JP2519562B2 - Atom, molecule model - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial field of application] The present invention mainly relates to atoms and molecular models used for chemical education in junior high schools, high schools, universities, etc. (in this specification, the atomic orbital model and the atomic orbital are mutually Atomic orbital bond model showing the bonding state of overlapping atoms is included.).

[Problems to be Solved by Conventional Techniques and Inventions]

(1) For those who are new to chemistry, the structural formula of a molecule is abstract and it is difficult to grasp the actual molecular structure, and it is not easy to understand the difference in the appearance and the three-dimensional structure and the symmetry. In this respect, the molecular model is of great help in understanding the appearance and structure of molecules, and commercial products and self-made molecular models are actively used in educational settings.

However, commercially available molecular models are extremely expensive, and it is difficult to make a self-made model, and it is difficult to produce a large number of models for students.

At the school site, therefore, it is not possible to secure a sufficient number of molecular models, and teachers only use molecular models for presentations. It is difficult to carry out individual lessons in which all students have molecular models.
For this reason, it is hard to say that the molecular model exerts its full effect as a teaching tool. This is considered to be one of the causes that the view of atoms and molecules is not sufficiently cultivated because it hinders the image of individual atoms and molecules as particles.

(2) The atomic orbital of an atom controls various chemical bonds. A three-dimensional understanding of these atomic orbitals is also very useful in considering the characteristics of molecular structures and chemical reactions. Computer-generated chemical books on the three-dimensional appearance of these atomic orbitals have also been published. However, when it comes to s, p, and d atomic orbital models, commercially available products are very expensive. Although there are self-made atomic orbital models, it is troublesome to make many, and it is not suitable for each student to have. It is more expensive to use an atomic orbital coupling model in which atomic orbitals overlap each other and show the bonding state of atoms.

Moreover, there is no report as a self-made teaching tool, and it is hard to say that it is popular.

In view of the above points, the present invention has been made in an attempt to provide an inexpensive atom or molecular model, preferably an atom or molecular model displaying atomic orbitals, which can be used by all students individually in an educational setting.

[Means for solving the problem]

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention forms each atom model by assembling three to four circular plates each having a predetermined size with a bonding slit into a three-dimensional spherical structure with each bonding slit. Atoms capable of forming a molecular model by detachably combining the atom model with other predetermined atom models through a bonding slit, if necessary,
It provides a molecular model.

It is desirable to display atomic orbitals at predetermined positions on the circular plate.

[Action]

Each user (student) assembles the atom / molecule model of the present invention by himself / herself in a classroom or the like, and can be freely disassembled and rearranged. This atom / molecule model is an actual atom, the actual size of the molecule, an actual atom having a spherical structure reflecting the sphere, and a molecule model, and has basic characteristics of the atom / molecule. The interatomic bond in the model is close to the actual bond state in which atomic spheres overlap as they are.

When the atomic orbital is displayed at a predetermined position on the circular plate, the assembled model becomes an atomic orbital model or an atomic orbital bond model that is easy to understand.

〔Example〕

Next, examples of the present invention will be described, but the numerical values such as the dimensions shown below are merely illustrative.

The atom and molecular models of the present invention are composed of the bonding slits 1,
Each atom model 10, 11 ... Is formed by assembling a circular plate 3 to 6 (7 to 9) provided with 2 into a three-dimensional spherical structure with the coupling slits 1 and 2 to form each atom model. If necessary, connect the model slits 1 and 2
The molecular model 15 can be formed by detachably combining with another predetermined atomic model 10, 10 ,. 21 is a folding curve for folding a circular plate into a mountain.

It is desirable that the circular plates 3 to 6 (7 to 9) be color-coded for each atomic model. 16 is a stopper such as a pin.

Further, it is desirable to display the atomic orbital 23 at a predetermined position on each of the circular plates 3 to 6 (7 to 9).

The model is a real atom or molecular model that reflects the actual size and shape of atoms and molecules. For this reason, the size of each atomic model is determined based on the van der Waals radius. In this way, the actual shape and size of each atom and molecule and their differences can be understood from the model.

The interatomic bond of the model is similar to the actual bond form in which atomic spheres are directly overlapped with each other, and each atomic model is detachable from each other so that various molecules can be freely assembled. That is, the bonding slit of each atomic model is deeply cut, and the slits are sandwiched with each other, thereby reproducing the same bond form as the actual interatomic model.

The atomic species handled in chemical education are mainly hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Among them, hydrogen atom has 1s atomic orbital, and carbon atom takes either sp ³ , sp ² , or sp hybrid orbital. Further, the nitrogen atom and the oxygen atom are considered to be bonded in the sp ³ hybrid orbit when combined with hydrogen to form ammonia and water. Therefore, the models of these main atoms will be specifically described below.

A hydrogen atom with a valence of 1 has a diameter as shown in Fig. 6 (1).
Assemble with 2.4 cm circular plates 3a to 6a. Other atoms having a valence of 1 are manufactured in the same manner by changing the diameter. For example, chlorine atoms are produced using circular plates 3b to 6b having a diameter of 3.6 cm (Fig. 6 (2)).

Next, as atoms having a linear or diagonal bond state, carbon atoms of sp hybrid orbital are circular plates 3c to 6c having a diameter of 3.4 cm as shown in Fig. 6 (3). For carbon atoms having an equilateral triangular conformation in the sp ² hybrid orbital, circular plates 3d to 6d as shown in Fig. 6 (4) are used.

As the carbon atoms of the sp ³ hybrid orbital having a regular tetrahedral structure, circular plates 3e to 6e shown in Fig. 6 (5) are used. In this case, when a part 22 of the circular plate 4e is cut into a wedge shape by 14.7 degrees (angle a), the circular plate 4e is formed into a triangular pyramid shape, and the circular plates 3e to 6e are assembled, each coupling angle is about 109 degrees. Next, a bond showing a tetrahedral three-dimensional structure can be formed. In FIG. 6 (5), the angle b is 115 ° 1 ', the angle c is 100 ° 0', and the angle d is 109 ° 2.
8 '.

Similarly, the sp ³ hybrid orbit is used, the nitrogen atom with a valence of 3 uses the circular plates 3f to 6f with a diameter of 3.2 cm shown in FIG. ) Diameter 3.0c
Use 3g to 6g of circular plate of m. Note that nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms are also part of the circular plates 4f and 4g, similar to the above carbon atoms.
22 is excised and formed.

When the binding slits of each atomic model, which are adjusted to 100 million times the van der Waals radius, are sandwiched together, molecular models of various three-dimensional structures can be freely assembled. Although the bond distances of these molecular models are somewhat larger than those of the actual molecule, the bond angles are almost the same, and it can be said that they are the actual molecular models that sufficiently reflect the shape of the actual molecule.

Next, the atomic orbital model and the atomic orbital coupling model will be described.

Each atomic orbital _{23 (s, p x, p} y, p z , etc.) by assembling three circular plates 7-9 that displays in the same manner as described above, basically atomic orbital model of the three-dimensional structure (Fig. 7 ). The circular plates 7 to 9 shown in FIGS. 8 (1) to (9) are used to create the following basic atomic orbital models.

Fig. 8 (1) ... Basic atomic orbital model of s orbit 〃 (2)… 〃 (p _x ) 〃 (3) of 〃 〃 (p _y ) 〃 (4)… 〃 〃 (p _z ) 〃 (5) of ... d orbital 〃 (d _xy) 〃 (6) ... undefined undefined (d _yz) 〃 (7) ... undefined undefined (d _xz) 〃 (8) ... undefined undefined (d _{x 2-y} 2) 〃 (9)… 〃 〃 (d _z 2) Next, the atomic orbital coupling model is described. Hydrogen atom
The basic model of sp3, sp2, and sp hybrid orbits 24 such as 1s orbits and carbon atoms is displayed on both front and back sides of circular plates 3 to 6, and the atomic model in which the individual atomic orbitals are drawn using these circular plates (No. (Fig. 9)
Assemble. If these atomic models are bonded to each other, it is possible to assemble an atomic orbital bonding model that shows the bonding morphology of molecules with overlapping atomic orbitals.

In addition, the circular plates 3 to 6 have a track 25 that does not participate in the hybrid track.
Is also displayed.

The circular plates 3 to 6 shown in FIGS. 10 (1) to (6) are used for making the following models.

Fig. 10 (1)… Hydrogen 1s atomic orbital model 〃 (2)… Carbon atom sp hybrid orbital model 〃 (3)… 〃 sp ² 〃 〃 (4)… 〃 sp ³ 〃 〃 (5)… Nitrogen atom Sp ³ 〃 Fig. 10 (6) ... sp ³ hybrid orbital model of oxygen atom In the above figure, 26 is a lone electron pair.

In such an atomic orbital coupling model, the relationship between the hybrid orbital 24 found in each molecule, the orbital 25 that does not participate in the hybrid orbital, and the lone electron pair 26, and the state of the resonance structure such as the benzene ring are modeled in three dimensions. It becomes possible to show concretely.

〔The invention's effect〕

The atom / molecule model of the present invention is provided with a binding slit, and preferably a circular plate showing atomic orbitals is assembled using the binding slit, so that it is extremely inexpensive. Therefore, it becomes possible for all the students to carry out individual lessons with atomic and molecular models, and each student can be made to assemble, disassemble, rearrange, and so on. Therefore, a great educational effect can be obtained in cultivating the view of atoms and molecules.

Although the atom and molecule models of the present invention are extremely inexpensive as described above, the actual size and shape of atoms and molecules,
It has basic characteristics such as interatomic bond state.

Furthermore, when the atomic orbits are displayed on the circular plate, a preferable atomic orbital model and atomic orbital coupling model can be obtained.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an example of an atom model (C atom) according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing an example of C—H bond of a molecular model according to the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a carbon atom model. FIG. 4 is a plan view showing a circular plate, FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing its assembly, and FIG.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing the assembly of the molecular model of FIG. 2, FIG. 6 is a plan view showing a circular plate for each atomic model, FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing an example of a basic atomic orbital model, and FIG. Is a plan view showing a circular plate for each basic atomic orbital model, FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing another example of an atomic orbital model, and FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a circular plate for each atomic orbital model. . 1, 2 ...... Bonding slits 3 to 9 ...... Circular plates 10, 11 ...... Atom model 15 …… Molecular model 16 …… Stoppers 20 …… Atomic orbit 21 …… Folded curve 22 …… Part 23 …… Atomic orbits 24 …… Hybrid orbits 25 …… Orbits that do not participate in hybrid orbits 26 …… Lone pair of electrons

Claims (2)

(57) [Claims] 1. Atomic models are formed by assembling three to four circular plates each having a predetermined size with a bonding slit into a three-dimensional spherical structure with a bonding slit, and each atomic model is formed as necessary. Atoms and molecular models that are designed to form a molecular model by detachably combining with other predetermined atomic models through a bonding slit. 2. The atomic and molecular model according to claim 1, wherein atomic orbits are displayed at predetermined positions on the circular plate.