JP3053663B2 - Feed additives for ruminants, feed and methods for improving ruminant meat quality - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a feed additive for ruminants and a feed to which the same is added, and a method for improving the meat quality of ruminants using the feed, and more particularly, to feeding fats and oils. The present invention relates to a feed additive, a feed and a method for improving meat quality used for the purpose of improving the rating of marbling (so-called marbled meat) of edible meat.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In general, it is not possible to improve the meat quality by devising feed to be fed when breeding beef cattle, or to ingest alcoholic beverages such as dark beer to obtain marbled meat having high market value. It has been actively researched and practiced.

As one of such proposals, a proposal has been made to improve marbling by feeding powdered fats and oils to ruminants such as cows (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-27256 by the present inventors).
No.). This method is a method of directly giving fat, which is the causative substance, to target animals as a method of obtaining marbling meat called marbled meat, but it has been confirmed in various experiments etc. that it is effective for marbling Have been.

[0004]

However, as described above,
When the subject is a living body such as a ruminant such as a cow, it is common that the details of the metabolic mechanism of the living body cannot be clearly understood in detail, and the method actually being used is intended. If you are not satisfied with
The improvement is not always easy.

For example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-27256, there is a proposal to achieve the object by a method of feeding fats and oils. It is pointed out that there is a problem that it is not easy to carry out livestock farming systematically.

The inventor of the present invention has continued to make further studies after making the above proposals, and has conducted various studies on the causes of the above-mentioned effects. As a result, although the causal relationship is not always clear, as one of the factors affecting marbling by the fat feeding method,
It was found that there is a relationship between the fatty acid composition in the fed fats and oils and the degree of absorption of the fed fats and oils.

The present invention has been made based on such findings.

[0008] That is, an object of the present invention is to supply a fat or oil to a ruminant animal to surely and stably exert the effect of marbling.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a feed additive, a feed, etc., which can obtain a stable and homogeneous marbling effect with little difference between the target animals in improving meat quality by marbling. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for breeding ruminants using such materials.

[0010]

Means for Solving the Problems In order to achieve the above object, the present inventor has proposed that as a feed additive suitable for ruminants, oleic acid having a fatty acid composition occupying 65% by weight or more of a core is used as a core. A feed additive comprising a granular material provided with a protein coating layer on the surface thereof, preferably, the protein coverage on the surface of the core fat or oil has the following formula (1):

[0011]

(Equation 2)

The present invention has been completed, which is a feed additive having a value of 50% or more in the value given by the above, and a feed for ruminants to which 0.5 to 5 weight of such a feed additive is added.

In the above, since the ether elution is carried out at a low temperature and in a short time, fats and oils coated with a protein such as casein hardly dissolve in the ether.
Oils and fats that are not sufficiently coated with proteins dissolve in ether even at low temperatures, so that the above-mentioned coverage can be calculated.

In the present invention, the fats and oils forming the core of the feed additive contain 65% by weight of oleic acid in the fatty acid composition.
As described above, in particular, 65 to 85% by weight of oleic acid, 10 to 13% by weight of palmitic acid, 8 to 11% by weight of stearic acid, and the remaining 4 to 10% by weight of other fatty acids are preferable. In these fatty acid compositions, which are considered to be effective for marbling, the melting point of fat is not very high because the feeding target is a living body called a ruminant, and if the melting point of fat is high, it is difficult to produce small oil droplets. If it is too high, it is not suitable.If the melting point is too low, in the summertime the granules will block at the outside temperature and oxidize, which may cause off-flavors. Is 35 ° C-50
It is considered that it is desirable that the temperature is in the range of 0 ° C., particularly about 40 ° C., and it is preferable to limit the amount of the saturated fatty acid having a relatively high melting point (generally, 30% by weight or less).
The above composition was adopted for such adjustment of the melting point and the like.

The reason why the coverage given by the above equation (1) is desirably 50% or more is as follows.
That is, a general feed material (basic feed) contains fats and oils, and this portion usually corresponds to about 3% of the total feed (dry matter). It has also been reported that when the oil content exceeds 5%, the flora of rumen microorganisms in ruminants changes, and the growth of microorganisms is stopped by the surface active action of fatty acids. For these reasons, if a large amount of fats and oils is positively supplied as it is for the purpose of improving meat quality, the above-described problem of changing the microorganism group in the lumen as described above is caused, and as a result, the object cannot be achieved. Therefore, the present inventors adopted a method of coating the surface of the donated fats and oils with a protein, and examined the necessary limit of protein coating based on the results of the following tests, and adopted the constitution of the present invention.

Confirmation test of added fats and oils and protein coverage The rumen fluid collected from the rumen of cattle was treated with a basic feed (containing 3% fats and oils as dry matter) and the corresponding fats and oils (soy oil) in the rumen fluid. %, And the coverages given by the above formula (1) are 35%, 50%,
65% and 80% powdered fats and oils were added at a rate of 2% to the rumen solution, respectively, and cultured under shaking at 40 ° C. 7
After a lapse of time, the number of viable bacteria was examined using a hematometer, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0017]

[Table 1]

From these results, it was determined that it is desirable that the fat or oil to be positively added to the feed should be covered by 50% or more with protein.

The fats and oils that can be used for the feed additive of the present invention may be animal or vegetable, regardless of their origin, and are not particularly limited. In order to improve the palatability of ingestion, the fat or oil is preferably made into a powder having a diameter of about 10 to 100 microns (μm). Such a granular material of fats and oils can be produced, for example, by atomizing and drying an emulsion of fats and oils.

In the present invention, the protein used for coating the fats and oils is preferably derived from a ruminant in order to be supplied to the ruminant. For example, milk casein, sodium salt of milk casein, gelatin and the like are more preferable.

It is also preferable to select the above-mentioned protein or to use a coating agent together with the protein as a substance to be coated with the fat or oil. For example, when the target animal is a cow, a casein-whey protein derived from cows, sugars such as glucose and its decomposed products such as molasses, lactose, and the like having an odor preferred by cows can be used.

In the present invention, the ratio of the feed additive to the feed is generally in the range of 0.5 to 5% by weight of the feed, preferably 1 to 3% by weight, more preferably 1 to 3% by weight. Most preferably, it is 1.5 to 2.5% by weight. This is because ordinary feed also contains a certain amount of fat, so that if the fat in the feed becomes too large, the bite will deteriorate. In particular, when a feed supplemented with the above-mentioned feed additive is continuously supplied for about 6 months for marbling, the tendency of the target animal not to take the feed is increased, which hinders the actual animal breeding. . Therefore, the feed of the present invention is preferably added with the above-mentioned feed additive in a range of less than 5% by weight based on the normal feed. When the amount is less than 0.5% by weight, the effect of marbling is low.

The feed of the present invention is obtained by blending the above-mentioned additives which are protein-coated fats and oils with a normal feed. The normal feed used for this purpose is not particularly limited in its composition (components and proportions), and generally has a DCP (digestible crude protein) of 10 to 11% and a TDN (total digestible nutrient). Feeds of about 71-73%, or these figures are low (for example, TDN 7-8%, TDN 60-70%
Degree) It may be a so-called light feed, or a so-called concentrated feed. In addition, according to the test of the present inventor, it has been confirmed that a feed obtained by adding the above-mentioned feed additive to a light basic feed is excellent in obtaining a light meat upper meat. In addition, the composition example of a typical basal feed is shown in Table 2 below.

[0024]

[Table 2]

[0025] In the method for improving meat quality of the present invention, it is preferable that the feeding is performed as follows. That is, in the case of a cow, the adult cow weighs about 500 kilograms (kg) and the daily feed intake is about 10 kilograms (kg),
A suitable fat intake for these cows is about 50-500 grams (g) per day. Therefore, fat intake per day per kilogram (kg) of cow is 0.1 to 1
Grams (g) are preferred. From the viewpoint of both palatability and marbling, it is more preferably about 0.2 to 0.6 g (g). In the case of sheep, the body weight is about 50 kilograms (kg) and the daily feed intake is about 1 kilogram (kg), but the preferred feed amount of the feed additive of the present invention is 1 kilogram (kg) per day. And about 0.1 to 1 gram (g), more preferably 0.2 to 0.6 gram (g).

As will be described later, in the examples of the present invention, as the experimental animals, sheep of a first-generation hybrid of Suffolk and Nippon Corridor and steers of Holstein were used. The reason for this is that in the case of Wagyu, judgment of marbling is difficult due to a high genetic coefficient, and stable results cannot be obtained.
For Holstein steers and sheep, the determination of marbling can be clearly determined. Conversely, if a marbling effect is observed in sheep or steers, the effect will be also observed in Japanese beef.

In the meat quality improving method of the present invention, in order to express marbling most efficiently, in the case of cattle, about 7
It is preferable to feed the feed of the present invention for about 6 months or more from 10 months to slaughter, and in many cases a sufficient effect cannot be obtained in a shorter time. In addition, even if the pay period is extended, the effect of marbling is not increased, and the cost-effectiveness is deteriorated. In the case of sheep, it is preferable to feed the feed of the present invention for about 6 months after birth to about 6 months from slaughter. If the sheep is fed for less than this period, a sufficient effect cannot be obtained. Similarly, cost-effectiveness worsens.

As described above, the feed ratio of the feed additive of the present invention is 0.5 to 5% by weight, preferably 1 to 5% by weight based on the whole feed.
However, based on the amount of triglyceride oleate fed, it is preferably about 0.1 to 0.8 g (g / kg · day) per kilogram (kg) of body weight of ruminants and per day. More preferred is 2 to 0.5 g (g / kg · day).

[0029]

The present invention will be further described below with reference to examples.

In the following description, the determination of the effect of marbling is based on the "new beef carcass trading standard" (Japan Meat Standards Association; April 1988), which is the most common method for steers. Performed based on Since there is no such standard for sheep, the control group was compared with the visual evaluation and the crude fat, crude protein, and water content were determined according to the above standard.

Example 1 2.5 parts by weight of casein sodium salt (Nissei Kyoeisha) was added to 100 parts by weight of hot water at about 60 ° C. to form an emulsion.
While stirring the emulsion, 80 parts by weight of beef tallow (oleic acid composition = 72% by weight; melting point = 41 ° C.) was gradually added. The mixture was stirred at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes with a homogenizer (manufactured by Ebara Co.) for good dispersion to obtain an emulsion of tallow. The temperature of this liquid was 60 ° C., and the viscosity was 20 cps.

Next, using a muffle dryer (manufactured by NILO),
The above emulsion is spray-dried to give an average particle size of 50 microns (μ
m) A feed additive as a powdered fat was obtained.

The protein coverage of the above formula (1) determined for the powdered fat was 64% on average.

Example 2 To 100 parts by weight of the caseinate sodium salt solution obtained in Example 1 above, 76 parts by weight of tallow (oleic acid composition = 80% by weight, melting point: 42 ° C.) were added, and the same equipment as in Example 1 above was added. , A homogenizer with a rotation speed of 500 rpm and a treatment time of 20 minutes to obtain a powdered fat. The average particle size of the powdered oil and fat particles obtained in this example is 100 microns (μm).
Met. The above formula (1) obtained for the powdered fat and oil
The average protein coverage was 67%.

Example 3 Two groups of two sheep (5 to 6 months old) of the first generation hybrid of Suffolk and Japanese Corrider were prepared as experimental animals, and the same feed (Timothy hay 40% by weight, barley 49) was prepared. .
5% by weight, 10% by weight of bran, and 0.5% by weight of calcium carbonate) for 6 months. After the preliminary breeding, 2% by weight of the feed additive composed of the powdered fat (oleic acid composition = 72% by weight) obtained by the method of Example 1 above was added to a normal feed (40% by weight of timothy hay, 49.5% by weight of barley). , Bran 10% by weight and calcium carbonate 0.5% by weight). The feeding period of each of the feed additives was 6 months.

After 6 months of pay, each sheep is dismantled and loined.
Fins and peaches were cut out and judged for marbling. The results were as shown in Table 3.

The results of measuring the crude fat content of the meat obtained therefrom are as shown in Table 4. In addition, the unit of the crude fat is a percentage by weight based on the dry matter excluding water.

[0038]

[Table 3]

[0039]

[Table 4]

Comparative Example 1 For comparison with the method of the present invention, sheep were bred under the same conditions as in Example 3 except that powdered fats and oils were not fed, and the conditions were examined. The results are as shown in Table 3,
Table 4 shows the crude fat content of these meats.

Examples 4 to 6 As experimental animals, Holstein steers (5 to 7 months of age) were prepared in groups of 20, each comprising 20 cows, and fed with a feed having the following composition for 3 to 4 months for preliminary breeding. After that, 2% by weight of the feed additive composed of powdered fats and oils obtained in the same manner as in Examples 1 and 2 was added to a feed having the following composition, and the feed was freely taken. The feeding period of this feed additive is 6 months in each case.

After 6 months of feeding, each cow was dismantled and the loin core (the longissimus pectoralis) was cut out to determine marbling. The most common method for judging the effect of marbling is the “New Beef Carcass Trading Standard” of the Japan Meat Standards Association (Showa 63
April). The results were as shown in Table 5.

Feed corn: 600 parts by weight Barley: 300 parts by weight NS corn: 360 parts by weight Daily Ace・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 1000 parts by weight Ordinary brass ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 480 parts by weight Increased production brass ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 240 parts by weight Wheat husk ・ ・ ・ 120 Parts by weight rice bran ...... 180 parts by weight

[0044]

[Table 5]

Comparative Example 2 As a comparative standard for the method of the present invention, 10 Holstein steers were bred under the same conditions as in Example 4 except that no feed additive consisting of powdered fat was fed, and the marbling was examined. Was. The results were as shown in Table 5.

Comparative Example 3 Ten Holstein steers were bred under the same conditions as in Example 4 except that the powdered fats and oils of Example 1 were fed and the amount of feed was 3% by weight, and the condition was examined. Was. Most cows ate during the first 4 days, but after 7 days all cows did not eat enough. The reason is presumed to be that bite is suppressed when the fat content in the feed is 5% by weight or more. In addition, diarrhea also developed, and the salary was stopped in 7 days. The cows used in this test were returned to normal feed and bred for 4 weeks before being used for the next test.

Comparative Example 4 As a comparison standard of the method of the present invention, the fatty acid composition was 20% by weight of palmitic acid, 20% by weight of stearic acid, and 5% of oleic acid.
Ten Holstein steers (the ones used in Comparative Example 3) were bred under the same conditions as in Example 4 except that powdered fat consisting of 0% by weight and other 10% by weight was fed. Examined. 2% by weight of feed additive
Then there was no problem with the cow's paratability. 6
One month after fattening, they were sacrificed and marbling graded. The results were as shown in Table 5.

[0048]

As described above, according to the present invention, fats and oils having a oleic acid ratio of 65% by weight or more as a fatty acid composition are powdered and added to the feed, so that the degree of marbling of ruminants is extremely efficiently improved. There is an advantage.

Claims (8)

(57) [Claims] 1. A feed additive suitable for ruminants, characterized in that the feed additive is composed of granules having a core of a fat or oil having a fatty acid composition in which oleic acid accounts for 65% by weight or more and having a protein coating layer on the surface thereof. 2. The oil composition according to claim 1, wherein
A feed additive suitable for ruminants, comprising at least 65% by weight of oleic acid, 10 to 13% by weight of palmitic acid, 8 to 11% by weight of stearic acid, and the remaining 4 to 10% by weight of other fatty acids. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein coverage on the surface of the core fat is expressed by the following formula (1). A feed additive suitable for ruminants, characterized by being at least 50% at the value given by: 4. A feed additive suitable for ruminant animals according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the granular material is 10 to 100 microns (μm). 5. A feed for ruminants, wherein the feed additive according to any one of claims 1 to 4 is added in an amount of 0.5 to 5% by weight. 6. The ruminant is fed with the feed of claim 5 for about 6 months or more from about 7 to 10 months after birth until slaughter, at a rate of about 0.1 per day per kilogram of ruminant body weight. A method for improving the meat quality of ruminant animals, characterized in that the substance is taken at a rate of 1 to 1 gram (g / day · kg). 7. The method for improving meat quality according to claim 6, wherein the ruminant is a cow. 8. The method for improving meat quality according to claim 6, wherein the ruminant is a sheep.