an integer from 1 to 3, with the proviso that at least one R 10 is an alkyl group. Preferably p is 1.
  • each R 10 independently comprises Ci to C20 aliphatic, C5 to C20 cycloaliphatic, or Cg to C20 aromatic; and each R 11 independently comprises Ci to Cg aliphatic.
  • each R 10 independently comprises Ce to Cis aliphatic and in additional embodiments each R 10 independently comprises Cs to C14 aliphatic.
  • Mercapto silanes have the general formula HS-R 13 -Si(R 14 )(R 15 )2 where R 13 is a divalent organic group, R 14 is a halogen atom or an alkoxy group, each R 15 is independently a halogen, an alkoxy group or a monovalent organic group.
  • the halogen is chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine.
  • the alkoxy group preferably has 1-3 carbon atoms.
  • Blocked mercapto silanes have the general formula B-S-R 16 -Si-X3 with an available silyl group for reaction with silica in a silica-silane reaction and a blocking group B that replaces the mercapto hydrogen atom to block the reaction of the sulfur atom with the polymer.
  • B is a block group which can be in the form of an unsaturated heteroatom or carbon bound directly to sulfur via a single bond
  • R 16 is Ci to Ce linearor branched alkylidene and each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Ci to C4 alkyl or Ci to C4 alkoxy.
  • alkyl alkoxysilanes suitable for use in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments include, but are not limited to, octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, trimethylethoxysilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane, isobutyltriethoxy-silane, ethyltri methoxysilane, cyclohexyl-tributoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane, hexyltriethoxysilane, heptyltriethoxysilane, nonyltriethoxysilane, decyltriethoxysilane, dodecyltriethoxysilane, tetradecyltriethoxysilane, octadecyltrieth
  • Non-limiting examples of bis(trialkoxysilylorgano)polysulfides suitable for use in certain embodiments of the first -fourth embodiments include bis(tria Ikoxysilylorga no) disulfides and bis(trialkoxysilylorgano)tetrasulfides.
  • bis(trialkoxysilylorgano)disulfides include, but are not limited to, 3,3'-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide, 3,3'-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, 3,3'-bis(tri butoxysi lylpropyl)disulfide, 3,3'- bis(tri-t-butoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, 3,3'-bis(trihexoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, 2,2'- bis(dimethylmethoxysilylethyl)disulfide, 3,3'- bis(di phenylcyclo hexoxysilyl propyl)disulfide, 3,3'- bis(ethyl-di-sec-butoxysilylpropyl)disu Ifide, 3,3'-bis(propyldiethoxysilylpropyl)d
  • Non-limiting examples of bis(trialkoxysilylorgano)tetrasulfide silica coupling agents suitable for use in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments include, but are not limited to, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, bis(2-triethoxysilylethyl) tetrasufide, bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, 3- trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N- dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, 3-triethoxysilylpropyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, 2-triethoxysilyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, 3-tri methoxysilyl propylbenzothiazole tetrasulfide, 3-trie
  • the tire tread rubber composition includes a silica coupling agent in the form of a bis(trialkoxysilylorgano)polysulfides, more preferably a bis(trialkoxysilylorgano) disulfides.
  • Non-limiting examples of mercapto silanes suitable for use in certain embodiments of first-fourth embodiments disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, 1- mercaptomethyltriethoxysilane, 2- mercaptoethyltriethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 2- mercaptoethyltripropoxysilane, 18- mercaptooctadecyldiethoxychlorosilane, and mixtures thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of blocked mercapto silanes suitable for use in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,468; 6,204,339; 6,528,673; 6,635,700; 6,649,684; and 6,683,135, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • blocked mercapto silanes include, but are not limited to, 2- triethoxysilyl-1- ethylthioacetate; 2-trimethoxysilyl-l-ethylthioacetate; 2-(methyldimethoxysilyl)- 1- ethylthioacetate; 3-trimethoxysilyl-l-propylthioacetate; triethoxysilylmethyl-thioacetate; trimethoxysilylmethylthioacetate; triisopropoxysilylmethylthioacetate; methyldiethoxysilylmethylthioacetate; methyldimethoxysilylmethylthioacetate; methyldi isopropoxysilylmethylthioacetate; di methylethoxysilyl methylthioacetate; dimethylmethoxysilylmethylthioacetate; di methylisopropoxysilyl methylthioacetate; 2- triisopropoxysilyl-l-ethylthioacetate; 2-
  • NXTTM silane (3- octanoylthio-l-propyltriethoxysilane), commercially available from Momentive Performance Materials Inc. of Albany, NY.
  • Non-limiting examples of pre-treated silicas (/.e., silicas that have been pre-surface treated with a silane) suitable for use in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, Ciptane® 255 LD and Ciptane® LP (PPG Industries) silicas that have been pre-treated with a mercaptosilane, and Coupsil® 8113 (Degussa) that is the product of the reaction between organosilane bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) polysulfide (Si69) and Ultrasil® VN3 silica.
  • the pre-treated silica is used in an amount as previously disclosed for the silica filler (/.e., 81-120 phr or about 90 to about 120 phr, etc.).
  • the amount used may vary.
  • the rubber compositions do not contain any silica coupling agent.
  • the silica coupling agent is present in an amount sufficient to provide a ratio of the total amount of silica coupling agent to silica filler of about 0.1:100 to about 1:5 (i.e., about 0.1 to about 20 parts by weight per 100 parts of silica), including 0.1:100 to 1:5, about 1:100 to about 1:10, 1:100 to 1:10, about 1:100 to about 1:20, 1:100 to 1:20, about 1:100 to about 1:25, and 1:100 to 1:25 as well as about 1:100 to about 0:100 and 1:100 to 0:100.
  • the ratio of the total amount of silica coupling agent to silica filler falls within a ratio of 1:10 to 1:20 (/.e., 10 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts of silica).
  • the rubber composition comprises about 0.1 to about 15 phr silica coupling agent, including 0.1 to 15 phr (e.g., 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 phr), about 0.1 to about 12 phr, 0.1 to 12 phr, about 0.1 to about 10 phr, 0.1 to 10 phr, about 0.1 to about 7 phr, 0.1 to 7 phr, about 0.1 to about 5 phr, 0.1 to 5 phr, about 0.1 to about 3 phr, 0.1 to 3 phr, about 1 to about 15 phr, 1 to 15 phr (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 phr), about 1 to about 12 phr, 1 to 12 phr (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 phr), about 1 to
  • the amount of carbon black filler used in the tire tread rubber composition is limited. More specifically, according to the first-fourth embodiments disclosed herein, the tire tread rubber composition contains no more than 15 phr (e.g., 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or even 0 phr) of carbon black filler, and in preferred embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments disclosed herein, the tire tread rubber composition contains no more than 10 phr (e.g., 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or even 0 phr) of carbon black filler.
  • 15 phr e.g., 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or even 0 phr
  • 10 phr e.g., 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or even 0 phr
  • the tire tread rubber composition contains about 5 to about 10 phr of carbon black or 5- 10 phr (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 phr) of carbon black. In certain embodiments of the first -fourth embodiments, the tire tread rubber composition contains 1-15 phr, 5-15 phr, 1-10 phr, 5-10 phr, 1-9 phr, 1-8 phr, no more than 8 phr (e.g., 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or even 0 phr), 0-9 phr, or 0-8 phr of carbon black filler.
  • 8 phr e.g., 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or even 0 phr
  • the tire tread rubber composition contains 0 phr of carbon black filler.
  • the foregoing limited amounts of carbon black filler should be understood to referto reinforcing carbon black filler.
  • the foregoing limited amounts of carbon black filler should be understood to refer to nonreinforcing carbon black filler.
  • the foregoing limited amounts of carbon black filler should be understood to referto all carbon black fillers (i.e., both reinforcing and non-reinforcing carbon black filler).
  • suitable carbon blacks for use as a reinforcing filler in the rubber composition of certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments include any of the commonly available, commercially-produced carbon blacks, including those having a surface area of at least about 20 m 2 /g (including at least 20 m 2 /g) and, more preferably, at least about 35 m 2 /g up to about 200 m 2 /g or higher (including 35 m 2 /g up to 200 m 2 /g).
  • useful carbon blacks are furnace black, channel blacks, and lamp blacks. More specifically, examples of useful carbon blacks include super abrasion furnace (SAF) blacks, high abrasion furnace (HAF) blacks, fast extrusion furnace (FEF) blacks, fine furnace (FF) blacks, intermediate super abrasion furnace (ISAF) blacks, semi-reinforcing furnace (SRF) blacks, medium processing channel blacks, hard processing channel blacks and conducting channel blacks.
  • SAF super abrasion furnace
  • HAF high abrasion furnace
  • FEF fast extrusion furnace
  • FF fine furnace
  • ISIF intermediate super abrasion furnace
  • SRF semi-reinforcing furnace
  • Other carbon blacks which can be utilized include acetylene blacks.
  • the rubber composition includes a mixture of two or more of the foregoing blacks.
  • a carbon black filler if a carbon black filler is present it consists of only one type (or grade) of reinforcing carbon black.
  • Typical suitable carbon blacks for use in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments are N-110, N-220, N-339, N-330, N-351, N-550, and N-660, as designated by ASTM D-1765-82a.
  • the carbon blacks utilized can be in pelletized form or an unpelletized flocculent mass. Preferably, for more uniform mixing, unpelletized carbon black is preferred.
  • the tire tread rubber composition comprises a reinforcing filler other than carbon black or silica (/.e., an additional reinforcing filler). While one or more than one additional reinforcing filler may be utilized, their total amount is preferably limited to no more than 10 phr (e.g., 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0 phr), or no more than 5 phr (e.g., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0 phr).
  • 10 phr e.g., 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0 phr
  • 5 phr e.g., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0 phr
  • the tire tread rubber composition contains no additional reinforcing filler (i.e., 0 phr); in other words, in such embodiments no reinforcing filler other than silica and optionally carbon black are present.
  • the additional reinforcing filler or fillers may vary.
  • suitable additional reinforcing fillers for use in the tire tread rubber compositions of certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments include, but are not limited to, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, clay (reinforcing grades), magnesium hydroxide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, titanium dioxide, reinforcing zinc oxide, and combinations thereof.
  • the tire tread rubber composition further comprises at least one non-reinforcing filler. In other preferred embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, the tire tread rubber composition contains no non-reinforcing fillers (i.e., 0 phr).
  • the at least one non-reinforcing filler may be selected from clay (non-reinforcing grades), graphite, magnesium dioxide, aluminum oxide, starch, boron nitride (non-reinforcing grades), silicon nitride, aluminum nitride (non-reinforcing grades), calcium silicate, silicon carbide, ground rubber, and combinations thereof.
  • nonreinforcing filler is used to refer to a particulate material that has a nitrogen absorption specific surface area (N2SA) of less than about 20 m 2 /g (including less than 20 m 2 /g), and in certain embodiments less than about 10 m 2 /g (including less than 10 m 2 /g).
  • N2SA surface area of a particulate material can be determined according to various standard methods including ASTM D6556.
  • non-reinforcing filler is alternatively or additionally used to refer to a particulate material that has a particle size of greater than about 1000 nm (including greater than 1000 nm).
  • the total amount of nonreinforcing filler may vary but is preferably no more than 10 phr (e.g., 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 phr), and in certain embodiments 1-10 phr, no more than 5 phr (e.g., 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 phr), 1-5 phr, or no more than 1 phr.
  • the tire tread rubber composition comprises (includes) as (d) 30-40 phr (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 phr) of at least one hydrocarbon resin having a Tg of about 30 to about 50 °C or 30-50 °C (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, or 50 °C).
  • the at least one hydrocarbon resin (d) is an aromatic hydrocarbon resin.
  • the tire tread rubber composition comprises (includes) as (d) 30-40 phr (e.g., 30,
  • the tire tread rubber composition comprises (includes) (d) about 30 to about 35 phr or 30-35 phr (e.g., 30, 31,
  • hydrocarbon resin Tg can be determined by DSC, according to the procedure discussed above for elastomer Tg measurements.
  • the at least one hydrocarbon resin of (d) has a Tg of about 35 to about 50 °C, 35-50 °C (e.g., 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, or 50 °C), about 35 to about 45 °C, or 35-45 °C (e.g., 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, or 45 °C) and may be present in one of the foregoing discussed amounts.
  • the at least one hydrocarbon resin of (d) comprises an aromatic resin.
  • one or more than one hydrocarbon resin may be utilized in the tire tread rubber composition and the particular type or types of hydrocarbon resin may vary. When more than one hydrocarbon resin is utilized, the abovediscussed amounts should be understood to refer to the total amount of all hydrocarbon resins.
  • the hydrocarbon resin of (d) comprises an aromatic resin optionally in combination with one or more additional resins selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and terpene resins; in those embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments wherein one or more additional resins are present, the total amount of such additional resin(s) is preferably no more than 5 phr, less than 5 phr, less than 4 phr, less than 3 phr, less than 2 phr, or less than 1 phr (and in each instance no more than 10% by weight, preferably no more than 5% by weight of the overall amount of hydrocarbon resin of (d)).
  • the hydrocarbon resin of (d) consists of (only) an aromatic hydrocarbon resin.
  • an aromatic resin is used, one or more than one aromatic hydrocarbon resin may be utilized.
  • the hydrocarbon resin of (d) includes less than 5 phr of terpene resin, and preferably excludes any terpene resin (i.e., 0 phrof terpene resin is present in the tire tread rubber composition).
  • aromatic resin or aromatic hydrocarbon resin should be understood to include both aromatic homopolymer resins and aromatic copolymer resins.
  • An aromatic copolymer resins refers to a hydrocarbon resin which comprises a combination of one or more aromatic monomers in combination with one or more other (non-aromatic) monomers, with the largest amount of any type of monomer being aromatic.
  • An aromatic copolymer resin would include a hydrocarbon resin having 45% by weight aromatic monomers, in addition to 25% by weight cycloaliphatic monomers and 30% by weight aliphatic monomers as well as a hydrocarbon resin having 55% by weight aromatic monomers, in addition to 30% by weight cycloaliphatic monomers and 15% by weight aliphatic monomers.
  • the hydrocarbon resin of (d) comprises one or more aromatic copolymer resins having a majority by weight of all monomers being aromatic (e.g., 51%, 55%, 60%, 65%, etc.).
  • Non-limiting examples of aromatic resins suitable for use as the hydrocarbon resin (d) in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments include coumarone-indene resins and alkylphenol resins as well as vinyl aromatic homopolymer or copolymer resins such as those including one or more of the following monomers: alpha-methylstyrene, styrene, ortho-methylstyrene, meta-methylstyrene, para-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, para(tert-butyl)styrene, methoxystyrene, chlorostyrene, hydroxystyrene, vinylmesitylene, divinylbenzene, vinylnaphthalene or any vinyl aromatic monomer resulting from C9 fraction or C8-C10 fraction.
  • Non-limiting examples of vinylaromatic copolymer resins include vinylaromatic/terpene copolymer resins (e.g., limonene/styrene copolymer resins), vinylaromatic/C5 fraction resins (e.g., C5 fraction/styrene copolymer resin), vinylaromatic/aliphatic copolymer resins (e.g., CPD/styrene copolymer resin, and DCPD/styrene copolymer resin).
  • vinylaromatic/terpene copolymer resins e.g., limonene/styrene copolymer resins
  • vinylaromatic/C5 fraction resins e.g., C5 fraction/styrene copolymer resin
  • vinylaromatic/aliphatic copolymer resins e.g., CPD/styrene copolymer resin, and DCPD/styrene copolymer
  • alkyl-phenol resins include alkylphenol-acetylene resins such as p-tert-butylphenol-acetylene resins, alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins (such as those having a low degree of polymerization).
  • alkylphenol-acetylene resins such as p-tert-butylphenol-acetylene resins, alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins (such as those having a low degree of polymerization).
  • aromatic resins are commercially available from various companies including Chemfax, Dow Chemical Company, Eastman Chemical Company, Idemitsu, Neville Chemical Company, Nippon, Polysat Inc., Resinall Corp., and Zeon under various trade names.
  • the hydrocarbon resin (d) comprises an aromatic resin based upon one or more of the above-mentioned vinyl aromatic monomers (e.g., styrene, alpha-methylstyrene); in certain such embodiments at least 80% by weight, at least 85% by weight, at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, at least 98% by weight, at least 99% by weight, or even 100% by weight of the monomers in the aromatic resin are aromatic monomers.
  • vinyl aromatic monomers e.g., styrene, alpha-methylstyrene
  • the hydrocarbon resin (d) consists of an aromatic resin based upon one or more of the above- mentioned vinyl aromatic monomers (e.g., styrene, alpha-methylstyrene); in certain such embodiments at least 80% by weight, at least 85% by weight, at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, at least 98% by weight, at least 99% by weight, or even 100% by weight of the monomers in the aromatic resin are aromatic monomers.
  • the aromatic resin of (d) may include a hydrogenated form of one of the aromatic resins discussed above (i.e., a hydrogenated aromatic resin).
  • the aromatic resin of (d) excludes any hydrogenated aromatic resin; in other words, in such embodiments, the aromatic resin is not hydrogenated.
  • the at least one hydrocarbon resin of (d) comprises (i) an aromatic resin in combination with (ii) an aliphatic resin.
  • aliphatic resins include C5 fraction homopolymer and copolymer resins.
  • the amount of any aliphatic resin used in (d) is preferably limited.
  • the total amount of any aliphatic resin used in combination with the aromatic resin is preferably no more than 5 phr, less than 5 phr, less than 4 phr, less than 3 phr, less than 2 phr, or less than 1 phr (and in each instance no more than 20% by weight, preferably no more than 15% or no more than 10% by weight of the overall amount of hydrocarbon resin of (d)).
  • the at least one hydrocarbon resin of (d) comprises (i) an aromatic resin in combination with (ii) a cycloaliphatic resin.
  • cycloaliphatic resins include cyclopentadiene (“CPD") homopolymer or copolymer resins, dicyclopentadiene (“DCPD”) homopolymer or copolymer resins, and combinations thereof.
  • CPD cyclopentadiene
  • DCPD dicyclopentadiene
  • the amount of any cycloaliphatic resin used in (d) is preferably limited.
  • the total amount of any cycloaliphatic resin used in combination with the aromatic resin is preferably no more than 5 phr, less than 5 phr, less than 4 phr, less than 3 phr, less than 2 phr, or less than 1 phr (and in each instance no more than 20% by weight, preferably no more than 15% or no more than 10% by weight of the overall amount of hydrocarbon resin of (d)).
  • the at least one hydrocarbon resin of (d) comprises (i) an aromatic resin in combination with (ii) a terpene resin.
  • terpene resins include alpha-pinene resins, beta-pinene resins, limonene resins (e.g., L-limonene, D-limonene, dipentene which is a racemic mixture of L- and D-isomers), beta-phellandrene, delta-3-carene, delta-2-carene, and combinations thereof.
  • the amount of any terpene resin used in (d) is preferably limited.
  • the total amount of any terpene resin used in combination with the aromatic resin is preferably no more than 5 phr, less than 5 phr, less than 4 phr, less than 3 phr, less than 2 phr, or less than 1 phr (and in each instance no more than 20% by weight, preferably no more than 15% or no more than 10% by weight of the overall amount of hydrocarbon resin of (d)).
  • the hydrocarbon resin (d) includes no terpene resin (/.e., 0 phr).
  • the hydrocarbon resin (d) has a softening point of about 70 to about 100 °C or 70-100 °C (e.g., 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 °C), preferably about 75 to about 95 °C or 75-95 °C (e.g., 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 °C), more preferably about 80 to about 90 °C or 80-90 °C (e.g., 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, or 90 °C).
  • the softening point of a hydrocarbon resin will have a relationship to its Tg such that the Tg is lower than its softening point, and such that the lower the Tg the lower the softening point.
  • the resin with the Tg of 70 °C will have a lower softening point than the resin with the Tg of 100 °C.
  • the hydrocarbon resin (d) meets at least one of the following: (a) a Mw of 1000 to about 4000 grams/mole, 1000-4000 grams/mole (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, or 4000 grams/mole), about 1000 to about 3000 grams/mole, 1000-3000 grams/mole (e.g., 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, or 3000 grams/mole), about 1000 to about 2500 grams/mole, 1000-2500
  • the hydrocarbon resin (d) has a Mw according to one of the ranges provided above, in combination with a Mn according to one of the ranges provided above, further in combination with a Mw/Mn according to one of the ranges provided above; in certain such embodiments, the hydrocarbon resin (d) is an aromatic resin.
  • the hydrocarbon resin (d) comprises an aromatic resin (as discussed above) having an aromatic monomer content of at least about 40% by weight, at least 40% by weight (e.g., 40, 45, 50, 51, 55, 60% by weight, or more), about 40% to about 65% by weight, 40-65% by weight (e.g., 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52,
  • the amounts of aromatic monomer content are weight percentages based upon the total weight of the respective hydrocarbon resin.
  • Liquid Plasticizers including oils and non-oils
  • the tire tread rubber composition comprises 15-30 phr of liquid plasticizer (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 1 , 28, 29, or 30 phr).
  • the tire tread rubber composition comprises 15-25 phr of liquid plasticizer (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 28, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 phr), 15-20 phr of liquid plasticizer (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 18, 1, or 20 phr), or 20-25 phr (e.g., 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 phr).
  • liquid plasticizer is used to refer to plasticizer ingredients which are liquid at room temperature (i.e., liquid at 25 °C and above) and to distinguish hydrocarbon resin plasticizers which will generally be solid at room temperature.
  • liquid plasticizers will have a Tg below 0 °C, generally well below such as less than -30 °C, less than -40 °C, or less than -50 °C.
  • the liquid plasticizer has a Tg of less than 0 °C to -100 °C, a Tg of -30 °C to -100 °C, or a Tg of -50 to -100 °C.
  • liquid plasticizers include both oils (e.g., petroleum oils as well as plant oils) and other non-oil liquid plasticizers including, but not limited to, ether plasticizers, ester plasticizers, phosphate plasticizers, and sulfonate plasticizers.
  • liquid plasticizer is meant to encompass both free liquid plasticizer (which is usually added during the compounding process) and extender oil (which is used to extend a rubber).
  • free liquid plasticizer which is usually added during the compounding process
  • extender oil which is used to extend a rubber.
  • the tire tread rubber composition contains only free liquid plasticizer in one of the foregoing amounts (e.g., 15-30 phr, 15-25, 15-20, 20-25 phr, etc.). In other embodiments of the first and third embodiments and in certain embodiments of the second and fourth embodiments, the tire tread rubber composition contains only extender oil in one of the foregoing amounts (e.g., 15-30 phr, 15-25, 15-20, 20-25 phr, etc.). In yet other (preferred) embodiments of the first- fourth embodiments, the tire tread rubber composition includes both free liquid plasticizer and extender oil, and at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%.
  • 70%, 75%, 80% or more) by weight, preferably at least 60% by weight of the liquid plasticizer in the tire tread rubber composition is provided by oil from an oil-extended polymer, e.g., an oil extended SBR for (ii).
  • an oil-extended polymer e.g., an oil extended SBR for (ii).
  • 60-80% by weight, 60-90% by weight, 60-100%, 70-80% by weight, 70-90% by weight, 70-100% by weight, 80-90% by weight, 80-100% by weight, or 90-100 by weight of the liquid plasticizer in the tire tread rubber composition is provided by oil from an oil-extended polymer, e.g., an oil-extended SBR for (i).
  • the amount of oil used to prepare the oil-extended rubber may vary.
  • the amount of oil used to prepare the oil-extended rubber may vary; in certain such embodiments, the amount of extender oil present in the oil-extended rubber (polymer) or SBR is 10-50 parts oil per 100 parts of rubber (e.g., 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 parts of oil per 100 parts or rubber), preferably 10-40 parts oil per 100 parts or rubber or 20-40 parts oil per 100 parts of rubber.
  • extender oil could be used in an amount of 40 parts oil per 100 parts rubber in an SBR for (i) which SBR is used in an amount of 40 parts (the 40 parts being the amount of polymer of the oil-extended SBR, as discussed previously) in the overall tread rubber composition and, thus, the amount of oil contributed by the oil-extended SBR to the tire tread rubber composition would be 16 phr.
  • Oil-extension of rubbers can be beneficial to ease of processing or mixing when the SBR has a relatively high Mw and/or a relatively high Mooney viscosity.
  • the styrene-butadiene rubber as used in (i) is an oil-extended styrene-butadiene rubber having a polymer Mooney viscosity ML1+4 at 100 °C of at least 100.
  • polymer Mooney viscosity is meant the Mooney viscosity of the rubber or polymer before oilextension.
  • oil refers to both petroleum based oils (e.g., aromatic, naphthenic, and low PCA oils) as well as plant oils (such as can be harvested from vegetables, nuts, and seeds).
  • Plant oils will generally comprise triglycerides and the term should be understood to include synthetic triglycerides as well as those actually sourced from a plant.
  • various types of processing and extender oils may be utilized as the at least one liquid plasticizer, including, but not limited to aromatic, naphthenic, and low PCA oils (petroleum-sourced or plant-sourced).
  • Suitable low PCA oils include those having a polycyclic aromatic content of less than 3 percent by weight as determined by the IP346 method. Procedures for the IP346 method may be found in Standard Methods for Analysis & Testing of Petroleum and Related Products and British Standard 2000 Parts, 2003, 62nd edition, published by the Institute of Petroleum, United Kingdom.
  • Exemplary petroleum-sourced low PCA oils include mild extraction solvates (MES), treated distillate aromatic extracts (TDAE), TRAE, and heavy naphthenics.
  • Exemplary MES oils are available commercially as CATENEX SNR from SHELL, PROREX 15, and FLEXON 683 from EXXONMOBIL, VIVATEC 200 from BP, PLAXOLENE MS from TOTAL FINA ELF, TUDALEN 4160/4225 from DAHLEKE, MES-H from REPSOL, MES from Z8, and OLIO MES S201 from AGIP.
  • Exemplary TDAE oils are available as TYREX 20 from EXXONMOBIL, VIVATEC 500, VIVATEC 180, and ENERTHENE 1849 from BP, and EXTENSOIL 1996 from REPSOL.
  • Exemplary heavy naphthenic oils are available as SHELLFLEX 794, ERGON BLACK OIL, ERGON H2000, CROSS C2000, CROSS C2400, and SAN JOAQUIN 2000L.
  • Exemplary low PCA oils also include various plant-sourced oils such as can be harvested from vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Non-limiting examples include, but are not limited to, soy or soybean oil, sunflower oil (including high oleic sunflower oil), safflower oil, corn oil, linseed oil, cotton seed oil, rapeseed oil, cashew oil, sesame oil, camellia oil, jojoba oil, macadamia nut oil, coconut oil, and palm oil.
  • the foregoing processing oils can be used as an extender oil, i.e., to prepare an oil-extended polymer or copolymer, or as a processing or free oil.
  • the liquid plasticizer may in certain embodiments include a non-oil plasticizer, non-limiting examples of which include ether plasticizers, ester plasticizers, phosphate plasticizers, and sulfonate plasticizers.
  • a non-oil plasticizer preferably only a portion of the liquid plasticizer (e.g., less than 50%, no more than 40%, no more than 30%, no more than 20%, no more than 10%, or even no more than 5% is provided by the non-oil plasticizer).
  • Exemplary ether plasticizers include polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols.
  • Exemplary ester plasticizers include triesters and diesters in particular (which may be selected from the group consisting of di- and triesters of carboxylic acid, of phosphoric acid, or of sulphonic acid, and mixtures of these triesters). More specifically, exemplary carboxylic acid ester plasticizers include compounds selected from the group consisting of trimellitates, pyromellitates, phthalates, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylates, adipates, azelates, sebacates, glyercol triesters, and mixtures of the foregoing.
  • glycerol triesters may include more than 50% by weight, more preferably more than 80% by weight of an unsaturated C18 fatty acid (e.g., oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and mixtures thereof).
  • unsaturated C18 fatty acid e.g., oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and mixtures thereof.
  • carboxylic acid ester plasticizers include stearic acid esters, ricinoleic acid esters, phthalic acid esters (e.g., di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and diosodecyl phthalate), isophthalic acid esters, tetrahydrophthalic acid esters, adipic acid esters (e.g., di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate and diisooctyl adipate), malic acid esters, sebic acid esters (e.g., di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate and diisooctyl sebacate), and fumaric acid esters.
  • stearic acid esters e.g., di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and diosodecyl phthalate
  • isophthalic acid esters e.g., tetrahydrophthalic acid esters
  • Exemplary phosphate plasticizers include those with a tri-hydrocarbyl phosphate and di-hydrocarbyl phosphate structures (where each hydrocarbyl is independently selected from alkyl of Cl to C12, preferably Cl to C8, and aromatic of C6 to C12 both substituted and un-substituted, preferably when aromatic C6 either substituted or un-substituted).
  • exemplary phosphate plasticizers include trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, dioctyl phosphate, 2- ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, tributoxyethyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, cresyl diphenyl phosphate, isodecyl diphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, tritolyl phosphate, trixylenyl phosphate, tris(chloroethyl) phosphate, and diphenyl mono-o-xenyl phosphate.
  • Exemplary sulfonate plasticizers include sulfonic acid esters such as sulfone butylamide, toluenesulfonamide, N-ethyl-toluenesulfonamide, and N-cyclohexyl-p-toluencesulfonamide.
  • sulfonic acid esters such as sulfone butylamide, toluenesulfonamide, N-ethyl-toluenesulfonamide, and N-cyclohexyl-p-toluencesulfonamide.
  • phosphate plasticizers in particular phosphoric acid derivatives (which can be understood as being phosphate esters) are preferred.
  • the Tg of the oil or oils used may vary.
  • any oil utilized has a Tg of about -40 to about -100 °C, -40 to -100 °C (e.g., -40, -45, -50, -55, -60, -65, -70, -75, -80, -85, -90, -95, or -100 °C), about -40 to about -90 °C, -40 to -90 °C (e.g., -40, -45, -50, -55, -60, -65, -70, -75, -80, - 85, or -90 °C), about -45 to about -85 °C, -45 to -85 °C (e.g., -45, -50, -55, -60, -65, -70, -75, -80, - 85, or -90 °C), about -45 to about -
  • the tire tread rubber composition contains less than 5 phr (e.g., 4.5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0 phr) of MES or TDAE oil, or even no MES orTDAE oil (i.e., 0 phr).
  • the tire tread rubber composition includes plant oil as at least part of the at least one liquid plasticizer (e).
  • the tire tread rubber composition contains no petroleum oil (i.e., 0 phr) and instead any oil utilized is a plant oil.
  • the tire tread rubber composition contains soybean oil in one of the above-mentioned amounts. In certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, the tire tread rubber composition contains no sunflower oil (i.e., 0 Phr).
  • the tire tread rubber composition includes one or more ester plasticizers.
  • Suitable ester plasticizers are known to those of skill in the art and include, but are not limited to, phosphate esters, phthalate esters, adipate esters and oleate esters (i.e., derived from oleic acid).
  • an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid wherein at least one -OH is replaced with an -O- alkyl group
  • various alkyl groups may be used in suitable ester plasticizers for use in the tire tread rubber compositions, including generally linear or branched alkyl of Cl to C20 (e.g., Cl, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, CIO, Cll, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, C20), or C6 to C12.
  • esters are based upon acids which have more than one -OH group and, thus, can accommodate one or more than one O-alkyl group (e.g., trialkyl phosphates, dialkyl phthalates, dialkyl adipates).
  • suitable ester plasticizers include trioctyl phosphate, dioctyl phthalate, dioctyl adipate, nonyl oleate, octyl oleate, and combinations thereof.
  • ester plasticizer such as one or more of the foregoing may be beneficial to the snow or ice performance of a tire made from a tread rubber composition containing such ester plasticizer at least in part due to the relatively low Tg of ester plasticizers.
  • the tire tread rubber composition includes one or more ester plasticizers having a Tg of -40 °C to -70 °C (e.g., -40, -45, -50, -55, -60, -65, or -70 °C), or -50 °C to -65 °C (e.g., -50, -51, -52, -53, -54, -55, -56, -57, -58, -59, -60, -61, -62, -63, -64, or -65 °C ).
  • ester plasticizers having a Tg of -40 °C to -70 °C (e.g., -40, -45, -50, -55, -60, -65, or -70 °C), or -50 °C to -65 °C (e.g., -50, -51, -52, -53, -54, -55
  • the amount utilized may vary.
  • one or more ester plasticizers are utilized in a total amount of 1-12 phr (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 phr), 1-10 phr (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 phr), 2-6 phr (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 phr) or 2-5 phr (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5 phr).
  • one or more ester plasticizers is used in combination with oil in one of the foregoing amounts.
  • the total amount of at least one hydrocarbon resin (d) and at least one liquid plasticizer (e) is 45-60 phr (e.g., 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, or 60 phr).
  • the total amount of hydrocarbon resin (d) and liquid plasticizer (e) is 45-55 phr (e.g., 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, or 55 phr).
  • the total amount of hydrocarbon resin (d) and liquid plasticizer (e) is no more than 59 phr (e.g., 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 50 phr, or less). In certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments, the total amount of hydrocarbon resin (d) and liquid plasticizer (e) is no more than 55 phr (e.g., 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49 phr, or less).
  • the total amount of hydrocarbon resin (d) and liquid plasticizer (e) is 45-59 phr (e.g., 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, or 59 phr), 45-55 phr (e.g., 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, or 55 phr), 45-54 phr (e.g., 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, phr), 45-50 phr (e.g., 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, or 54 phr), 50-60 phr (e.g., 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 or 60 phr), 50-59 phr (e.g., 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,
  • the amount of hydrocarbon resin (d) is greater than the amount of liquid plasticizer (e).
  • the hydrocarbon resin (d) and liquid plasticizer (e) are present in a weight ratio of at least 1.4:1, preferably 1.4:1 to 3:1 (e.g., 1.4:1, 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, 2:1, 2.1:1, 2.2:1, 2.3:1, 2.4:1, 2.5:1, 2.6:1, 2.7:1, 2.8:1, 2.9:1, or 3:1), more preferably 1.4:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.4:1, 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1).
  • the tire tread rubber composition includes (comprises) a cure package.
  • the contents of the cure package may vary according to the first -fourth embodiments, generally, the cure package includes at least one of: a vulcanizing agent; a vulcanizing accelerator; a vulcanizing activator (e.g., zinc oxide, stearic acid, and the like); a vulcanizing inhibitor; and an anti-scorching agent.
  • the cure package includes at least one vulcanizing agent, at least one vulcanizing accelerator, at least one vulcanizing activator and optionally a vulcanizing inhibitor and/or an anti-scorching agent.
  • Vulcanizing accelerators and vulcanizing activators act as catalysts for the vulcanization agent.
  • Various vulcanizing inhibitors and anti-scorching agents are known in the art and can be selected by one skilled in the art based on the vulcanizate properties desired.
  • Suitable types of vulcanizing agents for use in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments include but are not limited to, sulfur or peroxidebased curing components.
  • the curative component includes a sulfur-based curative or a peroxide-based curative.
  • the vulcanizing agent is a sulfur-based curative; in certain such embodiments the vulcanizing agent consists of (only) a sulfur-based curative.
  • sulfur vulcanizing agents examples include "rubbermaker's" soluble sulfur; sulfur donating curing agents, such as an amine disulfide, polymeric polysulfide, or sulfur olefin adducts; and insoluble polymeric sulfur.
  • the sulfur vulcanizing agent is soluble sulfur or a mixture of soluble and insoluble polymeric sulfur.
  • suitable vulcanizing agents and other components used in curing e.g., vulcanizing inhibitor and anti-scorching agents, one can refer to Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Wiley Interscience, N.Y. 1982, Vol. 20, pp.
  • Vulcanizing agents can be used alone or in combination.
  • the vulcanizing agents may be used in certain embodiments of the first -fourth embodiments in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 10 phr (e.g., 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 phr), including from 1 to 7.5 phr (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 7.5 phr), including from 1 to 5 phr (e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 phr), and preferably from 1 to 3.5 phr (e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, or 3.5 phr).
  • 0.1 to 10 phr e.g., 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 phr
  • 1 to 7.5 phr e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 7.5 phr
  • 5 phr e.g., 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5,
  • Vulcanizing accelerators are used to control the time and/or temperature required for vulcanization and to improve properties of the vulcanizate.
  • suitable vulcanizing accelerators for use in certain embodiments of the first-fourth embodiments disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, thiazole vulcanization accelerators, such as 2- mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis(benzothiazole) (MBTS), N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole- sulfenamide (CBS), N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazole-sulfenamide (TBBS), and the like; guanidine vulcanization accelerators, such as diphenyl guanidine (DPG) and the like; thiuram vulcanizing accelerators; carbamate vulcanizing accelerators; and the like.
  • thiazole vulcanization accelerators such as 2- mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,2'-dithiobis
  • the amount of the vulcanization accelerator used ranges from 0.1 to 10 phr (e.g., 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 phr), preferably 0.5 to 5 phr (e.g., 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 phr).
  • any vulcanization accelerator used in the tire tread rubber compositions of the first-fourth embodiments excludes any thiurams such as thiuram monosulfides and thiuram polysulfides (examples of which include TMTM (tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide), TMTD (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide), DPTT (dipentamethylene thiuram tetrasulfide), TETD (tetraethyl thiuram disulfide), TiBTD (tetraisobutyl thiuram disulfide), and TBzTD (tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide)); in other words, the tire tread rubber compositions of the first-fourth embodiments preferably contain no thiuram accelerators (i.e., 0 phr).
  • TMTM tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide
  • TMTD tetramethyl thiuram disul
  • Vulcanizing activators are additives used to support vulcanization.
  • Generally vulcanizing activators include both an inorganic and organic component.
  • Zinc oxide is the most widely used inorganic vulcanization activator.
  • Various organic vulcanization activators are commonly used including stearic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, and zinc salts of each of the foregoing.
  • the amount of vulcanization activator used ranges from 0.1 to 6 phr (e.g., 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, or 6 phr), preferably 0.5 to 4 phr (e.g., 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 3.5, or 4 phr).
  • one or more vulcanization activators are used which includes one or more thiourea compounds (used in one of the foregoing amounts), and optionally in combination with one or more of the foregoing vulcanization activators.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from H, alkyl, aryl, and N-containing substituents (e.g., guanyl).
  • two of the foregoing structures can be bonded together through N (removing one of the R groups) in a dithiobiurea compound.
  • one of R 1 or R 2 and one of R 3 or R 4 can be bonded together with one or more methylene groups (-CH2-) therebetween.
  • the thiourea has one or two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 selected from one of the foregoing groups with the remaining R groups being hydrogen.
  • exemplary alkyl include C1-C6 linear, branched or cyclic groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • Exemplary aryl include C6-C12 aromatic groups such as phenyl, tolyl, and naphthyl.
  • Exemplary thiourea compounds include, but are not limited to, dihydrocarbylthioureas such as dialkylthioureas and diarylthioureas.
  • Non-limiting examples of particular thiourea compounds include one or more of thiourea, N,N'-diphenylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, N,N'- diethylthiourea (DEU), N,N'-dimethylthiourea, N,N'-dibutylthiourea, ethylenethiourea, N,N'- diisopropylthiourea, N,N'-dicyclohexylthiourea, l,3-di(o-tolyl)thiourea, l,3-di(p-tolyl)thiourea, l,l-diphenyl-2-thiourea, 2,5-dithiobiurea, guanylthiourea, l-(
  • the activator includes at least one thiourea compound selected from thiourea, N,N'-diethylthiourea, trimethylthiourea, N,N'-diphenylthiourea, and N-N'-dimethylthiourea.
  • Vulcanization inhibitors are used to control the vulcanization process and generally retard or inhibit vulcanization until the desired time and/or temperature is reached.
  • Common vulcanization inhibitors include, but are not limited to, PVI (cyclohexylthiophthalmide) from Santogard.
  • the amount of vulcanization inhibitor is 0.1 to 3 phr (e.g., 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, or 3 phr), preferably 0.5 to 2 phr (e.g., 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2 phr).
  • the particular steps involved in preparing the tire tread rubber compositions of the first-fourth embodiments disclosed herein are generally those of conventionally practiced methods comprising mixing the ingredients in at least one nonproductive master-batch stage and a final productive mixing stage.
  • the tire tread rubber composition is prepared by combining the ingredients for the rubber composition (as disclosed above) by methods known in the art, such as, for example, by kneading the ingredients together in a Banbury mixer or on a milled roll.
  • Such methods generally include at least one non-productive master-batch mixing stage and a final productive mixing stage.
  • non-productive master-batch stage is known to those of skill in the art and generally understood to be a mixing stage (or stages) where no vulcanizing agents or vulcanization accelerators are added.
  • final productive mixing stage is also known to those of skill in the art and generally understood to be the mixing stage where the vulcanizing agents and vulcanization accelerators are added into the rubber composition.
  • the tire tread rubber composition is prepared by a process comprising more than one non-productive master-batch mixing stage.
  • the tire tread rubber composition is prepared by a process wherein the master-batch mixing stage includes at least one of tandem mixing or intermeshing mixing.
  • Tandem mixing can be understood as including the use of a mixer with two mixing chambers with each chamber having a set of mixing rotors; generally, the two mixing chambers are stacked together with the upper mixer being the primary mixer and the lower mixer accepting a batch from the upper or primary mixer.
  • the primary mixer utilizes intermeshing rotors and in other embodiments the primary mixer utilizes tangential rotors.
  • the lower mixer utilizes intermeshing rotors.
  • Intermeshing mixing can be understood as including the use of a mixer with intermeshing rotors.
  • Intermeshing rotors refers to a set of rotors where the major diameter of one rotor in a set interacts with the minor diameter of the opposing rotor in the set such that the rotors intermesh with each other. Intermeshing rotors must be driven at an even speed because of the interaction between the rotors.
  • tangential rotors refers to a set of rotors where each rotor turns independently of the other in a cavity that may be referred to as a side.
  • a mixer with tangential rotors will include a ram whereas a ram is not necessary in a mixer with intermeshing rotors.
  • the rubbers (or polymers) and at least one reinforcing filler will be added in a non-productive or master-batch mixing stage or stages.
  • at least the vulcanizing agent component and the vulcanizing accelerator component of a cure package will be added in a final or productive mixing stage.
  • the tire tread rubber composition is prepared using a process wherein at least one non-productive master batch mixing stage is conducted at a temperature of about 130 °C to about 200 °C.
  • the tire tread rubber composition is prepared using a final productive mixing stage conducted at a temperature below the vulcanization temperature in order to avoid unwanted pre-cure of the rubber composition. Therefore, the temperature of the productive or final mixing stage generally should not exceed about 120 °C and is typically about 40 °C to about 120 °C, or about 60 °C to about 110 °C and, especially, about 75 °C to about 100 °C. In certain embodiments of the first -fourth embodiments, the tire tread rubber composition is prepared according to a process that includes at least one non-productive mixing stage and at least one productive mixing stage.
  • silica fillers may optionally necessitate a separate re-mill stage for separate addition of a portion or all of such filler. This stage often is performed at temperatures similar to, although often slightly lower than, those employed in the masterbatch stage, i.e., ramping from about 90°C to a drop temperature of about 150°C.
  • improved or desirable properties may include one or more of rolling resistance, snow or ice traction, wet traction, dry handling, or wear, preferably improved rolling resistance and wear.
  • Additional improved or desirable properties may include elongation at break (Eb), tensile at break (Tb) and TbxEb. While these properties may be measured by various methods, the values referred to herein for rolling resistance, snow or ice traction, wet traction, and dry handling refer to tan 6 values measured at the following temperatures and according to the following procedures.
  • Tan 6 values can be measured with a dynamic mechanical thermal spectrometer (Eplexor® 500N from Gabo Qualimeter Testanlagen GmbH of Ahiden, Germany) generally following the guidelines of ASTM D5992-96 (2011) and under the following conditions: measurement mode: tensile test mode; measuring frequency: 52 Hz; applying 0.2% strain from -50 to -5 °C and 1% strain from -5 to 65 °C; collecting data approximately every 1 °C in order to provide measurements at temperatures of -30 °C, 0 °C, 30°C, and 60 °C; sample shape: 4.75 mm wide x 29 mm long x 2.0 mm thick. Measurement is made upon a cured sample of rubber (cured for 15 minutes at 170°C).
  • a rubber composition's tan 6 at -30 °C is indicative of its snow or ice traction (also referred to herein as winter performance) when incorporated into a tire tread
  • tan 6 at 0 °C is indicative of its wet traction when incorporated into a tire tread
  • tan 6 at 30 °C is indicative of its dry handling when incorporated into a tire tread
  • its tan 6 at 60 °C is indicative of its rolling resistance when incorporated into a tire tread.
  • the rubber composition has a value for tan 6 at 60 °C of 0.18 to 0.26 (e.g., 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, or 0.26), preferably 0.19 to 0.24 (e.g., 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, or 0.24).
  • a tan 6 at 60 °C within one of the foregoing ranges can be understood as being indicative of a tire (or more specifically, a tire tread) with moderate rolling resistance (as opposed to a tire with low rolling resistance which would generally be indicated by a tan 6 at 60 °C of less than 0.2).
  • the value for tan 6 at 60 °C is combined with at least one of the following: (a) a value for tan 6 at -30 °C of no more than 3 times (e.g., 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, etc.
  • a value for tan 6 at -30 °C of no more than 3 times e.g., 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, etc.
  • the tan 6 at 60 °C value preferably between 3 times and 1.8 times (e.g., 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 1.9, 1.8 times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 2.9 and 2 times (e.g., 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, or 2 times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value; (b) a value for tan 6 at 30 °C of at least 1.3 times (e.g., 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, etc.
  • 3 times and 1.8 times e.g., 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 1.9, 1.8 times
  • the tan 6 at 60 °C value more preferably between 2.9 and 2 times (e.
  • the tan 6 at 60 °C value preferably between 1.3 and 1.8 times (e.g., 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, or 1.8 times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 1.4 and 1.7 times (e.g., 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, or 1.7 times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value; or (c) a value for tan 6 at 0 °C of at least 1.9 times (e.g., 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, etc.
  • 1.9 times e.g., 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, etc.
  • the tan 6 at 60 °C value preferably 1.9 times to 2.7 times (e.g., 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, or 2.7 times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 2 and 2.5 times (e.g., 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, or 2.5 times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value; in certain such embodiments, the value for tan 6 at 60 °C is combined with each of (a), (b), and (c).
  • one of the foregoing values for tan 6 at 60 °C (e.g., 0.18 to 0.26 or 0.19 to 0.24, etc.) is combined with (a) a value for 6 at -30 °C of between 3 times and 1.8 times (e.g., 3, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2, 1.9, 1.8 times times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value.
  • one of the foregoing values for tan 6 at 60 °C (e.g., 0.18 to 0.26 or 0.19 to 0.24, etc.) is combined with (b) a value for 6 at 0 °C of between 1.9 and 2.7 times (e.g., 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, or 2.7 times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value.
  • one of the foregoing values for tan 6 at 60 °C (e.g., 0.18 to 0.26 or 0.19 to 0.24, etc.) is combined with (c) a value for 6 at 30 °C of between 1.3 and 1.8 times (e.g., 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, or 1.8 times times) the tan 6 at 60 °C value.
  • one of the foregoing values for tan 6 at 60 °C (e.g., 0.18 to 0.26 or 0.19 to 0.24, etc.) is combined with the more preferred values for tan 6 at -30 °C, the more preferred values for tan 6 at 30 °C, and the more preferred values for tan 6 at 30 °C.
  • the tire tread rubber composition has a value for tan 6 at 60 °C of 0.18 to 0.26, preferably 0.19 to 0.24 and meets at least one of the following (/.e., (a)-(c), preferably each of the following: (a) has a value for tan 6 at -30 °C of no more than 3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 2.9 and 2 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; (b) has a value for tan 6 at 30 °C of at least 1.3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, preferably between 1.3 times and 1.8 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value, more preferably between 1.4 times and 1.7 times the tan 6 at 60 °C value; or (c) has a
  • the wear performance of a tire tread rubber composition can be evaluated by various methods.
  • the absolute wear values provided herein refer to DIN abrasion values that can be measured using standard methods including DIN ISO 4649, 2017 edition, or more preferably DIN ISO 53516. According to such method, the values represent the amount of material lost (in mm 3 ) during the abrasion testing. When comparing two DIN abrasion values, a lower number indicates less material lost and corresponds to an improvement in wear.
  • An improvement in wear can also be described as improved resistance to abrasion and is generally desirable in a tire tread since it leads to a tire having a longer lifespan (e.g. e.g., having a higher predicted mileage rating).
  • the tire tread rubber composition has a DIN abrasion (according to DIN ISO 4649, 2017 edition, more preferably DIN ISO 53516) of no more than 100 mm 3 (e.g., 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93,
  • 85, 84, 83, 82, 81, or 80 mm 3 95 to 80 mm 3 (e.g., 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, 85, 84, 83, 82, 81, or 80 mm 3 ), 90 to 80 mm 3 (e.g., 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, 85, 84, 83, 82, 81, or 80 mm 3 ), 85 to 80 mm 3 (e.g., 85, 84, 83, 82, 81, or 80 mm 3 ), 100 to 85 mm 3 (e.g., 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94,
  • 100 to 85 mm 3 e.g., 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94,
  • 85 mm 3 86, or 85 mm 3
  • 90 to 85 mm 3 e.g., 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, or 85 mm 3
  • the tire tread rubber compositions of the first-fourth embodiments can be considered to be particularly useful in terms of providing a tire tread improved rolling resistance and wear performance.
  • the rolling resistance and wear performance are balanced is meant that the rolling resistance and wear performance are each improved by at least 5% as compared to a control while maintaining the wear performance, where the control refers to a tread rubber composition which replaces the silica-reactive functionalized polybutadiene (ii) with an equivalent amount of a non-functional high cis polybutadiene.
  • the wear performance is at least 101% of a control (e.g., 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, etc.), and in certain instances an improvement in wear as compared to the control, e.g., of at least 5% (e.g., 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% or higher, including ranges encompassing the foregoing such as 5-15% and 5-10%) or even at least 10% (e.g., 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% or higher, including ranges encompassing the foregoing such as 10-15%).
  • a control e.g., 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, etc.
  • an improvement in wear as compared to the control, e.g., of at least 5% (e.g., 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% or higher, including
  • the foregoing improvements can also be described as being at least 105% (with 105% being 5% higher than 100%) and at least 110% (with 110% being 10% higher than 100%) as compared to a control.
  • the sample could be described as having a wear performance that is 95% of its control and if a sample exhibited an abrasion loss of 0.0054 mg and its control exhibited an abrasion loss of 0.0060 mg, the sample could be described as having a wear performance that is improved by 10% as compared to its control.
  • a wear performance that is 100% of its control should be understood as having a wear performance that is equal to its control and the comparisons to control are calculated by dividing the control value by the sample value and multiplying by 100%.
  • the rolling resistance is improved is meant that the rolling resistance (as reflected by tan 6 measurements at 60 °C, as described further herein) is at least 101% of a control (e.g., 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, etc.), and in certain instances an improvement in rolling resistance as compared to the control, e.g., of at least 5% (e.g., 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% or higher, including ranges encompassing the foregoing such as 5-15% and 5-10%) or even at least 10% (e.g., 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% or higher, including ranges encompassing the foregoing such as 10-15%).
  • the foregoing improvements can also be described as being at least 105% (with 105% being 5% higher than 100%) and at least 110% (with 110% being 10% higher than 100%) as compared to a control.
  • the rolling resistance and wear performance are each improved by at least 5% as compared to a control is meant to encompass improvements of 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, etc. (as discussed above) or even improvements of at least 10% (as also discussed above).
  • the rubber composition has a room temperature Eb of at least 425% (e.g., 425%, 430%, 435%, 440%, 445%, 450%, 455%, 460%, 465%, 470%, 475%, 480%, 485%, 490%, 495%, 500%, 505%, 510%, 515%, 520%, 525%, 530%, 535%, 540%, 545%, 550%, 555%, 560%, 565%, 570%, 575%, 580%, 585%, 590%, 595%, 600%, 605%, 610%, 615%, 620%, 625%, or more) or within the range of 425 to 625% or a sub-range within that range, preferably at least 475% (e.g., 475%, 480%, 485%, 490%, 495%, 500%, 505%, 510%, 515%, 520%, 525%, 530%, 535%, 540%, 545%, 550%, 555%, 505%, 510%, 515%, 520%, 525%,
  • Eb values refer to measurements made at 23 ° C. Eb can be measured following the guidelines, but not restricted to, the standard procedure described in ASTM D-412, with dumbbell-shaped samples having a cross-section dimension of 4 mm in width and 1.9 mm in thickness at the center. During measurement, specimens may be strained at a constant rate (20% per second) and the resulting force recorded as a function of extension (strain).
  • the rubber composition has a hot Eb of at least 375%, (e.g., 375%, 380%, 385%, 390%, 395%, 400%, 405%, 410%, 415%, 420%, 425%, 430%, 435%, 440%, 445%, 450%, 455%, 460%, 465%, 470%, 475%, 480%, 485%, 490%, 495%, 499%, or more) or within a range of 375-499% or a sub-range within that range, preferably at least 400% (e.g., 400%, 405%, 410%, 415%, 420%, 425%, 430%, 435%, 440%, 445%, 450%, 455%, 460%, 465%, 470%, 475%, 480%, 485%, 490%, 495%, 499%, or more) or within a range of 400-499% or a sub-range within that range.
  • 375% e.g., 375%, 380%, 385%, 390%, 395%, 400%, 405%, 410%, 41
  • hot Eb values refer to measurements made at 100 °C. Eb can be measured following the guidelines, but not restricted to, the standard procedure described in ASTM D-412, with dumbbell-shaped samples having a cross-section dimension of 4 mm in width and 1.9 mm in thickness at the center. During measurement, specimens may be strained at a constant rate (20% per second) and the resulting force recorded as a function of extension (strain). Generally, a hot Eb value for a given tread rubber composition will be lower (i.e., less than) the room temperature Eb for that tread rubber composition.
  • the rubber composition has a hot EbxTb (both values determined at 100 °C) of at least 3500 (e.g., 3500, 3550, 3600, 3650, 3700, 3750, 3800, 3850, 3900, 3950, 4000, 4050, 4100, 41504200, 4250, 4300, 4350, 4400, 4450, 4500, or more) or 3500 to 4500 or a sub-range within that range, preferably at least 3700 (e.g., 3700, 3750, 3800, 3850, 3900, 3950, 4000, 4050, 4100, 4150, 4200, 4250, 4300, 4350, 4400, 4450, 4500, or more) or 3700 to 4500 or a sub-range within that range.
  • 3500 e.g., 3500, 3550, 3600, 3650, 3700, 3750, 3800, 3850, 3900, 3950, 4000, 4050, 4100, 41504200, 4250, 4
  • the hot TbxEb is calculated by multiplying the hot Tb with the hot Eb value and refers to measurements made at 100 0 C.
  • Tb can be measured following the guidelines, but not restricted to, the standard procedure described in ASTM D-412, with dumbbell-shaped samples having a cross-section dimension of 4 mm in width and 1.9 mm in thickness at the center. During measurement, specimens may be strained at a constant rate (20% per second) and the resulting force recorded as a function of extension (strain).
  • the tire tread rubber composition according to the first-fourth embodiments, as disclosed herein will be utilized in a tire tread.
  • a tire tread comprising (made from) the tire tread rubber composition according to the first-fourth embodiments, as discussed herein.
  • such a tire tread can be utilized in a tire (along with other components).
  • a tire having a tread comprising (made from) the tire tread rubber composition according to the first- fourth embodiments, as discussed herein.
  • the methods are for providing a tire tread having improved wear and/or rolling resistance performance (preferably both improved wear and improved rolling resistance) by utilizing a tire tread rubber composition according to the first-third embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the improvement in wear and/or rolling resistance can be measured according to the methods described herein.
  • tire tread rubber compositions according to the present disclosure can be made using different SBRs, different polybutadienes, different reinforcing silica filler, different (or no) carbon black, different hydrocarbon resin, and different liquid plasticizing agents, generally in connection with the teachings provided herein and as fully disclosed in the preceding paragraphs. It should also be understood that the foregoing ingredients can differ in relative amount, composition, or both from those used in the examples (/.e., as fully as disclosed in the preceding paragraphs).
  • Table 1 contains a summary of information relating to an exemplary inventive tire tread rubber composition and an exemplary control tire tread rubber composition. As should be apparent from a detailed review of Table 1, the control composition differs from the inventive compound with respect to certain of the listed ingredients as well as with respect to resulting properties, i.e., tan 6 values, as described below.
  • a tire tread rubber composition having a tan 6 at 60 °C within the range of 0.18-0.26, a tan 6 at -30 °C of no more than 3 times the tan 6 at 60 °C, a tan 6 at 0 °C at least 1.9 times larger than tan 6 at 60 °C, and a tan 6 at 30 °C of between 1.4 times and 1.7 the tan 6 at 60 °C.
  • control composition does not have a tan 6 at 0 °C at least 1.9 times larger than tan 6 at 60 °C or a tan 6 at 30 °C of between 1.4 times and 1.7 the tan 6 at 60 °C.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneu comprenant un composant élastomère spécifié, une charge de silice de renforcement, une résine hydrocarbonée spécifiée, un plastifiant liquide et un mélange de durcissement. Le composant élastomère comprend du caoutchouc styrène-butadiène et un polybutadiène cis élevé ayant un groupe fonctionnel réactif à la silice. L'utilisation des ingrédients décrits peut conduire à une bande de roulement de pneu présentant des propriétés particulières, comme expliqué plus en détails dans la description.
EP24715354.7A 2023-02-28 2024-02-27 Composition de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneu et procédés associés Pending EP4673502A1 (fr)

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PCT/US2024/017514 WO2024182417A1 (fr) 2023-02-28 2024-02-27 Composition de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneu et procédés associés

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US12365202B2 (en) 2018-05-04 2025-07-22 Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc Tire tread rubber composition
JP2021523260A (ja) 2018-05-04 2021-09-02 ブリヂストン アメリカズ タイヤ オペレーションズ、 エルエルシー タイヤトレッドゴム組成物
US12103334B2 (en) 2018-05-04 2024-10-01 Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc Tire tread rubber composition
WO2019213226A1 (fr) 2018-05-04 2019-11-07 Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc Composition de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneumatique
EP3976393A1 (fr) 2019-05-29 2022-04-06 Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, LLC Composition de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneu et procédés associés
JP2022535725A (ja) 2019-05-29 2022-08-10 ブリヂストン アメリカズ タイヤ オペレーションズ、 エルエルシー タイヤトレッドゴム組成物及び関連する方法
JP2022534568A (ja) 2019-05-29 2022-08-02 ブリヂストン アメリカズ タイヤ オペレーションズ、 エルエルシー タイヤトレッドゴム組成物及びその関連方法

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ATE239737T1 (de) 1997-08-21 2003-05-15 Crompton Corp Blockierte merkaptosilane als kupplungsmittel für gefüllte kautschukzusammensetzung
US6649684B1 (en) 1999-08-19 2003-11-18 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Chemically treated fillers and polymeric compositions containing same
EP1113024B1 (fr) 1999-12-02 2003-04-23 Bridgestone Corporation Polymère, procédé de préparation et utilisation de ce polymère dans une composition de caoutchouc
US6635700B2 (en) 2000-12-15 2003-10-21 Crompton Corporation Mineral-filled elastomer compositions
JP7151083B2 (ja) * 2018-01-11 2022-10-12 住友ゴム工業株式会社 タイヤ用ゴム組成物
US12365202B2 (en) * 2018-05-04 2025-07-22 Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc Tire tread rubber composition
WO2019213226A1 (fr) * 2018-05-04 2019-11-07 Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc Composition de caoutchouc pour bande de roulement de pneumatique
JP2022534568A (ja) * 2019-05-29 2022-08-02 ブリヂストン アメリカズ タイヤ オペレーションズ、 エルエルシー タイヤトレッドゴム組成物及びその関連方法

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