JP3521183B2 - Heat engine with independently selectable compression ratio and expansion ratio - Google Patents

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention improves the thermal efficiency of a heat engine and makes effective use of available heat energy. Energy is the basis of industry, and can be used as a power source for all current generators, automobiles, ships, etc. Solar energy, which is natural energy, ocean temperature difference, and other energy with small temperature difference are also effectively used.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In thermodynamics, the Carnot cycle is the heat engine with the highest heat efficiency. The reason is that it is a reversible engine in a closed container. However, the Carnot Institute has not been realized. The Stirling engine is a reversible engine because the displacer reciprocates in a closed container in the same way as this Carnot cycle, and the process can be operated in either direction. Therefore, it is said that the thermal efficiency will be the same as the Carnot cycle. However, in reality, the thermal efficiency is very low. There are various reasons, but the biggest reason is that the dead space other than the stroke volume is large. However, the dead space is a passage for the working fluid and cannot be zero as long as there is a heater, a heat exchanger, and a cooler. Increasing the size of these devices to improve heat exchange would wastelessly expand and contract the working fluid in the dead space. For this reason, the Stirling engine does not have good thermal efficiency. However, since the Stirling engine is an external combustion type, it is less affected by exhaust gas pollution due to combustion, and has the characteristic that there is no impact noise due to explosive combustion and little noise.

Since the gasoline engine and the diesel engine have almost no dead space, this point heat efficiency is good. However, although it is a heat engine, it is cooling. Therefore, the theoretical thermal efficiency due to thermodynamics and the thermal efficiency due to the actual machine are far from each other. The theoretical thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle, which is the mainstream of the current engine, is equivalent to the thermal efficiency of the Carnot cycle, which works at high temperatures and low temperatures (Reference: How to Learn Thermodynamics, Naokata Kitayama, Ohmsha P108). However, the high temperature is the combustion temperature,
Cool because the material cannot withstand. Exhaust gas temperature is correspondingly high. However, the thermal efficiency is 25% to 30%. When the temperature on the high temperature side becomes low, the pressure becomes low and the output drops. The higher the temperature, the higher the pressure and output.

In a gasoline engine and a diesel engine, one cylinder piston performs four strokes of intake, compression, ignition combustion heating and expansion of working fluid, and exhaust. Therefore, the compression ratio = expansion ratio. Therefore, the exhaust gas of the engine is not sufficiently expanded and is discharged while having high temperature and high pressure energy. In order to effectively use the energy of this exhaust gas, a turbine is provided in the exhaust passage, and the power of the turbine is used to compress the intake air to improve the output and thermal efficiency. This device is called a turbo. However, the thermal efficiency of the turbo itself is not good. Also, if the engine is fully expanded, a turbo is not needed.

[0005]

A heat engine having a theoretical thermal efficiency higher than that of the Carnot cycle is produced. If the thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle corresponds to that of the Carnot cycle, the thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle can be made higher than that of the Carnot cycle by making the adiabatic expansion larger than the adiabatic compression. The Otto cycle is characterized by isochoric heating. Isothermal heating can obtain high temperature and high pressure with less heat energy. The expansion mechanism and compression mechanism are dedicated. The expansion ratio is increased so that the pressure of the working fluid after the expansion is completed becomes the pressure before the suction. Do not cool the engine. Insulates and prevents heat loss. When the engine is cooled, the effect is halved even if the compression ratio is increased or the temperature on the high temperature side is increased. The maximum temperature is set to the maximum heat resistant temperature of the material to keep it warm to prevent heat loss. Since the combustion temperature is high between internal combustion engines, an external combustion engine is used and a heat exchanger is attached. Since the external combustion engine burns at normal pressure, the combustion temperature is low and the exhaust gas is less contaminated. Further, since the heat exchanger is used as the heat source, all heat sources such as waste heat, reaction heat, hot spring heat, etc. can be used.

[0006]

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the principle of operation of the present invention. The heat engine is a closed cycle. 4 cylinders
Connect separately placed pistons with one rod. The stroke is the same. The low temperature cylinder (10), the compression cylinder (12), the high temperature cylinder (30), and the expansion cylinder (32) are arranged in this order from the left. Place the heater (1) between the compression cylinder (12) and the hot cylinder (30). A cooler (2) between the expansion cylinder (32) and the cryogenic cylinder (10)
Put. High temperature cylinder (30) and compression cylinder (12)
Have the same cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area of each of the other cylinders is calculated as follows. If the stroke of each cylinder is the same, the cross-sectional area ratio = volume ratio. Since the engine is cycled, the moving mass of the working fluid in each stroke is the same. The working fluid is an ideal gas and follows the equation of state of the ideal gas of Equation 1. Where p = pressure, V = volume, m = mass, R = gas constant, T = absolute temperature.

[0007]

[Equation 1]

The state equation of the working fluid in each cylinder is represented by adding a subscript. The low temperature cylinder before compression = 1, the compression cylinder after compression = 2, the high temperature cylinder before expansion = 3, and the expansion cylinder after expansion = 4. It is based on the state of the working fluid in the cold cylinder before compression. Since the mass m of each process is the same and the gas constant R is common, the formula 2 is established.

[0009]

[Equation 2]

In the equation ₂ , V ₁ / V ₂ = compression ratio = ε ₂
Is. Low temperature cylinder (10) and compression cylinder (12)
The cross-sectional area ratio of is ε ₂ . If adiabatic compression is performed with the specific heat ratio of the working fluid as κ, the pressure p ₂ after compression is Equation 3 and the temperature T
₂ is represented by Equation 4.

[0011]

[Equation 3]

[0012]

[Equation 4]

If the volume of the heater (1) is constant and the compression cylinder (12) and the hot cylinder (30) have the same cross-sectional area, there is no change in volume due to piston movement. When the working fluid is heated to the same volume and the heating temperature is given to determine the temperature T ₃ , the atmospheric pressure P ₃ is expressed by the equation 5.

[0014]

[Equation 5]

The pressure p _{3 according} to equation (5) is the condition in which the heater (1) is totally heated to T ₃ , and the high temperature cylinder (3)
It is the initial state in 0). Adiabatic expansion of pressure p ₃ p
_Set to ₄ . If p ₄ = p ₁ , the expansion pressure becomes the suction pressure for adiabatic compression. The adiabatic expansion ratio ε ₄ is expressed by Equation 6.

[0016]

[Equation 6]

If p ₄ = p ₁ = atmospheric pressure = 1 atm, then p ₃ becomes as shown in Equation 7.

[0018]

[Equation 7]

The high temperature cylinder (30) and the expansion cylinder (3
The cross-sectional area ratio of 2) is ε ₄ . Temperature T after adiabatic expansion
₄ is represented by Equation 8.

[0020]

[Equation 8]

Since p ₄ = p ₁ , the ratio ε ₅ of the cross-sectional areas of the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) is expressed by the equation 9.

[0022]

[Equation 9]

In summary, the cross-sectional area of each cylinder is as follows. The cross-sectional area of the compression cylinder (12) is made smaller than that of the low-temperature cylinder (10), and the cross-sectional area ratio is the compression ratio ε.
_Set to ₂ . Compression cylinder (12) and high temperature cylinder (3
The cross-sectional areas of 0) are made equal. The cross-sectional area of the expansion cylinder (32) is made larger than that of the high-temperature cylinder (30), and the cross-sectional area ratio is the expansion ratio ε ₄ . The expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) have the same pressure, and the ratio of the cross-sectional areas is the ratio ε ₅ of the temperature after expansion and the temperature after cooling. Since each stroke is the same, the cross-sectional area can be replaced by the stroke volume.

In FIG. 9, it is assumed that the piston moves without resistance and that the rod does not occupy the volume in the cylinder. Place the piston at the left end with such a device. FIG. 9 shows a position slightly moved to the right from the left end. The working fluid in each cylinder is in the following state. The inside of the low temperature cylinder (10) is replaced with an incompressible working fluid at a temperature after cooling. The inside of the compression cylinder (12) has the same pressure as the inside of the heater (1) and has a temperature mixed with the temperature after adiabatic compression and the temperature inside the heater.
The inside of the high temperature cylinder (30) is at the pressure and temperature after heating. The pressure inside the expansion cylinder (32) is the same as that of the cooler (2) and the low temperature cylinder (10) at the temperature after adiabatic expansion.

Free the piston. The piston moves to the right due to the pressure difference across the expansion piston (33). The compression piston (13) and the high-temperature piston (31) have the same cross-sectional area and the same pressure, and the action of the force acts in the opposite direction to each other, which cancels each other out. However, the working fluid in the compression cylinder (12) is pushed into the heater (1) and heated, and the pressure rises. The working fluid in the expansion cylinder (32) is pushed, enters the cooler (2), is cooled and compressed, and enters the cold cylinder (10). Since the volume ratio of both cylinders is the temperature ratio, the volume becomes smaller due to the temperature decrease, but the pressure does not change. The pressure is the same before and after the low temperature piston (11), so the movement is free. As a result, the piston moves to the right. As the piston moves to the right, the pressure of the working fluid during expansion decreases and the pressure of the working fluid during compression increases. The pressure eventually balances, but the piston reaches the right end due to inertia. The working fluid has moved by the volume of one cylinder. If only the piston is moved to the left end without changing the working fluid, it will be in the initial state. This completes one stroke.

[0026]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention will be described based on examples with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of claim 1, and is a heat engine that can be continuously operated based on the operation principle of FIG. A low-temperature cylinder (10), a compression cylinder (12), a heater (1), a high-temperature cylinder (30), an expansion cylinder (32) and a cooler (2) are provided in the order in which the working fluid flows, and the working fluid is returned to the low-temperature cylinder. Use a device that performs cycle operation to reduce the piston phase difference between adjacent cylinders to 18
Operate at 0 °. As for the stroke volume ratio of each cylinder, the stroke volume of the compression cylinder (12) is made smaller than that of the low temperature cylinder (10), and the volume ratio is set to the compression ratio.
The movement of 3) compresses the working fluid adiabatically and moves it from the cold cylinder (10) to the compression cylinder (12). The compression cylinder (12) and the high-temperature cylinder (30) have the same stroke volume, and the working fluid is heated through the heater by the movement of the pistons (13, 31) to the same volume to heat the compression cylinder (12) to the high-temperature cylinder (30). Move to. The stroke volume of the expansion cylinder (32) is made larger than that of the high temperature cylinder (30) so that the volume ratio becomes an expansion ratio, and the working fluid is adiabatically expanded by the movement of the pistons (31, 33).
0) to the expansion cylinder (32). The stroke volume ratio between the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) is the temperature ratio at the inlet and outlet of the cooler (2). Piston (3
The movement of 3, 11) cools and compresses the working fluid and moves it from the expansion cylinder (32) to the cold cylinder (10). A heat engine in which a piston (11, 13, 31, 33) opens / closes a valve (14-18, 34-38) at a top dead center or a bottom dead center to switch a passage of a working fluid to perform a cycle operation.

The low temperature piston (11) and the high temperature piston (3
1) is at bottom dead center. It is assumed that the compression piston (13) and the expansion piston (33) are at top dead center. All valves are closed. The crankshaft (3) rotates slightly to the right. The compression vent valve (16) and the expansion vent valve (36) open. The cold piston (11) rises, the compression piston (13) descends, and the working fluid is gradually adiabatically compressed. High temperature piston (3
1) rises, the expansion piston (33) descends and the working fluid expands adiabatically with the highest pressure differential. This expansion is the driving force. The low temperature piston (11) and the high temperature piston (31) become the top dead center, and the compression piston (13) and the expansion piston (3
When 3) becomes the bottom dead center, compression and expansion are completed. The compression vent valve (16) and the expansion vent valve (36) are closed.

The crankshaft (3) further rotates to the right. The cold inlet valve (14), compression outlet valve (18), hot inlet valve (34), expansion outlet valve (38) open. The expansion piston (31) rises and the cold piston (11) descends.
The working fluid travels from the expansion cylinder (30) through the cooler (2) to the cold cylinder (10). The working fluid is cooled and compressed, and the specific volume becomes small and the density becomes high while keeping the pressure. In the compression cylinder (12), when the compression outlet valve (18) is opened, the working fluid flows backward from the high pressure heater (1) side. The pressure in the heater (1) decreases and the pressure in the compression cylinder (12) rises to the same pressure. Since the compression piston (13) and the high temperature piston (31) have the same area and the same pressure, the external force is canceled. The compression piston (13) rises and the hot piston (31) descends.
The working fluid moves from the compression cylinder (12) through the heater (1) to the hot cylinder (30). The working fluid does not change in volume during movement, and is heated to a constant volume and its pressure and temperature rise. The low temperature piston (11) and the high temperature piston (31) reach the bottom dead center, and the compression piston (13) and the expansion piston (3
3) becomes the top dead center and the valves (14, 18, 34, 38) are closed to complete one cycle. Further, the crankshaft (3) rotates right and the cycle continues.

FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of claim 2 and is a heat engine using both sides of each piston of FIG. A low temperature cylinder (10), a compression cylinder (12), a heater (1), in the order in which a working fluid flows through a cylinder in which a piston rod is sealed.
A high temperature cylinder (30), an expansion cylinder (32) and a cooler (2) are provided, and the flow of the working fluid of a device that performs a cycle operation of returning the working fluid to the low temperature cylinder (10) is changed to a cylinder chamber on the cylinder head side (hereinafter referred to as “ "Head side") and piston rod side cylinder chamber (hereinafter "rod side")
The two pistons are operated at a phase difference of 180 ° between adjacent pistons. The heater (1) and the cooler (2) are common to the two systems. Regarding the stroke volume of each cylinder, the stroke volume of the compression cylinder (12) is made smaller than that of the low temperature cylinder (10), and the volume ratio is taken as the compression ratio. The compression cylinder (12) and the high temperature cylinder (30) have the same stroke volume. High temperature cylinder (3
0), the stroke volume of the expansion cylinder (32) is made larger and the volume ratio becomes the expansion ratio. The stroke volume ratio between the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) is the temperature ratio at the outlet inlet of the cooler (2). Piston (11, 13, 31, 33)
Valve at top dead center or bottom dead center (14-19, 34-39)
Open and close. In a half cycle of the heat engine, the working fluid is sucked from the cooler (2) on the head side in the low temperature cylinder (10) during the compression stroke on the head side, and the working fluid is compressed on the head side in the compression cylinder (12) during the compression stroke on the head side. Discharge to the heater (1) on the side. On the other hand, in the high temperature cylinder (30), suction is performed from the cooler (2) on the head side during the expansion stroke on the head side, and in the expansion cylinder (32) to the cooler (2) side on the head side during the expansion stroke on the head side. The exhaust is performed and the reverse operation is performed in the next half cycle. In the low-temperature cylinder (10), the cooler (2) is sucked in on the head side during the compression stroke on the rod side,
The compression cylinder (12) discharges to the heater (1) on the head side during the compression stroke on the rod side. On the other hand, in the high temperature cylinder (30), suction is performed from the cooler (2) on the head side during the expansion stroke on the rod side, and in the expansion cylinder (32) to the cooler (2) side on the rod side during the expansion stroke on the rod side. Exhaust. In this manner, the heat engine is a cycle engine in which the head side and the rod side of the cylinder chamber are alternately operated to perform a cycle operation. The operation is the same as the operation method of FIG.

FIG. 3 is an explanatory view of claim 3 and is a view in which the compression cylinder (12) of FIG. 2 is omitted. A low temperature cylinder (10), a heater (1), a high temperature cylinder (30), an expansion cylinder (32) and a cooler (2) are provided in the order in which a working fluid flows through a cylinder in which a piston rod is sealed, and a low temperature cylinder (10). The flow of the working fluid of the device which performs the cycle operation is returned to two systems, the head side and the rod side, and the adjacent pistons are operated at a phase difference of 180 °. The heater (1) and the cooler (2) are common to the two systems. The stroke volume of each cylinder is the same as that of the low temperature cylinder (10) and the high temperature cylinder (30). The expansion volume of the expansion cylinder (32) is made larger than that of the high temperature cylinder (30) to make the volume ratio the expansion ratio. The stroke volume ratio between the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) is the temperature ratio at the outlet inlet of the cooler (2).
The pistons (11, 31, 33) open and close the valves (14-19, 34-39) at the top dead center or the bottom dead center. In the half cycle of the lowering of the low temperature piston (11), the working fluid is sucked from the cooler (2) on the head side of the low temperature cylinder (10),
Discharge to the heater (1) on the rod side. On the other hand, in the high temperature cylinder (30), suction is performed from the heater (1) on the head side during the expansion stroke on the head side, and in the expansion cylinder (32) to the cooler (2) on the head side during the expansion stroke on the head side. Release. The opposite operation is performed in the next half cycle of rising the cold piston (11). In the low temperature cylinder (10), suction is performed from the cooler (2) on the rod side and discharge to the heater (1) is performed on the head side. On the other hand, in the high temperature cylinder (30), suction is performed from the heater (1) on the rod side during the expansion stroke, on the head side, and in the expansion cylinder (32), the rod side is performing the expansion stroke on the rod side and the cooler (on the head side). 2) Exhaust to the side. In this manner, the heat engine is operated alternately on the head side and the rod side of the cylinder chamber, and performs a cycle operation without a compression stroke. In the operation, the compression stroke is omitted, and in the low temperature cylinder (10), the low temperature piston (11) moves the uncompressed working fluid from the cooler (2) side to the heater (1) side. Others are the same as those in FIG.

In the heat engine of the present invention, the volumes of the heater (1) and the cooler (2) do not become dead spaces like the Stirling engine, but the volumes of the compression air passages (20, 21) and the expansion air passages ( 40, 41) The volume tends to become a dead space. Therefore, this volume is made as small as possible. The ventilation valve (1
6, 17, 36, 37) through the ventilation passages (20, 21, 40,
By providing it on the downstream side of 41), the influence of the dead space is reduced. The dead space becomes a big factor especially in the low temperature differential heat engine. In this case, the number of rotations is reduced to reduce the movement amount of the working fluid per unit time. And increase the cylinder volume,
The expansion vent passages (40, 41) are narrowed to generally reduce the dead space.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory view of claim 4, which is a heat engine composed of two large and small cylinders. A cylinder with a large diameter cylinder that seals the piston rod (hereinafter referred to as "large").
And a cylinder with a small cylinder diameter (hereinafter referred to as "small") form four cylinder chambers on the head side and the rod side. The large rod side is passed through the low temperature cylinder (10), the small rod side is passed through the compression cylinder (12) and the heater (1), and the small head side is passed through the high temperature cylinder ( 30), the large head side is returned to the low temperature cylinder (10) through the expansion cylinder (32) and the cooler (2). Operate with a phase difference of 180 ° between both pistons. The stroke volume of each cylinder is the compression cylinder (1
Since 2) and the high temperature cylinder (30) are the same cylinder, they differ in the difference in the volume occupied by the rods but have approximately the same stroke volume. From the high temperature cylinder (30) to the expansion cylinder (3
The stroke volume in 2) is increased and this stroke volume ratio is taken as the expansion ratio. Since the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) are the same cylinder, the rod is thickened so that the volume ratio becomes the temperature ratio of the inlet and outlet of the cooler (2). Piston (3
1, 33) is at the top dead center or the bottom dead center.
4-38) is opened and closed. In the half cycle of rising of the expansion piston (33), the working fluid is cooled and compressed from the expansion cylinder (32) through the cooler (2) while the cold cylinder (1
Move to 0). On the other hand, it is transferred from the compression cylinder (12) through the heater (1) to the high temperature cylinder (30), and in the next half cycle, the working fluid is transferred from the low temperature cylinder (10) to the compression cylinder (12) while being compressed. On the other hand, a heat engine that moves from the high temperature cylinder (30) to the expansion cylinder (32) while expanding, and alternately performs this process to perform cycle operation.

FIG. 5 shows a heat engine in which the principle diagram of FIG. 9 is used as a rotary piston. The compressor is on the left and the prime mover is on the right. In the compressor, the compressor rotor (6
1) rotates. The compressor rotor (61) is provided with three compressor vanes (63). A vane separates the space between the casing and the rotor. This space is used as an operation room. Two of the operation chambers are a low temperature operation chamber (64) and a compression operation chamber (65). The other one is used as an inlet / outlet chamber for the heater (1) and the cooler (2). It also serves as a partition room for both. The prime mover has the same structure as the compressor. Two of the operation chambers are a high temperature operation chamber (74) and an expansion operation chamber (75). The other one
One is used as an inlet / outlet chamber for the heater (1) and the cooler (2). It also serves as a partition room for both. The shafts are directly connected and rotate synchronously. FIG. 5 shows a case where the piston of the principle diagram of FIG. 9 is at the left end or the right end. Each operating room is separated by a vane and is independent. The working chamber connected to the heater (1) forms a small gap with the casing because the rotor rotates, but the working fluid is divided into an inlet and an outlet. The pressure difference is the difference between the heater (1) pressure and the cooler (2) pressure. Since this pressure difference is large, always keep the vanes in the middle. Therefore, the inlet chamber (63, 73) and the outlet chamber (66, 76) are made small. The volume of each operation chamber is the same as the concept shown in FIG. The rotary piston heat engine is characterized by the fact that there is no air passage in the reciprocating heat engine, so no dead space can be created. Moreover, since there is no valve, the structure is simple.

FIG. 6 shows a heat engine in which the number of vanes (62, 72) is four, and the inlet chamber and the outlet chamber are enlarged to make the movement of the vanes (62, 72) gentle. FIG. 6 shows a case where the piston in the principle diagram of FIG. 9 is at the left end. Exit chamber (66,
In 76), the casing (60, 70) is provided with a bypass as indicated by the dotted line so that the working fluid is not compressed until the vanes (62, 72) rotate from this position to the intermediate position, and the working fluid is allowed to flow freely. Therefore, it serves as a passage for the working fluid and is the same as having no vane. When it rotates further to the right, the vane enters the inlet chamber (63, 73). Entrance room (63,
In 73), the casing (60, 70) is likewise provided with a bypass to an intermediate position so that the working fluid can freely flow. The volume of each operation chamber is the same as the concept shown in FIG.

FIG. 7 shows a heat engine that compresses and expands with one casing (50) and a rotor (51). The rotor (51) rotates in the casing (50). In FIG. 7, it is arranged to rotate clockwise as indicated by the arrow. The rotor is provided with 6 vanes (52). The working chamber connected to the heater (1) is divided into a compression outlet chamber (66) and a high temperature inlet chamber (73). The pressure difference between the two becomes the pressure drop of the heater (1). Between the position of the vane (52) in FIG. 7 and the partition, a bypass is provided in the casing to allow the working fluid to flow freely. The same applies to the working chamber connected to the cooler (2). However, when the compression ratio expansion ratio becomes large, the low temperature inlet chamber (63),
The movement of the vane (52) in the expansion outlet chamber (76) is increased, and in order to smooth the movement, the number of the vanes (52) is increased to make the curve of the casing (50) gentle. The upper left side of the operation room connected to the cooler (2) is the low temperature operation room (64)
Becomes Further on the right side is a compression working chamber (65). The right end is the passage leading to the heater (1). The lower right is the high temperature working chamber (74) and the lower left is the expansion working chamber (75). The volume of each operation chamber is the same as the concept shown in FIG.

FIG. 8 shows a rotary piston heat engine in which the compression stroke of FIG. 7 is omitted. The operation is the same as in FIG. Rotor (5
In 1) there are 5 working chambers with 5 attached vanes (52). Two are in the inlet and outlet chamber of the working fluid with the heat exchanger,
The two are used in the expansion stroke in the same way as the concept of FIG. 7. One only moves the working fluid from the cold section to the hot section. The volume of each working chamber is as follows. The volumes of the low temperature operation chamber (64) and the high temperature operation chamber (74) are the same.
The volume ratio between the high temperature working chamber (74) and the expansion working chamber (75) is the expansion ratio. Expansion working chamber (75) and low temperature working chamber (64)
The volume ratio of is the temperature ratio. Increasing the volume of the working chamber increases the (52) movement of the vane. Also in this case, in order to make the movement of the vane (52) gentle, the number of vanes (52) is increased by several to make the curve of the casing (50) gentle.

Since the heat engine of FIG. 3 has no compression stroke, a regenerator (7) can be provided, but it is omitted. The heat engine shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 also includes a low temperature cylinder (10) and a compression cylinder (1
If the volume of 2) is the same, the regenerator (7) can be provided as a low temperature difference heat engine, but it is omitted. The working fluid that has undergone adiabatic expansion has a certain temperature. Also, the working fluid entering the heater (1) remains at the outlet temperature of the cooler (2). The two are heat-exchanged to warm the working fluid before heating at the temperature after expansion. That much heater (1), cooler (2)
Both reduce the burden and increase the thermal efficiency.

FIG. 12 shows a method in which the waste heat of the high temperature differential heat engine is used as a heat source of the low temperature differential heat engine to improve the total thermal efficiency. The temperature after adiabatic expansion of the high temperature differential heat engine is sufficiently high and can be used as a heat source for the low temperature differential heat engine. The working fluid after adiabatic expansion discharged from the high temperature difference heat engine of the right heat engine in FIG. 12 enters the cooler (2) through the heat exchanger (8) and enters the low temperature operation chamber. On the other hand, the working fluid discharged from the low temperature differential heat engine on the left enters the heat exchanger (8) through the regenerator (7), is heated, and enters the high temperature working chamber of the low temperature differential heat engine.
The thermal efficiency is increased by the amount of heat recovered by the heat exchanger (8). Further, the installation of the regenerator (7) reduces the load on the cooler (2) of the low temperature differential heat engine.

When the regenerator (7) is eliminated as shown in FIG. 13, if the heat exchanger (8) can perform 100% heat exchange, the load on the cooler (2) of the high temperature difference heat engine is light, but the low temperature difference. Only the heat efficiency of the heat engine can be recovered, and the total heat efficiency is the same as the method shown in FIG. However, as long as there is a heat source, using several low temperature differential heat engines will increase the total thermal efficiency.

The heat engine of the present invention changes the internal pressure with respect to load fluctuations. The heat engine of the present invention is an external combustion engine, and the working fluid is sealed. The working fluid on the high temperature side has a high pressure, and the working fluid on the low temperature side has a low pressure. The mass of the sealed working fluid is constant. The expansion ratio and compression ratio do not change. The temperature ratio is also constant. Therefore, with respect to load fluctuation, the mass of the working fluid in the heat engine is changed according to the load. When the mass is changed, the amount of heat exchanged at a constant temperature changes. The pressure changes when the mass of the working fluid in a given volume is changed. After all, the pressure in the heat engine is changed according to the load. For the pressure, the pressure after expansion or the pressure before compression is detected.

FIG. 14 is a system diagram of the control system. A pressure tank (85) is provided to store the working fluid in the heat engine. When the load increases, the pressure regulating valve (86) is opened and the cooler (2) is opened.
Inject working fluid into the inlet. Working fluid immediately cooler (2), cold cylinder (10), compression cylinder (12)
To increase the internal pressure of the heat engine. On the contrary, when the load decreases, the pressure reducing regulating valve (87) is opened and the working fluid before heating is collected in the pressure tank (85). The internal pressure of the heat engine drops.
In this way, the internal pressure of the heat engine is increased or decreased according to the load,
At the same time, as the external combustion engine, the fuel is adjusted by the fuel adjusting valve (81) so that the temperature of the fuel becomes constant. However, the fuel adjustment valve (81) also adjusts for temperature changes due to transient changes and other disturbances. When the pressure on the cooler (2) side doubles in a heat engine of constant temperature, the pressure on the heater (1) side also doubles. When the pressure on the cooler (2) side is changed from 1 atm to 2 atm, the pressure on the heater (1) side is 9.32 atm when the initial pressure is 4.66 atm. The output also changes accordingly. In this way, the output can control the internal pressure of the heat engine and increase the output up to the allowable pressure at the operating temperature.

[0042]

FIG. 10 shows the theoretical pV by the heat engine of the present invention.
It is an example of a diagram. The numbers showing the state of the working fluid in the graph of FIG. 10 are as follows. The low temperature cylinder before compression = 1, the compression cylinder after compression = 2, the high temperature cylinder before expansion = 3, and the expansion cylinder after expansion = 4. It is based on the state of the working fluid in the cold cylinder before compression. This number is also used as a subscript in the following formula. As an example, the working fluid is air.

Let us put the following numbers in each process. Normal pressure Reference value at normal temperature Pressure P ₁ = 1 atm = 101.33 kPa Temperature T ₁ = 300 ° K = 27 ° C Specific heat ratio κ = 1.4 Specific volume v ₁ = RT1 / P1 = 0.85 kL / kg Compression ratio ε ₂ = 3 Temperature after heating T ₃ = 600 ° K Expansion ratio ε ₄ = 3.6

When adiabatic compression is performed with the compression ratio ε ₂ = 3, the pressure becomes P ₂ = 4.66 atm as in the equation 10, and the temperature becomes T ₂ = 466 ° K as in the equation 11. Further, the specific volume is v ₂ = 0.283 kL / kg as shown in Expression 12.

[0045]

[Equation 10]

[0046]

[Equation 11]

[0047]

[Equation 12]

When the compression outlet valve (18) is opened after the adiabatic compression, the working fluid flows into the compression cylinder (12). The pressure in the heater (1) drops and the pressure in the compression cylinder (12) rises. Its values are heater (1) and compression cylinder (1
According to the volume ratio of 2). Temperature after heating T ₃ = 600 ° K
Then, the pressure after heating is P ₃ = 6 at
m.

[0049]

[Equation 13]

When adiabatic expansion is performed with the expansion ratio ε ₄ = 3.6, the pressure becomes P ₄ = 1 atm as shown in equation 14, and the temperature becomes T ₄ = 359 ° K as shown in equation 15. Specific volume is v
_{Since 2} = v ₃ , v ₄ = 1.0 as shown in Expression 16.
It becomes 2kL.

[0051]

[Equation 14]

[0052]

[Equation 15]

[0053]

[Equation 16]

The working fluid after expansion is cooled. The cooler of the heat engine of the present invention has a constant volume, and the expansion cylinder volume and the low temperature cylinder volume have a temperature ratio. The pressure of the working fluid remains P ₅ = P ₄ = 1 atm = P ₁ . Since the pressure is 1 atm, no air flows in or out even if a hole is opened in any portion of the pipe between the expansion cylinder outlet and the compression cylinder inlet to communicate with the atmosphere. Therefore, during this period, the system is open and the work is zero. The temperature is T ₅ = 300
Let K = T ₁ . The specific volume is v ₆ =
0.85 kL / kg = v ₁ . Cooling reduces specific volume, reduces internal energy, and thermal efficiency depends only on temperature. The thermal efficiency is 56% as shown in Equation 18.

[0055]

[Equation 17]

[0056]

[Equation 18]

The thermal efficiency of the Carno cycle is the compression ratio = expansion ratio
The adiabatic change of is dependent on the high temperature side and low temperature side. Departure
Ming heat engine has a compression ratio <expansion ratio
I can't compare. If the compression ratio ε_Two= 3 = expansion ratio
The thermal efficiency is_L = 35.6%. Also
Ε according to the expansion ratio_Four= 3.6 = compression ratio, heat
The efficiency is η_H= 40.1%. Also
The high temperature side is 600 ° K and the low temperature side is 300 ° K.
When calculating the carnocycle thermal efficiency,
ε_K= 5.66 and η_K= 50%.

[0058]

[Formula 19]

[0059]

[Equation 20]

[0060]

[Equation 21]

The engine of the present invention has a smaller compression ratio and expansion ratio than the Carno cycle, but has better thermal efficiency. Since the Otto cycle has a compression ratio = expansion ratio, the thermal efficiency is calculated by the Carno cycle. The thermal efficiency of the equation 18 is higher than the thermal efficiency of the equation 21 because the compression energy is small.

FIG. 11 is an example of a pV diagram of a low temperature differential heat engine. Ocean temperature difference power generation results in low temperature difference operation, eliminating the adiabatic compression process. The numbers representing the state of the working fluid in the graph of FIG. 11 are as follows. Low temperature cylinder before compression =
1, high temperature cylinder before expansion = 2, expansion cylinder after expansion = 3. It is based on the state of the working fluid in the cold cylinder before transfer. This number is also used as a subscript in the following formula. As an example, the working fluid is air.

Let us look at each stroke of this operation. Let's put the following numbers in each process. Normal pressure Standard value pressure at normal temperature P ₁ = 1 atm = 101.33 kPa Low temperature T ₁ = 10 ° C. (283 ° K) High temperature T ₂ = 30 ° C. (303 ° K) Specific heat ratio κ = 1.4 Specific volume v ₁ = RT ₁ / P ₁ = 0.802 kL / kg Expansion ratio ε ₄ = 1.05 When the temperature after heating T ₂ = 303 ° K, the pressure is 2
As in 2, P ₂ = 1.07 atm. The specific volume remains unchanged v ₁ = v ₂ .

[0064]

[Equation 22]

When the adiabatic expansion ratio is ε ₄ = 1.05, the pressure is P ₃ = 1 atm as shown in equation 23. Similarly, the temperature becomes T ₃ = 297 ° K as shown in Equation 24. Specific volume is a few
As in 5, v ₃ = 0.842 kL / kg.

[0066]

[Equation 23]

[0067]

[Equation 24]

[0068]

[Equation 25]

When cooled, the pressure P ₄ = P ₃ = 1 atm
= P ₁ . The temperature becomes T ₄ = 283 ° K = T ₁ . Since the specific volume is the temperature ratio, v ₄ = 0.8
02kL / kg = _{v 1} Back next reference value.

[0070]

[Equation 26]

As described above, the cycle operation can be performed without the compression stroke. The thermal efficiency is 30% as shown in Equation 27.

[0072]

[Equation 27]

The thermal efficiency of a carnocycle depends only on temperature. Therefore, the thermal efficiency is 6.6% as shown in Equation 28.

[0074]

[Equation 28]

Without the adiabatic compression stroke, the heater inlet temperature is the temperature after cooling T ₁ = 283 ° K. This temperature is lower than the temperature after adiabatic expansion T ₃ = 297 ° K. Both of them are heat-exchanged by the regenerator (7). Since both working fluid masses are the same, the heat exchange efficiency appears only in the temperature change of both. If the heat exchange efficiency is 100%, the temperature after expansion T ₃ = 2
97 ° K is cooled to T ₄ = 283 ° K. The temperature after cooling T ₁ = 283 ° K is overheated and T ₁ ′ = 29
It becomes 7 ° K. Thermal efficiency is 100% theoretically as shown in equation 29
Becomes

[0076]

[Equation 29]

The theoretical thermal efficiency of 100% is a feature of this low temperature difference heat engine. In particular, when this heat engine is used for ocean thermal energy conversion, the temperature drop of surface water is 6 ° C or less under the above conditions, and the amount of low-temperature deep water used is minimized. This low temperature differential heat engine is suitable for use by circulating a heat source. The thermal efficiency of 100% can convert 100% of the amount of heat received by the heat engine, and is not a numerical value including the heating side thermal efficiency.

As shown in FIG. 12, a case where two heat engines are connected and the exhaust temperature after adiabatic expansion of a high temperature differential heat engine having a compression mechanism is used as a heat source to operate the low temperature differential heat engine will be calculated. . The numerical values of the high temperature differential heat engine and the calculated values are applied to the numerical values from 10 to 18. The heat source of the low temperature difference heat engine is the exhaust gas temperature of 359 ° K calculated in Eq. When the temperature on the low temperature side is set to 300 ° K and the calculations from Formulas 22 to 27 are performed, the results are as follows. T ₁ = 300 ° K T ₂ = 359 ° K T ₃ = 341 ° K T ₄ = 300 ° K = T ₁ η = 30.5%

In FIG. 12, the heat quantity received by the heat exchanger (8) on the low temperature difference heat engine side is 30.5% of the exhaust heat quantity of the high temperature difference heat engine. When all of this heat amount is output, the total thermal efficiency is 69.4% as in theory 30.

[0080]

[Equation 30]

In FIG. 13, the regenerator (7) is omitted from FIG. Therefore, 100% heat can be exchanged in the heat exchanger (8). However, in a low temperature differential heat engine, heat is radiated to the cooler and the thermal efficiency is 30.5%. Eventually, the total thermal efficiency will be the same formula as several 30 and will be 69.4%.

In the heat engine of FIG. 3 or FIG. 8, even if the temperature slightly changes, the thermal efficiency is not so much affected. If all of the exhaust heat amount is theoretically changed to the supplied heat amount by the regenerator (7), this heat engine theoretically becomes a heat engine of 100% thermal efficiency. In an actual machine, there are mechanical loss, leakage, wind loss, heat radiation, conversion efficiency of the heat exchanger, etc., and the thermal efficiency does not reach 100%. However, the amount of cooling heat, the amount of exhaust heat, etc. that were intentionally discarded are lost.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 shows a principle diagram of a heat engine including a cylinder and a piston.

FIG. 2 is a principle diagram of a heat engine that uses both sides of a piston in the heat engine of FIG.

FIG. 3 is a principle diagram of a low temperature differential heat engine in which the compression cylinder is omitted from the principle diagram of FIG.

FIG. 4 is a heat engine having two cylinders.

FIG. 5 is a heat engine in which a direct acting piston is a rotating piston and a valve mechanism is eliminated. Put the compressor and turbine separately,
It is a cross-section principle view of the heat engine which has three vanes.

6 is a cross-sectional principle view of the heat engine of FIG. 5 having four vanes.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional principle view of a heat engine in which six vanes are installed on a rotor in order to perform compression and expansion with one case and a rotating piston.

8 is a cross-sectional principle view of a low temperature differential heat engine in which the compression operation chamber is omitted from the heat engine of FIG. 7 and five vanes are installed on the rotor.

FIG. 9 shows a basic principle of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is an example of a pV diagram of a heat engine according to the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a pV diagram of a low temperature difference heat engine according to the present invention.
Here is an example.

FIG. 12 is a heat engine system in which high temperature difference and low temperature difference heat engines according to the present invention are combined.

FIG. 13 is a heat engine system in which high temperature difference and low temperature difference heat engines according to the present invention are combined.

FIG. 14 is a system diagram of output control of a heat engine according to the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

1 heater 2 cooler 3 crankshaft 4 cranks 5 cams 6 camshaft 7 regenerator 8 heat exchanger 10 low temperature cylinder 11 low temperature piston 12 compression cylinders 13 compression piston 14 low temperature inlet valve 15 Low temperature inlet valve 2 16 Compression vent valve 17 Compression vent valve 2 18 Compression outlet valve 19 Compression outlet valve 2 20 compressed air passage 21 Compressed air passage 2 30 high temperature cylinder 31 high temperature piston 32 expansion cylinder 33 Expansion piston 34 High temperature inlet valve 35 High temperature inlet valve 2 36 Expansion vent valve 37 Expansion vent valve 2 38 Expansion outlet valve 39 Expansion outlet valve 2 40 expansion ventilation passage 41 Expansion ventilation passage 2 50 casing 51 rotor 52 vanes 53 axes 60 compressor casing 61 compressor rotor 62 compressor vanes 63 Low temperature entrance room 64 cold room 65 Compression room 66 Compression outlet chamber 70 Expander casing 71 expander rotor 72 Expander vane 73 High temperature entrance room 74 High Temperature Operating Room 75 Expansion chamber 76 Expansion outlet chamber 80 temperature detector 81 Fuel regulator 82 Temperature controller 83 Speed detector 84 Pressure detector 85 Pressure tank 86 Booster regulator 87 Pressure reducing regulator 88 Pressure regulator

Claims (4)

(57) [Claims] 1. A low temperature cylinder (1) in the order in which a working fluid flows.
0), a compression cylinder (12), a heater (1), a high temperature cylinder (30), an expansion cylinder (32), and a cooler (2) are provided, and the piston position of the adjacent cylinder of the device which performs a cycle operation to return to the low temperature cylinder. The phase difference is 180 °, and the stroke volume ratio of each cylinder is the same as the compression ratio of the volume ratio of the low temperature cylinder (10) and the compression cylinder (12).
The working fluid is adiabatically compressed by the movement of 13) and moved from the low temperature cylinder (10) to the compression cylinder (12) so that the compression cylinder (12) and the high temperature cylinder (30) have the same volume, and the pistons (13, 31). Move the working fluid to an equal volume and move it from the compression cylinder (12) to the high temperature cylinder (30). The volume ratio of the high temperature cylinder (30) and the expansion cylinder (32) is taken as the expansion ratio, and the piston (31,
33) moves the working fluid adiabatically and moves it from the high temperature cylinder (30) to the expansion cylinder (32), and the volume ratio of the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) is set to the temperature before and after the cooler (2). And the piston (33, 1
The working fluid is cooled and compressed by the movement of 1) and is moved from the expansion cylinder (32) to the low temperature cylinder (10), and the pistons (11, 13, 31, 33) move to the valve (14) at the top dead center or the bottom dead center. ~ 18, 34-38) are opened and closed to switch the passage of the working fluid to perform a cycle operation. 2. A low temperature cylinder (10), a compression cylinder (12), a heater (1), a high temperature cylinder (30), an expansion cylinder (32) and a cooler in the order in which a working fluid flows through a cylinder having a piston rod sealed therein. (2) is provided, and the flow of the working fluid of the device that performs the cycle operation of returning to the low temperature cylinder (10) is the cylinder chamber on the cylinder head side (hereinafter referred to as “head side”) and the cylinder chamber on the piston rod side (hereinafter referred to as “rod”). Side)), the adjacent pistons are operated with a phase difference of 180 °, the heater (1) and the cooler (2) are common to the two systems, and the stroke volume of each cylinder is the low temperature cylinder (10). ), The volume of the compression cylinder (12) is made smaller, and the volume ratio is taken as the compression ratio.
2) and the high-temperature cylinder (30) have the same volume, the expansion cylinder (32) has a larger volume than the high-temperature cylinder (30), and the volume ratio is an expansion ratio. The volume ratio is the temperature ratio before and after the cooler (2), the piston (11, 13, 31, 33) opens and closes the valve (14 to 19, 34 to 39) at the top dead center or the bottom dead center, and the working fluid In the low temperature cylinder (10), the head side performs the compression stroke and the rod side performs the suction stroke, and in the compression cylinder (12), the head side performs the compression stroke and the rod side discharges to the heater (1). In the high temperature cylinder (30), the head side performs the expansion stroke, the rod side performs the suction stroke, and the expansion cylinder (32) performs the head side in the expansion stroke, the rod side performs the exhaust stroke to the cooler (2) side, On the head side and rod side of the cylinder chamber Each other heat engine to the cycle operation is performed the operation. 3. A low temperature cylinder (10), a heater (1), a high temperature cylinder (30) and an expansion cylinder (3) in the order in which a working fluid flows through a cylinder in which a piston rod is sealed.
2), the cooler (2) is provided, and the flow of the working fluid of the device which performs the cycle operation for returning to the low temperature cylinder (10) is divided into two systems, a head side cylinder chamber and a rod side cylinder chamber,
The adjacent pistons are operated with a phase difference of 180 °, the heater (1) and the cooler (2) are common to the two systems, and the stroke volume of each cylinder is a low temperature cylinder (10) and a high temperature cylinder (3).
0), the expansion cylinder (32) has a larger volume than the high temperature cylinder (30), the volume ratio is the expansion ratio, and the volume ratio of the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) is the cooler ( 2) The temperature ratio before and after the piston (1
1, 31, 33) are valves (14 to 1) at the top dead center or the bottom dead center.
9, 34 to 39) are opened and closed, and the working fluid is discharged to the heater (1) on the rod side during the intake stroke on the head side in the low temperature cylinder (10), while it is discharged on the head side in the high temperature cylinder (30). During the expansion stroke, the rod side performs the intake stroke, and in the expansion cylinder (32), the head side performs the expansion stroke and the rod side performs the exhaust stroke to the cooler (2) side, and the head side and the rod side operate alternately. A heat engine that performs a cycle operation without performing a compression stroke. 4. The head side and the rod side are composed of two cylinders, a cylinder having a piston rod sealed in a large diameter (hereinafter referred to as "large") and a cylinder having a small diameter (hereinafter referred to as "small"). To make four cylinder chambers, the large rod side is the low temperature cylinder (10), the small rod side is the compression cylinder (12), and the small head side is the high temperature cylinder. (30), the expansion head (32), the compression cylinder (1
The heater (1) is installed between the 2) and the high temperature cylinder (30), the cooler (2) is installed between the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10), and the phase difference between both pistons is 180 °. When operating, the stroke volume of each cylinder is
Since 2) and the high temperature cylinder (30) are the same cylinder, they differ in volume difference occupied by the rods, but have approximately the same volume, and the volume of the expansion cylinder (32) is made larger than that of the high temperature cylinder (30) to expand the volume ratio. Since the expansion cylinder (32) and the low temperature cylinder (10) are the same cylinder, the rods are thickened so that the volume ratio becomes the temperature ratio of the inlet and outlet of the cooler (2), and the pistons (31, 33) rise. Dead point,
Or open and close valves (14-18, 34-38) at bottom dead center,
In the half cycle of the crankshaft (3), the working fluid is transferred from the expansion cylinder (32) through the cooler (2) to the cold cylinder (10) while being cooled and compressed, while the compression cylinder (1) is moved.
2) to the heater (1) and in the next half cycle the working fluid is transferred from the cold cylinder (10) to the compression cylinder (12) while being compressed, while it is expanded from the hot cylinder (30) to the expansion cylinder (32). ), A heat engine that performs cycle operations by alternately performing this process.