JP3461222B2 - Color picture tube - Google Patents

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a shadow mask type color picture tube, and more particularly to a color picture tube effective when the mask body of the shadow mask is made of a low thermal expansion material.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Generally, as shown in FIG. 5, a shadow mask type color picture tube has a substantially rectangular panel 3 in which a skirt portion 2 is provided on the periphery of an effective portion 1 having a curved surface.
And a funnel-shaped funnel 4 joined to the skirt portion 2, and on the inner surface of the effective portion 1 of the panel 3, from a three-color phosphor layer that emits blue, green, and red Is formed, and the phosphor screen 5 is formed.
A shadow mask 6 having a substantially rectangular shape is arranged inside the shadow mask 6 and at a predetermined distance (q value) apart from each other. On the other hand, in the neck 7 of the funnel 4, three electron beams 8B, 8
An electron gun 9 that emits G and 8R is arranged. The three electron beams 8B, 8 emitted from the electron gun 9 are
Deflection device 1 with G and 8R mounted on the outside of the funnel 4.
The fluorescent screen 5 is deflected by a magnetic field generated by 0, and the phosphor screen 5 is horizontally and vertically scanned through the electron beam passage hole of the shadow mask 6 to display a color image.

As shown in FIG. 6, the shadow mask 6 has a non-perforated portion on the outer periphery of a main surface 13 in which a large number of electron beam passage holes 12 are formed in a predetermined array on a curved surface facing the phosphor screen 5. A mask body 15 having a substantially rectangular shape with a skirt portion 14 formed therebetween and a substantially rectangular mask frame 16 welded and fixed to the skirt portion 14 are provided on the inner surface of the skirt portion 2 of the panel 3. It is supported inside the panel 3 by a plurality of stud pins (not shown) provided and a plurality of elastic supports 17 attached to the mask frame 16 and locked to the stud pins. As the arrangement of the electron beam passage holes 12 of the mask body 15, as shown in the drawing, a plurality of slit-shaped electron beam passage holes are arranged in series in the minor axis direction via a bridge,
There is one in which a plurality of rows of electron beam passage holes in the short axis direction are arranged in the long axis direction.

The shadow mask 6 is for selecting the three electron beams having passed through the electron beam passage holes 13 so as to correctly land on the predetermined three-color phosphor layers. Therefore, the shadow mask 6 must always be kept in a predetermined positional relationship with the phosphor screen. However, the electron beam that reaches the phosphor screen through the electron beam passage hole 12 of the shadow mask 6 is 15% of the total electron beam emitted from the electron gun.
Approximately 25%, and most of the other electron beams hit the shadow mask 6 and heat it. For example, in the case of a 25-inch color picture tube, 40 to 40
It becomes 1 when it becomes 70 ℃ and a brighter image is displayed.
It will be about 00 ° C. Due to this temperature rise, in the shadow mask 6 made of a low-carbon steel sheet that is generally used in the past, the relative position with the phosphor screen changes due to thermal expansion accompanying the temperature rise, and the electron beam to the three-color phosphor layer is changed. The landingk shifts. If the positional deviation exceeds the allowable range, the color purity deteriorates.

As a means for preventing the deterioration of color purity due to the thermal expansion of the shadow mask 6, a Japanese Patent Publication No. 42-25 is available.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 446, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 50-58997, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 50-68650 and the like suggest that a shadow mask made of a low thermal expansion material such as amber, which is an iron-nickel alloy, should be used. There is.

However, a low thermal expansion material such as amber is generally more expensive than a low carbon steel plate. Therefore, if the mask frame together with the mask body is made of a low thermal expansion material, the cost of the shadow mask increases. Therefore, normally, only the relatively lightweight mask body is made of a low thermal expansion material, and the mask frame is made of an inexpensive low carbon steel plate. However, if the mask body and the mask frame are made of materials having different coefficients of thermal expansion in this way, a sealing process for integrally joining the panel and the funnel in the manufacturing process of the color picture tube, an exhaust process after sealing the electron gun, etc. By the heating at about 400 ° C. added in the heat treatment step, the mask body having a low coefficient of thermal expansion is pulled by the mask frame having a high coefficient of thermal expansion, and the mask body is easily deformed. Therefore, in this shadow mask, as shown in FIG.
The skirt portion 14 is fixed to the inside of the mask frame 16 by welding.

However, when the mask main body is made of a low thermal expansion material as described above, a low thermal expansion material such as general amber has a large tensile strength, so that it is hard to be plastically deformed. For example, in the case of a shadow mask having a relatively thin plate thickness of about 0.2 mm, it is difficult to press-form into a predetermined shape, and as shown in FIG. 7, the open end side of the skirt portion 14 opens outward due to the spring back. Moreover, as shown by the broken line, in the peripheral portion of the main surface 13 where the electron beam passage holes 12 are formed, particularly in the mask main body in which the electron beam passage holes are formed in a slit shape, the array of electron beam passage hole rows is arranged. The concave deformation 19 is likely to occur in the peripheral portion on the short side in the direction. When the dent deformation 19 is generated in this way, the tensile strength of the curved surface at this portion is reduced, and the vibration locally occurs due to external impact or vibration, resulting in deterioration of color purity.

For example, when a strong sound is output from the speaker of the color receiver, the sound vibration is transmitted to the mask main body 15 through the panel, the stud pin, the elastic support, and the mask frame, and the recess deformation 19 in which the tension strength is lowered is generated. The part vibrates, and the electron beam passage hole 12 of the concave deformation 19 part
The position of changes with time, and the color purity deteriorates corresponding to the change with time.

In order to reduce such deformation of the mask body 15, as shown in FIG. 8, the outer diameter OS of the mask body 15 made of a low thermal expansion material and the inner diameter IF of the mask frame 16 made of a low carbon steel plate are set. By setting the relation of 0≤OS-IF≤2 mm, the skirt portion 14 of the mask body 15 is pushed into the inside of the mask frame 16, and the inclination of the skirt portion of the mask body made of the low thermal expansion material caused by the springback is opposite. There is proposed a color picture tube in which the skirt portion 14 is inclined in the direction and welded to the mask frame 16.

When the shadow mask is constructed in this way,
A tension that causes the main surface 13 of the mask body 15 to bulge in the phosphor screen direction is applied, and a decrease in the tensile strength of the recessed portion of the mask body caused by the springback can be reduced. However, like this shadow mask, the outer diameter OS of the mask body 15 is changed to the inner diameter IF of the mask frame 16.
When formed larger than the above, the mask main body 15 made of a low thermal expansion material is less likely to be plastically deformed due to its large tensile strength,
Since wrinkles and the like are likely to occur on the skirt portion 14 during molding, it is not easy to push the skirt portion 14 into the inside of the mask frame 16, and it is difficult to assemble the mask body 15 and the mask frame 16 in a predetermined relationship. In addition, it takes time to assemble, and the workability is significantly impaired.

[0011]

As described above, as a means for preventing the deterioration of the color purity due to the thermal expansion of the shadow mask, the mask body is made of a low thermal expansion material such as amber, and the mask frame is made of a low carbon material. There is a shadow mask which is formed of a steel plate and welded and fixed with the skirt portion of the mask main body inside the mask frame. However, if the mask body is made of a low thermal expansion material, low thermal expansion materials such as amber generally have high tensile strength and are less likely to undergo plastic deformation.Therefore, after press forming, the open end side of the skirt opens outward due to springback, and especially the electronic In the peripheral portion of the main surface where the beam passage holes are formed, particularly in the mask main body in which the electron beam passage holes have a slit shape, dent deformation is likely to occur in the peripheral portion on the short side in the arrangement direction of the electron beam passage hole array. When the dent deformation occurs in this way, the tensile strength of the curved surface at this portion is reduced, and it locally vibrates due to external impact or vibration, resulting in deterioration of color purity.

In order to reduce such deformation of the mask body, the outer diameter of the mask body made of low thermal expansion material is made larger than the inner diameter of the mask frame made of low carbon steel plate, and the skirt portion of the mask body is made of the mask frame. A color picture tube has been proposed in which the skirt portion is pushed inward and the skirt portion is welded to the mask frame. However, with this configuration, the mask body made of the low thermal expansion material is less likely to be plastically deformed due to its large tensile strength, and wrinkles or the like are likely to occur in the skirt portion during molding, so it is not easy to push the mask body inside the mask frame. It is difficult to assemble the mask body and the mask frame in a predetermined relationship. Further, it takes a long time to assemble it, which causes a problem that workability is significantly impaired.

The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, and it is preferable to increase the tensile strength of the main surface of the mask main body and to prevent wrinkles from being generated on the skirt during molding. The purpose of the present invention is to construct a color picture tube capable of obtaining a good beam landing.

[0014]

A shadow mask having a substantially rectangular shape is disposed so as to face a phosphor screen formed on an inner surface of an effective portion formed of a curved surface of a substantially rectangular panel. Is a substantially rectangular mask main body in which a skirt portion is provided in the peripheral portion of a main surface formed of a curved surface in which a number of electron beam passage holes are formed in a predetermined array, and a substantially welded skirt portion of the mask main body. In a color picture tube consisting of a rectangular mask frame, at least one bead surrounding the entire circumference of the skirt portion of the mask body is formed substantially at the center of the skirt portion, and at least the short side skirt of the mask body is formed. A first notch that does not reach the bead is formed in the center of the mask part, and a second notch that does not reach the bead part is formed in the center of the skirt part on the long side of the mask body. Forming a-out third notches reaching the bead portion to the skirt portion of the corner portion was welded in a position close to the edge of the skirt portion of the mask frame close to the notch of the first to third.

Further, the width of each of the first to third notches is formed to be twice the thickness of the mask body or more.

Further, a fourth notch that does not reach the bead is formed in the long side skirt portion between the second notch and the third notch.

Further, the fourth notch is formed at a position closer to the second notch than the middle of the second notch and the third notch.

Further, a fifth notch having a shorter length than the fourth notch and not reaching the bead is formed in the skirt portion on the short side between the first notch and the third notch.

Further, the fifth notch is formed at a position closer to the first notch than the middle of the first notch and the third notch.

The fifth of the first to fifth notches
The cutout length was made the shortest.

[0021]

In general, in the substantially rectangular mask body having the skirt portion on the peripheral portion, wrinkles are likely to occur on the long side skirt portion having a large plastic working amount during molding. Wrinkles at the time of molding can be prevented by providing a notch in the skirt portion, but if the number of notches is increased, a crack is generated or the molding quality of the curved surface of the main surface is deteriorated. On the other hand, if the number of notches is reduced, not only wrinkles will occur in the skirt during molding, but also the expansion of the skirt part on the open end side will increase due to springback, and dents will occur in the peripheral part of the main surface, increasing the tensile strength. descend. Such a problem is particularly serious in the case of a mask body made of a low thermal expansion material.

However, as described above, the bead portion and the first to third notches are formed in the skirt portion of the mask body,
Furthermore, if limited specific cutouts such as the fourth and fifth cutouts are provided as necessary, the occurrence of wrinkles during molding and the spread of the skirt portion on the open end side due to springback can be reduced. As a result, the effect of springback on the main surface can be significantly reduced. Also, by reducing wrinkles,
The skirt portion of the mask body can be easily put inside the mask frame. Further, by welding the position close to the open end of the skirt portion to the mask frame by approaching the first to third notches, it is possible to reduce the influence of the difference in thermal expansion between the mask body and the mask frame on the mask body. can do.

[0023]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will now be described based on embodiments with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 3 shows a color picture tube which is an embodiment of the present invention. This color picture tube has a screen aspect ratio of 1
It is a laterally long color picture tube of 6: 9, and has a substantially rectangular laterally long panel 3 in which a skirt portion 2 is provided in the peripheral portion of a curved effective portion 1 and an edge portion of the skirt portion 2. It has an envelope consisting of a funnel-shaped funnel 4 joined together. On the inner surface of the effective portion 1 of the panel 3, there is formed a phosphor screen 5 composed of a three-color phosphor layer that emits blue, green, and red.
(Value) are spaced apart, and a substantially rectangular horizontally long shadow mask 20 described later is arranged inside thereof. On the other hand, three electron beams 8B, 8G, 8R are placed in the neck 7 of the funnel 4.
An electron gun 9 that emits is emitted. Then, the three electron beams 8B, 8G, and 8R emitted from the electron gun 9 are deflected by the magnetic field generated by the deflecting device 10 mounted outside the funnel 4, and fluorescence is emitted through the electron beam passage holes of the shadow mask 20. The body screen 5 is formed in a structure for displaying a color image by horizontal and vertical scanning.

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of the shadow mask 20. The shadow mask 20 includes a substantially rectangular oblong mask body 21 made of a low thermal expansion material such as amber (35% nickel-iron alloy), and a substantially rectangular shape having an L-shaped cross section made of, for example, a low carbon steel plate. And a horizontally long mask frame 22. In the mask body 21, a plurality of slit-shaped electron beam passage holes 23 are arranged in series in the minor axis (Y axis) direction of the mask body 21 on a curved surface facing the phosphor screen, and a plurality of electrons in the minor axis direction are arranged. An electron beam passage hole array including the beam passage holes 23 is formed in a structure in which a skirt portion 25 is formed on the outer circumference of a main surface 24 in which a plurality of rows are arranged in the long axis (X axis) direction with a non-perforated portion. . The mask main body 21 is fixed by welding with its skirt portion 25 inside the side wall of the mask frame 22. Then, as shown in FIG. 3, four stud pins 16 provided on the inner surface of each corner of the skirt portion 2 of the panel 3 are provided.
And a plurality of elastic supports 1 attached to the respective corners of the mask frame 22 and locked to the stud pins 16.
It is supported on the inside of the panel 3 by 7.

Particularly, in the shadow mask 20 of this example, the skirt portion 25 of the mask body 21 is approximately at the center in the width direction, preferably from the center in the width direction.
0.5mm in height within the range of 1/3 of the width w of the main surface 24
About 1 to 3 wrinkle suppressing beads 27 are provided over the entire circumference.

Further, in this shadow mask 20, the bead 27 is formed from the open end of the skirt portion 25.
Toward at least three types of notches 28a to 28c
Is provided. As shown in FIG. 2A, the notches 28a to 28c are formed in the center of the skirt portion 25 on the short side of the mask body 21 in the major axis direction, that is, in the beads 27 provided near the major axis. The first notch 28a that does not reach and the bead provided on the center of the skirt portion 24 on the long side located in the minor axis direction of the mask body 21, that is, on the minor axis as shown in FIG. 2B. It comprises a second notch 28b that does not reach 27 and a third notch 28c that reaches the bead 27 provided in the skirt portion of each corner of the mask body 21. Further, regarding the mask main body 21, the bead 27 is located closer to the second notch 28b than between the second notch 28b of the skirt portion 24 on the long side and the third notch 28c of the corner portion. A fourth notch 28d is provided which does not reach In addition, the skirt portion 24 on the short side is closer to the first notch 28a than the middle of the first notch 28a and the third notch 28c at the corner portion, and the fifth notch that does not reach the bead 27. A cutout 28e is provided. The fourth and fifth notches 28d and 28e are
It is selectively provided as needed. Each notch 28a
The depths of up to 28e are as follows: the third notch 28c> the first notch 28a> the second notch 28b> the fourth notch 28d> the fifth notch 28e and the third notch 28c. Deepest and fifth notch 28
e is the shallowest one.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the mask main body 21 has first to third notches 2 indicated by crosses, which are inside by about 2 mm in the width direction from the open end of the skirt portion 24.
It is welded to the mask frame 22 at a position close to 8a to 28c.

Specifically, such a shadow mask 2
0 is, for example, in the case of a 24-inch color picture tube having an aspect ratio of 16: 9, a major axis of about 480 mm and a minor axis of about 28.
The mask body 21 is formed in a substantially rectangular horizontal shape of 0 mm, and the mask body 21 is formed of an amber having a plate thickness of 0.18 mm.
The mask frame 22 is formed of a low carbon steel plate having a plate thickness of 0.8 mm. The major surface of the mask body 21 has a major axis of curvature radius of about 1422 mm and a minor axis of curvature radius of about 1.
The width of the skirt portion 24 is 833 mm and the width of the skirt portion 24 is about 20 mm. The skirt portion 24 has a depth and width shown in Table 1 in which the first to third notches 28a to 28c and the second notch 28b are separated by about 10 mm from the fourth notch 28d.
However, a fifth notch 28a is formed about 50 mm away from the first notch 28a.

[0030]

[Table 1]

The mask body 21 is formed by press-molding a flat plate-shaped flat mask in which electron beam passage holes are formed by a photo-etching method and which has a predetermined outer shape. That is, as shown in FIG. 4, the flat mask 32 is positioned between the upper mold 30 and the lower mold 31 of the press molding apparatus, the blank holder 33 of the upper mold 30 is lowered, and the blank holder 33 and the lower mold 33 are lowered. The skirt portion of the flat mask 32 thus positioned is held by the die 34 of the mold 31. At this time, the annular bead is formed by the bead forming portion formed of the annular concave and convex portions 35a and 35b formed on the sandwiching surface of the blank holder 33 and the die 34. Next, the punch 36 of the upper die 30 is lowered, and the lower die 31 is knocked out to overhang the portion where the electron beam passage hole is formed. After that, the blank holder 33 and the die 3
The pinch 36 is released and the punch 36 is pushed down in conjunction with the knockout, and the die 34 and the punch 36
The blank holder 33 and the die 34 are slid into the gap between them, and the skirt is ironed to form the skirt.

By the way, like the shadow mask 20, the skirt portion 25 of the mask body 21 is surrounded by a bead 27 and at least first to third notches 28a.
By providing ~ 28c and optionally the fourth and fifth notches 28d, 28e, wrinkles generated in the skirt portion 25 at the time of molding the mask main body 21 made of a low thermal expansion material are reduced. be able to. Further, the spread of the skirt portion 25 on the open end side can be reduced. for that reason,
Even when the outer diameter of the mask body 21 is made larger than the inner diameter of the mask frame 22, the skirt portion 25 of the mask body 21 can be easily inserted inside the mask frame 22, and the skirt portion 25 is strong against the mask frame 22. It is possible to significantly reduce the bulging of the main surface toward the phosphor screen side caused by the contact. Further, the press molding process from the peripheral portion of the main surface of the mask body 21 to the skirt portion 25 can be made uniform, and as a result, the tensile strength of the main surface can be improved.

With respect to the above-mentioned tensile strength, an aluminum disc having a diameter of 10 mm was placed on the end portion in the major axis direction of the main surface, and the buckling load when the disc was pressed was measured. The conventional shadow mask is about 11
Although it buckled at g / cm ^2, it was found that the shadow mask mask 20 of this example withstands a load of 24 g / cm ² , which is 2.1 times that.

The screen aspect ratio is 16: 9 and 24
When an inch color picture tube was installed in the receiver and a forced audio test was conducted with the audio output being 1.5 times the rated value, a color picture tube incorporating a conventional shadow mask showed an electron beam for the three-color phosphor layer. The landing deviation of the shadow mask sometimes exceeded 150 μm.
The color picture tube incorporating 0 was able to reduce the landing deviation to 50 μm, which is about 1/3.

In the above embodiment, the color picture tube in which the elastic support member is attached to and supported by the corner portion of the side wall of the mask frame of the substantially rectangular shadow mask has been described. It can also be applied to a color picture tube in which an elastic support is attached and supported at the center of the side wall of the mask frame of a rectangular shadow mask.

In the above embodiment, the color picture tube in which the mask body is incorporated with the shadow mask made of the low thermal expansion material has been described, but in the present invention, the shadow body made of the low carbon steel plate is incorporated in the mask body. It can also be applied to color picture tubes.

[0037]

EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION A substantially rectangular shadow mask is arranged so as to face a phosphor screen formed on an inner surface of an effective portion formed of a curved surface of a substantially rectangular panel, and the shadow mask is arranged in a predetermined array. And a substantially rectangular mask body in which a skirt portion is provided on the periphery of a main surface formed of a curved surface on which a large number of electron beam passage holes are formed, and a substantially rectangular shape welded to the skirt portion of the mask body. In the color picture tube including the mask frame, at least one bead surrounding the entire circumference of the skirt portion of the mask body is formed substantially in the center portion of the skirt portion, and at least in the center of the short side skirt portion of the mask body. A first notch that does not reach the bead is formed, and a second notch that does not reach the bead is formed in the center of the skirt portion on the long side of the mask main body. Forming a-out third notches reaching the bead portion to basket portion, these first through third mask frame
Welded to a position close to the edge of the skirt, approaching the notch, and if necessary, a bead on the skirt on the long side between the second notch and the third notch. 4th which does not reach
And a fifth notch that does not reach the bead portion are formed in the skirt portion on the short side between the first notch and the third notch, wrinkles occur during molding and spring back occurs. It is possible to reduce the spread of the skirt portion on the open end side. As a result, the effect of springback on the main surface can be significantly reduced. Further, by reducing the wrinkles, the skirt portion of the mask body can be easily put inside the mask frame. Further, by welding the position close to the open end of the skirt portion to the mask frame by approaching the first to third notches, it is possible to reduce the influence of the difference in thermal expansion between the mask body and the mask frame on the mask body. can do. As a result, a color picture tube having a good beam landing can be constructed.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 (a) is a diagram showing a configuration of a mask body of a shadow mask of a color picture tube which is an embodiment of the present invention,
FIG. 1B is a diagram showing the structure of the mask frame.

FIG. 2 (a) is a diagram showing a structure on a short side of the mask body, and FIG. 2 (b) is a diagram showing a structure on a long side.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a configuration of a color picture tube which is an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a method of molding the mask body.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of a conventional color picture tube.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a configuration of a shadow mask of a conventional color picture tube.

FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining deformation of a mask body made of a low thermal expansion material of a conventional shadow mask.

FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining an improved structure of a conventional shadow mask.

[Explanation of symbols]

3 ... panel 5 ... Phosphor screen 20 ... Shadow mask 21 ... Mask body 22 ... Mask frame 23 ... Electron beam passage hole 24 ... Main surface 25 ... Skirt 27 ... Bead 28a ... first notch 28b ... second notch 28c ... 3rd notch 28d ... 4th notch 28e ... fifth notch

Continuation of the front page (56) Reference JP-A-49-18260 (JP, A) JP-A-49-106768 (JP, A) JP-A-52-58455 (JP, A) Actual development Shou-51-163858 (JP , U) Actual development Sho 49-121460 (JP, U) (58) Fields investigated (Int.Cl. ⁷ , DB name) H01J 29/07 H01J 9/14

Claims (7)

(57) [Claims] 1. A substantially rectangular shadow mask is arranged so as to face a phosphor screen formed on an inner surface of an effective portion formed of a curved surface of a substantially rectangular panel, and the shadow mask is arranged in a predetermined array. And a substantially rectangular mask body in which a skirt portion is provided on the periphery of a main surface formed of a curved surface on which a large number of electron beam passage holes are formed, and a substantially rectangular shape welded to the skirt portion of the mask body. In the color picture tube including the mask frame, at least one bead surrounding the entire circumference of the skirt portion is formed in the mask body at substantially the central portion of the skirt portion, and at least the short side skirt portion of the mask body is formed. Has a first notch that does not reach the bead, and a second notch that does not reach the bead in the center of the skirt portion on the long side of the mask body. A third notch reaching the bead portion is formed in the skirt portion of the corner portion of the mask body, and the mask frame approaches the first to third notches and is close to the edge of the skirt portion. Color picture tube characterized by being welded in position. 2. The color picture tube according to claim 1, wherein the width of each of the first to third cutouts is at least twice the thickness of the mask body. 3. The fourth notch which does not reach the bead is formed in the long side skirt portion between the second notch and the third notch. Color picture tube. 4. The fourth notch is formed at a position closer to the second notch than an intermediate position between the second notch and the third notch. Color picture tube. 5. A short side skirt portion between the first notch and the third notch is provided with a fifth notch which is shorter than the fourth notch and does not reach the bead. The color picture tube according to claim 2, wherein 6. The fifth notch is formed at a position closer to the first notch than the middle of the first notch and the third notch. Color picture tube. 7. The color picture tube according to claim 5, wherein the fifth cutout has the shortest length among the first to fifth cutouts.