GB2180755A - Methods for preparing bioprosthetic conduits - Google Patents
Methods for preparing bioprosthetic conduits Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2180755A GB2180755A GB08523724A GB8523724A GB2180755A GB 2180755 A GB2180755 A GB 2180755A GB 08523724 A GB08523724 A GB 08523724A GB 8523724 A GB8523724 A GB 8523724A GB 2180755 A GB2180755 A GB 2180755A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- ureter
- conduit
- epithelial surface
- bioprosthetic
- treatment
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 210000000626 ureter Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaraldehyde Chemical compound O=CCCCC=O SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010046399 Ureteric dilatation Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 4
- 210000004351 coronary vessel Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 3
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010020718 hyperplasia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000009123 Fibrin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010073385 Fibrin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BWGVNKXGVNDBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fibrin monomer Chemical compound CNC(=O)CNC(=O)CN BWGVNKXGVNDBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101000637771 Homo sapiens Solute carrier family 35 member G1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000007536 Thrombosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000004142 Trypsin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000631 Trypsin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000309466 calf Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000001715 carotid artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960001484 edetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950003499 fibrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008098 formaldehyde solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000053339 human SLC35G1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008057 potassium phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003752 saphenous vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000009991 scouring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000010110 spontaneous platelet aggregation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012588 trypsin Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/3604—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix characterised by the human or animal origin of the biological material, e.g. hair, fascia, fish scales, silk, shellac, pericardium, pleura, renal tissue, amniotic membrane, parenchymal tissue, fetal tissue, muscle tissue, fat tissue, enamel
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/04—Hollow or tubular parts of organs, e.g. bladders, tracheae, bronchi or bile ducts
- A61F2/06—Blood vessels
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
- A61K35/48—Reproductive organs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/3683—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix subjected to a specific treatment prior to implantation, e.g. decellularising, demineralising, grinding, cellular disruption/non-collagenous protein removal, anti-calcification, crosslinking, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme treatment
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Reproductive Health (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
Abstract
A bioprosthetic conduit comprising an animal ureter, for example, a ureter from a pig, is suitable as a replacement blood vessel, for example, a human coronary artery. Preferably, the ureter is treated to remove its inner epithelial surface and subjected to a fixation treatment while in a distended condition. The distension is sufficient to remove the convoluted internal surface of the ureter to give a substantially smooth internal surface.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Methods for preparing bioprosthetic conduits
The present invention relates to methods for preparing bioprosthetic conduits comprising animal ureters, ureters suitable for use as bioprosthetic conduits and bioprosthetic conduits prepared according to these methods. In particular the present invention relates to such conduits when employed as replacement blood vessels.
Inefficient human arteries, especially coronary arteries, are commonly replaced/bypassed with other arteries or veins taken from the patient, typically the carotid artery or saphenous vein, or with arteries or veins from other human donors or human post mortem material. Human umbilical artieries and veins have also been used as well as non-human animal arteries and veins from, for example, sheep and cows. Also, wholly artificial conduits comprising knitted synthetic fibre fabrics or cast plastics materials have been employed.
So far, none of these "substitute" arteries has proved particularly satisfactory for one or more of a variety of reasons, but essentially because of the presence along the length of the replacement conduit of collateral or branch conduits which require sealing in natural substitutes, and the unacceptable build up of neointimal hyperplasia that is liable in the case of wholly artificial conduits.
Thus, since the advent of coronary artery replacement surgery in the late 1960's, the object and practice has traditionally been to replace existing blood vessels with other blood vessels, with the exception in recent years of the limited use of some wholly artifical conduits, and because of the known disadvantages referred to above, considerable, but so far unsuccessful efforts, have been expended in trying to minimise and/or avoid these problems.
Bioprosthetic conduits comprising animal ureters have been proposed, but it has now been shown, by careful examination of such ureters, that prior to the customary fixation or tanning treatment, the inner epithelial surface of the ureter is liable to fragmentation, giving rise to the possibility of fluid flow disruption and consequent emboli formation.
Thus, the present invention provides a method of preparing a bioprosthetic conduit comprising an animal ureter, including the steps: (1) distending the ureter sufficient to expand the internal surface thereof to give a substantially smooth surface, and (2) subjecting the ureter while in a distended condition to a fixation treatment.
The method may also include the step of substantially removing the inner epithelial surface of the ureter.
The present invention also provides (1) an animal ureter suitable for use as a bioprosthetic conduit which has had the inner epithelial surface thereof substantially removed, and (2) a bioprosthetic conduit comprising an animal ureter which has had the inner epithelial surface thereof substantially removed and has been subjected to a fixation treatment while in a distended condition sufficient to expand the ureter to give a substantially smooth internal surface thereto.
The Applicants have also found that platelet aggregation, fibrin deposition and neointimal hyperplasia may be advantageously influenced by prior treatment of the ureter with glycerol.
Desirably, the treatment takes place following the removal of the inner epithelial surface and prior to the distension and fixing of the ureter.
Preferably, ureters taken from pigs are employed, but ureters from other animals, such as sheep and calves, may also be mentioned.
Pig ureters can provide a 25-30 cm conduit length free from collaterals, with an average internal diameter of 2-6 mm and a corresponding outside diameter of 3-7 mm.
The ureters are kept in a moist condition during the practice of the invention in an isotonic potassium based buffer solution of pH 7.4 free of sodium. This is to ensure that the muscle fibres of the ureters are maintained in a loose, flaccid state to permit subsequent full distension thereof.
The removal or disruption of the inner epithelial surface of the ureter may be carried out by mechanical, enzymatic or chelating treatments or a combination of such treatments.
Removal of the epithelial surface tends to provides a less smooth remaining surface, but one which is less susceptible to fragmentation.
Mechanical Treatment. The ureter is everted and the exposed inner epithelial surface is rubbed away with a rough scouring cloth.
After removal of the epithelial surface the ureter is re-everted.
Enzymatic Treatment. The distended inner epithelial surface is removed by treatment with a 0.1 to 1% trypsin solution at pH 8.4 for up to 4 periods of 30 minutes each at 37"C (without external recirculation).
Chelating Treatment. (Optional). The distended inner epithelial surface is removed by treatment with a 200 mg/litre solution of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid for 30 minutes at 37"C (without external recirculation).
The above removal treatments may be applied singly or in any combination or order.
Each treatment is followed by thorough flushing with isotonic potassium phosphate buffer until the effluent is clear and of the correct pH. Only then is recirculation and the fixation treatment commenced.
Preferably, the fixation treatment employed is based on the use of gluteraldehyde solution.
An essential feature of the present invention is the application of the fixation treatment while the ureter is in a distended, open condition. In the relaxed condition the ureter is closed and the internal surface thereof highly convoluted. Before the fixation treatment the ureter must be distended so as to expand its internal surface to substantially remove the convolutions to give a substantially smooth surface. Preferably the ureter is distended by the use of fluid pressure, but other methods of distension, such as mechanical methods, may be employed.
The following example of the present invention is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Freshly removed pig ureters are stripped of exterior fat and thoroughly washed through with isotonic potassium phosphate based buffer at 4"C.
Each ureter is held horizontal, straight and untwisted between two mounting cannulae which can be adjusted for length, tension and twist. The ureters are flushed through, optionally with glycerol, and left immersed therein for 7 days. The glycerol is then washed from the ureters using an isotonic potassium based buffer solution of pH 7.4 free of sodium.
Thereafter, the mounted ureters are submerged in a bath of the same buffer solution and the solution circulated from a pressure head of 50 mm mercury through the ureters, discharging from the distal cannula at an adjustable pressure head of between 200 and 400 mm water. Under a pressure of 50 mm mercury the ureter wall is distended and the ureter opened to provide a continuous hole therethrough. Such distension has the effect of substantially removing any internal surface convolutions of the ureter to provide a substantially smooth internal surface. Buffer pressure is maintained by recirculation of the overflow via a pressure head reservoir.When several ureters have been assembled under pressure, the whole buffer volume is charged with concentrated gluteraldehyde solution to a final concentration of 0.2%, and the distended ureters are allowed to fix therein for at least 18 hours, during which time the gluteraldehyde solution remains under circulation.
After fixing, the distended ureters with substantially smooth internal surfaces, are sterilised by placing in a 4% formaldehyde solution for 24 hours.
Hydrodynamic tests have established that the fixed ureters according to the present invention will withstand a pressure of 1500 mm mercury-well above the pressure normally experienced in human arteries (approximately 150 mm Hg).
Experimental implantation in dogs has proved successful, demonstrating no immediate thrombus formation, or restriction of the blood flow due to the innate condition of the bioprosthetic conduit.
Claims (19)
1. A method of preparing a bioprosthetic conduit comprising an animal ureter, including the steps: (1) distending the ureter sufficient to expand the internal surface thereof to give a substantially smooth surface, and (2) subjecting the ureter while in a distended condition to a fixation treatment.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 in which a non-human ureter is used.
3. A method as claimed in Claim 2 in which a pig ureter is used.
4. A method as claimed in any of one of
Claims 1 to 3 including the step of substantially removing the inner epithelial surface of the ureter.
5. A method as claimed in Claim 4 in which the inner epithelial surface is removed by a mechanical treatment.
6. A method as claimed in Claim 4 in which the inner epithelial surface is removed by an enzymatic treatment.
7. A method as claimed in Claim 4 in which the inner epithelial surface is removed by a chelating treatment.
8. A method according to Claim 4 in which the inner epithelial surface is removed by a combination of two or more of the treatments claimed in Claims 5 to 7.
9. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which prior to distension the ureter is treated with glycerol.
10. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the ureter is distended by fluid pressure.
11. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which the distended ureter is subjected to fixation by a gluteraldehyde solution.
12. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the ureter is kept in a moist condition in an isotonic potassium based buffer solution free of sodium.
13. An animal ureter suitable for use as a bioprosthetic conduit which has had the inner epithelial surface thereof substantially removed.
14. A bioprosthetic conduit comprising an animal ureter which has had the inner epithelial surface thereof substantially removed and has been subjected to a fixation treatment while in a distended condition sufficient to expand the ureter to give a substantially smooth internal surface thereto.
15. A conduit as claimed in Claim 14 comprising a non-human ureter.
16. A conduit as claimed in Claim 15 comprising a pig ureter.
17. A method of preparing a bioprosthetic conduit substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the Example of the invention.
18. An animal ureter suitable for use as a biporosthetic conduit substantially as hereinbe fore described with reference to the Example of the invention.
19. A bioprosthetic conduit substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the
Example of the invention.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08523724A GB2180755A (en) | 1985-09-26 | 1985-09-26 | Methods for preparing bioprosthetic conduits |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08523724A GB2180755A (en) | 1985-09-26 | 1985-09-26 | Methods for preparing bioprosthetic conduits |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8523724D0 GB8523724D0 (en) | 1985-10-30 |
| GB2180755A true GB2180755A (en) | 1987-04-08 |
Family
ID=10585739
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08523724A Withdrawn GB2180755A (en) | 1985-09-26 | 1985-09-26 | Methods for preparing bioprosthetic conduits |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2180755A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1993019209A1 (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1993-09-30 | Eli Seifter | Anticalcification treatment for aldehyde-tanned biological tissue |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3974526A (en) * | 1973-07-06 | 1976-08-17 | Dardik Irving I | Vascular prostheses and process for producing the same |
| US3988782A (en) * | 1973-07-06 | 1976-11-02 | Dardik Irving I | Non-antigenic, non-thrombogenic infection-resistant grafts from umbilical cord vessels and process for preparing and using same |
| GB2075819A (en) * | 1980-05-15 | 1981-11-25 | Wee Julian Teow Keong | Biosynthetic micrografts from chorionic vessels and process for preparing same |
| GB2156677A (en) * | 1984-03-31 | 1985-10-16 | Wessex Medical Group Ltd | Bioprosthetic conduits |
-
1985
- 1985-09-26 GB GB08523724A patent/GB2180755A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3974526A (en) * | 1973-07-06 | 1976-08-17 | Dardik Irving I | Vascular prostheses and process for producing the same |
| US3988782A (en) * | 1973-07-06 | 1976-11-02 | Dardik Irving I | Non-antigenic, non-thrombogenic infection-resistant grafts from umbilical cord vessels and process for preparing and using same |
| GB2075819A (en) * | 1980-05-15 | 1981-11-25 | Wee Julian Teow Keong | Biosynthetic micrografts from chorionic vessels and process for preparing same |
| GB2156677A (en) * | 1984-03-31 | 1985-10-16 | Wessex Medical Group Ltd | Bioprosthetic conduits |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| WO 82/00091 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1993019209A1 (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1993-09-30 | Eli Seifter | Anticalcification treatment for aldehyde-tanned biological tissue |
| US5476516A (en) * | 1992-03-13 | 1995-12-19 | Albert Einstein College Of Medicine Of Yeshiva University | Anticalcification treatment for aldehyde-tanned biological tissue |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8523724D0 (en) | 1985-10-30 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |