JP3547372B2 - Sterilization method of natural spices - Google Patents
Sterilization method of natural spices Download PDFInfo
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は唐辛子に代表される天然香辛料の殺菌方法に関する。なお、以下の説明において、耐熱性細菌は芽胞菌、一般菌はかびや酵母がその具体例である。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
天然香辛料は、芳香や辛味などの刺激性の香味を持つ植物性物質であり、唐辛子、桂皮、チンピ、柚皮、サフラン、ウイキョウ、ウコンなど多数のものが実用に供されている。種類は多岐に渡るものの使用法としては、刻む、乾かす程度の極く簡単なものが多い。しかし、天然香辛料を構成する天然の草根木皮には土壌菌、大腸菌、その他の雑菌が付着しているので、殺菌処理は不可欠である。原料の段階で洗浄し、殺菌したとしても貯蔵中に菌が侵入し、繁殖することもあり、適当な段階で殺菌処理することは必要である。
【0003】
一方、香辛料は香が命であるから、殺菌処理を施すことで香味が消失したり変化するのでは、その処理方法は採用できない。すなわち、高温加熱消毒は、極めて有効な消毒方法ではあるが、熱により香が飛んだり変質するため適当ではない。そこで、エチレンオキサイドやプロピレンオキサイドを原料としたガス殺菌法が、代替技術として採用されている。しかし、前記原料ガスは毒性がゼロではないので食品衛生上の不安が残る。
【0004】
そこで、特公昭63−51672号公報「天然香辛料の除菌、調熟、貯蔵法」が、毒性はゼロで且つ香味を変える心配がない代替技術として開発された。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、特公昭63−51672号公報の第2頁第4欄第30行〜第38行に記載された表(調熟前後に於て一般細菌数、耐熱性細菌数を調べた表)によれば、耐熱性細菌は調熟後に0になったが、一般細菌は調熟後であっても1g当り1×102個認められた。
一般細菌は、その後の調理に伴なう加熱で死滅させ得るので、残存を容認したものと推定できる。すなわち、通常の調理では処理しにくい耐熱性細菌をターゲットとした発明であったと思われる。
【0006】
近年の食品の多様化に伴なって、調理済の食品に後で天然香料を添加したものを長期に保管しておくものもある。このときには、1g当り1×102個であった一般細菌が大幅に繁殖し増加する可能性がある。
この様な例を見るまでも無く、食品を扱う者にとって、受入れ食材が無菌であり、加工工程でも極力無菌であり、出荷時点でも完全に無菌であることは心掛けることである。
【0007】
この様な背景から、香味を損うこと無く一般細菌をも殺菌することのできる技術が求められている。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記要求に応えるべく本発明者らは次の様に検討した。
毒性の点でガス殺菌法は採用できず、香味を損うので高温殺菌法も採用できない。高温殺菌は、煮沸殺菌や蒸気殺菌に見られる通りに100℃以上の高温で実施する処理であるから香味を損うので、100℃未満の出来るだけ低温での処理が可能であれば、この処理は採用できる。しかし、この様な低温処理法は殺菌能力の点で採用されていなかった。
【0009】
この段階で、発明者らは、元気な細菌を殺菌しようとするから高温処理が必要となるのであり、細菌が弱まるような前処理を施せば比較的低温の処理であっても殺菌が可能かもしれないということに気が付いた。
そこで、pH4.0以下の酸で熟成させる工程を前処理と看做し、種々の実験を繰り返し、100℃よりも10℃〜15℃も低い85℃〜90℃での殺菌処理で、一般細菌を完全に死滅させることに成功した。
【0010】
すなわち、請求項1は、天然香辛料に少なくとも有機酸、エタノール、食塩及び水を添加し混合し、pHが4.0を超えぬように有機酸の添加量を調整する原料混合工程と、前記工程で得た混合原料を容器に入れ、常温若しくは40℃を超えぬ温度に保って熟成させる熟成工程と、前記工程で得た熟成物を、直ちに90℃を超えぬ温度で所定時間低温殺菌する殺菌工程と、からなる天然香辛料の殺菌方法である。
【0011】
原料混合工程では、天然香辛料、有機酸(少量)、エタノール、食塩及び水を一括混合した後に有機酸を加える手法、又は天然香辛料、食塩及び水を一括混合した後に有機酸を加えてpH調整をし、この後にエタノールを加えるごとくに順次混合する手法の何れであってもよい。前者の手法は工業的生産に適し、後者は実験に適する。
【0012】
pHは3.0〜4.0、特に3.8〜4.0が望ましい。pHが4.0を超えると所望の殺菌作用が得られず、pHが3.0を下回ると酸味が強くなり過ぎるからである。
酸味を抑える点ではpHは3.8〜4.0から選択すると良い。
【0013】
熟成工程における熟成期間は、7日〜14日の範囲から選択することが望ましい。耐熱性細菌を死滅させ且つ一般細菌を傷めるには7日は必要である。熟成期間は7日以上であれば長い分には差支えないが、14日を過ぎると生産性の点で難があるため、生産性を考慮すれば14日以内に留めたい。
【0014】
熟成工程における温度は、40℃を超えると酵素作用が著しく阻害される。40℃以下であれば酵素作用は良好となる。そこで、40℃以下の温度で熟成させることとする。
【0015】
殺菌温度は高いほど殺菌作用が認められる。一方、高い温度で処理すると風味が飛ぶ。風味を維持しつつ殺菌作用を発揮させるには、90℃以下で殺菌する。ただし、pHを下げる若しくは殺菌時間を延ばせば85℃での殺菌も可能である。従って、殺菌温度は85℃〜90℃から選択することが望ましい。
【0016】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の実施の形態を添付図に基づいて以下に説明する。
図1は本発明に係るフロー図であり、ST××はステップ番号を示す。
ST01:先ず、天然香辛料、有機酸、エタノール、食塩及び水を混合する。
ST02:有機酸の混合量を調整することで、混合原料のpHを4.0又はそれ以下に整える。
ST03:得られた混合原料を容器に入れ、常温又は40℃以下の温度に保ちつつ、1〜2週間熟成させる。これで、耐熱性細菌を死滅させることができる。加えて残った一般細菌の細胞膜を傷つけるなど一般細菌を弱めることができる。
ST04:得られた熟成物を、直ちに90℃又はそれ以下の温度で所定時間殺菌処理する。これで、一般細菌を死滅させることができる。
【0017】
【実施例】
本発明に係る実施例を次に説明する。
・原料の準備:
唐辛子 100g
水(滅菌水) 180g
食塩 24g
有機酸 pH調整に必要な量
エタノール 3%相当量
【0018】
・混合原料の作製:
唐辛子に水及び食塩を加えて十分に混合しつつ、更に有機酸を加え、この有機酸の量を調整することで、pH=4.2、4.0及び3.8の混合原料を作製し、3%相当量のエタノールを加える。
【0019】
・熟成:
エタノールを加えた混合原料を、各々容器に入れ、35℃中で10日間保存し、熟成させる。
【0020】
・低温殺菌:
得られた熟成物を90℃又は85℃で5〜25分間加熱することで、殺菌処理する。この殺菌処理の条件及び結果を次の表1にまとめた。
【0021】
【表1】
【0022】
・比較例1:
pH4.2のサンプルを、90℃で15分間加熱した。香味に格別な変化は認められなかったが、一般細菌の生菌が有った。一般細菌(生菌)があってはいけないので、評価は×である。
【0023】
・比較例2:
殺菌の時間を延長した。すなわち、pH4.2のサンプルを、90℃で20分間加熱した。香味に格別な変化は認められなかったが、まだ一般細菌の生菌が有ったので、評価は×である。
【0024】
・比較例3:
殺菌の時間を更に延長した。すなわち、pH4.2のサンプルを、90℃で25分間加熱した。香味に格別な変化は認められなかったが、まだ一般細菌の生菌が有ったので、評価は×である。
比較例1〜3の結果から、pH4.2では、目的を達成することは難しい。
【0025】
そこで、pHを4.0に変更する。
・実施例1:
pH4.0のサンプルを、90℃で20分間加熱した。香味に格別な変化は認めらず、且つ一般細菌の生菌は認められなかった。従って、評価は○である。
・実施例2:
殺菌時間を20分から15分に縮めたが、香味に格別な変化は認めらず、且つ一般細菌の生菌は認められなかったので、評価は○である。
【0026】
・比較例4:
殺菌時間を15分から10分に縮めたところ、香味に格別な変化は認められなかったが、一般細菌の生菌が有ったので、評価は×である。
以上の実験から、pH4.0で殺菌温度90℃の場合は、殺菌時間は15分以上であれば良いことが分かった。
【0027】
pHを4.0から3.8に下げて実験を行った。
・実施例3:
pH3.8のサンプルを、90℃で10分間加熱した。香味に格別な変化は認めらず、且つ一般細菌の生菌は認められなかった。従って、評価は○である。
・比較例5:
殺菌時間を10分から5分に縮めたところ、香味に格別な変化は認められなかったが、一般細菌の生菌が有ったので、評価は×である。
以上の実験から、pH3.8で殺菌温度90℃の場合は、殺菌時間は10分以上であれば良いことが分かった。
【0028】
殺菌温度を90℃から85℃に下げて実験を行った。
・実施例4:
pH3.8のサンプルを、85℃で15分間加熱した。香味に格別な変化は認めらず、且つ一般細菌の生菌は認められなかった。従って、評価は○である。
・比較例6:
殺菌時間を15分から10分に縮めたところ、香味に格別な変化は認められなかったが、一般細菌の生菌が有ったので、評価は×である。
以上の実験から、pH3.8で殺菌温度85℃の場合は、殺菌時間は15分以上であれば良いことが分かった。
【0029】
以上に述べた通り、殺菌はpH4.0であれば、90℃で15分以上の処理をすればよく、pH3.8であれば90℃で10分以上又は85℃で15分以上の処理をすればよいことが確認できた。殺菌工程における所定時間とは、これら15分又は10分を指す。
【0030】
pHが小さいすなわち酸性が高まるほど、殺菌は確実になる。ただし、pH3.0未満では、酸味が強くなり過ぎて香辛料としては適当でなくなる。そこで、pHは3.0〜4.0の範囲にとどめることが望ましい。
【0031】
尚、詳しくは述べないが、実施例で述べた唐辛子の他、胡椒、桂皮、チンピ、柚皮、サフラン、ウイキョウ、ウコン、ショウガ、ニンニクなど天然香辛料として知られているものには、本発明は広く適用できる。
【0032】
【発明の効果】
本発明は上記構成により次の効果を発揮する。
請求項1は、天然香辛料に少なくとも有機酸、エタノール、食塩及び水を添加し混合し、pHが4.0を超えぬように有機酸の添加量を調整する原料混合工程と、前記工程で得た混合原料を容器に入れ、常温若しくは40℃を超えぬ温度に保って熟成させる熟成工程と、前記工程で得た熟成物を、直ちに90℃を超えぬ温度で所定時間低温殺菌する殺菌工程と、を連続させたことを特徴とし、熟成工程で耐熱性細菌を死滅させると共に一般細菌を大いに傷めつけ、次に殺菌工程で一般細菌を死滅させることで、天然香辛料から、耐熱性細菌並びに一般細菌を除去することができる。特に、殺菌工程では100℃を10℃〜15℃も下回る85℃〜90℃の温度で処理するために、天然香辛料の香味を損うことなく、殺菌を実施することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明に係るフロー図[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for sterilizing natural spices represented by pepper. In the following description, specific examples of the heat-resistant bacterium are spores, and general bacteria are mold and yeast.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Natural spices are botanical substances having irritating flavors such as aroma and pungency, and a large number of them such as pepper, cinnamon, chimpanzee, citron, saffron, fennel, and turmeric have been put to practical use. Although there are many types, they are often used as simple as chopping and drying. However, sterilization is indispensable because soil fungi, Escherichia coli, and other germs adhere to the natural grass root bark constituting the natural spices. Even if the material is washed and sterilized at the raw material stage, bacteria may enter and propagate during storage, and it is necessary to sterilize at an appropriate stage.
[0003]
On the other hand, since spices are fragrant, if the flavor is lost or changed by sterilization, the processing method cannot be adopted. That is, high-temperature heat disinfection is an extremely effective disinfection method, but is not suitable because incense flies or deteriorates due to heat. Therefore, a gas sterilization method using ethylene oxide or propylene oxide as a raw material has been adopted as an alternative technology. However, the raw material gas has non-zero toxicity, so that food hygiene concerns remain.
[0004]
Therefore, Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 63-51672, entitled "Method of disinfecting, ripening and storing natural spices" has been developed as an alternative technique which has no toxicity and does not have to change the flavor.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, according to a table described in JP-B-63-51672, page 2, column 4, lines 30 to 38 (a table in which the numbers of general bacteria and thermotolerant bacteria were examined before and after ripening). For example, the heat-resistant bacteria became 0 after ripening, but 1 × 10 2 general bacteria were found per gram even after ripening.
Since general bacteria can be killed by heating during subsequent cooking, it can be assumed that the remaining bacteria are accepted. In other words, it is considered that the invention was aimed at heat-resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat by ordinary cooking.
[0006]
With the diversification of foods in recent years, some foods prepared by adding natural flavors to cooked foods are stored for a long time. At this time, 1 × 10 2 general bacteria per gram may greatly propagate and increase.
Not to mention such examples, it is important for those who handle food to ensure that the foodstuffs received are aseptic, as sterile as possible in the processing steps, and completely sterile at the time of shipment.
[0007]
From such a background, there is a demand for a technique capable of sterilizing general bacteria without impairing the flavor.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have studied as follows in order to meet the above demand.
Gas sterilization cannot be used in terms of toxicity, and high-temperature sterilization cannot be used because the flavor is impaired. High-temperature sterilization impairs flavor because it is carried out at a high temperature of 100 ° C. or higher as seen in boiling sterilization or steam sterilization. Can be adopted. However, such a low-temperature treatment method has not been adopted in terms of sterilization ability.
[0009]
At this stage, the inventors need to perform high-temperature treatment because they are trying to sterilize healthy bacteria, and if pretreatment that weakens the bacteria is performed, it may be possible to sterilize even relatively low-temperature treatment. I realized that I couldn't.
Therefore, the step of ripening with an acid having a pH of 4.0 or less is regarded as a pretreatment, and various experiments are repeated. Was successfully killed.
[0010]
That is, claim 1 is a raw material mixing step of adding and mixing at least an organic acid, ethanol, salt and water to a natural spice and adjusting the amount of the organic acid added so that the pH does not exceed 4.0, A ripening step in which the mixed raw material obtained in the above is put into a container and ripened while maintaining at room temperature or a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C., and a sterilization step of immediately pasteurizing the aged product obtained in the above step at a temperature not exceeding 90 ° C. for a predetermined time. And a process for sterilizing natural spices.
[0011]
In the raw material mixing step, natural spices, organic acid (small amount), ethanol, salt and water are mixed at once and then organic acid is added, or natural spices, salt and water are mixed at once and organic acid is added to adjust pH. After that, any method of sequentially mixing as adding ethanol may be used. The former method is suitable for industrial production, and the latter is suitable for experiments.
[0012]
The pH is preferably from 3.0 to 4.0, particularly preferably from 3.8 to 4.0. If the pH exceeds 4.0, the desired bactericidal action cannot be obtained, and if the pH is lower than 3.0, the acidity becomes too strong.
From the viewpoint of suppressing sourness, the pH is preferably selected from 3.8 to 4.0.
[0013]
The aging period in the aging step is desirably selected from the range of 7 to 14 days. It takes seven days to kill thermostable bacteria and damage common bacteria. The aging period can be as long as 7 days or more, but after 14 days there is a difficulty in productivity, so it is desirable to keep it within 14 days in consideration of productivity.
[0014]
When the temperature in the aging step exceeds 40 ° C., the enzymatic action is significantly inhibited. When the temperature is 40 ° C. or lower, the enzymatic action becomes good. Therefore, aging is performed at a temperature of 40 ° C. or less.
[0015]
The higher the sterilization temperature, the more the sterilization effect is observed. On the other hand, when processed at a high temperature, the flavor flies. In order to exert a bactericidal action while maintaining the flavor, sterilize at 90 ° C. or lower. However, sterilization at 85 ° C. is also possible by lowering the pH or extending the sterilization time. Therefore, it is desirable to select the sterilization temperature from 85 ° C to 90 ° C.
[0016]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart according to the present invention, where STxx indicates a step number.
ST01: First, a natural spice, an organic acid, ethanol, salt, and water are mixed.
ST02: The pH of the mixed raw material is adjusted to 4.0 or lower by adjusting the mixed amount of the organic acid.
ST03: The obtained mixed raw material is put in a container, and aged for 1 to 2 weeks while maintaining at room temperature or a temperature of 40 ° C. or lower. Thus, the heat-resistant bacteria can be killed. In addition, general bacteria can be weakened by damaging the cell membrane of the remaining general bacteria.
ST04: Immediately sterilize the obtained aged product at a temperature of 90 ° C. or lower for a predetermined time. Thus, general bacteria can be killed.
[0017]
【Example】
An embodiment according to the present invention will be described below.
・ Preparation of raw materials:
Chili 100g
180g of water (sterilized water)
24g salt
Organic acid Amount required for pH adjustment Ethanol 3% equivalent
・ Preparation of mixed raw materials:
While adding water and salt to the pepper and mixing well, an organic acid was further added and the amount of the organic acid was adjusted to produce a mixed raw material of pH = 4.2, 4.0 and 3.8. Add 3% equivalent of ethanol.
[0019]
・ Aging:
The mixed raw materials to which ethanol has been added are put into containers, respectively, stored at 35 ° C. for 10 days, and aged.
[0020]
・ Pasteurization:
The obtained aged product is sterilized by heating at 90 ° C. or 85 ° C. for 5 to 25 minutes. The conditions and results of this sterilization treatment are summarized in Table 1 below.
[0021]
[Table 1]
[0022]
Comparative Example 1:
The pH 4.2 sample was heated at 90 ° C. for 15 minutes. No particular change in flavor was observed, but there were live bacteria of general bacteria. The rating is x because there must be no general bacteria (live bacteria).
[0023]
-Comparative Example 2:
The sterilization time was extended. That is, a sample having a pH of 4.2 was heated at 90 ° C. for 20 minutes. No particular change in flavor was observed, but there were still live bacteria of the general bacterium, so the rating was x.
[0024]
Comparative Example 3:
The sterilization time was further extended. That is, a sample having a pH of 4.2 was heated at 90 ° C. for 25 minutes. No particular change in flavor was observed, but there were still live bacteria of the general bacterium, so the rating was x.
From the results of Comparative Examples 1 to 3, it is difficult to achieve the object at pH 4.2.
[0025]
Therefore, the pH is changed to 4.0.
Example 1
The pH 4.0 sample was heated at 90 ° C. for 20 minutes. No particular change in flavor was observed, and no live bacteria of general bacteria were observed. Therefore, the evaluation is ○.
-Example 2:
Although the sterilization time was shortened from 20 minutes to 15 minutes, no special change was observed in the flavor and no viable bacteria of general bacteria were observed.
[0026]
Comparative Example 4:
When the sterilization time was shortened from 15 minutes to 10 minutes, no particular change in the flavor was observed, but there was live bacteria of general bacteria, so the evaluation was x.
From the above experiment, it was found that in the case of pH 4.0 and a sterilization temperature of 90 ° C., the sterilization time should be 15 minutes or more.
[0027]
The experiment was performed with the pH lowered from 4.0 to 3.8.
-Example 3:
The pH 3.8 sample was heated at 90 ° C. for 10 minutes. No particular change in flavor was observed, and no live bacteria of general bacteria were observed. Therefore, the evaluation is ○.
Comparative Example 5:
When the sterilization time was shortened from 10 minutes to 5 minutes, no particular change in flavor was observed, but there was live bacteria of general bacteria, so the evaluation was x.
From the above experiment, it was found that in the case of pH 3.8 and a sterilization temperature of 90 ° C., the sterilization time should be 10 minutes or more.
[0028]
The experiment was carried out by lowering the sterilization temperature from 90 ° C to 85 ° C.
-Example 4:
The pH 3.8 sample was heated at 85 ° C. for 15 minutes. No particular change in flavor was observed, and no live bacteria of general bacteria were observed. Therefore, the evaluation is ○.
Comparative Example 6:
When the sterilization time was shortened from 15 minutes to 10 minutes, no particular change in the flavor was observed, but there was live bacteria of general bacteria, so the evaluation was x.
From the above experiment, it was found that in the case of pH 3.8 and the sterilization temperature of 85 ° C., the sterilization time should be 15 minutes or more.
[0029]
As described above, the sterilization may be performed at 90 ° C. for 15 minutes or more if the pH is 4.0, and at pH 3.8, the treatment may be performed at 90 ° C. for 10 minutes or more or at 85 ° C. for 15 minutes or more. It was confirmed that we should do it. The predetermined time in the sterilization step refers to these 15 minutes or 10 minutes.
[0030]
The lower the pH, i.e. the more acidic, the more sterilization is ensured. However, if the pH is less than 3.0, the acidity becomes too strong, and it is not suitable as a spice. Therefore, it is desirable to keep the pH within the range of 3.0 to 4.0.
[0031]
In addition, although not described in detail, in addition to the peppers described in the examples, pepper, cinnamon, chimp, yuzu, saffron, fennel, turmeric, ginger, garlic, and other known natural spices, the present invention Widely applicable.
[0032]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention has the following effects by the above configuration.
Claim 1 is a raw material mixing step of adding and mixing at least an organic acid, ethanol, salt and water to a natural spice, and adjusting the amount of the organic acid added so that the pH does not exceed 4.0. A ripening step of placing the mixed raw material in a container, and aging at room temperature or a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C., and a sterilizing step of immediately pasteurizing the aged product obtained in the above step at a temperature not exceeding 90 ° C. for a predetermined time. , Characterized by the fact that heat-resistant bacteria are killed in the aging process and general bacteria are greatly damaged, and then the general bacteria are killed in the sterilization process, from natural spices to heat-resistant bacteria and general bacteria. Can be removed. In particular, in the disinfection process, the treatment is performed at a temperature of 85 ° C to 90 ° C, which is lower than 100 ° C by as much as 10 ° C to 15 ° C.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a flowchart according to the present invention.
Claims (1)
前記工程で得た混合原料を容器に入れ、常温若しくは40℃を超えぬ温度に保って熟成させる熟成工程と、
前記工程で得た熟成物を、直ちにpHが4.0であれば、90℃で少なくとも15分間殺菌処理し、pHが3.8であれば、85℃で少なくとも15分間又は90℃で少なくとも10分間殺菌処理する殺菌工程と、からなることを特徴とする天然香辛料の殺菌方法。A raw material mixing step of adding and mixing at least an organic acid, ethanol, salt and water to a natural spice, and adjusting the amount of the organic acid added so that the pH becomes 4.0 or 3.8 ;
An aging step of putting the mixed raw material obtained in the above step in a container and aging while maintaining the room temperature or a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C.,
The aged product obtained in the above step, if the p H of 4.0 immediately, at least 15 minutes sterilized at 90 ° C., if the pH is 3.8, at least 15 minutes or 90 ° C. at 85 ° C. And a sterilization step of sterilizing for at least 10 minutes.
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