JP3547839B2 - Production method of gamma-polyglutamic acid - Google Patents
Production method of gamma-polyglutamic acid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3547839B2 JP3547839B2 JP8091695A JP8091695A JP3547839B2 JP 3547839 B2 JP3547839 B2 JP 3547839B2 JP 8091695 A JP8091695 A JP 8091695A JP 8091695 A JP8091695 A JP 8091695A JP 3547839 B2 JP3547839 B2 JP 3547839B2
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- JP
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- Prior art keywords
- soy sauce
- gamma
- polyglutamic acid
- koji
- bacillus subtilis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Description
【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明はガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産法、特に微生物によるガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ガンマーポリグルタミン酸は食品、化粧品、医薬品などの分野で、各種用途があるものと期待されている。
現在、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸は主に該物質生産性を有する微生物、例えば、バチルス・ズブチリス(Bacillus subtilis)を培養することによって製造されている(月刊組織培養、16巻、No.10、369〜372頁、1990年)。
【0003】
しかしながら、本物質を各種用途に幅広く用いるためには、更に生産収量を増大させてより安価に供給することが必要であると認識されている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、前記問題を解決するためになされたもので、微生物によるガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産法において、その生産収量を増大させる方法を提供することである。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、前記課題を解決するために鋭意研究した結果、醤油麹もしくはその抽出物、醤油醸造物またはそれらの混合物の含有培地で、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸生産性を有する微生物を培養することによりガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産収量が格段に増大するとの知見を得た。本発明はその知見に基づいて完成されたものである。
【0006】
すなわち、本発明は、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸生産性を有する微生物を、醤油麹もしくはその抽出物、醤油醸造物またはそれらの混合物の含有培地で培養することを特徴とするガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産法に関するものである。そして醤油醸造物が、醤油麹仕込液、醤油諸味、醤油、醤油おりまたは醤油粕もしくはその抽出物であり、また、微生物がバチルス・ズブチリスであることを特徴とするものである。更に、バチルス・ズブチリスが新規変異株バチルス・ズブチリス(Bacillus subtilis)MR141(工業技術院生命工学工業技術研究所寄託FERM P−14692)であることを特徴とするものでもある。
【0007】
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
本発明の特徴は、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸生産性を有する微生物を培養して、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸を培地中に生産させるにあたり、醤油麹もしくはその抽出物、醤油醸造物またはそれらの混合物を培地に含有させて、培養することにある。
【0008】
本発明に用いる醤油麹とは、醤油醸造に使用される麹であり、通常の公知の醤油麹製造法で製造されるものである。例えば、蛋白質原料(例えば、大豆、脱脂大豆、脱脂加工大豆など)と炭水化物原料(例えば、小麦、大麦など)を、各々変性処理(例えば、蛋白質原料では蒸煮、高圧高温短時間処理など、炭水化物原料では、炒ごうなどによるα化処理など、またその後の割砕処理など)を施した後、通常の割合(例えば、原料処理前の重量比で、蛋白質原料:炭水化物原料=40〜60:60〜40)で配合し、醤油麹菌{例えば、アスペルギルス・ソーヤ1−112(FERM−P No.504),1−190(RERM−P No.505)、アスペルギルス・オリーゼ ATCC20386、IAM2616など}を用いて常法により製麹して得られるものである。なお、上記の蛋白質原料、炭水化物原料において、各種穀類から得られるふすまを使用するふすま麹も本発明においては、好適に用いることができる。
【0009】
醤油麹の抽出物とは、上記のように製造された麹を1〜5倍量の水、または緩衝液(例えば、10〜100mMのリン酸、トリス塩酸、酢酸など、pH5〜9など)などを加え、30〜80℃、30分〜24時間抽出したものである。そして、残渣を除いたものも好適に用いられる。
【0010】
また、本発明においては、醤油醸造物とは、前記のようにして製造された醤油麹を、公知の各種醤油醸造法で仕込んで得られる全てのもの、またはそれらからの派生物と定義される。各種醤油醸造法とは、例えば、濃口醤油、淡口醤油、たまり醤油、減塩醤油、各種蛋白質分解物などの各種調味料の製造に関するものである。そして、醤油醸造物の例示として、各種醸造法における、醤油麹を常法に従って仕込んだ仕込液、また仕込液を常法に従って、発酵した諸味、また熟成させた諸味である。これらの工程のいずれかの段階で蛋白質原料を添加した仕込液、諸味も本発明に当然含まれる。またそれらから圧搾、慮過、遠心分離などの処理で得た上澄液(生醤油)もしくはその上澄液を静置したときに沈降してくる物質を各種方法(例えば、慮過操作、遠心操作)で採取して得られるおり(例えば一次おり、二次おりなど)などである。また、諸味から上澄液を分離して得られる粕もしくはその抽出物などを本発明の醤油醸造物として挙げることができる。更に、それらのものを公知の条件で火入れ(例えば、121℃、30分間)を行なったもの、またそれらのものを適当な割合で混合したものも本発明の醤油醸造物である。なお、醤油粕の抽出物とは、前記醤油麹の抽出物と同様にして、醤油粕から抽出して得られるものである。
【0011】
前記醤油醸造法おいて、前記仕込および発酵は、通常、例えば、次のように行なわれる。すなわち、麹1〜2kgを2〜6klの20%(w/v)以下の水または食塩水で仕込む。その後、ペドオコッカス・ハロヒラス(Pediococuss harophilus)などの乳酸菌類、チゴサッカロミセス(Zygosaccharomyces)属、サッカロミセス(Saccharomyces)属、カンディダ(Candida)属などの酵母類を常法通りに添加するか、せずして 、10〜40℃で、10〜90日間常法通りに発酵させる。さらに、10〜50℃で30〜90日間熟成させる。勿論、本発明においては、発酵、熟成の中途のものも好適に用いることができる。なお、麹の仕込後、50〜60℃で3〜100時間、蛋白質原料を分解し、それから食塩を追加してもよい(特開昭64−2550号公報、特開平1−252269号公報)。この仕込操作において、変性処理した蛋白質原料を添加してもよい。
本発明においては、醤油麹もしくはその抽出物と醤油醸造物の適当な割合の混合物も好適に用いることができる。
なお、前記に挙げたもの中で、特に最も好適に用いることができるのは、醤油おり、または生醤油である。
【0012】
本発明において、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸生産性を有する微生物を培養するにあたり、その培地に前記の醤油麹もしくはその抽出物、醤油醸造物またはそれらの混合物(以下、これらのものを総称して、単に醤油麹または醤油醸造物という)の含有培地を用いるのであるが、それらの含有量は、通常、全窒素(TN)として、0.001〜5.0%(w/v)、好ましくは0.01〜2%(w/v)、特に好ましくは0.1〜1%(w/v)である。
なお、0.001%(w/v)未満の場合は、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産量の増大は期待できない。5.0%(w/v)を越える場合は、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産が阻害されるようになる。
【0013】
また醤油麹または醤油醸造物を培地に含有させるには、培地調製時に培地に添加してもよいが、培養開始時またその途中で培養液中に添加してもよい。その培養液中へ添加の場合、それらのものをオートクレーブなどの通常の殺菌処理を施してから添加するのが好適である。またこの場合、培養液のpHが変化しないように、必要に応じて醤油麹または醤油醸造物のpHを予め調整しておく方がよい。
なお、醤油麹または醤油醸造物を添加する場合、溶液の場合は溶液の状態で、固体の場合は固体の固体の状態で、懸だく状態の場合は懸だくの状態で添加してよい。
【0014】
本発明に用いる培地およびその成分は、通常のガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産に使用されるものでよい。
例えば、液体培地の場合、成分としては、次のようなものを用いられる。
(1)炭素源:ブドウ糖、果糖、庶糖、マルトース、粗糖類、糖密類(例えば、甜菜糖密、甘藷糖密)、各種澱粉類(例えば、タピオカ、サゴヤシ、甘藷、馬鈴薯、トウモロコシ)またはその酸糖化液類、酵素糖化液類。
(2)窒素源:ペプトン、大豆粉、コーンスティープリカー、酵母エキス、肉エキス、大豆そのものまたは脱脂大豆またはそれらの粉体または粒体またはそれらの抽出液、尿素などの有機窒素源類、また硫酸、硝酸、塩酸、炭酸などのアンモニウム塩類、アンモニヤガス、アンモニヤ水などの無機窒素源類。
(3)その他:本発明のガンマーポリグルタミン酸生産性を有する菌の生育に必要な各種無機塩類、例えば、カルシウム、カリウム、ナトリウム、マグネシウム、マンガン、鉄、銅、亜鉛などの硫酸塩類、塩酸塩類、リン酸塩類、酢酸塩類。また、アミノ酸類、ビタミン類。アミノ酸類としては、グルタミン酸、アスパラギン酸、アラニン、ロイシン、フェニルアラニン、ヒスチジンなど、ビタミン類としてはビオチン、サイアミンなどを挙げることができる。
固体培地の場合は、培地素材として、蒸煮した大豆、大麦、小麦、そば、トウモロコシまたはそれらの混合物が好適なものとして用いられる。
【0015】
これらの成分もしくは素材または本発明の醤油麹もしくは醤油醸造物が適当に選択され、単独または組合せて、かつ醤油麹または醤油醸造物のTNが前記範囲になるように含有せしめて、無機もしくは有機合成培地または天然培地の液体培地もしくは固体培地が製造される。その際、培地のpHは、5〜9、好ましくは6〜8に苛性ソーダ、苛性カリ、アンモニヤなどで調整される。培地の殺菌は、通常の方法、110〜140℃、8〜15分で行なえばよい。なお、本発明の醤油麹または醤油醸造物単独で培地を製造しても本発明においては、好適に用いられる。
【0016】
培養は、液体培養の場合、振とう培養、通気攪拌培養などの好気的条件下で行なう。培養温度は25〜45℃、好ましくは30〜40℃が適当である。培養時のpHは5〜9、好ましくは6〜8が適当である。pHの調節は水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、アンモニヤ、またはそれらの水溶液によって行なう。培養期間は通常2〜3日間である。
固体培養の場合、培養温度は25〜45℃、好ましくは30〜40℃が適当である。培養時のpHは5〜9、好ましくは6〜8が適当である。
【0017】
本発明の製造法に用いられる微生物は、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸生産性を有するものであればよく、その分類上の位置は問われないが、特にバチルス属に属する細菌が好適に用いることができる。このようなバチルス属細菌としては、バチルス・ズブチリス(Bacillus subtilis)、バチルス・リケニホルミス(Bacillus licheniformis)、バチルス・アンスラシス(Bacillus anthracis)、バチルス・メガテリウム(Bacillus megaterium)などの細菌をあげることがことができる。
その他に、キサントバクター(Xanthobacter)、マイコバクテリウム・チュバクロセス(Mycobaterium tuberculosis)、コリネバクテリウム・グルタミカム(Corynebacterium glutamicum)などをもあげることができる。
【0018】
それらの細菌の中で、具体的には、例えば、バチルス・ズブチリス MR141(FERM P−14692、特願平6−330885号)、バチルス・ズブチリスS−2(IFO14898、FERM BP−2528、特開平3−130090号公報)、バチルス・ズブチリス IFO14187(特開昭59−42895号公報)、バチルス・ズブチリスTTCC162(微工研寄託第11052号、特開平4−173069号公報)、バチルス・ズブチリス K−2(微工研寄託第9768号、特公平5−60335号公報)、バチルス・ズブチリスF−2−01{微工研寄託第9082号(FERM P−9082)、特開平1−174397号公報}など、その他納豆製造に使用されている宮城野納豆菌、高橋菌、旭川菌、松村菌、成瀬菌などの市販のものを挙げることができる。
【0019】
また、前記の菌から各種変異処理法を用いて得られる変異株も、好適に用いることができる。
変異処理法としては、通常公知の方法、例えば、遺伝子操作による法、細胞または胞子に、変異源性のある薬剤を接触させる法、またX線、紫外線、放射線、光などを照射する法、を挙げることができる。
本発明においては、変異源性のある薬剤を用いる方法が好適に採用できる。該薬剤としては、公知のもの、例えば、N−メチル−N’−ニトロ−N−ニトロソグアニジン(NTG)、メチルエチル硫酸を挙げることができる。
そして、これらの薬剤を納豆菌の細胞または胞子に接触させる際、通常、その薬剤濃度は、細胞108〜109個/mlの細胞懸濁液において、10〜1000γ/mlである。また接触は、通常、0〜50℃で、10〜1400分である。
【0020】
変異処理された細胞または胞子は、通常の公知の栄養培地、例えば、肉汁、ペプトン、大豆粉、酵母エキス、カザミノ酸、アミノ酸類またはそれらの混合物などが含有する培地、または必要な栄養素類を含有する無機合成培地などの液体培地で3〜24時間培養する。
そして、培養物中のガンマーポリグルタミン酸の量を下記の方法で測定し、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産性の高い菌株を選択することにより目的の変異株が得られる。
【0021】
(ガンマーポリグルタミン酸の測定法)
液体培養物から菌体を遠心分離などの操作で除き、清澄化した試料液をSDS−ポリアクリルアミド板上に乗せ、電気泳動を行なった後、該板をアルシアンブルーで染色し、染色されたPGAのバンドの色度をデンシトメトリーで測定する。
【0022】
前記の方法で得られた新規変異株の一例として、MR141(以下、この株を単にMR141という)を挙げることができる。MR141は、親株として宮城野納豆菌株(Bacillus subtilis)(以下、単にMR−1いう)を用いて、得られたものである。
【0023】
MR141の菌学的性質をMR−1のものと比較した結果を表1に示す。なお、菌学的性質を調べる実験は、「微生物の同定法」(衛生技術会刊行、1983年)に記載されている方法に従った。
【0024】
【0025】
上記以外の性質、例えば、ビオチン要求性、細胞の大きさ(1×2〜3μm)、胞子の大きさ(0.8×1.6〜1.8μm)、肉汁寒天培地での生育状態(25℃で25時間培養)、ゼラチン穿刺培養の生育状態、リトマスミルクでの生育状態およびリトマス還元性、各種糖類からの酸の生成、生育適温範囲、DNAのGC含量、などの性質についても実験を行なったが、それらの性質はMR−1と一致した。よって、MR141はBacillus subtilisに属することは明らかである。
【0026】
しかし、MR141を液体培地で培養したとき、PGA含有量は2〜3%(w/v)で、MR−1のものより、1.8〜3.5倍も高い。またMR141の培養物のプロテアーゼ活性は、MR−1に較べて2〜3倍強い。また、この菌株を用いて常法通りに納豆を製造すると納豆のアンモニヤ含有量が65mg%(w/w)以下になる。この点がMR141と親株であるMR−1との明確な相違点である。
【0027】
このような特質を有する納豆菌または納豆菌変異株は現在まで、全く知られていない。よってBacillus subtilis MR141を新規変異株と認定し、工業技術院生命工学工業技術研究所にFERM P−14692なる受託番号で寄託している(特願平6−330885)。
【0028】
前記培養において、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸は主として菌体外に蓄積される。培養物からのガンマーポリグルタミン酸の単離は、従来から行なわれている公知の分離採取法によって行なう。
すなわち、
(1)固体培養物からの20%以下の食塩水による抽出分離法(特開平3−30648)、
(2)■硫酸銅による沈殿法(Throne.B.C., C.C.Gomez,N.E.Noues and R.D.Housevright:J.Bacteriol.,68巻、307ページ、1954年)、
(3)アルコール沈殿法(R.M.Vard,R.F.Anderson and F.K.Dean:Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 5巻、41ページ、1963年;沢純彦、村川武雄、村尾沢夫、大亦正次郎:農化、47巻、159〜165ページ、1973年;藤井久雄:農化、37巻、407〜412ページ、1963年)、
(4)架橋化キトサン成形物を吸着剤とするクロマトグラフィー法(特開平3−244392号公報)、
(5)分子限外濾過膜を使用する分子限外濾過法、
(6)(1)〜(5)の方法の適当な組合せ
なである。
その結果、ナトリウム、カリウム、カルシウムなどの塩として分離される。そして、濃縮、熱風乾燥、凍結乾燥などの操作を施して、含有液、または粉末として製品とされる。
そして、これらの製品は、各種食品の増粘剤として用いられる。
【0029】
【発明の効果】
本発明法は、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産収量を格段に増加させることができる。ガンマーポリグルタミン酸の生産価格が高くて、食品製造においては増粘剤などとして各種用途があってもそれらに使用できなかったが、本発明はその障害を取除いたものである。
【0030】
【実施例】
以下本発明を実施例をもって説明する。
なお、本実施例においてガンマーポリグルタミン酸の測定法は前記記載と同様とした。
実施例1
3%(w/v)マルトース、3%(w/v)グルタミン酸ナトリウム、0.25%(w/v)K2HPO4、0.05%(w/v)MgSO4・7H2O、3%(w/v)NaCl、表2に示す醤油醸造物(生醤油、醤油おり)または対照としての酵母エキス(各々の含有量は表2に示した)、pH8.0(3N苛性カリ)なる組成の培地20lを30lジャーに加えて、121℃、15分間殺菌した。ガンマーポリグルタミン酸生産性を有するバチルス・ズブチリス MR141(FREM P−14692)を、前培養培地(前記と同じ組成、100ml/500ml容坂口フラスコ)で37℃、24時間培養し、前記調製ジャー培地に接種量1%(v/v)の割合で添加した。ジャーを400rpm、1vvm、40℃なる条件で72時間培養した。遠心分離操作で培養液から菌体を除いた上澄液について、ガンマーポリグルタミン酸を測定した。その結果を表2に示した。なお、対照として、醤油醸造物の代りに、酵母エキスを添加した培地を用いた。また、醤油醸造物、酵母エキスの添加量は全窒素(total nitrogen)として、0.25%(w/v)となるようにした。
【0031】
なお、本実施例における醤油醸造物、すなわち、生醤油、醤油おりは次のようにして調製された。
脱脂加工大豆を常法により蒸煮変性処理したものと、小麦を常法により炒ごう割砕処理したものを処理前の重量として5:5の割合で混合し、更に麹菌アスペルギルス・ソーヤ1−112(FERM−P No.504)の胞子を接種し、通常の条件で製麹を行なって醤油麹を得た。
該醤油麹に46℃に加温した24%(w/v)の食塩水を1.2倍容加え、混合し、麹を仕込んだ。この仕込と同時にチゴサッカロミセス・ルーキシIFO0495培養細胞を添加した(仕込後の細胞数1×106個/仕込物1g)。適宜通気、攪拌を行ないながら30〜37℃で120日間発酵させた。さらに30日間20〜30℃で熟成させた。この諸味をナイロン製濾布で包み、油圧圧搾機で圧搾して液汁を得た。液汁を静置し、分離してくる油を除去し、生醤油を得た。該生醤油を115℃で5秒の条件で火入れ処理して、静置した。凝固沈殿物区分を採取した。該区分を更に静置して上澄区分を除いて、本実施例の醤油おりとした。
なお、本実施例の生醤油と醤油おりのTNは各々1.72%(w/v)、1.75%(w/v)、食塩は15.82%(w/v)、15.78%(w/v)であた。
【0032】
【0033】
表2から分るように、培地に醤油醸造物、すなわち生醤油、醤油オリを含有せしめて、バチルス・ズブチリス MR141を培養した培養液中のガンマーポリグルタミン酸の量は、対照のものに較べて、22〜33%も多かった。[0001]
[Industrial applications]
The present invention relates to a method for producing gamma-polyglutamic acid, particularly to a method for producing gamma-polyglutamic acid by a microorganism.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Gamma-polyglutamic acid is expected to have various uses in fields such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
At present, gamma-polyglutamic acid is mainly produced by culturing a microorganism having the substance productivity, for example, Bacillus subtilis (Monthly Tissue Culture, Vol. 16, No. 10, pp. 369-372). , 1990).
[0003]
However, it is recognized that in order to widely use this substance for various uses, it is necessary to further increase the production yield and supply it at a lower cost.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing gamma-polyglutamic acid by a microorganism, which method increases the production yield.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have conducted intensive studies to solve the above-mentioned problems, and as a result, by culturing a microorganism having gamma-polyglutamic acid productivity in a medium containing soy sauce koji or an extract thereof, a soy sauce brew or a mixture thereof. It was found that the production yield of gamma-polyglutamic acid was significantly increased. The present invention has been completed based on the findings.
[0006]
That is, the present invention relates to a method for producing gamma-polyglutamic acid, which comprises culturing a microorganism having gamma-polyglutamic acid productivity in a medium containing soy sauce koji or an extract thereof, a soy sauce brew or a mixture thereof. is there. The soy sauce brew is a soy sauce koji preparation, a soy sauce moromi, a soy sauce, a soy sauce cage or a soy sauce cake or an extract thereof, and the microorganism is Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, the present invention is also characterized in that the Bacillus subtilis is a novel mutant Bacillus subtilis MR141 (FERM P-14692 deposited by the Institute of Biotechnology and Industrial Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology).
[0007]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
The feature of the present invention is that, in culturing a microorganism having gamma-polyglutamic acid productivity and producing gamma-polyglutamic acid in a medium, soy sauce koji or an extract thereof, a soy sauce brew or a mixture thereof is contained in the medium. , Culture.
[0008]
The soy sauce koji used in the present invention is a koji used for soy sauce brewing, and is produced by a commonly known method for producing soy sauce koji. For example, a protein raw material (eg, soybean, defatted soybean, defatted soybean, etc.) and a carbohydrate raw material (eg, wheat, barley, etc.) are each subjected to a denaturing treatment (eg, a protein raw material such as steaming, high-pressure high-temperature short-time treatment, etc. Then, after subjecting to a gelatinization treatment by roasting or the like and a subsequent cracking treatment, etc., a normal ratio (for example, protein raw material: carbohydrate raw material = 40-60: 60- 40) and soy sauce koji mold (for example, Aspergillus soya 1-112 (FERM-P No. 504), 1-190 (RERM-P No. 505), Aspergillus oryzae ATCC 20386, IAM2616, etc.). It is obtained by koji making by the method. In the present invention, bran koji using bran obtained from various cereals in the above protein raw materials and carbohydrate raw materials can also be suitably used in the present invention.
[0009]
An extract of soy sauce koji refers to the koji produced as described above in an amount of 1 to 5 times the volume of water or a buffer (eg, 10 to 100 mM phosphoric acid, Tris-HCl, acetic acid, pH 5 to 9, etc.) And extracted at 30 to 80 ° C. for 30 minutes to 24 hours. And what removed the residue is used suitably.
[0010]
In the present invention, the soy sauce brew is defined as any one obtained by charging the soy sauce koji produced as described above by various known soy sauce brewing methods, or a derivative thereof. . The various soy sauce brewing methods relate to, for example, the production of various seasonings such as dark soy sauce, light soy sauce, tamari soy sauce, reduced salt soy sauce, and various protein decomposition products. Examples of soy sauce brews include a brewing liquid prepared by charging soy sauce koji according to an ordinary method, a fermented moromi and an aged moromi according to an ordinary method in various brewing methods. Naturally, the present invention also includes a preparation liquid and a moromi mixed with a protein material added at any stage of these steps. In addition, the supernatant (raw soy sauce) obtained from such treatments as squeezing, filtering, and centrifugation, or a substance that precipitates when the supernatant is allowed to stand, is subjected to various methods (for example, filtering, centrifuging, etc.). (For example, primary, secondary, etc.). In addition, lees obtained by separating the supernatant from moromi or an extract thereof can be cited as the soy sauce brew of the present invention. Further, those obtained by burning them under known conditions (for example, at 121 ° C. for 30 minutes), and those obtained by mixing them at an appropriate ratio are also the soy sauce brew of the present invention. Note that the extract of soy sauce cake is obtained by extracting from soy sauce cake in the same manner as the above-mentioned extract of soy sauce koji.
[0011]
In the soy sauce brewing method, the preparation and fermentation are usually performed, for example, as follows. That is, 1 to 2 kg of koji is charged with 2 to 6 kl of water or saline of 20% (w / v) or less. Thereafter, lactic acid bacteria such as Pediococcus halophilus, genus Zygosaccharomyces, genus Saccharomyces, and yeasts such as genus Saccharomyces and Candida are added in the usual manner. Ferment at 10-40 ° C for 10-90 days as usual. Further, it is aged at 10 to 50 ° C for 30 to 90 days. Of course, in the present invention, intermediate fermentation and ripening can be suitably used. After the koji is prepared, the protein raw material may be decomposed at 50 to 60 ° C. for 3 to 100 hours, and then salt may be added (JP-A 64-2550, JP-A 1-252269). In this charging operation, a denatured protein material may be added.
In the present invention, a mixture of soy sauce koji or an extract thereof and a soy sauce brew at an appropriate ratio can also be suitably used.
Among the above-mentioned ones, the most preferably used is soy sauce or raw soy sauce.
[0012]
In the present invention, when culturing a microorganism having gamma-polyglutamic acid productivity, the soy sauce koji or its extract, the soy sauce brewed product, or a mixture thereof (hereinafter, these are collectively referred to simply as soy sauce koji) Or a soy sauce brew) is used, and the content thereof is usually 0.001 to 5.0% (w / v), preferably 0.01 to 5.0% as total nitrogen (TN). It is 2% (w / v), particularly preferably 0.1 to 1% (w / v).
If the amount is less than 0.001% (w / v), an increase in gamma-polyglutamic acid production cannot be expected. If it exceeds 5.0% (w / v), the production of gamma-polyglutamic acid will be inhibited.
[0013]
To add soy sauce koji or soy sauce brew to the medium, the medium may be added to the medium at the time of preparing the medium, or may be added to the medium at the start of or during the cultivation. When added to the culture solution, it is preferable to add them after subjecting them to a normal sterilization treatment such as an autoclave. In this case, it is preferable to adjust the pH of the soy sauce koji or the soy sauce brewed product in advance so that the pH of the culture solution does not change.
In addition, when adding soy sauce koji or soy sauce brew, it may be added in a solution state in the case of a solution, in a solid state in a solid state, or in a suspended state in a suspended state.
[0014]
The medium and its components used in the present invention may be those used for usual production of gamma-polyglutamic acid.
For example, in the case of a liquid medium, the following are used as components.
(1) Carbon source: glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, crude sugar, sugar cane (eg, sugar beet sugar, sweet potato sugar), various starches (eg, tapioca, sago palm, sweet potato, potato, corn) or the like Acid saccharified liquids, enzyme saccharified liquids.
(2) Nitrogen source: peptone, soy flour, corn steep liquor, yeast extract, meat extract, soy itself or defatted soybean, or powder or granules thereof, or an extract thereof, organic nitrogen sources such as urea, and sulfuric acid Inorganic nitrogen sources such as ammonium salts such as nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and carbonic acid, ammonia gas and ammonia water.
(3) Others: Various inorganic salts necessary for the growth of the gamma-polyglutamic acid-producing bacterium of the present invention, for example, sulfates, hydrochlorides such as calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc; Phosphates, acetates. Also, amino acids and vitamins. Amino acids include glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine and the like, and vitamins include biotin and thiamine.
In the case of a solid medium, steamed soybean, barley, wheat, buckwheat, corn or a mixture thereof is preferably used as a medium material.
[0015]
These components or materials or the soy sauce koji or the soy sauce brew of the present invention are appropriately selected and used alone or in combination, and the TN of the soy sauce koji or the soy sauce brew is contained so as to be within the above-mentioned range. A liquid medium or solid medium of a medium or a natural medium is produced. At this time, the pH of the medium is adjusted to 5 to 9, preferably 6 to 8, with caustic soda, caustic potash, ammonia, or the like. The sterilization of the medium may be performed in a usual manner at 110 to 140 ° C. for 8 to 15 minutes. In addition, even if a culture medium is manufactured using only the soy sauce koji or the soy sauce brew of the present invention, it is suitably used in the present invention.
[0016]
In the case of liquid culture, the culture is performed under aerobic conditions such as shaking culture and aeration-agitation culture. The culture temperature is suitably 25 to 45 ° C, preferably 30 to 40 ° C. The pH at the time of culturing is suitably 5 to 9, preferably 6 to 8. The pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, or an aqueous solution thereof. The culture period is usually 2 to 3 days.
In the case of solid culture, the culture temperature is 25 to 45 ° C, preferably 30 to 40 ° C. The pH at the time of culturing is suitably 5 to 9, preferably 6 to 8.
[0017]
The microorganism used in the production method of the present invention may be any microorganism that has gamma-polyglutamic acid productivity, and its position in classification is not limited. Bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus can be suitably used. Examples of such Bacillus bacterium include Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus megaterium and other bacteria capable of Bacillus megaterium. .
Besides, Xanthobacter, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Corynebacterium glutamicum (Corynebacterium glutamicum) and the like can also be mentioned.
[0018]
Among these bacteria, specifically, for example, Bacillus subtilis MR141 (FERM P-14692, Japanese Patent Application No. Hei 6-330885), Bacillus subtilis S-2 (IFO14898, FERM BP-2528, Bacillus subtilis IFO14187 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Sho 59-42895), Bacillus subtilis TTCC162 (Deposit No. 11052, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 4-173069), Bacillus subtilis K-2 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 110-176969). No. 9768, Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-60335), Bacillus subtilis F-2-01 {Deposit No. 9082 (FERM P-9082), Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 1-174397}, and the like. Others used in natto production: Miyagino natto, Takahashi, Asahikawa, Matsumura, Naruse Mention may be made of a commercially available ones such as.
[0019]
Also, mutants obtained from the above-mentioned bacteria by various mutation treatment methods can be suitably used.
As the mutation treatment method, generally known methods, for example, a method by genetic manipulation, a method of contacting a cell or spore with a drug having a mutagenic property, a method of irradiating X-rays, ultraviolet rays, radiation, light and the like, Can be mentioned.
In the present invention, a method using a drug having a mutagenic property can be suitably adopted. Examples of the drug include known drugs, for example, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and methylethyl sulfate.
Then, when contacting these agents to cells or spores of Bacillus natto, usually, the agent concentration in the cell suspension of cells 10 8 to 10 9 / ml, a 10~1000γ / ml. The contact is usually performed at 0 to 50 ° C. for 10 to 1400 minutes.
[0020]
The mutated cells or spores contain a usual known nutrient medium, for example, a medium containing gravy, peptone, soy flour, yeast extract, casamino acids, amino acids or a mixture thereof, or contain necessary nutrients. And culturing in a liquid medium such as an inorganic synthetic medium for 3 to 24 hours.
Then, the amount of gamma-polyglutamic acid in the culture is measured by the following method, and a mutant strain of interest can be obtained by selecting a strain having high productivity of gamma-polyglutamic acid.
[0021]
(Measurement method of gamma-polyglutamic acid)
The cells were removed from the liquid culture by an operation such as centrifugation, and the clarified sample solution was placed on an SDS-polyacrylamide plate, subjected to electrophoresis, and then the plate was stained with Alcian blue and stained. The chromaticity of the PGA band is measured by densitometry.
[0022]
An example of the novel mutant obtained by the above method is MR141 (hereinafter, this strain is simply referred to as MR141). MR141 was obtained using Miyagino natto strain (Bacillus subtilis) (hereinafter simply referred to as MR-1) as a parent strain.
[0023]
Table 1 shows the results of comparing the mycological properties of MR141 with those of MR-1. The experiment for investigating mycological properties followed the method described in "Method for Identifying Microorganisms" (published by Sanitary Technology Association, 1983).
[0024]
[0025]
Properties other than those described above, for example, biotin requirement, cell size (1 × 2 to 3 μm), spore size (0.8 × 1.6 to 1.8 μm), growth state on gravy agar medium (25 Experiments were also conducted on the growth state of gelatin puncture culture, growth state and litmus reduction in litmus milk, litmus reduction, generation of acids from various saccharides, optimal temperature range for growth, and GC content of DNA. However, their properties were consistent with MR-1. Therefore, it is clear that MR141 belongs to Bacillus subtilis.
[0026]
However, when MR141 was cultured in a liquid medium, the PGA content was 2-3% (w / v), 1.8-3.5 times higher than that of MR-1. The protease activity of the culture of MR141 is 2-3 times stronger than that of MR-1. In addition, when natto is produced in the usual manner using this strain, the ammonia content of natto becomes 65 mg% (w / w) or less. This is a clear difference between MR141 and parent strain MR-1.
[0027]
To date, no Bacillus natto or Bacillus natto mutant having such properties has been known at all. Therefore, Bacillus subtilis MR141 has been identified as a novel mutant strain, and deposited with the National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology under the accession number FERM P-14692 (Japanese Patent Application No. 6-330885).
[0028]
In the culture, gamma-polyglutamic acid is mainly accumulated outside the cells. Isolation of gamma-polyglutamic acid from the culture is performed by a conventionally known separation and collection method.
That is,
(1) Extraction and separation from a solid culture using 20% or less of a saline solution (JP-A-3-30648),
(2) Precipitation method using copper sulfate (Throne. BC, CC Gomez, NE Noues and RD Housevright: J. Bacteriol., 68, 307, 1954),
(3) Alcohol precipitation method (RM Vard, RF Anderson and FK Dean: Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 5, p. 41, 1963; Sumihiko Sawa, Takeo Murakawa, Takeo Muraozawa, Ohita Shojiro: Agricultural Chemistry, Vol. 47, pp. 159-165, 1973; Fujii Hisao: Agricultural Chemistry, Vol. 37, pp. 407-412, 1963),
(4) A chromatography method using a cross-linked chitosan molded product as an adsorbent (JP-A-3-244392),
(5) a molecular ultrafiltration method using a molecular ultrafiltration membrane,
(6) An appropriate combination of the methods (1) to (5).
As a result, they are separated as salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and the like. Then, operations such as concentration, hot-air drying, and freeze-drying are performed to obtain a product as a contained liquid or powder.
And these products are used as a thickener of various foods.
[0029]
【The invention's effect】
The method of the present invention can significantly increase the production yield of gamma-polyglutamic acid. The production price of gamma-polyglutamic acid is high, and it could not be used in food production even if it had various uses as a thickener, but the present invention has eliminated the obstacles.
[0030]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to examples.
In this example, the method for measuring gamma-polyglutamic acid was the same as described above.
Example 1
3% (w / v) maltose, 3% (w / v) sodium glutamate, 0.25% (w / v) K 2 HPO 4, 0.05% (w / v) MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 3 % (W / v) NaCl, a soy sauce brew (raw soy sauce, soy sauce) shown in Table 2 or a yeast extract as a control (each content is shown in Table 2), pH 8.0 (3N caustic potash) Was added to a 30-liter jar and sterilized at 121 ° C. for 15 minutes. Bacillus subtilis MR141 (FREM P-14692) having gamma-polyglutamic acid productivity is cultured at 37 ° C. for 24 hours in a preculture medium (same composition as described above, 100 ml / 500 ml Sakaguchi flask), and the prepared jar medium is inoculated. An amount of 1% (v / v) was added. The jar was cultured at 400 rpm, 1 vvm, and 40 ° C. for 72 hours. Gamma-polyglutamic acid was measured in the supernatant obtained by removing cells from the culture solution by centrifugation. The results are shown in Table 2. As a control, a medium containing yeast extract was used instead of the soy sauce brew. The amounts of the soy sauce brew and the yeast extract were adjusted to 0.25% (w / v) as total nitrogen.
[0031]
In addition, the soy sauce brew in this example, that is, raw soy sauce and soy sauce were prepared as follows.
The defatted soybeans were steamed and denatured by a conventional method, and wheat was roasted and broken by a conventional method, and mixed at a ratio of 5: 5 as a weight before the treatment. Aspergillus soya 1-112 ( FERM-P No. 504) spores were inoculated, and koji making was performed under normal conditions to obtain soy sauce koji.
1.2 times the volume of a 24% (w / v) saline solution heated to 46 ° C. was added to the soy sauce koji, mixed, and the koji was charged. The charged and was added Zygosaccharomyces Rukishi IFO0495 cultured cells simultaneously (cell number 1 × 10 6 cells / feedstock after charged 1 g). The fermentation was carried out at 30 to 37 ° C. for 120 days with appropriate aeration and stirring. It was aged at 20-30 ° C for another 30 days. The moromi was wrapped in a nylon filter cloth and pressed with a hydraulic press to obtain a liquid juice. The sap was allowed to stand, the separated oil was removed, and raw soy sauce was obtained. The raw soy sauce was fired at 115 ° C. for 5 seconds and allowed to stand. The coagulated sediment section was collected. This section was further left still, and the supernatant section was removed to obtain the soy sauce cage of this example.
Note that the TN of the raw soy sauce and the soy sauce cage of this example were 1.72% (w / v) and 1.75% (w / v), respectively, and the salt was 15.82% (w / v) and 15.78. % (W / v).
[0032]
[0033]
As can be seen from Table 2, the amount of gamma-polyglutamic acid in the culture solution obtained by culturing Bacillus subtilis MR141 with the medium containing soy sauce brews, that is, raw soy sauce and soy sauce olives, compared to the control, It was 22-33% more.
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| JP5119435B2 (en) * | 2006-02-03 | 2013-01-16 | 国立大学法人高知大学 | Method for producing poly-γ-glutamic acid with high optical purity |
| CN105274181A (en) * | 2015-10-28 | 2016-01-27 | 新疆阜丰生物科技有限公司 | Method for extracting gamma-polyglutamic acid from fermentation liquor |
| JP6371810B2 (en) * | 2016-08-25 | 2018-08-08 | 花王株式会社 | Method for producing poly-gamma-glutamic acid |
| CN109234328B (en) * | 2017-07-10 | 2022-10-21 | 北京化工大学 | Method for producing gamma-polyglutamic acid |
| CN111777472B (en) * | 2020-08-13 | 2022-03-01 | 四川轻化工大学 | Organic fertilizer rich in γ-PGA produced by semi-solid fermentation of liquor discarded grains and its production method |
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