GB2159003A - Electrical energy source - Google Patents

Abstract

An electrical energy source, particularly suitable for portable emergency equipment such as cardiac defibrillators, uses a small replaceable explosive charge 10 e.g a cartridge of which the energy is converted into an electrical pulse train by an electromechanical convertor, for example a piezoelectric transducer 14, and intervening oscillator device 11, 12. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Electrical energy source This invention relates to power sources suitable for use in cardiacdefibrillators and other devices requiring the delivery of a short intense burst of electrical energy.

Conventional defibrillators are expensive and quite heavy. Both the cost and the weight arise largely from the energy supply arrangements used at present. In conventional defibrillators, electrical energy from a primary or secondary battery or a mains-operated rectifier is used to charge a large capacitor. When the defibrillator is used, the accumulated charge is released through a relay switch into the patient. The energy supply components in particular the capacitor and relay, are relatively large, heavy and costly.

Mains-operated defibrillators have the disadvantage of being portable only to a limited extent. Batteryoperated defibrillators require battery chargers, or frequent replacement of expensive primary batteries, as battery capacity decreases even when the defibril latorisnotin use.

Conventional defibrillators, even the portable types, are therefore of only limited availability, and in particulararetooexpensiveforwidespread use.

According to the present invention, an electrical energysourcefordelivering short intense electrical pulses comprises an explosive device and an electromechanical convertor exposed to the explosive device, for producing an electrical output when stressed by explosion of the said device.

The electromechanical convertor is preferably a piezoeíectric transducer, in particularaceramicmate- rial such as barium titanate zirconate. In general, the material should have a high capacitance, and gererate a high voltagewhen stressed.

In the case of a defi brillator, th e piezoelectric transducer or other electromechanical convertor can be connected substantially directly to thechoke coil through which the electrical energy is applied to the patient. The large storage capacitor, and high-capacity relay, used in conventional defibrillators, are elimin ated,togetherwith the conventional electrical power supply, thereby greatly reducing the cost, weight and size ofthe defibrillator.

Instead ofthese components, the defibrillator will contain a piezoelectric body with electrodes, a small explosion chamber adjacent to this, and a trigger mechanism for firing an explosive charge in the said chamber. The chamber and the mounting forthe piezoelectrictransducermust of course be sufficiently strong to withstand the pressures due to explosion but if modern piezoelectric materials are used, an electric al output adequate for defibrillation can be obtained using a relatively small explosive charge. For convenience, the explosive charge may be a cap or blank cartridge as used in rivet or nail guns or starting guns.

Defibrillation usually requires an electrical discharge of about400 J. This can be obtained from a barium titanate or lead zirconate ceramic piezoelectric transducer.

A defibrillator embodying the present invention can be mass-produced at a fraction of the cost of conventional defibrillators using battery or mains power supplies. It can be very portable, and can be used as a standby device in situations where it will only be required at long intervals. For such use it is simpler, more reliable and cheaper than a batteryoperated defibrillator, as it is not necessary to monitor battery condition orto replace expensive batteries at short intervals to ensure reliability. Explosive caps and the like do deteriorate with time, but are very cheap and easy to replace and can be expected to remain effective longer than most replaceable batteries.

Although secondary batteries can provide long-term reliability, they require constant recharging and have only limited capacity for repeated use, whereas the presentdefibrillatorcan be used as often and as fast as the explosive caps can be inserted.

It may be advantageous to couple the piezoelectric transducer to a mechanical oscillator such as a spring orturbine in order to reduce peak stresses and lengthen the output energy burst. The transducer may bespring-mounted,oralternativelythe explosion pressure may be applied to it th rough a spring, or a turbine driven by the explosion gases and arranged to strikethetransducer as theturbine rotates. In this case, fu Il-wave rectification of the electrical output from thetransducerwill usually be required.

In the accompanying drawings: Figure 1 isacircuitdiagramofadefibrillator embodying the invention.

Figures 2 and 3 are schematic side and end views of a powersource embodying the invention.

Figure 4 is a schematic longitudinal section of a further power source embodying the invention.

Figures 5 to 8 illustrate schematically further power sources embodying the invention.

The defibrillator shown in Figure 1 has an energy source or generator 1 embodying the present inven tion, for example as described more fully below. In one simple arrangement, the generator comprises a block of ceramic piezoelectric material exposed to the interior of an explosion chamber shaped to receive an explosive cap and associated with a trigger mechanism of any suitable kind, for firing the cap to release energy into the chamber and thereby to stress the piezoelectric material. The applied stress, as is well known, causes the piezoelectric material to generate a voltage and this is applied to a discharge circuit comprising a rectifier 3, choke coil 4 and capacitor 5, to which are connected conventional electrodes 6 for application to the body of a patient 7. A resistor 9 is connected in parallel with electrodes. In order to control the pulse length of the defibrillation pulse applied to the patient, a relay 8 is arranged to divert the discharge from the patient into the resistor 9 after a predetermined pulse duration. In operation, the user simply applies the electrodes to the patient, inserts the explosive cap, and pulls the trigger. The great simplicity of construction and use will be obvious.

The defibrillator may have a cap magazine and cap ejection mechanism to facilitate repeated use. The number of discharges available is limited only bythe number of caps available. The design of explosion chambers, triggers, magazines and ejectors is well known and therefore these features will not be further described herein.

Sound insulation may be provided to muffle the noise of the explosion.

Depending on the power required, the gererator maycontain morethan one piezoelectric element, and mayfire more than one cap at a time.

The layout ofthe defibrillator can generally corres pond to that of known portable defibrillators, comprising for example a main case, containing the generator most or all ofthe electrical circuitry,the trigger and one electrode, together with a second electrode which is separate but is electrically connected to the circuitry in the case. Such a defibrillatorcan be used very easily, by holding the case in one hand and the separate electrode in the other hand, applying the case with its electrode, and the separate electrode to the patient, and then pulling the trigger on the case.

Alternatively, both electrodes can be mounted on the case. Afurther possible arrangement comprises a power unit containing the generator and circuitry, and two separate electrodes connected to it.

It may be advantageous to apply the energy to the piezoelectrictransducerortransducers by way of an intermediate mechanical element such as to stress the transducers cyclically, so that the output is a pulse train or alternating voltage instead of a single pulse.

Figures 2 and 3 show schematically such a mechanism. A metal housing defines the explosion chamber 2, into which an explosive cap or otherthermal charge 10 is inserted at a narrow end, at which is provided a suitable firing mechanism forthe charge. The cham ber contains a freely rotatable turbine rotor 11, arranged so that the gases produces by firing ofthe thermal charge, passing through the rotor, will make the latter spin rapidly. The peripheryofthe rotorforms a corrugated rim 12 which engages axial percussion end pieces 13 of radially mounted piezoelectriccrystal packs 14 connected in tandem groups.

In operation, as the rotor spins it applies cyclic percussion stress to the piezoelectric packs so that these produce electrical pulse trains, which are full-wave rectified for charging the defibrillator circuitry.

The advantage of such an arrangement is that it reduces the peak stresses on the piezoelectric transducers and extends the output energy burst.

Figure 4 shows a modification in which the explosion chamber2 is rectilinear and the thermal charge 10 drives a hollow plunger 1 with a corrugated surface which acts on radially mounted piezoelectric crystal packs 14 connected in tandem groups fitted with axial percussion cones 1 3. At th e opposite end of the metal housing 15 containing the explosion chamber, is a buffer and/or plunger return assembly 16 for returning the plungerto its starting point.

Instead of piezoelectrictransducers, the expanding gasesfromthethermalchargemaydrivean electro magneticgenerator. Forexample,the gases may drive a small turbine carrying magnets which are thus driven through or past generator coils to provide an electrical current burst.

Figures Sand 6 show an electromagnetic generator anaíogousto t:1e piezoelectric generator shown in Figure 4. The plunger is replaced by a permanent magnet or magnet pack 17, and the piezoelectric packs arereplaced by radially mounted iron armatures 18 wound and connected in series and/or parallel groups.

Alternatively, in an electromagnetic analogue ofthe generator shown in Figures 2 and 3, a permanent magnet rotor driven by the thermal charge rotates within one or more windings which generate the electrical output.

Figures 7 and 8 showa furtherarrangement in which an annular explosion chamber2 contains a rotatable permanent magnet assembly 19 attached to a rotor or carriage so as to be driven round the chamber by the thermal charge 10.Adjacentto the chamberare one or more radiallymounted iron armatures 20 wound and connected in series and/or parallel groups, with pole pieces pastwhich the permanent magnet assembly is driven so as to generate current in the windings applied to the armatures. The rotor may have more than one permanent magnet assembly. The explosion chamber is defined in a circularorvolute metal housing, incorporating a buffer/return assembly forthe perma nent magnetassembly. The magnet poles may be spaced radially as in Figure 7, or circumferentially as in Figure8.

References to explosive devices and thermal charges herein comprise propellent charges and, in general, all types of device which rapidly convert stored chemical energy into thermal or mechanical energy.

Claims (9)

1. An electrical energy source, characterised in that it comprises an explosive charge or device and an electromechanical convertor exposed to the gases generatedtherebyonfiring,forproducing an electrical output from the energy of said gases, the explosive device and convertor being arranged to produce a pulse train in operation.

2. An energy source as claimed in claim 2 in which the converter is arranged to produce a pulse train in response to a single burst of gases from the explosive device.

3. An energy source as claimed in claim 1 or 2 in which the convertor comprises a piezoelectrictransducer.

4. An energy source as claimed in claim 3 in which the converter comprises a movable body arranged to be driven by the said gases and the piezoelectric transducer is arranged to be struck by the said body.

5. An energy source as claimed in claim 3 or4 in which the piezoelectric transducer is associated with a mechanical oscillator driven by the said gases, where bythetransducerwill generate a train of pulses.

6. An energy source as claimed in claim 1 in which the convertor is an electromagnetic generator comprising a mobile magnetic element arranged to be driven bythe explosion of the explosive charge or device, and at least one winding cooperating with the moving element for generating electric current.

7. An energy source as claimed in any of claims 7 to 11 in which the explosive device is replaceable.

8. An electrical energy source substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

9. A cardiac defibrillator comprising electrodes for application to the body of a patient, a choke coil, and an electrical energy source as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8, connected to apply its electrical energy output to the electrodes through the choke coil.

9. Acardiac defibrillator comprising electrodesfor application to the body of a patient, a choke coil, and an electrical energy source as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8, connected to apply its electrical energy output to the electrodes through the choke coil.

Newclaimsoramendmentsto claims filed on Date of search report.

Superseded claims 2-8.

Newclaims:-2-9.

2. An energy source as claimed in claim 2 in which the converter is arranged to produce a pulse train in response to a single burst of gases from the explosive device.

3. An energy source as claimed in claim 1 train which the convertor comprises a piezoelectrictransducer.

4. An energy source as claimed in claim 3 in which the converter comprises a movable body arranged to be driven by the said gases and the piezoelectric transducer is arranged to be struck by the said body.

5. An energy source as claimed in claim 3 or 4 in which the piezoelectrictransduceris associated with a mechanical oscillator driven by the said gases, where by the transducerwill generate a train of pulses.

6. An energy source as claimed in claim 1 in which the convertor is an electromagnetic generator comprising a mobile magnetic element arranged to be driven by the explosion of the explosive charge or device, and at least one winding cooperating with the moving element for generating electric current

7. An energy source as claimed in any of claims 7 to 11 in which the explosive device is replaceable.

8. An electrical energy source substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.