JP3298216B2 - Liquid crystal display device - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art A liquid crystal display device has a structure in which liquid crystal is sealed between a pair of transparent substrates on which a transparent electrode and an alignment film are formed. The conventional liquid crystal display device has the following configuration. FIG.
Is a cross-sectional view of a part of a conventional liquid crystal display element, and here shows a TN (twisted nematic) type.

In this liquid crystal display device, a pair of transparent substrates 1 and 2 made of glass or the like are joined at their peripheral edges via a frame-shaped sealing material (not shown), and a liquid crystal A is sealed between the substrates 1 and 2. The transparent insulating films 3 and 4 are formed on the surfaces of the substrates 1 and 2 facing each other, respectively.
On the insulating films 3 and 4, transparent electrodes 5 and 6 are formed.

The liquid crystal display device shown in FIG. 9 is of a simple matrix type, and an electrode 5 formed on one substrate 1 is a scanning electrode, and an electrode 6 formed on the other substrate 2 is
Is a signal electrode.

Further, on the electrode forming surfaces of both substrates 1 and 2,
Horizontal alignment films 7, 8 made of polyimide or the like are formed. The alignment films 7 and 8 are rubbed films in which the film surfaces are rubbed in one direction, or LB (Langmuir.
(Hereinafter referred to as an LB film) formed by laminating monomolecular films by the Blodget method.
Direction for aligning each liquid crystal molecule of No. 8 (rubbing direction for rubbing treatment film, alignment direction of single molecules for LB film)
Are approximately 90 ° shifted.

The molecules a of the liquid crystal A sealed between the substrates 1 and 2 are appropriately inclined with respect to the film surfaces of the alignment films 7 and 8 by the alignment films 7 and 8 of the substrates 1 and 2. The substrates are oriented in a predetermined direction in the pretilt state, and are twisted at a twist angle of about 90 ° between the substrates 1 and 2.

[0007] Polarizing plates 9 and 10 are disposed on the outer surfaces of the substrates 1 and 2, respectively. Note that a TN type liquid crystal display element includes a positive display type and a negative display type. In the positive display type liquid crystal display element, the transmission axes of a pair of polarizing plates 9 and 10 are substantially orthogonal to each other. In the negative display type liquid crystal display device, the transmission axes of the pair of polarizing plates 9 and 10 are substantially parallel to each other.

The above-mentioned liquid crystal display element displays an image by controlling the transmission of light by applying a voltage between the electrodes 5 and 6 of the two substrates 1 and 2. When no voltage is applied, that is, the liquid crystal molecules a are twisted. In this state, the linearly polarized light that has entered the liquid crystal layer through one polarizing plate 9 has its polarization direction rotated by approximately 90 ° and is incident on the other polarizing plate 10. In the state where a is arranged to rise almost vertically, the linearly polarized light enters the other polarizing plate 10 in the polarization state at the time of incidence without being subjected to the turning action in the liquid crystal layer. In the element, light passing through the voltage non-applying portion passes through the other polarizing plate 10 and this portion becomes a bright display state, and light passing through the voltage applying portion is absorbed by the other polarizing plate 10 and this portion becomes The display becomes dark.

The above liquid crystal display element is of a simple matrix type, but there is also an active matrix type liquid crystal display element. In this active matrix type liquid crystal display element, a pixel electrode is provided on one of its substrates. And active elements such as TFTs (thin film transistors) are arranged in a matrix, and a counter electrode is formed on the other substrate.

The above-mentioned liquid crystal display element is of the TN type. The liquid crystal display element has an STN (super twisted) in which liquid crystal molecules are twisted at a larger twist angle (180 to 270 °) than in the TN type.・ Nematic)
There are various types, such as types.

[0011]

However, the liquid crystal display element has an advantage that it consumes less power because it uses an external light (natural light or light from a light source) for display. On the other hand, there is a problem that an observation angle (hereinafter, referred to as a viewing angle) at which a display can be viewed with good contrast is narrow. The present invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a liquid crystal display device having a wide viewing angle.

[0012]

According to the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display device in which a liquid crystal is sealed between a pair of transparent substrates on which a transparent electrode and an alignment film are formed. Forming a surface inclined in at least two directions on at least one of the substrates, wherein each inclined surface and the other substrate facing the one substrate have the same inclination.
The alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules is
A plurality of different regions are formed.

[0013]

As described above, when the film surface of the alignment film is tilted in at least two directions for each pixel portion, the liquid crystal molecules have a total pretilt angle obtained by adding the tilt angle of the alignment film surface to the pretilt angle given by the alignment film. Therefore, at least two regions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in different pretilt states and the twist alignment states are different are formed in one pixel portion.

The viewing angle of the liquid crystal display element is determined by the twist alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules between the two substrates. However, since one pixel portion has at least two regions in which the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in different twist states. Each region has a different viewing angle, and the viewing angle of the liquid crystal display element is widened.

[0015]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A first embodiment in which the present invention is applied to a TN type liquid crystal display device will be described below with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a part of a liquid crystal display element, and FIG. 2 is a plan view of one substrate of the liquid crystal display element.

[0016]

According to the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display device in which a liquid crystal is sealed between a pair of transparent substrates on which a transparent electrode and an alignment film are formed. , Surface inclined in at least two directions
Is formed on at least one substrate .

This liquid crystal display element is of a simple matrix type, and has an electrode 1 formed on one substrate 11.
Reference numeral 5 denotes a scanning electrode, and an electrode 16 formed on the other substrate 12 is a signal electrode.

Further, horizontal alignment films 17 and 18 made of polyimide or the like are formed on the electrode forming surfaces of both substrates 11 and 12. The alignment films 17 and 18 are, for example, rubbed films whose surfaces are rubbed.
The rubbing directions of 18 are shifted from each other by approximately 90 °.

The molecules a of the liquid crystal A sealed between the substrates 11 and 12 are aligned with the alignment films 17 and
18 in the vicinity of the liquid crystal molecules a.
The substrates are regulated by 7, 18 and twisted at a twist angle of approximately 90 ° between the substrates 11 and 12.

Polarizing plates 19 and 20 are disposed on the outer surfaces of the substrates 11 and 12, respectively. One of the polarizing plates 19 has a transmission axis on the side of the substrate 11 adjacent to the polarizing plate 19. The liquid crystal molecules are arranged substantially parallel to the liquid crystal molecule alignment direction (rubbing direction of the alignment film 17) at
0 indicates that the transmission axis is substantially perpendicular to the transmission axis of the one polarizing plate 19 (in the case of a positive display type liquid crystal display element) or substantially parallel (in the case of a negative display type liquid crystal display element). Have been.

In this liquid crystal display element, the electrodes on one of the substrates, for example, the signal electrode 16 formed on the lower substrate 12 in FIG. By forming an electrode having a mountain-shaped cross section that is inclined so as to become higher toward the center, the film surface of the alignment film 18 deposited thereon is inclined in two directions, left and right, corresponding to the surface of the signal electrode 16. It is.

FIG. 5 shows an example of a method of forming the above-mentioned electrode 16 having a mountain-shaped cross section. The electrode 16 is formed on the substrate 12 (on the insulating film 14) by a transparent conductive film 16a having a triangular cross section. Is formed, and this transparent conductive film is formed by patterning 16a.

First, the formation of the transparent conductive film 16a will be described. The transparent conductive film 16a is formed as shown in FIG.
As shown in FIG. 2, a mask 30 in which the same number of slits 31 as the number of the electrodes 16 formed on the substrate 12 are formed at the same pitch as the arrangement pitch of the electrodes 16 is used. While moving in parallel in a direction orthogonal to the substrate 12 through the slit 31 onto the substrate 12.
A film is formed by a method of depositing a transparent conductive material such as TO (depositing by a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method).

In this case, the mask 30 is
In the first half, the moving speed is continuously reduced, and in the second half, the moving speed is continuously accelerated.

When the transparent conductive material is deposited on the substrate 12 in this manner, the deposition time of the transparent conductive material is reduced by the mask 2.
It becomes longer as the movement speed of 0 is slowed down,
Further, the thickness becomes shorter as the moving speed is increased, so that the thickness of the transparent conductive film 16a deposited on the substrate 12 changes continuously, and finally, the triangular shape as shown in FIG. A transparent conductive film 16a having a wavy sectional shape is formed.

Thereafter, the transparent conductive film 16a may be patterned by photolithography as shown in FIG. 5C, whereby the right and left halves of the surface are respectively positioned from the side edge of the electrode to the center of the electrode. An electrode 16 having a mountain-shaped cross-section that is inclined so as to become higher toward is formed.

If the signal electrode 16 is an electrode having a mountain-shaped cross section as described above, an alignment film 18 formed thereon is used.
Also, for each part whose film surface corresponds to each signal electrode 16,
The orientation film is inclined in two directions, left and right.

In FIG. 2, arrows X1 and X2 indicate
The rubbing direction of the alignment film 18 on the lower substrate 12 side is shown. In this embodiment, one inclined surface and the other inclined surface of a portion of the alignment film 18 corresponding to each signal electrode 16 are respectively set to the lower side. (Electrode 16)
Rubbing in parallel with the inclination direction of the inclined surface.

In this liquid crystal display device, since the film surface of the alignment film 18 on the lower substrate 12 side is inclined in two directions, left and right, for each portion corresponding to each signal electrode 16. The liquid crystal molecules a are aligned as follows in each pixel portion where the twelve scanning electrodes 15 and signal electrodes 16 face each other.

That is, FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of one pixel portion of the liquid crystal display device, and shows the alignment film 1 on the lower substrate 12 side.
The film surface 8 has an inclined surface in which the right half and the left half are inclined in opposite directions (inclined from the side edge of the pixel portion toward the center of the pixel portion) in each pixel portion. The respective sloping surfaces are rubbed in opposite directions (directions from the lower side to the higher side of the inclined surface) X1 and X2.

The surface of the alignment film 17 on the upper substrate 11 is substantially horizontal, and the alignment film 17 is in a direction substantially perpendicular to the rubbing directions X 1 and X 2 of the alignment film 18 on the lower substrate 12. It is rubbed in one direction to Y.

Then, the liquid crystal molecules a are
Alignment is performed in a pretilt state with respect to the alignment films 17 and 18 on both substrates 11 and 12.
The film surface of the alignment film 18 on the lower substrate 12 side is inclined in opposite directions in the right half and the left half of the pixel portion, and each inclined surface is oriented in the opposite direction X1, X2 along the inclination direction.
Since the rubbing is performed to X2, the liquid crystal molecules a are aligned in different pretilt states in the right half and the left half of the pixel portion.

This is because the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules a on the lower substrate 12 side is regulated by the rubbing directions X 1 and X 2 of the alignment film 18 and the liquid crystal molecules a
Are the angles obtained by adding the tilt angle of the alignment film 18 to the pretilt angle given by the alignment film 18, and therefore the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules a on the lower substrate 12 side of each pixel portion. As shown in FIG. 3, the pretilt direction Xφ1 in the right half of the pixel portion and the pretilt direction Xφ2 in the left half are opposite to each other, so that the liquid crystal molecules a pretilt on the upper substrate 11 side are reversed. Even if the angle ψ and the pretilt direction Yψ are uniform over the entire pixel portion, two regions in which the liquid crystal molecules a are twisted in different pretilt states are formed in one pixel portion.

The viewing angle of the liquid crystal display element is determined by the twist alignment state based on the pretilt direction of the liquid crystal molecules a on the two substrates 11 and 12 sides. Since there are two oriented regions S1 and S2, each of the regions S1 and S2 has a different viewing angle, and the viewing angle of the liquid crystal display element is widened.

That is, FIG. 4 shows the viewing angle direction (direction with the highest contrast) of one pixel portion of the liquid crystal display element.
In the liquid crystal display device, the pretilt direction Yψ of the liquid crystal molecules a on the upper substrate 11 side of each pixel portion is uniform over the entire pixel portion, but the pretilt direction of the liquid crystal molecules a on the lower substrate 12 side. Since Xφ1 and Xφ2 are opposite to each other in the right half and the left half of the pixel portion, the viewing angle direction P1 of the right half region S1 of the pixel portion and the left half region S2
Is substantially opposite to the viewing angle direction P2 as shown in FIG.

For this reason, the liquid crystal display device can display the display with a good contrast from any of the two viewing angle directions P1 and P2.
Has a wide viewing angle.

In FIG. 4, T1 and T2 indicate the twist directions of the liquid crystal molecules a in the right half area S1 and the left half area S2 of the pixel portion. In this embodiment, a chiral agent is applied to the liquid crystal A. In addition, the liquid crystal molecules a in both regions S1 and S2 are twisted in the same direction.

However, the twist direction of the liquid crystal molecules a may be different between the right half and the left half of the pixel portion. That is, when the chiral agent is not added to the liquid crystal A, the lower substrate 1
Due to the difference between the pretilt directions Xφ1 and Xφ2 of the liquid crystal molecules a on the two sides, the liquid crystal molecules a are twisted in opposite directions in the right half and the left half of the pixel portion.
Since two regions in which the liquid crystal molecules a are oriented in a twist state based on different pretilt angles are formed in one pixel portion, the viewing angle of the liquid crystal display element is widened.

Further, in the above-mentioned liquid crystal display element, as shown in FIG. 3, the liquid crystal molecules a are oriented at a large total pretilt angle φ1, φ2 on the lower substrate 12 side. , The stability of orientation becomes sufficiently high.

That is, in the above liquid crystal display device,
Since the twisted state of the liquid crystal molecules a greatly affects the electro-optical characteristics of the liquid crystal display element, to obtain a good display,
It is necessary to improve the stability of the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules a.
An important factor that affects the stability of the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules a is the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules with respect to the substrate surface, and the larger the pretilt angle, the more stable the alignment can be obtained.

In the above liquid crystal display device, the upper substrate 1
Since the film surface of the alignment film 17 on one side is a horizontal plane parallel to the surface of the substrate 11, the pretilt angle の of the liquid crystal molecules a on the upper substrate 11 side is only the angle given by the alignment film 17,
The total pretilt angles φ1, φ of the liquid crystal molecules a on the lower substrate 12 side
2 is large, the liquid crystal molecules a on the upper substrate 11 side are also stably aligned with the alignment state being regulated by the liquid crystal molecules a on the lower substrate 12 side, and therefore, the liquid crystal molecules a over the entire thickness of the liquid crystal layer. Can be aligned in a good alignment state, and the display quality of the liquid crystal display device can be improved.

The inclination angle of the film surface of the alignment film 18 on the lower substrate 12 side depends on the total pretilt angles φ 1 and φ 2 of the liquid crystal molecules a required for stably aligning the liquid crystal molecules a and the alignment film 18. What is necessary is just to select according to a pretilt angle. Also,
In the above embodiment, the inclination direction of the alignment film 18 is made coincident with the rubbing directions X1 and X2 of the alignment film 18, but the inclination direction of the alignment film 18 and the rubbing directions X1 and X2 are adjusted.
It may be somewhat different from 2.

In the first embodiment, the lower substrate 12
Although only the film surface of the alignment film 18 on the side of the substrate is inclined in two directions for each pixel portion, if the film surface of the alignment film 17 on the upper substrate 11 is also inclined in two directions for each pixel portion, the The viewing angle of the display element is made wider and both substrates 11, 1
By aligning the liquid crystal molecules a at a large pretilt angle on the second side, a better alignment state can be obtained.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an enlarged perspective view of one pixel section, and FIG. 7 is a view showing a viewing angle direction of the one pixel section. is there. In addition,
In FIGS. 6 and 7, those corresponding to those shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.

The liquid crystal display device of this embodiment has a lower substrate 12
Not only the film surface of the alignment film 18 on the side but also the film surface of the alignment film 17 on the upper substrate 11 is inclined in two directions for each pixel portion. In this embodiment, the film is formed on the upper substrate 11. By making the scanning electrode 15 an electrode having a mountain cross section similar to the signal electrode 16 formed on the lower substrate 12, the film surface of the alignment film 17 on the upper substrate 11 side is changed for each portion corresponding to the scanning electrode 15. It is inclined in two directions substantially perpendicular to the direction of inclination of the surface of the alignment film 18 on the lower substrate 12 side.

In FIG. 6, arrows Y1 and Y2 are
The rubbing direction of the alignment film 17 on the upper substrate 11 side is shown. In this embodiment, one inclined surface and the other inclined surface of the portion of the alignment film 17 corresponding to each scanning electrode 15 are respectively set to the lower side. (Electrode 15)
Rubbing directions X 1, X 2 of the orientation film 18 on the lower substrate 12 side in parallel with the inclination direction of the inclined surface
Rubbing in a direction substantially perpendicular to 2).

That is, the liquid crystal display device of this embodiment is
The film surface of the alignment film 18 on the lower substrate 12 side is an inclined surface in which the right half and the left half are respectively inclined in opposite directions for each pixel portion, and the inclined surfaces are mutually aligned along the inclined direction. Rubbing is performed in the opposite directions X1 and X2, and the film surface of the alignment film 17 on the upper substrate 11 side is also formed as an inclined surface in which the front half and the rear half thereof are inclined in opposite directions to each other. The surface is rubbed in opposite directions Y1 and Y2 along the inclination direction.

In this embodiment, not only are the liquid crystal molecules a aligned on the lower substrate 12 side as in the first embodiment described above, but also on the upper substrate 11 side, all of the liquid crystal molecules a Since the pretilt angles ψ1 and ψ2 are angles obtained by adding the inclination angle of the surface of the alignment film 17 to the pretilt angle given by the alignment film 17, the upper substrate 1
As shown in FIG. 6, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules a on the two sides is such that the pretilt direction Yψ1 in the front half of the pixel portion and the pretilt direction Yψ2 in the rear half are opposite to each other.

For this reason, in the liquid crystal display element of this embodiment, one pixel portion is composed of a right half inclined surface of the lower substrate side alignment film 18 and a first half of the upper substrate side alignment film 17 as shown in FIG. A region S1a where the inclined surface of the lower substrate side faces the inclined surface in the right half of the lower substrate-side alignment film 18 and a rear half inclined surface of the upper substrate-side alignment film 17; A region S2a in which the left half of the inclined surface 18 and the front half of the upper substrate-side alignment film 17 face each other, the left half of the lower substrate-side alignment film 18 and the rear half of the upper substrate-side alignment film 17. Are formed in four regions, that is, a region S2b and a region S2b opposed to the inclined surface.

Then, these four areas S1a, S1b, S
Looking at the viewing angle directions of 2a and S2b, in FIG. 7, the viewing angle directions P1a and P1b of the two front and rear areas S1a and S1b on the right and the viewing angle directions P2a and P2b of the two front and rear areas S2a and S2b on the left side.
Are almost the opposite directions as shown.

For this reason, the liquid crystal display element of this embodiment also displays the two viewing angle directions P1a, P1b, P2.
Since it can be seen with good contrast from any of a and P2b, it has a wide viewing angle.

In FIG. 7, T1a, T1b, T2a,
T2b indicates the twist direction of the liquid crystal molecules a in the four regions S1a, S1b, S2a, and S2b of the pixel portion. In this embodiment as well, a chiral agent is added to the liquid crystal A, and the liquid crystal molecules a in all the regions are reduced. They are twisted in the same direction. However, the twist direction of the liquid crystal molecules a may be different in each region of the pixel portion as described in the first embodiment.

Further, in the liquid crystal display element, as shown in FIG. 6, the liquid crystal molecules a have a large pretilt angle ψ1 not only on the lower substrate 12 side but also on the upper substrate 11 side.
, Ψ2, the stability of the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules a on both the substrates 11 and 12 becomes sufficiently high, so that the liquid crystal molecules a are aligned in a better alignment state over the entire thickness of the liquid crystal layer. Thus, the display quality of the liquid crystal display element can be improved.

In the first and second embodiments,
Although one inclined surface and the other inclined surface of the alignment films 17 and 18 are rubbed in opposite directions, the one inclined surface and the other inclined surface may be rubbed in the same direction. In this case, the liquid crystal molecules a are pretilted by the alignment film in one direction along the rubbing direction, but the tilt directions of the alignment film surface are different in two directions.
Since the pretilt state is different from the pretilt state of the liquid crystal molecules a on the other inclined surface, two regions having different twist alignment states are formed in the pixel portion, and each region has a different viewing angle. In addition, the viewing angle of the liquid crystal display device can be widened.

In the above embodiment, the alignment films 17 and 18 are used.
Are inclined in two directions with respect to the center of the pixel portion for each pixel portion. The film surfaces of the alignment films 17 and 18 are different from those in the third embodiment shown in FIG. The central portion of the pixel portion may be a horizontal plane parallel to the surfaces of the substrates 11 and 12, and both side portions may be inclined surfaces.

Further, in the above embodiment, the alignment films 17, 1
8 is inclined in two directions for each pixel portion, but the film surfaces of the alignment films 17 and 18 may be inclined in three or more directions for each pixel portion. If the number is increased, the viewing angle can be further increased.

In the above embodiment, the alignment films 17 and 18 are used.
In order to incline the film surfaces of the electrodes 15, 16 below, the surfaces of the electrodes 15 and 16 are inclined surfaces. However, the means for inclining the film surfaces of the alignment films 17 and 18 are not limited to the above embodiment. Arbitrary means such as changing the thickness of the films 17 and 18 may be adopted.

Further, although the liquid crystal display device of the above embodiment is of a simple matrix type, the present invention is not limited to the active matrix type liquid crystal display device, and is not limited to the TN type, but may be any type of liquid crystal display such as STN type. It can be applied to an element, and the alignment film formed on the substrate is not limited to the rubbing film, but may be an LB film.

[0059]

According to the liquid crystal display element of the present invention, at least one surface is formed on at least one of the substrates, the surface being inclined in at least two directions for each pixel portion where the transparent electrodes of both substrates are opposed to each other.
The liquid crystal is applied to each portion between the inclined surface and the opposite surface of the other substrate facing the one substrate and having the same inclination.
Since a plurality of regions having different molecular alignment states are formed , the viewing angle of the liquid crystal display element can be widened.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a part of a liquid crystal display device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of one substrate of the liquid crystal display element.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of one pixel portion.

FIG. 4 is a view showing a viewing angle direction of one pixel portion.

FIGS. 5A to 5C are process diagrams illustrating a method of forming an electrode having a surface inclined.

FIG. 6 shows a liquid crystal display device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
The enlarged perspective view of one pixel part.

FIG. 7 is a view showing a viewing angle direction of a pixel unit shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a part of a liquid crystal display device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a part of a conventional liquid crystal display element.

[Explanation of symbols]

11, 12 ... substrate 13, 14 ... insulating film 15, 16 ... electrode 17, 18 ... alignment film X1, X2, Y, Y1, Y2 ... rubbing direction A ... liquid crystal a ... liquid crystal molecules φ1, φ2 ... liquid crystal on the lower substrate side全, ψ1, ψ2... Total pretilt angle of liquid crystal molecules on the upper substrate side Xφ1, Xφ2... Pretilt direction of liquid crystal molecules on the lower substrate side Yψ, Yψ1, Yψ2 プ レ Pretilt direction of liquid crystal molecules on the upper substrate side

Claims (3)

(57) [Claims] In a liquid crystal display device in which liquid crystal is sealed between a pair of transparent substrates having a transparent electrode and an alignment film formed thereon, the transparent electrodes of both substrates are inclined in at least two directions for each pixel portion facing each other. Formed on at least one of the substrates, and each portion between the inclined surface and the opposite surface having the same inclination of the other substrate facing the one substrate.
A liquid crystal display device comprising a plurality of regions each having a different alignment state of liquid crystal molecules . 2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the surfaces inclined in two directions are made of an alignment film formed by inclining the surface. 3. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 2, wherein the surface of the alignment film is inclined by making the surface of the transparent electrode below the alignment film an inclined surface.