JP3410232B2 - Rotary heating device for beverage cans - Google Patents

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a canned product in which a metal can is filled and sealed with a beverage, for example, canned coffee, canned tea beverage,
The present invention relates to a device for heating a beverage can such as a canned milk drink, a canned juice or a canned soup while rotating,
For example, the present invention relates to a rotary heating device for a beverage can that is used by being incorporated in a vending machine.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Various beverages such as coffee, juice or soup have a suitable drinking temperature, and recently, they are sold in an automatic vending machine after being heated or cooled to their respective temperatures. Is becoming. A high-frequency induction heating device is known as an example of such a heating device, and such a heating device has the advantages of being compact and capable of performing heating safely and reliably, but further shortening the heating time. In order to do so, the beverage can is rotated at the time of heating to stir the contents and heat the whole uniformly.

The heating of beverage cans in an automatic vending machine is carried out by disposing a heating device on the way from the stock position of the rack or the like to the take-out port.
In the devices described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 290264/1990 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-19994, at least a pair of rollers are arranged below a semi-cylindrical heating cover (support) made of a non-magnetic material, and the rollers are arranged. The beverage cover is supported by projecting to the upper surface side of the heating cover, the roller is driven to rotate in this state to rotate the beverage can, and the high frequency heating coil arranged under the heating cover is energized to heat the heating cover. The upper beverage can is configured to be induction heated.

[0004]

By the way, the time allowed for heating the beverage can in the vending machine is extremely short in order to minimize the waiting time of the customer. Therefore, when heating the beverage can, It is necessary to rapidly rotate the beverage can at a high rotation speed and stop the rotation immediately after the heating is completed. However, the above-mentioned conventional device transmits torque from the roller to the beverage can by friction between the roller and the beverage can, and rotates this, but since the load applied to the roller is only the weight of the beverage can, It is difficult to transmit sufficient torque to rotate at high speed and stop it in a short time.

Therefore, in the conventional device, there is a case where the beverage can does not rotate smoothly by bouncing (that is, dancing) on the roller even if the roller is rotationally driven. Especially for beverage cans that have been deformed during transportation or handling of beverages,
There is a possibility that the roller may get stuck in the recess and spin here, resulting in the inability to rotate the beverage can. In such a case, since the high-frequency heating coil as the heating means is arranged below the heating cover (stand), if the rotation of the beverage can is insufficient, the can body is burned due to local overheating, Alternatively, this may cause inconvenience such as opening of a hole, and may cause contamination of peripheral devices due to leakage of contents or damage due to overheating of the heating cover.

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a rotary heating device capable of reliably rotating a beverage can on a receiving member such as a shooter having a high-frequency heating coil. It is intended.

[0007]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention, in order to achieve the above object, a beverage can filled with beverage, receiving and contents placed on a receiving member of arcuate cross-section, the receiving tip of the member
On the side around an axis that is approximately parallel to the radial direction of the beverage can.
The position and position of the tip of the beverage can on the receiving member
Between the storage and the position retracted outward in the radial direction of the beverage can
The beverage can is opened by a stopper that is movably arranged.
The beverage can is brought into contact with it and stopped on the receiving member , the beverage can is rotated around the central axis on the receiving member, and the high frequency heating coil arranged below the receiving member is energized to induction-heat the beverage can. A rotary heating device for a beverage can, wherein the receiving member is arranged at a predetermined angle with respect to a horizontal plane so that the tip of the receiving member is lowered, and the tip of the beverage can is attached to the lower part of the tip of the receiving member. At least two receiving rollers for supporting the parts on the receiving member are arranged so as to be retractable from the upper surface of the receiving member, and are wound around the driving pulley and the driven pulley above the beverage can on the receiving member.
Vignetting in the driven relative vertical movement available-a and the drive pulley relative to the presser belt beverage can be run while being stretched along the direction substantially perpendicular to the axial direction of the beverage cans
Pulley is disposed in a state beyond the center of the beverage can, and is characterized in that the drive means is found provided for rotationally driving at least one of these rollers and the belt. The driving means is as described in claim 2.
So that the presser belt is driven to rotate.
You can

[0008]

In the rotary heating apparatus of the present invention, the beverage can, which is the object to be heated, is placed on the receiving member having an arcuate cross section and placed on it. In that case, since the stopper is located on the tip side of the receiving member, the beverage can that has been thrown into the receiving member whose tip side is descendingly inclined has the tip contacting the stopper, so that the beverage can has a predetermined position on the receiving member. Can be posted on. In that state, the tip of the beverage can is located above the receiving roller arranged below the receiving member, and therefore, the tip of the beverage can is raised by the upward movement of these receiving rollers from the upper surface of the receiving member. To support. The upper holding belt is lowered with respect to the beverage can, so that the beverage can is held by at least two rollers on the lower side and the upper holding belt. In this state, when the holding belt or any one of the rollers is rotated by the driving means, the beverage can is rotated by the frictional force between the holding belt or the roller and the beverage can. In that case, the beverage can is pinched by the receiving roller and the pressing belt even if the speed is rapidly increased to a high speed.
And which, moreover without departing from the rollers and belts in order not contact the pressing belt and the surface, therefore it is possible to reliably rotate the beverage cans. The same applies when stopping. Then, by energizing the high frequency heating coil while rotating the beverage can, an induction current flows in the beverage can (metal can portion), and the Joule heat at that time causes heat to be transmitted to the contents. The contents are heated and heated.

[0009]

EXAMPLES The present invention will now be described based on examples. 1 to 3 show an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in these drawings, a shooter 2 on which a beverage can 1 to be heated is placed is a semi-cylindrical member, and the beverage can 1 Is formed in an arcuate cross section, and its tip portion is slightly lowered so that a predetermined angle (for example, 3
It is arranged so as to be inclined (0 °), and two points at the tip are cut off to allow the receiving roller, which will be described later, to rise. In addition, since the beverage can 1 is heated by high frequency induction heating in this embodiment, the shooter 2 is made of a non-magnetic material, and its upper surface reduces friction with the beverage can 1. For example, Teflon processing or processing for forming a film made of an epoxy resin is performed. The shooter 2 constitutes a part of the upper surface of a coil box 4 that houses the high-frequency heating coil 3. Inside the coil box 4, the high-frequency heating coil 3 is arranged along the lower surface of the shooter 2. ing.

A stopper roller 5 made of a rubber roller is arranged on the tip end side of the shooter 2 so as to hang down from above. The stopper roller 5 abuts against the tip of the beverage can 1 put in the shooter 2 to prevent the beverage can 1 from slipping, and is rotatably held by a rectangular frame 6. The frame 6 is rotatably attached to a fixed portion such as the machine frame 7 at a pivot point provided on the rotation center axis of the stopper roller 5, and therefore, as shown in FIG. When the can 1 is located at the tip side, the stopper roller 5
Is configured to rotate about a central axis line along the radial direction of the beverage can 1. Further, a solenoid 9 as an actuator is connected via a link 8 to the frame 6 at a position deviated from its pivotal point. In addition, the tension spring 6 is attached to the other part of the frame 6.
One end of a is connected, and the other end of the spring 6a is connected to a fixed portion such as the machine frame 7.

That is, when the solenoid 9 is pushing out the plunger 10, the frame 6 is pulled by the spring 6a and hangs substantially downward as shown by the solid line in FIG. Is located in front of the beverage can 1 and abuts the beverage can 1,
Further, when the plunger 10 is pulled in, the frame 6 is rotated through the link 8 to the position shown by the chain line in FIG. 1, and as a result, the stopper roller 5 is retracted from the pass line of the beverage can 1.

The above stopper roller 5 is used for the shooter 2.
The beverage can 1 is disposed at a position rearward of its tip in the axial direction, so that the tip of the beverage can 1 contacting the stopper roller 5 is positioned rearward of the tip of the shooter 2. A pair of rotatable receiving rollers 11a and 11b are provided below the cutting portions 41a and 41b formed on the tip side of the shooter 2. These receiving rollers 11a and 11b are respectively attached to a pair of left and right levers 12a and 12b having a triangular shape, and the levers 12a and 12b rotate to move the cutouts 41a and 41b to the upper surface of the shooter 2. is so that configured to input protruding-recession for.

A drive mechanism therefor will be described.
The levers 12a and 12b are in the shape of a right-angled triangle, and a slide yoke 13 is rotatably connected to the apex portion of approximately 90 degrees, and the machine frame is provided at the apex portion horizontally adjacent to the connecting portion. It is rotatably attached to a fixed portion such as 7, and the receiving rollers 11a and 11b are rotatably attached to other apexes.

As shown in FIG. 1, the slide yoke 13 is a member whose upper part is bifurcated and has guide pins 14a,
It is held so as to slide in the vertical direction by 14b. This slide yoke 13 has a relatively short link 1
5, one end of the bending lever 16 is rotatably connected, and the other end of the link 15 is rotatably connected to one end of a bending lever 16 having a bending point as a rotation center. The other end of the lever 16 is connected to a solenoid 18 as an actuator via a link 17.

As shown in FIG. 1, the solenoid 18 is arranged so that the plunger 19 projects and retracts in the horizontal direction, and on the extension line of the plunger 19, that is, the connection between the bending lever 16 and the link 17. A tension spring 20 is disposed on the side opposite to the solenoid 18. One end of the spring 20 is connected to a connecting point between the bending lever 16 and the link 17, and the other end is connected to a fixed portion such as the machine frame 7, and the spring 20 elastically moves to the right in FIG. Power is being exerted.

Therefore, when the plunger 19 of the solenoid 18 is projected as shown in FIG. 1, the other end of the bending lever 16 is pulled rightward in FIG. Therefore, the slide yoke 13 is pulled down via the link 15, and accordingly, the triangular levers 12a and 12b rotate so as to open to the left and right, and the receiving rollers 11a and 11b attached to the respective apexes of the slide rollers 13a and 11b. It goes down from the upper surface of 2. On the other hand, the solenoid 18
1 is pulled to the left in FIG. 1, the bending lever 16 is in a so-called upright state, so that the slide yoke 13 is pushed upward through the link 15 and, as a result, the triangular levers 12a and 12b are so-called closed. The receiving rollers 11a and 11b project toward the upper surface side of the shooter 2 with the rotation.

On the other hand, above the shooter 2, a holding belt 21 for holding and rotating the beverage can 1 on the shooter 2 is arranged. That is, as shown in FIG. 3, an L-shaped turning lever 22 is rotatably held in its bent portion above the shooter 2 and at a position deviated from the shooter 2 in the left direction in the figure. The drive pulley 23 is attached on the same axis as the central axis of rotation, and the driven pulley 24 that extends to the shooter 2 side is attached.
Is attached. The driven pulley 24 is provided at a position beyond the center of the beverage can 1 in the right direction in the drawing. These pulleys 23 and 24 have two grooves formed on their outer peripheral portions, and two pressing belts 21, which are round belts, are wound around these pulleys 23 and 24. Therefore, the presser belt 21 is stretched along the direction substantially orthogonal to the can axis direction of the beverage can 1 on the shooter 2 and runs. Needless to say, the pressing belt may be a belt having a flat surface for pressing the can such as a timing belt or a V-belt.

The lower end of the connecting lever 25 is rotatably connected to the other end of the rotating lever 22 which extends upward from the center of rotation. This connecting lever 25
Is a substantially linear member, which is rotatably attached to a fixed portion such as the machine frame 7 at its central portion. Further, a solenoid as an actuator is connected to an upper end portion of the connecting lever 25 via a link 26. 27 are connected. The solenoid 27 is arranged so that its plunger 28 projects and retracts in the left-right direction in the drawing, whereby the connecting lever 25 and the rotating lever 22 are rotated.

One end of a tension spring 29 is connected to the connecting portion between the rotary lever 22 and the connecting lever 25, and the other end of the tension spring 29 is fixed to a fixed portion such as the machine frame 7. It is attached, and therefore, the rotating lever 22 is constantly biased by the spring 29 so as to rotate clockwise in FIG. That is, when the solenoid 27 is in the OFF state, the rotation lever 22 is rotated to the position shown by the solid line in FIG. 3, and when the solenoid 27 is energized to be turned on, the plunger 2 is turned on.
8 moves to the right in FIG.
5 rotates in the clockwise direction, and as a result, the upper end of the rotating lever 22 moves in the left direction in FIG. 3, so that the entire body rotates in the counterclockwise direction and is wound around the pair of pulleys 23, 24. The presser belt 21 that is hung is pulled up together with the rotating lever 22 (to the position shown by the chain line in FIG. 3). In addition, the position of the pulley 24 when the solenoid 27 is in the OFF state is such that the holding belt 2 is used even when the smallest can of the beverage cans having different diameters to be heated is heated.
The connecting position of the rotating lever 22 and the connecting lever 25 is set so that 1 is in pressure contact with the can body.

Another pulley 30 is mounted on the same axis as the drive pulley 23 so as to rotate integrally. A motor 31 is attached to the upper portion of the machine frame 7, and a drive belt 33 is wound around a pulley 32 attached to the output shaft of the motor 31 and the other pulley 30. That is, the pressing belt 21 is run and rotated between the drive pulley 23 and the driven pulley 24 by the motor 31.

Next, the operation of the above-mentioned device will be described. Before the beverage can 1 is put into the shooter 2, the respective solenoids 9, 18, 27 are in the OFF state, so that the stopper roller 5 is pulled by the tensioner arranged between the frame 6 and the fixed portion such as the machine frame 7. It is located at the position shown by the solid line in FIG. 1 by the spring 6a. Also,
Since the plunger 19 of the solenoid 18 for the receiving roller is pulled out to the right in FIG. 1 by the spring 20, the slide yoke 13 is pulled down, and as a result, the receiving rollers 11a and 11b are pulled down from the upper surface of the shooter 2. (The position indicated by the solid line). Further, the presser belt 21 is lowered to the position shown by the solid line in FIG. 3 by the spring 29 rotating the rotary lever 22 in the clockwise direction when the solenoid 27 is in the OFF state.

When the beverage can 1 is loaded into the shooter 2 in this state, a sensor (not shown) (for example, a limit switch) detects this, and the detection signal causes the solenoid 27 for the presser belt 21 to be energized and turned on. ,
Since the plunger 28 is pulled rightward in FIG. 3, the connecting lever 25 rotates clockwise, and the upper end of the rotating lever 22 moves leftward in FIG. 3 as a result. 22 rotates counterclockwise in FIG. Therefore, the end portion of the rotating lever 22 extending toward the shooter 2 moves upward together with the pressing belt 21 attached here, and is pulled up to a position higher than the beverage can 1. Therefore, the holding belt 21 does not get in the way, and the beverage can 1 slides on the shooter 2 and moves toward the tip thereof, and then comes into contact with the stopper roller 5 to stop the movement.

At this time, the solenoid 18 for the receiving rollers 11a and 11b is energized and turned on. That is, the plunger 19 moves to the left in FIG. 1 against the elastic force of the spring 20, and the bending lever 16 rotates in the clockwise direction in FIG. 1 accordingly. It will be in a standing state. Therefore, the slide yoke 13 is pushed upward through the link 15 connected to the upper end of the bending lever 16. When the slide yoke 13 is pushed upward, the triangular levers 12a and 12b connected to the upper end of the slide yoke 13 are closed, that is, the lever 12 on the left side in FIG.
a is rotated clockwise, and the right lever 12b is rotated counterclockwise. As a result, these levers 12a,
The receiving rollers 11a, 1 attached to the upper end of 12b
1b relatively rises and projects above the upper surface of the shooter 2 from the cutouts 41a and 41b.

At the tip of the beverage can 1 which is in contact with the stopper roller 15, the receiving rollers 11a and 11b are raised as described above, so that the receiving rollers 11a and 11b are lifted.
It is supported from below by a and 11b, and is supported in a state of being slightly lifted from the upper surface of the shooter 2. On the other hand, the solenoid 27 for the pressing belt 21 described above is turned off at this time, and as a result, the rotating lever 22 is rotated by the spring 29 in the clockwise direction in FIG.
At this time, the turning amount of the turning lever 22 is set so that the pulley 24 descends to a position where the pressing belt 21 comes into pressure contact with the holding belt 21 of the beverage can to be heated. Presser belt 2 attached to lever 22
1 is pressed against the outer peripheral surface of the can body of the beverage can 1 supported by the receiving rollers 11a and 11b, and as a result,
The beverage can 1 is sandwiched between the pair of receiving rollers 11a and 11b and the pressing belt 21. In this case, the rear end of the beverage can 1 is in contact with the upper surface (inner peripheral surface) of the shooter 2.

With the beverage can 1 held in this way, the motor 31 is started, and its torque is transmitted to the drive pulley 23 via the pulley 32, the belt 33 and the pulley 30. Therefore, the holding belt 21 that holds the can body of the beverage can 1 travels and rotates between the drive pulley 23 and the driven pulley 24, so that the frictional force with the beverage can 1 causes a torque to the beverage can 1. On the other hand, since the receiving rollers 11a and 11b that support the beverage can 1 from the lower side are rotatable (freely rotate), they are rotated. In that case, the beverage can 1 is rotated while being pressed from the upper side by the pressing belt 21, and the driven pulley 24 is provided at a position beyond the center of the beverage can 1 so that the pressing belt 21 is slightly moved along the can body. Since the contact area becomes large due to the bending, the pressing belt 21 runs at high speed to rapidly rotate the beverage can 1 at high speed (500 revolutions / minute or more) without causing the beverage can 1 to jump up or so-called dance. Not only the beverage can 1 having a normal shape, but also the beverage can 1 having a deformed can body can be reliably rotated.

Along with this, the above-mentioned high-frequency heating coil 3 is energized, and accordingly, an induced current flows through the metal portion of the beverage can 1, so that the Joule heat resulting from the induced current causes The metal part of the beverage can 1 generates heat, and this heat is conducted to the content liquid, so that the entire beverage can is heated. The heating time is determined in advance by the capacity of the beverage can 1 and the output of the high frequency oscillator. When the heating time elapses, the power supply to the high frequency heating coil 3 is stopped and the motor 31 is stopped. Even in this case, since the beverage can 1 is vertically sandwiched between the receiving rollers 11a and 11b and the pressing belt 21, the rotation of the beverage can 1 immediately stops.

The solenoid 2 for the presser belt 21
7 is energized, this is turned on, and as a result,
Since the pressing belt 21 is retracted upward so as to be separated from the beverage can 1, and the solenoids 18 for the receiving rollers 11a and 11b are turned off, the bending lever 16
Rotates in the counterclockwise direction in FIG. 1 by the elastic force of the spring 20, and the slide yoke 13 is pulled down accordingly. Further, when the slide yoke 13 descends, the triangular levers 12a and 12b rotate in the directions to open each other, and as a result, the receiving rollers 11a and 11b move to the shooter 2.
The beverage can 1 is placed on the shooter 2 while being lowered below the upper surface of the.

Further, the solenoid 9 for the stopper roller 5 is turned on and the plunger 10 is pulled up, so that the frame 6 is rotated in the clockwise direction in FIG. 1 via the link 8. As a result, the stopper roller 5 is retracted to a position radially away from the front of the beverage can 1. Therefore, the shooter 2 is arranged in an inclined manner.
The beverage can 1 placed on the table slides on the shooter 2 by its own weight and is discharged to a predetermined outlet.

While the beverage can 1 is being heated while being rotated, the stopper roller 5 is held by the frame 6 so that it can rotate freely. Therefore, between the beverage can 1 and the stopper roller 5. In particular, no excessive friction occurs.

In the above-described rotary heating device, the receiving rollers 11a and 11b project to the upper surface side of the shooter 2 by a size corresponding to the operation stroke of the slide yoke 13, but are supported by these receiving rollers 11a and 11b. The outer diameter of the beverage can 1 differs depending on the purchaser's choice and the type of beverage can loaded and received in the shooter 2, and therefore the outer peripheral position (height) thereof does not become constant but changes. On the other hand, the pressing belt 21 described above is configured to be lowered by the spring 29 attached to the connecting portion between the rotating lever 22 and the connecting lever 25 that are connected in the above-described relationship. When the solenoid 1 is turned off after the load 1 is received by the shooter 2, the holding belt 21 comes into contact with the outer peripheral surface of the beverage can 1 according to the outer diameter of the beverage can 1 and presses it. That is, according to the above device, it is possible to handle various beverage cans 1 having different outer diameters.

By the way, in the above-mentioned embodiment, an example in which a stopper roller is used as a stopper is shown, but if the frictional resistance with the rotating beverage can is small, it may not be a roller shape, for example, a fluororesin. It is possible to use a plate-shaped one. Although an example using a solenoid as an actuator has been shown, in the present invention,
As the driving means for moving the receiving roller, the pressing belt, or the stopper, a rotary actuator or a mechanism for changing the rotation of the motor into a linear operation by rack and pinion can be adopted. Further, in the present invention, the pair of receiving rollers may be provided on the left and right, but the present invention is not limited to this, and a pair of receiving rollers may be provided at each of two front and rear positions, and a total of four receiving rollers may be provided. Alternatively, in addition to this, the receiving roller may be rotationally driven. However, the contact between the beverage can and the receiving roller is line contact, whereas the contact between the holding belt and the beverage can is surface contact, so from the viewpoint of reliably transmitting the driving force to the beverage can without slipping. It is preferable to drive the holding belt. Further, in the above embodiment, the cutting portions 41a and 41b are provided at the tip portion of the shooter 2, but the tip portion of the beverage can 1 is provided at the shooter 2 without providing the cutting portion.
You may make it protrude from the front-end | tip of, and arrange | position the receiving roller and the stopper roller so that the protruding part may be supported by the receiving roller.

[0032]

As described above, according to the rotary heating device of the present invention, the beverage can on the receiving member is supported from below by the receiving roller and the beverage can on the receiving roller is supported by the pressing belt. The beverage can is sandwiched between these rollers and belts, and the belt or roller is used to rotate the beverage can and induction heating is performed in this state. Even if it is rapidly rotated at high speed, the beverage can can be surely rotated without jumping up or so-called dancing, and even when stopped, the beverage can can be stopped for a short time. In the meantime, it can be heated uniformly and sufficiently. In particular, even if the beverage can is deformed, sufficient torque can be transmitted to the beverage can, so that even if the beverage can is deformed, it can be reliably rotated.
Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to prevent local overheating of the beverage can, charring, holes, and thermal damage to the receiving member.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a front view showing an embodiment of the present invention partially omitted.

FIG. 2 is a schematic side view thereof.

FIG. 3 is a schematic front view mainly showing a drive mechanism of a presser belt.

[Explanation of symbols]

1 beverage can 2 Shooter 3 high frequency heating coil 5 Stopper roller 11a, 11b receiving roller 21 Presser belt 31 motor

─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of front page (56) Reference JP-A-6-282742 (JP, A) JP-A-3-165487 (JP, A) JP-A-3-165488 (JP, A) JP-A-2- 19994 (JP, A) JP-A-5-290264 (JP, A) (58) Fields investigated (Int.Cl. ⁷ , DB name) G07F 5/00-11/72

Claims (2)

(57) [Claims] The method according to claim 1 beverage cans filled with beverage, receiving and contents placed on a receiving member of arcuate cross-section, the distal end side of the receiving member
Can be rotated around an axis that is approximately parallel to the radial direction of the beverage can
And the position of the tip of the beverage can on the receiving member
Moves to and from the position where the beverage can is retracted outward in the radial direction
The beverage can is abutted by a stopper that is arranged so that
Then , the beverage can is caused to stop on the receiving member , the beverage can is rotated around the central axis on the receiving member, and the high frequency heating coil arranged under the receiving member is energized to induction-heat the beverage can. In a rotary heating device for a beverage can, the receiving member is arranged so as to be inclined at a predetermined angle with respect to a horizontal plane so that the tip of the receiving member is lowered, and the tip of the beverage can is placed on the lower end of the receiving member. supporting the lower Te least two receiving rollers are subjected retractable positioned relative to the upper surface of member, the receiving above the beverage can of the member, wound around in the beverage can in the drive pulley and the driven pulley vertical movement available-presser belt against the beverage cans to be running while being stretched along the direction substantially perpendicular to the axial direction of
And the driven pulley with respect to the drive pulley is a beverage can
The center is arranged in a state beyond the and rotary heating apparatus beverage cans, wherein the drive means is found provided for rotationally driving at least one of these rollers and the belt. 2. The driving means rotates the pressing belt.
Claims characterized in that it is configured to drive.
1. A rotary heating device for a beverage can according to 1.