GB2198355A - Incontinence pad - Google Patents
Incontinence pad Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2198355A GB2198355A GB08720163A GB8720163A GB2198355A GB 2198355 A GB2198355 A GB 2198355A GB 08720163 A GB08720163 A GB 08720163A GB 8720163 A GB8720163 A GB 8720163A GB 2198355 A GB2198355 A GB 2198355A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- pad
- fabric
- foam
- plastics material
- cotton
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 206010021639 Incontinence Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F5/00—Orthopaedic methods or devices for non-surgical treatment of bones or joints; Nursing devices ; Anti-rape devices
- A61F5/48—Devices for preventing wetting or pollution of the bed
- A61F5/485—Absorbent protective pads
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
- A61F13/537—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/45—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the shape
- A61F13/49—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the shape specially adapted to be worn around the waist, e.g. diapers, nappies
- A61F2013/49068—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the shape specially adapted to be worn around the waist, e.g. diapers, nappies characterized by the shape of the outline
- A61F2013/49076—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the shape specially adapted to be worn around the waist, e.g. diapers, nappies characterized by the shape of the outline as "I"-shaped
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/51—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the outer layers of the pads
- A61F2013/51002—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the outer layers of the pads with special fibres
- A61F2013/51038—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the outer layers of the pads with special fibres being a mixture of fibres
- A61F2013/51042—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the outer layers of the pads with special fibres being a mixture of fibres with hydrophobic and hydrophilic fibres
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/51—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the outer layers of the pads
- A61F13/514—Backsheet, i.e. the impermeable cover or layer furthest from the skin
- A61F13/51401—Backsheet, i.e. the impermeable cover or layer furthest from the skin characterised by the material
- A61F2013/51409—Backsheet, i.e. the impermeable cover or layer furthest from the skin characterised by the material being a film
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/51—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the outer layers of the pads
- A61F13/514—Backsheet, i.e. the impermeable cover or layer furthest from the skin
- A61F13/51401—Backsheet, i.e. the impermeable cover or layer furthest from the skin characterised by the material
- A61F2013/51409—Backsheet, i.e. the impermeable cover or layer furthest from the skin characterised by the material being a film
- A61F2013/51411—Backsheet, i.e. the impermeable cover or layer furthest from the skin characterised by the material being a film being impervious to fluids but not for air or vapours
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F2013/530802—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterized by the foam or sponge other than superabsorbent
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
- A61F2013/53445—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad from several sheets
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F13/539—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterised by the connection of the absorbent layers with each other or with the outer layers
- A61F2013/53908—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterised by the connection of the absorbent layers with each other or with the outer layers with adhesive
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Nursing (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
An incontinence pad, for example for use as a garment or on a bed comprises a layer of foamed material bonded to a layer of terry material whose pile faces away from the layer.
Description
INCONTINENCE PAD
This invention relates to an incontinence pad which may be placed on a bed, chair or other structure upon which an incontinent person may be disposed. The invention finds particular but not exclusive use in care of bed or chair ridden persons.
According to the present invention an incontinence pad comprises a sheet of foamed plastics material, a sheet of single sided terry fabric overlying the plastics material with the pile facing away from the latter, the plastics material being bonded to the terry fabric.
Flame bonding of the plastics material to the fabric is preferred because the flamed surface of the foam enhances the wicking properties of the latter. Adhesive bonding may also be employed.
The pad may have a lower waterproof layer, for example composed of air/vapour permeable, water impermeable sheeting.
Alternatively a pad intended for placement over a conventional absorbent pad may have no waterproof lower layer. A further alternative pad may be shaped to form an insert in a pair of pants, for example shaped as a diaper for either adult or infant use. The pad may also form a complete undergarment, for example shaped as a pair of elasticated pants.
Use of an open celled foamed material is preferred to enhance drainage of liquid away from the terry fabric. A sponge pore foam is especially preferred. the foam may be treated with a bacteriocidal additive. A foamed layer having a thickness of 6 to 30 mm may be employed, preferably 14 mm dependent on the amount of orthopaedic support needed by the user. Use of polyurethane foam is preferred.
The terry fabric may comprise terry towelling, for example composed of 100% polyester or less preferably 75% cotton and 25 polyester or 100% cotton. Fabric having a -2 -2 density of 100 to 350 gm 2 preferably 220gm 2 for 100% polyester fabricor, 180 gum 2 for 75% cotton 25% polyester -2 fabric or 240 gm 2 for 100% cotton fabric may be employed.
The backing material, if employed, may preferably comprise any suitable air/vapour permeable, water impermeable sheeting, for example polyvinyl chloride having a thickness of 0.1 mm.
Alternatively polyethylene sheeting, which is preferably embossed to prevent sliding of the pad in use may be employed.
A pad in accordance with this invention may have any convenient size e.g. 35 x 60 cm.
The invention is further described by means of example, and not in any limitative sense with reference to the accompanying drawing which shows a cross sectional view of a pad in accordance with the invention.
The drawing shows a pad disposed on a bed 1. A layer of open-celled, polyurethane sponge pore foam 4 having a thickness of 14 mm is covered by a layer of single sided terry towelling material 3, the pile of the towelling facing upwardly, away from the foam. The foam may have a hardness of 100 to 140N and a density of 17 to 19 kgm 3. A bacteriocidal additive may be present in the foam. A preferred foam is DRAKA SPONGE manufactured by Draka Foam
Limited. The towelling has a density of 220 gm 2 and is composed of 100% polyester. In an alternative embodiment the cover material 3 may comprise 25% polyester and 75% cotton fabric having a density of 180 gm 2. This has the advantage of superior wicking properties. The towelling and foam are laminated together by flame bonding or by an adhesive so that they are bonded over their entire area of contact. A waterproof material 5 underlying the foam is sewn or otherwise bonded around the periphery 2 of the pad. the waterproof material may comprise 0.1 mm thick polyvinyl chloride.
Claims (20)
1. An incontinence pad comprising a sheet of foamed plastics material, a sheet of single sided terry fabric overlying the plastics material with the pile facing away from the latter, the plastics material being bonded to the terry fabric.
2. A pad as claimed in claim 1 wherein the plastics material is flamebonded to the fabric to enhance the wicking properties of the latter.
3. A pad as claimed in claim 2 wherein the plastics material and the fabric are adhered together.
4. A pad as claimed in claims 1, 2 or 3 and having a lower waterproof layer.
5. A pad as claimed in claim 4, wherein the lower layer is composed of air/vapour permeable, water impermeable sheeting.
6. A pad as claimed in any preceding claim and shaped to form an insert for a pair of pants.
7. A pad as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5 and shaped as a diaper for adult or infant use.
8. A pad as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5 and forming a complete undergarment.
9. A pad as claimed in claim 8 wherein the undergarment is a pair of elasticated pants.
10. A pad as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the foam material is an open celled foamed material.
11. A pad as claimed in claim 9, wherein the foam is a sponge pore foam.
12. A pad as claimed in claim 10 or 11 wherein the foam is treated with a bacteriocidal additive.
13. A pad as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the foam has a thickness of 6 to 30 mm, preferably 14 mm.
14. A pad as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the foam is polyurethane foam.
15. A pad as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the terry fabric comprises terry towelling.
16. A pad as claimed in claim 15 wherein the towelling is composed of 100% polyester or less preferably 75% cotton and 25% polyester or 100% cotton.
17. A pad as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the fabric has a density of 100 to 350gm 2 preferably 220gm 2 for 100% polyester fabric or, 180gm-2 for 75% cotton 25% polyester fabric or 240gum~2 for 100% cotton fabric.
18. A pad as claimed in claim 5 or any claim appendent thereto wherein the backing material is polyvinyl chloride having a thickness of 0.lmm.
19. A pad as claimed in claim 5 or any claim appendent thereto wherein the backing is polyethylene sheeting, preferably embossed to prevent sliding of the pad in use.
20. A incontinence pad substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB868628530A GB8628530D0 (en) | 1986-11-28 | 1986-11-28 | Incontinence pad |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8720163D0 GB8720163D0 (en) | 1987-09-30 |
| GB2198355A true GB2198355A (en) | 1988-06-15 |
Family
ID=10608144
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB868628530A Pending GB8628530D0 (en) | 1986-11-28 | 1986-11-28 | Incontinence pad |
| GB08720163A Withdrawn GB2198355A (en) | 1986-11-28 | 1987-08-26 | Incontinence pad |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB868628530A Pending GB8628530D0 (en) | 1986-11-28 | 1986-11-28 | Incontinence pad |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (2) | GB8628530D0 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0423436A3 (en) * | 1989-10-20 | 1991-09-18 | Standard Textile Company, Inc | Liquid absorbing pad and method of making same |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2127697A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1984-04-18 | Bonner F J Jun | Bandage for animals and humans |
| GB2171016A (en) * | 1985-02-15 | 1986-08-20 | Kao Corp | Absorbent sanitary article |
-
1986
- 1986-11-28 GB GB868628530A patent/GB8628530D0/en active Pending
-
1987
- 1987-08-26 GB GB08720163A patent/GB2198355A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2127697A (en) * | 1982-09-29 | 1984-04-18 | Bonner F J Jun | Bandage for animals and humans |
| GB2171016A (en) * | 1985-02-15 | 1986-08-20 | Kao Corp | Absorbent sanitary article |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0423436A3 (en) * | 1989-10-20 | 1991-09-18 | Standard Textile Company, Inc | Liquid absorbing pad and method of making same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8720163D0 (en) | 1987-09-30 |
| GB8628530D0 (en) | 1987-01-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |