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JP3541264B2 - Positive temperature characteristic element - Google Patents
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JP3541264B2 - Positive temperature characteristic element - Google Patents

Positive temperature characteristic element Download PDF

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JP3541264B2
JP3541264B2 JP35464795A JP35464795A JP3541264B2 JP 3541264 B2 JP3541264 B2 JP 3541264B2 JP 35464795 A JP35464795 A JP 35464795A JP 35464795 A JP35464795 A JP 35464795A JP 3541264 B2 JP3541264 B2 JP 3541264B2
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graphite
resin
nickel
ptc
weight
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JPH09180906A (en
Inventor
雄幸 寳地戸
政義 成田
敏明 吾妻
豊 扇野
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Kojundo Kagaku Kenkyusho KK
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Kojundo Kagaku Kenkyusho KK
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Description

【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、熱的に安定であり、かつ、特に低抵抗値の領域で再現性のよい温度スイッチとしての働きを示す正特性温度係数素子(以下、PTCという)に関するものであり、さらに詳しくは、導電材料と樹脂とを混合し硬化させた樹脂系PTCに関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
PTCとは、特定の温度領域において電気抵抗が温度の上昇と共に急激に増加する性質を示す係数をもつ素子であり、従来、PTC特性を示す材料としては、無機化合物系PTCと樹脂系PTCが知られている。
【0003】
樹脂系PTCとしては、結晶性ポリマーにカーボンブラックや金属粉末を混合して得られる組成物が一般的である。しかし、この樹脂系PTCはポリマーの融点を利用して抵抗値の増加を計るので、熱的安定性に欠けPTCの再現性が悪いという問題があった。
【0004】
その改良法として、PTC素子の成形後に放射線を照射することによりポリマーを架橋させ、見かけの融点をなくしPTCの再現性を向上させる提案がなされた。しかし、この方法は、放射線照射自体に種々な制限があるため、ポリマーを均一に架橋させることが困難であり必ずしも再現性のよいPTCを得にくいこと、均一照射のため強いエネルギー源を使用すると製造コストが上昇すること等の問題がある。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
樹脂系PTCにおいて、例えば、結晶性ポリエチレンのような制御温度近くで融点を持つ樹脂を用いればどんな導電材料を用いても大きなPTC特性をもつ素子を得ることができる。しかし、このような融点を利用したものは経時変化が大きく、また、PTC特性のヒステリシスが大きい欠点がある。
【0006】
また、単なるグラファイトのような導電材料と非結晶性樹脂の配合でのPTC素子は、PTC効果を得ようとすると高抵抗10KΩ/□以上で、低抵抗100Ω/□程度のものはPTC特性が得られない。
また、グラファイト表面に融点をもつ結晶性ポリエチレンの分子単位でコーティングしたもの、あるいは、グラファイト表面を有機材あるいは無機材で一部コーティングしたものが知られているが、これらは大きなPTC特性を得ることができるが、低い抵抗値は得られない。
また、グラファイト表面を銀で被覆した導電材料を用いる場合、低抵抗値は得られるが、銀のマイグレーション、拡散による経時変化、材料コストが高い等の欠点がある。
【0007】
本発明は、上記のような欠点を克服し、低抵抗特性と急激な立ち上がり特性と熱的安定性と再現性等において優れた特性をもつ樹脂系PTCを提供することを目的とするものである。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、導電材料として粉末状あるいはファイバー状のグラファイト10〜60重量部と、該導電材料間の空隙を埋めるカーボンブラック、グラファイトウイスカー、膨張黒鉛のうち一種あるいは一種以上の補助導電材料0.3〜30重量部とを、40〜70重量部の樹脂中に混合し硬化させた抵抗体において、該粉末状あるいはファイバー状のグラファイトの表面にニッケルを被覆した正温度特性素子である。さらに、グラファイト表面に被覆するニッケル量はグラファイトに対して5〜80重量%である。
また、本発明に用いられる樹脂は非結晶性樹脂である。
【0009】
本発明において、グラファイト表面にニッケルを被覆する理由は、ニッケル層はグラファイトと極めて密着性がよいためニッケル層の剥離等の問題が起こりにくく、また素子の低抵抗化に寄与するからである。
本発明においては、グラファイト表面にニッケルを被覆したのち、熱処理を施すことが好ましい。これはニッケル層の表面に薄いニッケル酸化膜を形成させるためである。
【0010】
次に、本発明における導電粒子間の導電性について説明すると、低温領域では非結晶性樹脂であるゴム等の収縮力が強いためその拘束力で表面の極く薄い酸化膜を通して十分な導電性が得られて低抵抗となる。また、高温領域では樹脂が熱膨張することによってその拘束力が弱くなり部分的に導電路が断たれると同時に、ニッケル酸化膜の導電性も弱くなり極めて高抵抗になる。このため急激な立ち上がり特性をもつ大きなPTC特性が得られる。
【0011】
本発明における補助導電材料は、導電材料間の空隙を埋めPTC素子の熱的安定性と再現性の向上に寄与する。
【0012】
以下、本発明についてさらに詳細に説明する。
本発明の正温度特性素子は、−20〜200℃の操作温度範囲において抵抗比が3桁以上変化するものである。
Ni被覆を行う母材のグラファイトは、それ自身低抵抗のもので用途に応じて形状、大きさを選択すればよい。
【0013】
グラファイト表面へのニッケルの被覆は、無電解メッキ法あるいはカルボニルニッケルの熱分解法等が好ましい。
グラファイト表面に被覆するニッケル量はグラファイトに対して5〜80wt%の範囲であり、好ましくは7〜60wt%の範囲である。ニッケル量が5wt%以下であると、素子の低抵抗化に寄与せず、また、急激な立ち上がり特性に効果がない。また、80wt%以上では比重が大きくなるため、樹脂との分散が悪くなり抵抗値のバラツキが大きくなる。また、材料コストも高くなる。
【0014】
導電材料間の空隙を埋める補助導電材料は0.3〜30重量部の範囲であり、30重量部を越えて混合するとそれのみで導電路ができてPTC特性を示さなくなる。補助導電材料としては、0.01μ程度のカーボンブラック、0.3×12μ程度のグラファイトウイスカー、0.1×20μ程度の膨張黒鉛が使用できる。これらは一種のみを用いてもよいが、三種を適当に組み合わせて用いることによって低抵抗で経時変化を小さくすることができると同時に生産時での抵抗値のバラツキを小さくすることができる。
【0015】
本発明に用いる非結晶性樹脂は、ウレタン樹脂、フェノキシ樹脂等の熱可塑性樹脂およびアクリルゴム、シリコンゴム、フッ素ゴム、ブタジェンゴム、NBR等のゴム類である。
【0016】
導電材料、補助導電材料、樹脂等の混合は十分に行う必要がある。混合不足は諸特性のバラツキの原因となるため三本ロールで混合することが好ましい。ニッケル被覆したグラファイトは三本ロールで混合中破砕が起きることがあるので、場合によってはあらかじめ補助導電材料のインクを作ったあとニッケル被覆グラファイトを加えロール間隔を多少広めにして混合するのがよい。
混合時に混合物に気泡が入り易いため真空脱泡加圧硬化を行うことが最も好ましい。
【0017】
本発明になる正温度特性素子の電極は、該素子に含まれている同じNiでオーミック性を得るべく接する面を電解、無電解あるいは溶射材料の塗布等の方法で凹凸面とすることによって該素子と電極との接触面積が増加し、見かけの電極ギャップが狭くなり低抵抗値が得られる。
【0018】
電極の取り出し方法は、上下の電極で該素子をサンドウッチする構造や絶縁材料あるいは絶縁フイルム上に一対のダブルクシ電極を形成し、その上に該素子インクを印刷あるいは塗布する構造等がある。この場合、大面積の素子を製造することができる。また、絶縁フイルムに印刷電極あるいは金属箔電極を使用することによってフレキシブルな素子を製造することができる。
【0019】
電極材料はCu、Ni、Sn、Al、Ag、Au、Pd、Pt、真ちゅう等の金属材料あるいはITO等の非金属材料のいずれを用いてもよい。また、素子とのオーミック性を得るために中間でAgレジン、カーボンレジンの導電層を加えてもよい。
【0020】
【実施例および比較例】
ニッケル被覆導電材料と補助導電材料と非結晶性樹脂を種々選択し、表1に示す本発明になる実施例▲1▼、▲2▼、▲3▼、▲4▼、▲5▼、▲6▼の6種類の正温度特性素子を作製した。
また、ニッケル被覆導電材料を用い、実施例▲3▼の導電材料重量部を少し減らし補助導電材料の量を30重量部以上を混合した比較例▲7▼および実施例▲1▼と同一配合でニッケルを被覆しない導電材料を用いた比較例▲8▼を製作した。それらの組成も表1に示す。
いずれの例も素子の寸法は10×10mm×0.25mmtであり、素子の上下に10×10mm×0.025mmtのNi箔の電極を取り付けた。
【0021】
【表1】

Figure 0003541264
【0022】
実施例、比較例の各々について、初期抵抗値および20℃の抵抗値に対する200℃の抵抗値の抵抗値変化桁数を測定した結果を表2に示す。
【0023】
【表2】
Figure 0003541264
【0024】
表2から明かなように、本発明になる正温度特性素子は急激な立ち上がり特性をもつ大きなPTC特性を有するものであり、かつ、低抵抗性にも優れた素子であることがわかった。また、再現性についも実験した結果、極めて再現性が優れていた。これに比較し、比較例▲7▼は補助導電材料の量が30重量部を越えたためPTC特性を示さず、比較例▲8▼はニッケル被覆無のグラファイトを用いたため、実施例▲1▼と比較して初期抵抗値が高く、また、抵抗値変化桁数が小さく急激な立ち上がり特性を示さなかった。次に、上記実施例▲1▼〜▲6▼および比較例▲7▼、▲8▼について温度−抵抗特性を図1に示す。
【0025】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、低抵抗特性と急激な立ち上がり特性をもち、かつ、再現性においても極めて優れた正温度特性素子を得ることができる特徴がある。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】実施例▲1▼ ▲2▼ ▲3▼ ▲4▼ ▲5▼ ▲6▼ 比較例▲7▼ ▲8▼ の温度−抵抗特性図[0001]
[Industrial applications]
The present invention relates to a positive temperature coefficient element (hereinafter, referred to as PTC) which is thermally stable and which functions as a temperature switch having good reproducibility especially in a low resistance value region. The present invention relates to a resin-based PTC obtained by mixing and curing a conductive material and a resin.
[0002]
[Prior art]
PTC is an element having a coefficient indicating that electric resistance rapidly increases with an increase in temperature in a specific temperature range. Conventionally, inorganic compound-based PTC and resin-based PTC are known as materials exhibiting PTC characteristics. Have been.
[0003]
As the resin-based PTC, a composition obtained by mixing carbon black or metal powder with a crystalline polymer is generally used. However, this resin-based PTC uses a melting point of a polymer to measure an increase in resistance, and thus has a problem in that thermal stability is poor and PTC reproducibility is poor.
[0004]
As an improved method, a proposal has been made to crosslink the polymer by irradiating radiation after molding the PTC element, to eliminate the apparent melting point, and to improve the reproducibility of the PTC. However, this method has various limitations in radiation irradiation itself, so that it is difficult to uniformly cross-link the polymer, and it is difficult to obtain PTC with good reproducibility, and it is necessary to use a strong energy source for uniform irradiation. There are problems such as an increase in cost.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In a resin-based PTC, if a resin having a melting point near a control temperature, such as crystalline polyethylene, is used, an element having large PTC characteristics can be obtained using any conductive material. However, those utilizing such a melting point have the disadvantages that the change with time is large and the hysteresis of the PTC characteristic is large.
[0006]
In addition, a PTC element made of a mixture of a conductive material such as simple graphite and an amorphous resin has a high resistance of 10 KΩ / □ or more when trying to obtain a PTC effect, and a PTC element having a low resistance of about 100Ω / □ obtains a PTC characteristic. I can't.
It is also known that the graphite surface is coated with molecular units of crystalline polyethylene having a melting point, or that the graphite surface is partially coated with an organic or inorganic material. However, a low resistance value cannot be obtained.
When a conductive material in which the graphite surface is coated with silver is used, a low resistance value can be obtained, but there are drawbacks such as a change with time due to migration and diffusion of silver and a high material cost.
[0007]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a resin-based PTC which overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks and has excellent characteristics such as low resistance characteristics, rapid rise characteristics, thermal stability and reproducibility. .
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention relates to 10 to 60 parts by weight of powdered or fibrous graphite as a conductive material, and one or more auxiliary conductive materials 0.3 or more of carbon black, graphite whiskers, and expanded graphite that fill gaps between the conductive materials. A positive temperature characteristic element in which a powdery or fibrous graphite surface is coated with nickel in a resistor obtained by mixing 30 to 30 parts by weight with 40 to 70 parts by weight of a resin and curing. Further, the amount of nickel coated on the graphite surface is 5 to 80% by weight based on the graphite.
The resin used in the present invention is an amorphous resin.
[0009]
In the present invention, the reason why the graphite surface is coated with nickel is that the nickel layer has extremely good adhesion to graphite, so that problems such as peeling of the nickel layer hardly occur and contribute to lowering the resistance of the device.
In the present invention, it is preferable to perform a heat treatment after coating the graphite surface with nickel. This is for forming a thin nickel oxide film on the surface of the nickel layer.
[0010]
Next, the conductivity between the conductive particles in the present invention will be described. In the low-temperature region, since the shrinkage force of the non-crystalline resin such as rubber is strong, sufficient conductivity through an extremely thin oxide film on the surface due to the restraining force. The resulting low resistance. In a high-temperature region, the resin expands thermally, so that its binding force is weakened and the conductive path is partially cut off. At the same time, the conductivity of the nickel oxide film is also weakened, resulting in an extremely high resistance. Therefore, a large PTC characteristic having a sharp rising characteristic can be obtained.
[0011]
The auxiliary conductive material in the present invention fills the gaps between the conductive materials and contributes to improving the thermal stability and reproducibility of the PTC element.
[0012]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
In the positive temperature characteristic element of the present invention, the resistance ratio changes by three digits or more in the operating temperature range of -20 to 200 ° C.
The base material graphite to be Ni-coated has a low resistance itself, and its shape and size may be selected according to the application.
[0013]
The coating of the graphite surface with nickel is preferably performed by an electroless plating method or a pyrolysis method of carbonyl nickel.
The amount of nickel coated on the graphite surface is in the range of 5 to 80% by weight, and preferably in the range of 7 to 60% by weight, based on graphite. If the nickel content is 5 wt% or less, it does not contribute to lowering the resistance of the device and has no effect on the rapid rise characteristics. On the other hand, when the content is 80 wt% or more, the specific gravity becomes large, so that the dispersion with the resin becomes poor, and the variation in the resistance value becomes large. Also, the material cost is increased.
[0014]
The amount of the auxiliary conductive material that fills the gap between the conductive materials is in the range of 0.3 to 30 parts by weight. When the amount of the auxiliary conductive material exceeds 30 parts by weight, a conductive path is formed by itself and the PTC characteristic is not exhibited. As the auxiliary conductive material, carbon black of about 0.01 μ, graphite whisker of about 0.3 × 12 μ, and expanded graphite of about 0.1 × 20 μ can be used. These may be used alone, but by appropriately combining the three types, it is possible to reduce the change over time with low resistance and at the same time, to reduce the variation in the resistance value during production.
[0015]
The non-crystalline resin used in the present invention is a thermoplastic resin such as urethane resin and phenoxy resin and rubbers such as acrylic rubber, silicone rubber, fluorine rubber, butadiene rubber and NBR.
[0016]
It is necessary to sufficiently mix the conductive material, the auxiliary conductive material, the resin, and the like. Insufficient mixing may cause variations in various properties, so that it is preferable to perform mixing using a three-roll mill. Nickel-coated graphite may be crushed during mixing with a three-roll mill. Therefore, in some cases, it is advisable to mix the nickel-coated graphite with the nickel-coated graphite and then slightly widen the roll interval.
It is most preferable to perform vacuum defoaming pressure hardening because air bubbles easily enter the mixture at the time of mixing.
[0017]
The electrode of the positive temperature characteristic element according to the present invention has an uneven surface by a method such as electrolysis, electroless or application of a thermal spray material to obtain the ohmic contact with the same Ni contained in the element. The contact area between the element and the electrode is increased, the apparent electrode gap is narrowed, and a low resistance value is obtained.
[0018]
The method of taking out the electrodes includes a structure in which the element is sandwiched between upper and lower electrodes, a structure in which a pair of double comb electrodes are formed on an insulating material or an insulating film, and the element ink is printed or applied thereon. In this case, a large-area element can be manufactured. In addition, a flexible element can be manufactured by using a printed electrode or a metal foil electrode for the insulating film.
[0019]
As the electrode material, any of a metal material such as Cu, Ni, Sn, Al, Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, and brass or a nonmetal material such as ITO may be used. Further, a conductive layer of Ag resin or carbon resin may be added in the middle to obtain ohmic properties with the element.
[0020]
[Examples and Comparative Examples]
Various examples of the nickel-coated conductive material, the auxiliary conductive material, and the non-crystalline resin were selected, and the embodiments (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), and (6) according to the present invention shown in Table 1 were performed. ▼ Six types of positive temperature characteristic elements were produced.
Also, the same composition as in Comparative Example (7) and Example (1) in which the nickel-coated conductive material was used and the amount of the auxiliary conductive material was slightly reduced by 30 parts by weight or less by slightly reducing the weight of the conductive material in Example (3). Comparative Example (8) using a conductive material not coated with nickel was manufactured. Their compositions are also shown in Table 1.
In each case, the dimensions of the device were 10 × 10 mm × 0.25 mmt, and electrodes of 10 × 10 mm × 0.025 mmt Ni foil were attached to the top and bottom of the device.
[0021]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003541264
[0022]
Table 2 shows the results of measuring the initial resistance value and the number of digits in the resistance change at 200 ° C. with respect to the resistance at 20 ° C. for each of the examples and the comparative examples.
[0023]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003541264
[0024]
As is clear from Table 2, it was found that the positive temperature characteristic element according to the present invention had a large PTC characteristic having a rapid rise characteristic and was also an element excellent in low resistance. In addition, the results also attached to the reproducibility of the experiment, was extremely reproducibility is excellent. In comparison, Comparative Example (7) did not show PTC characteristics because the amount of the auxiliary conductive material exceeded 30 parts by weight, and Comparative Example (8) used graphite without nickel coating. In comparison, the initial resistance was high, the number of digits of resistance change was small, and no rapid rise characteristics were exhibited. Next, FIG. 1 shows the temperature-resistance characteristics of Examples ( 1) to (6) and Comparative Examples ( 7) and (8 ).
[0025]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a positive temperature characteristic element having a low resistance characteristic and a rapid rise characteristic and having extremely excellent reproducibility.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a temperature-resistance characteristic diagram of the embodiment (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Comparative example (7) (8)

Claims (2)

導電材料として粉末状あるいはファイバー状のグラファイト10〜60重量部と、該導電材料間の空隙を埋めるカーボンブラック、グラファイトウイスカー、膨張黒鉛のうち一種あるいは一種以上の補助導電材料0.3〜30重量部とを、40〜70重量部の樹脂中に混合し硬化させた抵抗体において、該粉末状あるいはファイバー状のグラファイトの表面にニッケルを被覆したことおよび該樹脂は非結晶性樹脂であることを特徴とする正温度特性素子。10 to 60 parts by weight of powdery or fibrous graphite as a conductive material, and 0.3 to 30 parts by weight of one or more auxiliary conductive materials of one or more of carbon black, graphite whiskers, and expanded graphite filling gaps between the conductive materials. Is mixed with 40 to 70 parts by weight of a resin and cured, wherein the surface of the powdery or fibrous graphite is coated with nickel, and the resin is an amorphous resin. Positive temperature characteristic element. グラファイト表面に被覆するニッケル量がグラファイトに対して5〜80重量%であることを特徴とする請求項1の正温度特性素子。2. The positive temperature characteristic element according to claim 1, wherein the amount of nickel coated on the graphite surface is 5 to 80% by weight based on the graphite.
JP35464795A 1995-12-22 1995-12-22 Positive temperature characteristic element Expired - Fee Related JP3541264B2 (en)

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JP35464795A JP3541264B2 (en) 1995-12-22 1995-12-22 Positive temperature characteristic element

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JPH09180906A JPH09180906A (en) 1997-07-11
JP3541264B2 true JP3541264B2 (en) 2004-07-07

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CA2561750A1 (en) * 2004-03-29 2006-01-12 Centech Co., Ltd. Conductive composition for producing carbon flexible heating structure, carbon flexible heating structure using the same, and manufacturing method thereof
WO2014181525A1 (en) 2013-05-09 2014-11-13 国立大学法人名古屋大学 Ptc thermistor member

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