JP3479826B2 - Automatic connection connector for telephone line / doorphone slave unit - Google Patents

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an automatic switching connector for a telephone line / doorphone subunit that can connect a telephone having a number display service supporting function.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art FIG . 4 is a diagram showing a configuration of a home telephone system. In this system, a plurality of modular jacks M (# 1 to # 3) are connected to a residential telephone exchange 100 to which a telephone line L (general public line) is connected, and a four-wire signal line consisting of a communication line and a control line. And telephones T (# 1 to # 3) are connected to each of them.
Further, one or a plurality of intercom subunits D (#A, #B) are connected to the telephone exchange device 100 via a telephone line, and the exchange device 100 includes a telephone line L and an intercom subunit. It constitutes an automatic switching connector with D.

Each of the modular jacks M is provided with a speaker for outputting a ringing tone, an external line indicator light for indicating that an internal call or an external call is in progress, and an insertion hole for inserting a plug of the telephone T. For the connection to the modular jack M, an ordinary telephone T that connects a general public line can be used. With such a configuration, the residential telephone exchange device 100 switches and connects each call line to enable an extension call between the telephones T, an outside call by the telephone T, and a doorphone call between the intercom slave D and the telephone T. ing.

When there is a call from the intercom subunit D, the telephone exchange apparatus 100 outputs a ring tone such as "ping-pong" from the built-in speaker and a ring tone from the modular jack M. If the telephone T responds to this, the intercom call can be started. Next, FIG. 5 shows an outline of the internal configuration of the telephone exchange device. This telephone exchange device (doorphone adapter) 20
0 connects the telephone line L (L1-L2) and one intercom subunit D (DA1-DA2), and connects one telephone T without the modular jack M shown in FIG. It is directly connected by a two-wire type signal line (T1-T2). During normal standby, the telephone line L is connected to the telephone T, and when there is a call from another telephone through the telephone line L, the telephone T outputs a ringing tone, and if it responds, a call (external call) is made. Is ready to start.

The telephone exchange device 200 is provided with a doorphone adapter control unit 201, a power feeding unit 202, and a line switching unit 203. When the doorphone adapter control unit 201 detects a call from the doorphone subunit D, the line switching unit 203 Switching unit 203
Is switched from the telephone line L side (contact a side) to the intercom subunit D side (contact b side), power is supplied from the power feeding unit 202 to the telephone T, and a calling signal (SIR signal) is sent to the intercom subunit. The call from the device D is also directly output from the telephone T.

At this time, the ringing signal transmitted from the telephone switching apparatus 200 is a 75 V, 16 Hz signal in which an ON period of 0.3 seconds and an OFF period of 0.3 seconds are repeated . The voltage waveform as shown in FIG. Figure 6 (a)
Indicates that the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1 +, L2-), the polarity of the telephone exchange device 200 with respect to the telephone set T (the polarity of the internal circuit) is (T1 +, T2-), and they are the same. Is. In this case, the voltage level of + 48V during standby is +20 to + when the telephone exchange apparatus 200 detects a call from the intercom subunit D and switches the connection of the telephone T from the telephone line L to the intercom subunit D. When the voltage reaches 30V, the sending of the calling signal is started. When the telephone T responds to this and the intercom adapter control unit 201 detects this, the voltage level becomes +5 to 10 V and the intercom conversation is started. When the intercom call ends, the telephone T is connected to the telephone line L from the intercom subunit D.
Then, the voltage level returns to the standby level (+ 48V).

In FIG . 6B, the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1
-, L2 +), the polarity of the telephone exchange apparatus 200 with respect to the telephone set T is (T1 +, T2-), and the two do not match. In this case, at the voltage level of −48 V in the standby state, the telephone exchange device 200 detects the call from the intercom subunit D and connects the telephone T to the telephone line L.
From +20 to 30 when switching from doorphone subunit D
The signal becomes V and the calling signal is transmitted. When the telephone T responds to this, the voltage level becomes +5 to 10 V,
Door phone call is made. When the intercom call ends, the telephone T is connected to the telephone line L from the intercom subunit D.
Then, the voltage level returns to the standby level (-48V).

As described above, since the polarity of the voltage supplied from the exchange through the telephone line L is indefinite depending on the line, the voltage waveform when the intercom subunit D is called differs depending on the polarity. By the way, recently, the operation of the number display service is started, and if this service is used, the telephone number of the caller or the like is displayed on the telephone before answering the call. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the basic operation of the service. Note that (1) to (9) in the figure are numbers assigned to each operation, and the information receiving terminal means a communication terminal device such as a telephone or a facsimile device that can use this service. Shows.

When a call is made to an information receiving terminal for which a service contract has been made in advance, the subscriber line exchange reverses the polarities of the subscriber lines L1 and L2 (telephone line L), which are lines on the receiving terminal side (1). ), And sends an information receiving terminal activation signal (2). When the receiving terminal is ready to receive the sender information, it closes the DC circuit in the terminal (closes the DC loop) and sends a primary response signal (3). On the other hand, when the exchange side determines the primary response signal from the DC resistance value,
Information such as the telephone number of the sender, which is a modem signal, is transmitted to the receiving terminal side (4). On the receiving terminal side, when a modem signal is received within a predetermined time t from the transmission of the primary response signal, a reception completion signal is transmitted by opening the DC circuit (DC loop opening) (5), and the exchange side receiving this signal, A call signal is transmitted (6).

When the information receiving terminal receives a calling signal, it makes a ringing sound and prompts a response. However, since the calling party's telephone number etc. can be confirmed by receiving the calling party information in advance and displaying it on the display, etc. It is possible to take a corresponding action (for example, switch to an answering machine). If you respond to the ringing signal by picking up the handset, close the DC circuit again (close the DC loop),
The secondary response signal is sent (7), and then the polarity is repolarized to enable the call (8), (9).

In addition to the telephone number of the communication terminal of the caller, the modem signal containing the caller's telephone number also includes number information such as the dial-in number if a dial-in contract is made. If the caller's telephone number cannot be notified, the reason will be notified. By the way, the reason for this is that the operation before calling from a public telephone or entering a telephone number ("184"
Dialing, etc.) when making a non-notification designation, or making a call from outside the service area.

FIG . 8 is a diagram showing a waveform of the line voltage of the telephone line L in the number display service. (1) to (9) in the figure correspond to the numbers assigned to the respective operations in FIG. 7 . Here, the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1−, L2 +), and the voltage level of −48V during standby is (1) +4 after polarity reversal.
When the voltage reaches 8V, an information receiving terminal activation signal is sent from the exchange (2). This activation signal is a signal of 75 V and 16 Hz, and is configured to repeat an ON period of 0.5 seconds and an OFF period of 0.5 seconds.

In the telephone T (information receiving terminal), when the activation signal is detected about twice, it becomes a primary response signal due to line closure (3), so that the voltage level becomes +5 to 10V.
After that, the modem signal is transmitted from the exchange side (4).
On the side of the telephone set T, when the modem signal is received, the line is released to be a reception completion signal (5), the voltage level becomes +48 V, and the ringing signal sent from the exchange side is received (6). This calling signal is a signal of 75 V and 16 Hz, and is configured to repeat an ON period of 1 second and an OFF period of 2 seconds.

In response to the ringing signal, if the telephone set T makes a secondary response signal by closing the line (7), the voltage level is +5 to +5.
When the voltage becomes 10V and the polarity is reversed by the exchange side (8), the voltage level becomes -5 to 10V and the call is started (9). When the call ends, the voltage level returns to the standby level (-48V). When this number display service is used in the home telephone system described with reference to FIGS . 4 and 5 , a telephone having a service-supporting function is connected as each telephone T, or a telephone before the telephone T (the telephone exchange device 100, 200 side)
If an adapter is connected to, it is convenient in that wiring is easy and the caller's telephone number is easy to see. However, the following problems occur, and therefore the front stage of the telephone exchanges 100 and 200 (the telephone line L side) ), It is necessary to connect an adapter (number display adapter) equipped with this service compatible function.

[0015]

That is, when a number display service is used in a home telephone system and a telephone having a service supporting function is connected, the following problems occur. FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the problem. In this case, a telephone T having a number display service supporting function is connected to the telephone exchange apparatus 200, and the telephone T when a call is made from the intercom subunit D when a contract for the service is connected. The voltage waveform (T1-T2) is shown.

In FIG . 9A , the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1
+, L2-), which is the same as the polarity (T1 +, T2-) of the telephone exchange apparatus 200 with respect to the telephone set T. In this case, polarity reversal does not occur ( Fig. 6 (a)).
(See), the telephone T can output a ringing sound from the intercom subunit and perform intercom communication. However, the figure
9 (b), the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1-,
L2 +) and does not match the polarity (T1 +, T2-) of the telephone exchange apparatus 200 with respect to the telephone set T,
After the polarity is reversed, the connection of the telephone T is switched from the telephone line L to the intercom subunit D, and the calling signal (SIR signal)
Is sent, the telephone T side determines that this calling signal is the activation signal of the number display service (see FIG. 8 ).

That is, the signal detected after polarity inversion is
Since the waveform is almost the same as that of the start-up signal, the line L is closed after the signal is detected about twice, and the modem signal (source information signal) from the exchange stands by. Further, the telephone exchange apparatus 200 determines that the closing of the line L is a response at the telephone set T. Since the telephone set T does not receive the modem signal even after waiting for a predetermined time t (for example, 7 seconds) (see FIG. 7 ), it disconnects the line L and returns to the standby state.

As described above, when the telephone T having the function of supporting the number display service is connected to the conventional telephone exchange apparatus 200, the calling signal from the intercom sub-unit D is activated on the side of the telephone T to activate the number display service. I made a mistake and decided to interrupt the call. Therefore, the telephone T could not make the intercom call while the ringing signal was not output.

The present invention has been proposed in view of the above circumstances, and it is possible to connect a telephone corresponding to the number display service and make a telephone line / call that enables intercom communication.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an automatic switching connector for intercom subunits.

[0020]

Therefore, in the present invention,
With to connect the phone line and intercom slave device, number
-Connect a phone that supports display service
To be used, the call from the telephone line, to determine the call from the intercom slave unit, a telephone line or the intercom slave unit, automatic switching of telephone / intercom slave unit having a function of switching connected to the phone We propose the improvement of the connector.

In claim 1, the polarity and number of the telephone line
A polarity operating means for operating to match the polarity for phones that have corresponding functions to display service, Nan
A line switching means for selectively connecting and connecting a telephone line or an intercom subunit to a telephone having a function compatible with bar display service, a call detecting means for detecting a call from the intercom subunit, and a call signal to the telephone. When the call signal transmitting means for transmitting and the call detecting means detect a call from the intercom subunit, the line switching means connects the intercom subunit to the telephone, and the call signal transmitting means transmits the call signal to the telephone. And control means for sending out.

In this automatic switching connector, the polarity of the telephone line and the number display are preset by the polarity operating means.
If the polarity is matched to that of the telephone that has the service-supporting function , the polarity will not be inverted when the call signal from the intercom subunit is sent. Therefore, the call signal of the number display service is sent from the telephone side. There is no mistaken judgment. In claim 2, polarity detecting means for detecting the polarity of the telephone line, and polarity switching means for matching the polarity detected by the polarity detecting means with that of the telephone having a function corresponding to the number display service, and the polarity switching means. A line switching means for selectively switching and connecting a telephone line or an intercom subunit to the telephone, a call detecting means for detecting a call from the intercom subunit, a calling signal transmitting means for transmitting a calling signal to the telephone, and a calling When the detection means detects a call from the intercom subunit, the intercom subunit is connected to the telephone by the line switching means, and the control means for causing the call signal transmitting means to transmit the call signal to the telephone.

In this automatic switching connector, the polarity of the telephone line and the number disconnection are automatically set by the polarity switching means in advance.
If you match the polarity to the phone that has a function compatible with the play service , the polarity will not be inverted when the call signal is sent from the intercom subunit, so the phone will start the number display service for that call signal. Do not mistakenly judge as a signal.

[0027]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a configuration of an automatic switching connector of a telephone line / doorphone subunit according to claim 1 of the present invention. This automatic switching connector A1
Is installed in a dwelling unit, connects a telephone exchange (not shown) through a telephone line L (L1-L2), and also connects an intercom subunit D (DA1-DA2) installed at the entrance or the like. In addition, a telephone set T (T1-T) installed in the dwelling unit
2) is connected, but here, a telephone set T having a function corresponding to the number display service is connected. Therefore, this dwelling unit has a number display service contract with the telephone office. The telephone T is
The number display adapter may be connected to the preceding stage.

The automatic switching connector A1 discriminates a call from another telephone or the like through the telephone line L and a call from the intercom subunit D, and determines the telephone line L or the intercom subunit D.
Is switched to the telephone T to perform a basic operation. In the figure, 1 is a control circuit which constitutes a control means by a CPU or the like, 2 is the polarity of the telephone line L (L1-L2) and the telephone set T (T1-T).
It is a polarity switching unit provided with a polarity switching switch 2a that is operated to match the polarities with respect to 2). That is, the polarity changeover switch 2a constitutes a polarity operating means.

Reference numeral 3 is a line switching unit for selectively connecting and connecting the telephone line L or the intercom subunit D to the telephone T, 4 is an off-hook detection circuit for detecting the off-hook of the telephone T, 5 is a diode bridge, and 6 Is an incoming call detection circuit that detects a ringing signal (IR signal) from the telephone exchange, 7 is a current supply circuit that supplies a constant current to the communication path during a doorphone call, and 8 is a voltage drop of the call from the intercom subunit D The intercom call detection circuit which constitutes the call detection means by detecting with 9, the intercom interface circuit 9 for controlling the intercom communication between the intercom slave D and the telephone T, and the back 10 which returns the ringtone to the intercom slave D side. A tone control circuit, 11 is a voice amplifier circuit that amplifies the sound output from the speaker SP, and 12 is a ringing tone or an electric signal output from the speaker SP. A melody output circuit for generating a ringing tone to be output from the machine T. This melody output circuit 1
2 and the current supply circuit 7 constitute a calling signal sending means for sending a calling signal to the telephone set T.

Connection terminals L1 and L2 for connecting the telephone line L
The polarity switching unit 2, the line switching unit 3, and the off-hook detection circuit 4 are inserted between the connection terminal T1 and the connection terminal T2 for connecting the telephone T. The current due to DC closure when off-hook is detected by the photocoupler. An incoming signal detection circuit 6 is connected to the connection terminals L1 and L2 via a diode bridge 5 to detect a ringing signal (IR signal) transmitted through the telephone line L.

The intercom interface detection circuit 8 and the intercom interface circuit 9 are connected to the connecting terminals DA1 and DA2 for connecting the intercom subunit D. The intercom call detection circuit 8 detects the call when the call button of the intercom slave D is operated. The intercom interface circuit 9 includes a current supply circuit 7, a line switching unit 3, an off-hook detection circuit 4, and connection terminals T1 and T1.
A communication path is formed between the intercom subunit D and the telephone T via the telephone 2.

The control circuit 1 controls the line switching unit 3 to form a communication path between the telephone line L and the telephone set T, or the intercom sub unit D and the telephone set T, and the voice amplification circuit 11 and the melody output. Voice output control by the circuit 12, control of the back tone control circuit 10 for returning a ringing sound to the intercom subunit D side, control of the current supply circuit 7 for supplying a constant current to the speech path during a doorphone call, doorphone interface circuit 9 Control.

If the control circuit 10 detects a call from the intercom sub unit D by the intercom call detection circuit 8 during standby,
The line switching unit 3 connects the intercom subunit D to the telephone set T, and sends a ringing signal (SIR signal) generated by the melody output circuit 12 to the telephone set T side. At this time, at the same time, the call signal may be amplified by the voice amplifier circuit 11 and output from the speaker SP. Also, the telephone T
If the incoming call detection circuit 6 detects a call from the telephone line L while the intercom subunit D is talking, the pseudo incoming call signal generated by the melody output circuit 12 is sent to the telephone set T.

In the present invention, the polarity changeover switch 2a is previously set.
Is operated to match the polarity of the telephone line L with the polarity of the telephone T. For example, the polarity of the telephone line L is (L
1+, L2-) and the polarity for the telephone T is (T1
+, T2-) or the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1-, L2 +) and the polarity for the telephone T is (T1-, T2 +), the polarity switching unit 2 is set to the a side. Connecting. On the other hand, the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1-, L2
+) And the polarity for the telephone T is (T1 +, T2
-) Or the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1 +,
L2-) and the polarity for the telephone T is (T1-, T
2+), the polarity switching unit 2 is connected to the b side so that the polarity is inverted inside the automatic switching connector A1.

FIG. 2 shows the waveform of the line voltage (T1-T2) for the telephone set T when a call is made from the intercom subunit D with the polarities being matched. Figure 2 (a)
The case where the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1 +, L2-) and the polarity for the telephone set T is (T1 +, T2-). In this case, for the voltage level of + 48V during standby, the control circuit 1 detects the call from the intercom subunit D by the intercom call detection circuit 8 and controls the line switching unit 3 to connect the telephone T to the telephone line L. When it is switched to the intercom subunit D from +, it becomes +20 to 30 V, and the sending of the calling signal generated by the melody output circuit 12 is started. When the response of the telephone set T to this is detected by the off-hook detection circuit 4, the voltage level becomes +5 to 10 V, and the intercom call is made. Then, when the intercom call ends, the connection of the telephone T returns from the intercom subunit D to the telephone line L, and the voltage level is the standby level (+ 48V).
Return to.

In FIG. 2B, the polarity of the telephone line L is (L1
−, L2 +), and the polarity for the telephone T is (T1
−, T2 +). In this case, the control circuit 1 detects the call from the intercom sub unit D by the intercom call detection circuit 8 and controls the line switching unit 3 to connect the telephone T to the telephone line. When switching from L to doorphone subunit D, -2
When the voltage reaches 0 to 30 V, the sending of the calling signal generated by the melody output circuit 12 is started. Telephone T for this
When the off-hook detection circuit 4 detects the response of, the voltage level becomes -5 to 10 V, and the intercom call is made. Then, when the intercom call ends, the connection of the telephone T returns from the intercom subunit D to the telephone line L, and the voltage level returns to the standby level (-48V).

If the polarities of the telephone line L and the telephone set T are made to coincide with each other in this way, the polarity is not reversed when the calling signal from the intercom subunit D is sent to the telephone set T. The T side does not mistakenly judge the calling signal as the activation signal of the number display service. Therefore, even if the telephone set T has a number display service response function, the sending of the calling signal from the intercom subunit D is not interrupted, the telephone set T outputs the ringing tone, and the intercom conversation can be started.

The operation of matching the polarities may be performed only once at the time of construction, but the confirmation is made by calling from the intercom subunit D and the calling signal continues to be output while the telephone set T does not answer. If you answer, you can start the intercom call. Note that this confirmation may be performed by using a tester or the like for the voltage (polarity) between the telephone line L side and the telephone set T side.

Next, the automatic switching connector of the telephone line / doorphone subunit according to claim 2 of the present invention will be described with reference to the block diagram of FIG. This automatic switching connector A2
Compared with the configuration of the automatic switching connector A1 of FIG. 1, the polarity switching unit 2
Instead of the (polarity changeover switch 2a), a polarity detection unit 21 that constitutes a polarity detection unit that detects the polarity of the telephone line L,
The polarity switching unit 2 that constitutes a polarity switching unit that matches the polarity detected by the polarity detection unit 21 with the polarity for the telephone T.
With 0 and.

Therefore, in this automatic switching connector A2, the polarity detecting unit 21 detects the polarity of the telephone line L during construction, and switches the polarity switching unit 20 as necessary to switch the polarity of the telephone line L and the telephone T. Automatically match the polarity. With this configuration, it is not necessary to call the intercom subunit D to confirm that the polarities match.

With the polarities matched, the intercom subunit D
The line voltage (T
The waveform of 1-T2) is the same as that of FIG. 2 (a) or FIG. 2 (b). Therefore, when the calling signal from the intercom subunit D is sent to the telephone set T, the polarity is not inverted, and therefore the telephone set T does not mistakenly judge the calling signal as the activation signal of the number display service.

[0050]

As can be understood from the above description, the automatic switching connector of the telephone line / doorphone handset according to claim 1 of the present invention has the polarity of the telephone line and the telephone set in advance by a switch operation or the like. If the same polarity is used, the polarity will not be inverted when the call signal is sent from the intercom subunit, so the phone side mistakenly determines that call signal as the activation signal for the number display service. There is nothing to do. Therefore, the call signal from the intercom sub unit transmitted to the telephone is not interrupted, and the call signal is output. If the call signal is responded to, the intercom call can be started.

In the automatic switching connector of the telephone line / doorphone subunit according to the second aspect, the polarity of the telephone line can be automatically detected and matched with the polarity for the telephone. As a result, the polarity does not need to be reversed when sending the call signal from the intercom subunit, so that the call signal can be displayed on the telephone side by the number display service. Do not mistakenly judge that it is the start signal of. Therefore, the call signal from the intercom sub unit transmitted to the telephone is not interrupted, and the call signal is output. If the call signal is responded to, the intercom call can be started.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of the configuration of an automatic switching connector of a telephone line / doorphone subunit of the present invention (claim 1).

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a voltage waveform when the automatic switching connector of FIG. 1 is connected.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of a configuration of an automatic switching connector of a telephone line / doorphone subunit of the present invention (claim 2).

FIG. 4 is a schematic configuration diagram of a home telephone system.

FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram of a residential telephone exchange device.

6 is a voltage waveform when the telephone exchange device of FIG. 8 is connected.
FIG.

FIG. 7 shows the basic operation of the number display service.
It is a figure.

[Figure 8] Voltage wave in the number display service
It is a figure which shows a shape.

FIG. 9 shows voltage waveforms for explaining conventional problems.
It is a figure .

─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (56) Reference JP-A-6-78353 (JP, A) JP-A-7-131835 (JP, A) JP-A-5-207538 (JP, A) JP-A-7- 99676 (JP, A) JP-A-9-270870 (JP, A) JP-A-9-261373 (JP, A) (58) Fields investigated (Int.Cl. ⁷ , DB name) H04Q 3/58 107 H04M 3/42 H04M 9/00

Claims (2)

(57) [Claims] 1. A telephone line is connected to a telephone, and
A telephone that is used by connecting an intercom subunit and distinguishes between a call from the above-mentioned telephone line and a call from the above-mentioned intercom subunit and switches the telephone line or intercom subunit to the above-mentioned telephone. In the automatic switching connector of the line / doorphone sub-unit, the above-mentioned telephone is a telephone with a number display compatible function.
A speaker , a polarity operating means that is operated to match the polarity of the telephone line with that of the telephone, and a line switching means that selectively connects the telephone line or the intercom subunit to the telephone. A call detecting means for detecting a call from the intercom subunit, a call signal transmitting means for transmitting a call signal to the telephone, and the line switching when the call detecting means detects a call from the intercom subunit. By connecting the doorphone subunit to the above-mentioned telephone by means,
A telephone line / control means, comprising: control means for transmitting a call signal from the call signal transmission means to the telephone.
Door phone sub-device automatic switching connector. 2. A telephone line is connected to a telephone, and
A telephone that is used by connecting an intercom subunit and distinguishes between a call from the above-mentioned telephone line and a call from the above-mentioned intercom subunit and switches the telephone line or intercom subunit to the above-mentioned telephone. In the automatic switching connector of the line / doorphone sub-unit, the above-mentioned telephone is a telephone with a number display compatible function.
A telephone set, a polarity detecting means for detecting the polarity of the telephone line, a polarity switching means for matching the polarity detected by the polarity detecting means with the polarity for the telephone, and the telephone line or the intercom subunit on the telephone. A line switching means for selectively switching connection, a call detecting means for detecting a call from the intercom slave, a call signal transmitting means for transmitting a call signal to the telephone, and the call detecting means for the intercom slave. And a control means for connecting the intercom subunit to the telephone by the line switching means and for transmitting a call signal from the call signal transmitting means to the telephone when a call from the telephone is detected. / Automatic switching connection device for intercom slaves.