GB2159387A - Preservation of silage - Google Patents
Preservation of silage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2159387A GB2159387A GB08414073A GB8414073A GB2159387A GB 2159387 A GB2159387 A GB 2159387A GB 08414073 A GB08414073 A GB 08414073A GB 8414073 A GB8414073 A GB 8414073A GB 2159387 A GB2159387 A GB 2159387A
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- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- present
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- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000005862 Whey Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 102000007544 Whey Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 108010046377 Whey Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical class [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 235000010624 Medicago sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 241000219793 Trifolium Species 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 7
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241001112696 Clostridia Species 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000003483 Leersia hexandra Species 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 alkali metal nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019629 palatability Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BXNHTSHTPBPRFX-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium nitrite Chemical class [K+].[O-]N=O BXNHTSHTPBPRFX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000010289 potassium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
- A23K10/28—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin from waste dairy products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/22—Compounds of alkali metals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/30—Oligoelements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
An additive composition suitable for use in the preservation of silage comprises a source of nitrite (such as sodium nitrites) and a source of lactose (such as whey) and, preferably magnesite, a source of trace elements, sodium chloride, cereal meal and a synthetic flow aid. The additive composition may be added to green fodder such as grass, lucerne and/or clover.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Preservation of silage
To make silage, green fodder such as grass, lucerne, clover is cut, chopped and packed into heaps or storage containers such as silos to exclude air and moisture. Sometimes the green fodder is wilted to reduce moisture content before ensiling. The packed green fodder produces an ideal mediumforfermenta- tion by various micro-organisms. Although some types of fermentation are beneficial, others are harmful as they destroy useful ingredients ofthe fodder such as protein and reduce the palatability of the silage.
The beneficial type offermentation produces lactic acid from the carbohydrate in the green fodder. Lactic acid is the natural preservative in silage and therefore one of the main objects in silage fermentation is to produce sufficient lactic acid to preserve the fodder.
Good preservation normally requires 5-12% lactic acid depending on the type of fodder being ensiled and its dry matter content. Fodderwith a high dry matter content needs less lactic acid to preserve it than fodder with a low dry matter content. A good indication ofthe amount of acid formed is given by measuring the pH of the silage. The lowerthe pH the more acid is present.
Under good growing and harvesting conditions, green fodder will normally contain sufficient carbohydrate to produce a satisfactory level of lactic acid. If, however, the green fodder is grown and harvested under cold, wet conditions, the natural carbohydrate level may be too low to produce sufficient lactic acid for preservation. In the United Kingdom, the silage making season runs fro early May to September.
During this period, unsuitable silage making weather often occurs and, in most years, there is a loss of silage due to poorfermentation giving too little lactic acid to preserve the fodder. A number of methods have been used to overcome this problem.
The addition of an acid such asformicorsulphuric acid has been used for many yea rs to maintain acid conditions in the silage, but although a pH low enough to give good preservation is obtained, the silage is often less palatable and digestible to cattle. Fu rthermore, these acids are known to be corrosive, a characteristicwhich can lead to handling problems.
The addition of fermentable sugars has also been used to increase the natural level of carbohydrate and hence the level of lactic acid, but sugars are too expensive to be used in any quantity in silage. Sugar in the form of molasses is comparatively cheap and its use is well established; however, it is difficult to apply because of its viscous and sticky nature.
Whey, a by-product of the cheese industry, is readily available as a dry free flowing powder at a price which permits its use in silage making. Atypical sample of whey has the following analysis:- Moisture 3.0%
Protein 12.5%
Fat 1.0 Lactose 73.0%
Ash (minerals,
chloride) 10.5%
In silage making some of the lactose will be converted to lactic acid, the protein will remain largely unaffected during the fermentation and will increase the feeding value of the silage. The lactose will also act as an initial nutrientforthe Lactobacilliand other bacteria which convert carbohydrates to lactic acid.
This is most important as it is essential to encourage the rapid growth of Lactobacilliso that lactic acid is produced quickly before the fodder deteriorates.
A deleterious fermentation is one which produces unpalatable butyric acid. It is known (G. W. Wieringa,
Wirschaftseigene Futter, 1967, 13,2, 146-151 "The
Influence of Ensiling Additives on Fermentation) that alkali metal nitrites, e.g. sodium and potassium nitrites, inhibit Clostridia, the bacteria which produce butyric acid, while encouraging the Lactobacilli, which produce the favourable lactic acid fermentation.
What we have found is that a mixture of a source of nitrite and lactose, supplied as whey, added to green fodder before ensilage not only produces a lower pH than untreated fodder, but also a lower pH than fodder treated with the same quantity of whey alone.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an additive composition suitable for use in the preservation ofsilage, the composition comprises ing a source of nitride and iactose.
Preferably the lactose is supplied in the form of whey as this has the advantage of supplying protein tc the resuiting silage. The source of nitrite may be sodium nitrite.
The composition desirably also comprises one or more of: magnesite, a source oftrace elements, sodium chloride, cereal meal and a synthetc flow aid.
The source of nitrite may be present in an amount from 5 to 60% by weight, preferably from 15 to 20% by weight and the whey, when provided, may be present in an amount from 20 to 80% by weight, preferably 40 to 60% by weight.
Sodium chloride, when provided, may be present in
an amount of from 5 to 30% by weight, preferably from 10 to 20% by weight, magnesite, when provided,
may be present in an amount of from 1 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 7% by weight; trace
elements, when provided, may be present in an
amount of from 0.01 to 0.07% by weight, preferably 0.03 to 0.05% by weight; cereal meal, when provided,
maybe present in an amount of from Ste 30% by
weight, preferably 10to 20% by weight; and the
synthetic silica flow aid, when provided, may be
present in an amount from 0.1 to 5% by weight, p ref era b ly 0.5 to 1.5% byweight.
The effects of the components ofthe preferred
composition are believed to be as follows:
Sodium nitrite - to inhibit Clostridia, the
butyric acid forming bac
teria
Whey -- toprovideasourceoflac- tose
Magnesite - to supply magnesium
Trace elements - for the nutritional value Sodium chloride - asafillerandwhich may also assist fermentation
Cereal meal - a long term source of car
bohydrate nutrient for Lac tobacllli Synthetic silica - to ensure good flow of the flow aid composition in mechanical
applicators.
Acomposition of the invention may be applied by hand or by a mechanical applicator attached to a forage harvester at a rate of 0.2 kg - 10.0 kg pertonne of green fodder, preferably 0.75 - 2.75kg pertonne.
According to a second aspect ofthe invention, there is provided a method of ensiling organic matter, which method comprises adding to matter to be ensiled a source of nitrite and iactose.
The organic matter would normally be green foddersuch asgrass,lucerneandlorclover.
Preferred features of the second aspect of the invention are as for preferred features of the first aspect mutatis mutandis.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided silage whenever prepared by means of an additive composition in accordance with the first aspect and/or by a method in accordance with the second aspect.
For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how it may be put into effect, thefollowing example is now given.
EXAMPLE
The following mixture was prepared: Composition A
Component %weight Sodium nitrite 17.06
Whey 50.00
Sodium chloride 14.00
Magnesite 5.00
Trace elements 0.04
Cereal meal 12.90
Synthetic silica flow aid 1.00
100.00
The above composition was added to freshly cut grass atthe rate of 1.8 kg (i.e. 0.31 kg sodium nitrite and 0.9 kg whey) pertonne and ensiled in laboratory silos.
Other silos were prepared using grass alone, grass
+ whey at 0.90 kg/tonne and grass + sodium nitrite at 0.31 kg/tonne.
After 21 days the silos were opened and the pH of the silage determined.
Rate of Treatment application -JH pH kg/tonne Untreated 4.4 sodium nitrite C.31 kg 4.1 Whey 0.90 kg 4.1 1.8 kg/tonne Composition A (i.e. 0.31 kg 4.0 sodium nitric, whey) 0.90 kg It will be seen thatthe pH of the silage produced in accordance with the present invention was lower than silage which either was treated during ensilation with sodium nitrite or whey alone or was untreated.
Forthe reasons discussed above, low pH is a characteristic of good quality silage.
Claims (30)
1. An additive composition suitable for use in the preservation of silage, the composition comprising a source of nitrite and lactose.
2. A composition as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the lactose is supplied in the form of whey.
3. A composition as claimed in Claim 2, wherein the whey is present in an amount of from 20to 80% by weight.
4. Acomposition as claimed in Claim 2, wherein the whey is present in an amount of from 40 to 60% by weight.
5. A composition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the source of nitrite is sodium nitrite.
6. A composition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 5, wherein the source of nitrite is present in an amount of from 5 to 60% byweight.
7. A -omposition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 5 wherein the source of nitrite is present in an amountoffrom 15to 20% byweight.
8. A composition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 7,the composition also comprising magnesite.
9. Acomposition as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the magnesite is present in an amount offrom 1 to
10% by weight.
10. A composition as claimed in Claim 8, wherein the magnesite is present in an amount offrom 3to 7%
by weight.
11. A composition as claimed in any one of Claims
1 to 10, comprising a source of trace elements.
12. A composition as claimed in Claim 11, wherein the trace elements are present in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.07% byweight.
13. A composition as claimed in Claim 11, where
in the trace elements are present in an amount of from O.03to O.05% by weight.
14. A composition as claimed in any one of Claims l-to 13, the composition also comprising sodium chloride.
15. A composition as claimed in Claim 14, where- in the sodium chloride is present in an amount of from 5 to 30% byweight.
16. Acomposition as claimed in Claim 14, wherein the sodium chloride is present in an amount of from 10to20% byweight.
17. Acomposition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 16, the composition also comprising cereal meal.
18. A composition as claimed in Claim 17, where- in the cereal meal is present in an amount of from 5 to 30% by weight.
19. Acomposition as claimed in Claim 17,wherein the cereal meal is present in an amount of from 10 to 20% by weight.
20. A composition as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 19, the composition also comprising a synthetic flow aid.
21. A composition as claimed in Claim 20, where- in the synthetic flow aid is present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5% by weight.
22. A composition as claimed in Claim 20, wherein the synthetic flow aid is present in an amountof from 0.5 to 1.5% by weight.
23. A method of ensiling organic matter, the method comprising adding to matter to be ensiled a source of nitrite and lactose.
24. A method of ensiling organic matter, the method comprising adding to matterto be ensiled an additive composition as claimed in any one of Claims 1to22.
25. A method as claimed in Claim 24, wherein the additive composition is added at a rate of 0.2 kg to 10 kg pertonneofmatterto beensiled.
26. A method as claimed in Claim 24, wherein the additive composition is added at a rate of 0.75 kg to 2.75 kg pertonne of matterto be ensiled.
27. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 23 to 26, in which the matter to be ensiled is green fodder such as grass, lucerne and/or clover.
28. Silage whenever prepared using an additive composition as claimed in any one of Claim 22 and/or buy a method as claimed in any one of Claims 23 to 27.
29. An additive composition suitable for use in the preservation of silage substantially as herein descri bed.
30. A method of ensiling organic matter substantally as herein described.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08414073A GB2159387B (en) | 1984-06-01 | 1984-06-01 | Preservation of silage |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08414073A GB2159387B (en) | 1984-06-01 | 1984-06-01 | Preservation of silage |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8414073D0 GB8414073D0 (en) | 1984-07-04 |
| GB2159387A true GB2159387A (en) | 1985-12-04 |
| GB2159387B GB2159387B (en) | 1987-10-28 |
Family
ID=10561828
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08414073A Expired GB2159387B (en) | 1984-06-01 | 1984-06-01 | Preservation of silage |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2159387B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GR900100181A (en) * | 1989-03-14 | 1990-07-31 | Church & Dwight Co Inc | Process for removing coatings from sensitive substrates and blasting media useful therein |
| TR25648A (en) * | 1990-04-13 | 1993-07-01 | Church & Dwight Co Inc | PROCESS TO REMOVE COATINGS FROM PRECISE SUB-PLATES AND USEFUL SANDBLASTING ENVIRONMENT |
| WO2004017753A1 (en) * | 2002-08-22 | 2004-03-04 | Yara International Asa | Aqueous preservative |
-
1984
- 1984-06-01 GB GB08414073A patent/GB2159387B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GR900100181A (en) * | 1989-03-14 | 1990-07-31 | Church & Dwight Co Inc | Process for removing coatings from sensitive substrates and blasting media useful therein |
| TR25648A (en) * | 1990-04-13 | 1993-07-01 | Church & Dwight Co Inc | PROCESS TO REMOVE COATINGS FROM PRECISE SUB-PLATES AND USEFUL SANDBLASTING ENVIRONMENT |
| WO2004017753A1 (en) * | 2002-08-22 | 2004-03-04 | Yara International Asa | Aqueous preservative |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2159387B (en) | 1987-10-28 |
| GB8414073D0 (en) | 1984-07-04 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19920601 |