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JP3551883B2 - Gas turbine blades - Google Patents
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JP3551883B2 - Gas turbine blades - Google Patents

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Publication number
JP3551883B2
JP3551883B2 JP2000056940A JP2000056940A JP3551883B2 JP 3551883 B2 JP3551883 B2 JP 3551883B2 JP 2000056940 A JP2000056940 A JP 2000056940A JP 2000056940 A JP2000056940 A JP 2000056940A JP 3551883 B2 JP3551883 B2 JP 3551883B2
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ceramic layer
gas turbine
zro
ceramic
layer
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JP2001240983A (en
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秀行 有川
慶享 児島
克夫 和田
利明 土屋
雅典 清水
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Hitachi Ltd
Tokyo Electric Power Co Holdings Inc
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Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc
Hitachi Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
    • C23C28/321Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
    • C23C28/3215Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer at least one MCrAlX layer
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C23C28/345Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
    • C23C28/3455Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer with a refractory ceramic layer, e.g. refractory metal oxide, ZrO2, rare earth oxides or a thermal barrier system comprising at least one refractory oxide layer

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、ガスタービン翼に係り、特に、高温腐食耐性を有するガスタービン翼に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
高温環境で使用するガスタービンの動翼や静翼などでは、特開平10−110279号公報などに、基材となる耐熱合金、この耐熱合金の表面をこの耐熱合金よりも高温耐食耐酸化性の高い合金からなる結合層で覆い、さらにこの結合層を、ZrOを主成分とするセラミック層で覆って高温耐久性を向上することが提案されている。
【0003】
セラミック層は、セラミック層で覆われる基材部分の温度低減を図る熱遮へいコーティングとして用いられ、その代表的な構成は、例えばMCrAlY合金層を結合層とし、その上に熱伝導率の小さいZrO系セラミック層を設けたものである。ZrO系セラミックはCaO、MgO、Y3、Scなどの添加剤を加えた組成で、添加剤はZrOの相変態を防止する役割をはたし、相変態での寸法変化に伴なうセラミック層の損傷を防いでいる。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、このような従来のガスタービン翼では、セラミック層の形成により耐熱性は向上するが、セラミック層の高温腐食に対する検討がなされていない。すなわち、例えば腐食を引き起こす成分を含む燃料などを用いる場合など高温環境で腐食性の高いガスに曝されるガスタービンにおいて、燃焼ガスに曝される動翼や静翼などでは、高温腐食によるセラミック層の損傷や剥離などが発生し易い。セラミック層が損傷や剥離した場合、耐熱性が低減することに加え、セラミック層の損傷が合金被覆層や基材にも伝播することもあり、ガスタービン翼の損傷を招いてしまう。したがって、従来のガスタービン翼では、高温腐食が発生し易い環境で用いられる場合、高温腐食が発生し難い環境で用いられている場合に比べ信頼性が低下してしまう。このため、ガスタービンの短期間での定期点検や、ガスタービン翼の補修または交換などを行う必要があり、保守点検などの手間やコストの増加を招いている。
【0005】
ここで、特開平10−110279号公報などに記載されているようなZrOを主成分とし、添加剤としてCaO、MgO、Yなどを含むセラミック層では、高温腐食作用により、添加剤であるCaO、MgO、Yなどが新たな化合物となってセラミック層中から消耗消失し、その結果セラミック層の損傷や剥離などによるガスタービン翼の損傷が生じる。このため、添加剤としてCaO、MgO、Yなどを含むセラミック層では高温腐食耐性を向上することはできない。一方、添加剤としてCeO、Scを含むセラミック層も開示されているが、これらの添加剤を用いたセラミック層では、CeOを含むセラミックにおいて若干の高温腐食耐性の向上が認められること(B.A.Nagaraj:ASME, 89−GT−270, 1989)、Scを含む高密度の焼結セラミックで高温腐食耐性が向上すること(R.L.Jones:Surface and Coating Tech.1989)などの報告がある。しかし、CeOを含むセラミックでは、実用的には従来のものとほとんど変わらないレベルである。Scを含む高密度の焼結セラミックでは、高温腐食耐性が向上したとしても、気孔率が極めて低い高密度の焼結材を、例えばガスタービンなどのセラミック層として用いた場合、ガスタービンの起動、停止によって生じる熱応力に対するセラミック層の耐久性が得られずガスタービン翼の信頼性が低下してしまう。また、特開平10−110279号公報などでは、添加剤としてScを含むセラミック層が十分な高温腐食耐性を得るための適切な組成や組織に関する検討はなされていない。
【0006】
本発明の課題は、ガスタービン翼の信頼性を向上することにある。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
高温腐食耐性と熱応力に対する耐久性を得るため、ZrOを主成分とし、添加剤としてScを含むセラミック層、すなわちZrO−Sc系セラミック層の多孔質組織、つまり気孔率に関して、熱サイクル試験によって熱応力耐性に関して検討した結果と、ZrO−Sc系セラミック層の組成をバーナリグ高温腐食試験によって高温腐食耐性に関して検討した結果とから、本発明は、以下の手段により上記課題を解決する。
【0008】
すなわち、耐熱合金で形成された基材と、この基材の表面を被覆し、この基材よりも高温耐食性に優れた合金からなる結合層と、この結合層の表面を被覆するセラミック層とを少なくとも燃焼ガスに曝される部分に有してなり、このセラミック層は、ZrOを主成分とし、Scを5重量%以上10重量%以下含有し、気孔率が2%以上20%以下の多孔質組織である耐熱合金で形成されたガスタービン翼とする。
【0009】
このように、添加剤であるScを5重量%以上10重量%以下含有するセラミック層とすることにより、十分な高温腐食耐性を得ることができる。さらに、セラミック層を気孔率が2%以上20%以下の多孔質組織にすることで、熱応力が作用した場合でもその応力を多孔質組織により吸収する組織にすることができるので、セラミック層の熱応力に対する耐久性を向上することができる。すなわち、ガスタービン翼の信頼性を向上することができる。
【0010】
さらに、結合層が、基材とセラミック層との間の熱膨張係数を有し、基材よりも高い耐腐食性と耐酸化性とを備えた合金で形成されていれば、セラミック層が破損した場合、このセラミック層の破損の影響が基材に伝わるのを結合層が抑制するので好ましい。
【0011】
このとき、気孔率が10%以上20%以下の多孔質組織とすれば、セラミック層の熱応力に対する耐久性を一層向上できるので好ましい。また、セラミック層の厚さが0.05mm以上0.5mm以下であれば、セラミック層の熱応力に対する耐久性を向上するめに、セラミック層の気孔率を制御し易くできるので好ましい。
【0012】
また、上記のいずれかのガスタービン翼を備えたガスタービンとすれば、腐食性の高い燃焼ガスを用いる場合でも、ガスタービンの信頼性を向上できる。
【0013】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明を適用してなるガスタービン翼について図1乃至図4を参照して説明する。図1は、本発明を適用してなるガスタービン翼の一部分の断面構成を示す模式図である。図2は、セラミック層の気孔率に対するセラミック層の損傷発生までの回数を示す図である。図3は、セラミック層のSc含有量に対するセラミック層の損傷発生までの回数を示す図である。図4は、本発明を適用してなるガスタービン動翼の一例を示す斜視図である。
【0014】
本実施形態のガスタービン翼は、図1に示すように、Ni基またはCo基耐熱合金などで形成されている基材1の表面に、MCrAlY合金からなる結合層3を形成し、結合層3の表面にScを添加剤として含むZrO系セラミックからなるセラミック層5を形成した表面構造になっている。結合層3を形成するMCrAlY合金は、CoCrAlY合金、NiCrAlY合金、CoNiCrAlY合金のいずれかを用いている。また、このMCrAlY合金は、基材1を形成するNi基またはCo基耐熱合金よりも高温での耐腐食性と耐酸化性に優れ、かつ基材1を形成するNi基またはCo基耐熱合金とZrO系セラミックで形成されたセラミック層5との間の熱膨張係数を有している。最上部のセラミック層5は、ZrOを主成分とし、5重量%以上10重量%以下のScを添加剤として含み、かつ、気孔率が20%以下、望ましくは10%以上20%以下の多孔質組織になっている。また、セラミック層5の厚さは、0.05mm以上0.5mm以下になっている。
【0015】
以下に、高温腐食耐性と熱応力に対する耐久性を得るため、ZrOを主成分とし、添加剤としてScを含むセラミック層、すなわちZrO−Scセラミック層の適切な組成と組織について検討した結果を示す。
【0016】
(実施例1)
ZrO−Scセラミック層5の気孔率が熱応力に対する耐久性に及ぼす影響ついて、大気中での1100℃への加熱と170℃への冷却とを繰り返す熱サイクル試験により検討した。試験片は、Ni基耐熱合金IN−738(Ni−8.5%Co−16%Cr−2.6%W−1.8%Mo−1.75%Ta−0.9%Nb−3.4%Al−3.4%Ti−0.1%C−0.01%、いずれも重量%)を基材1とし、その上にMCrAlY合金であるCoNiCrAlY合金(Co−32%Ni−21%Cr−8%Al−0.5%Y、いずれも重量%)からなる厚さ0.15mmの結合層3を減圧雰囲気中プラズマ溶射にて形成し、その上に、厚さ0.3mmのセラミック層5を設けた構成である。基材1の寸法は、直径25mm、厚さ3mmである。セラミック層5は、大気中プラズマ溶射で形成されたZrOを主成分として7.5重量%Scを含むZrO−7.5wt%Scセラミック層であり、セラミック層5を形成するときの大気中プラズマ溶射時のプラズマ出力及び溶射原料粉末の粒径を変えることにより、種々の気孔率の組織を有するセラミック層5を得た。なお、セラミック層5の気孔率は光学顕微鏡による断面組織観察結果をもとにして求めた。表1は、ZrO−7.5wt%Scセラミック層5のプラズマ出力、粉末の粒径がセラミック層5の気孔率に及ぼす影響を示す。
【0017】
【表1】

Figure 0003551883
このようにして得られた種々の気孔率の多孔質組織を有するセラミック層5を形成した試験片について熱サイクル試験を行った。この結果、図2に示すように、
気孔率20%以下では熱サイクル試験によってセラミック層5に亀裂などの損傷が発生するまでの繰り返し数が350回以上であるのに対し、24%以上では100回以下であった。これは、気孔率が24%以上の場合、溶射された個々のセラミック粒子間の密着性が悪いため、熱応力によりセラミック層5が損傷し易くなるものと考えられる。一方、大気中プラズマ溶射では気孔率10%未満の組織を得ることは困難であったが、他の方法で気孔率が10%未満のセラミック層5を形成した場合、気孔率が2%以上の多孔質組織を形成することが可能であり、気孔率が2%以上10%未満のセラミック層5でも熱応力に対する耐久性を向上できる。さらに、気孔率が10%以上20%以下のセラミック層を形成すれば、熱応力に対する耐久性を一層向上できる。これらの結果から、熱応力に対する耐久性を向上したセラミック層5としては、気孔率を20%以下にすることが望ましく、さらに望ましくは気孔率を10%以上20%以下とする。なお、気孔率の制御において、溶射原料粉末の粒径と、溶射条件、すなわちプラズマ出力との関係を至適範囲に調整することで気孔率を20%以下にすることができる
(実施例2)
ZrO−Scセラミック層5の組成が熱応力に対する耐久性に及ぼす影響について実施例1と同じ条件の熱サイクル試験により検討した。本実施例の試験片は、基材1、結合層3などの構成は実施例1と同様であるが、溶射原料粉末の粒径が10〜44μm、プラズマ出力50kWの条件で大気中プラズマ溶射し、気孔率が17%で、Scの含有量が2.5、5、7.5、10重量%のZrO−Scセラミック層5を形成している。
【0018】
この結果、図3に示すように、Scの含有量が5重量%以上では、セラミック層5の損傷が発生するまでの繰り返し数が300回以上であるのに対し、2.5重量%では30回で損傷が発生した。一方、ZrO−Scセラミック層5のScの含有量が10重量%より大きい場合には、セラミック層5の気孔率の制御が難しくなり、熱応力耐性を向上できなくなる場合がある。さらに、ZrOに対するScの完全安定化量は、ほぼ15%程度であるが、熱応力などをセラミック層5が吸収するためには、完全安定化状態ではなく、ある程度の相変態を伴った状態である方がよい。このため、熱応力に対する最大の耐性が得られるのは、図3に示される結果などから、Scの含有量が7.5重量%付近であると考えられ、含有量が10重量%より大きい場合には、安定化が進むにしたがって熱応力耐性は低下してしまう。また、含有量が10重量%より大きい場合には、Scのコストの問題も発生する。これらの結果から、熱応力に対する十分な耐久性を得られるZrO−Scセラミック層5は、Scの含有量を5重量%以上10重量%以下にすればよい。
【0019】
ところで、高温環境で様々な腐食性の高いガスなどに曝されるガスタービン、例えばS、Na、Vなどを含む燃料や、NaClが存在する環境などにおいてSなどを含む燃料を用いるガスタービンなどの燃焼ガスに曝される動翼や静翼などでは、高温腐食によるセラミック層の損傷や剥離などが発生し易い。すなわち、燃料ガス中でSO、V酸化物などが形成され、燃焼用空気中に含まれるNaCl等により、燃焼ガスに曝される動翼や静翼などの高温部材に損傷が生じる。損傷の形態の1例を挙げれば、NaCl−NaSOなどの溶融塩が形成され、これらがNi基またはCo基耐熱合金で構成される動翼や静翼などの表面に付着し、耐熱合金の高温硫化腐食が生じる。また、別の例として、Vが低融点のV酸化物、例えば、V(融点:890℃)となり、Ni基またはCo基耐熱合金の表面に溶融酸化物を形成し、この酸化物層を介して酸化が著しく加速される。この現象がVアタックであり、燃料中のNa等のアルカリ金属も燃焼ガス中でNaO等の酸化物となり、NaO−V(融点:630℃)等の低融点の複合酸化物を形成し、Vアタックが更に加速する。したがって、S、Na、Vなどを含む燃料や、NaClが存在する環境などにおいてSなどを含む燃料を用いるガスタービンなどにおける腐食は、燃料中などのV、NaによるVアタック、燃焼用空気中などのNaClと燃料中などのSによる高温硫化腐食、またはそれらの複合条件などによって引き起こされる。
【0020】
そこで、Vアタック、高温硫化腐食またはそれらの複合条件による腐食に対する耐久性、すなわち高温腐食耐性に関してバーナリグ高温腐食試験により、ZrO−Scセラミック層5の適切な組成を検討した。
【0021】
(実施例3)
ZrO−Scセラミック層5に関して、Vアタックに対する耐久性についてバーナリグ高温腐食試験により検討した。試験片は、基材1、結合層3、セラミック層5からなる。基材1は、実施例1と同じNi基耐熱合金IN−738、寸法が直径9mm、長さ40mmのピン形状である。セラミック層5の構成は、実施例2と同じ、気孔率が17%で、Scの含有量が2.5、5、7.5、10重量%のZrO−Scセラミックである。表4は、0.1%S、50ppmV、5ppmNaの燃料を用いたバーナリグ高温腐食試験の結果を示す。試験片の温度は850℃、試験時間は100hである。表2中、試験結果で○印は外観上、亀裂などの損傷や剥離が認められないもの、×印は損傷や剥離が認められたものを示す。
【0022】
【表2】
Figure 0003551883
Vリッチの燃料を用いたVアタックとなる本実施例の結果では、Scの含有量が5、7.5、10重量%のZrO−Scセラミック層5を設けた試験片、すなわちセラミック被覆片は健全であった。一方、気孔率が23%でScの含有量が7.5重量%のZrO−Scセラミック層5を用いて同様の試験を行った結果、セラミック層の剥離が生じた。
【0023】
(実施例4)
ZrO系の種々のセラミック層を有する場合と種々のMCrAlY合金からなる層のみを有する場合のVアタックに対する耐久性についてバーナリグ高温腐食試験により検討した。試験片は、基材1、結合層3は実施例3と同じであり、気孔率が17%でScの含有量が7.5重量%のZrO−Scセラミック層5を形成したセラミック被覆片の他に、比較例として、CeOの含有量が17重量%のZrO−CeOセラミック層を形成したセラミック被覆片、そしてYの含有量が12重量%のZrO−Yセラミック層を形成したセラミック被覆片である。さらに、比較例となる試験片として、実施例3と同じ基材1にCoNiCrAlY合金(Co−32%Ni−21%Cr−8%Al−0.5%Y)層のみを形成した合金被覆片と、CoCrAlY合金(Co−29%Cr−6%Al−0.5%Y)層のみを形成した合金被覆片、さらにCoNiCrAlY合金(Co−32%Ni−21%Cr−8%Al−0.5%Y)層とAl拡散処理とを組み合せたCoNiCrAlY/Al拡散処理片を試験した。
【0024】
セラミック被覆片の結合層3はCoNiCrAlY合金で、2種の合金被覆片、そしてCoNiCrAlY/Al拡散処理片の全てにおいて、MCrAlY合金層は、厚さが0.15mmで、減圧雰囲気中プラズマ溶射で形成されている。減圧雰囲気中プラズマ溶射の条件はプラズマ出力45kW、雰囲気圧力100Torr、溶射距離250mmである。また、CoNiCrAlY/Al拡散処理片でのAl拡散処理は、Al、Al、NHClの混合粉末を用いAr雰囲気中で750℃、2hの加熱処理を行なった後、真空中で1121℃、2hの拡散処理を実施した。表3は、0.1%S、50ppm、5ppmNaの燃料を用い、試験片の温度が850,900,950℃、試験時間が100hの結果を示す。本実施例の試験条件は、実施例3と同じくVリッチ燃料であり、Vアタックが主となる条件の試験となる。
【0025】
【表3】
Figure 0003551883
この結果、850〜950℃のいずれの温度においても、本実施例のZrO−Scセラミック被覆片では、亀裂などの損傷や剥離などが認められず健全であった。一方、ZrO−Yセラミック被覆片は、いずれの温度でも剥離などが発生し、ZrO−CeOセラミック被覆片及びMCrAlY合金層のみの試験片では、900、950℃で剥離や減肉損傷などが認められた。CoNiCrAlY/Al拡散処理片ではほぼ健全であった。
【0026】
(実施例5)
ZrO系の種々のセラミック層を有する場合と種々のMCrAlY合金からなる層のみを有する場合におけるVアタックと高温硫化腐食との複合条件に対する耐久性についてバーナリグ高温腐食試験により検討した。試験片は、実施例4と同じ6種の試験片を用いた。表4は、0.1%S、50ppmV、50ppmNaを燃料として用い、更に燃焼ガス中に4ppmNaとなるようにNaCl水溶液を添加し、試験片の温度が850℃、試験時間が100、500hの結果を示す。
【0027】
【表4】
Figure 0003551883
この結果、500hの長時間試験で健全であったのはZrO−Scセラミック被覆片のみであり、その他の2種のセラミック被覆片、2種の合金被覆片、そしてCoNiCrAlY/Al拡散処理片のいずれも剥離や減肉損傷などが生じていた。
【0028】
(実施例6)
ZrO系の種々のセラミック層を有する場合と種々のMCrAlY合金からなる層のみを有する場合におけるVアタックと高温硫化腐食との複合条件に対する耐久性について別の条件のバーナリグ高温腐食試験により検討した。試験片は、実施例4と同じ6種の試験片を用いた。表5は、0.1%Na、50ppmV、50ppmNaを燃料として用い、更に燃焼ガス中に、燃焼ガス中に32ppmNaになるようにNaCl水溶液を過剰添加し、試験片の温度が850、950℃,試験時間が100hの結果を示す。本実施例は、高温硫化腐食を加速した試験となる。
【0029】
【表5】
Figure 0003551883
この結果、ZrO−Scセラミック被覆片は850℃では健全、950℃では表面に若干の損傷が認めらたがほぼ健全であった。一方、ZrO−CeOセラミック被覆片やZrO−Yセラミック被覆片は、いずれも剥離や損傷などが生じ、2種の合金被覆片では減肉損傷などが生じていた。CoNiCrAlY/Al拡散処理片では850℃では健全であったが、950℃では損傷が生じていた。
【0030】
実施例3から実施例6の高温腐食耐性に関する結果より、気孔率が20%以下で5重量%以上10重量%以下のScを含むZrO−Scセラミック層5を備えたセラミック被覆片にすれば、Vアタック、高温硫化腐食、Vアタックと高温硫化腐食との複合条件下、Vアタックと高温硫化腐食との複合条件下において高温硫化腐食を加速した条件下などで十分な耐久性を得られることが明らかになった。
【0031】
このように、実施例1と実施例2の熱応力耐性に関する結果と、実施例3から実施例6の高温腐食耐性に関する結果などから、セラミック層5がZrOを主成分として5重量%以上10重量%以下のScを添加剤として含み、かつ、気孔率が2%以上20%以下である本実施形態のガスタービン翼では、十分な高温腐食耐性を得ることができ、かつ、熱応力に対する耐久性を得ることができるため、ガスタービン翼の信頼性を向上することができる。さらに、信頼性が向上し、使用寿命を長くできることにより、ガスタービン翼の定期点検、補修、または交換などの期間を延長することができ、保守点検などの手間やコストを低減することができる。
【0032】
加えて、実施例2で示したように、セラミック層5の気孔率を10%以上20%以下にすれば、熱応力に対する一層十分な耐久性を得ることができる。また、セラミック層5の厚さに対する制限は無いが、セラミック層5の厚さが0.5mmより厚くなるとセラミック層5の気孔率を制御し難くなり、また、厚さが0.05mm未満になるとセラミック層5が薄くなり過ぎ、高温腐食耐性が低下してしまう。したがって、本実施形態のように、セラミック層5の厚さは、0.05mm以上0.5mm以下であるのが望ましい。
【0033】
また、結合層3は、基材1とセラミック層5との間の熱膨張係数を有し、かつ耐腐食性と耐酸化性とを備えた様々な合金で形成することができるが、本実施形態のようなCoCrAlY合金、NiCrAlY合金、CoNiCrAlY合金などのMCrAlY合金は、基材1とセラミック層5との間の熱膨張係数を有し、かつ他の合金に比べ耐腐食性と耐酸化性に優れているので、結合層3を形成する上で好ましい。ところで、結合層3を設けず基材1の表面に直接セラミック層5を形成した場合、基材1とセラミック層5との熱膨張係数の差により、セラミック層5が損傷し、基材1を熱や高温腐食などから保護できなくなってしまう。このため、結合層3が基材1とセラミック層5との間の熱膨張係数を有していることで、基材1とセラミック層5との熱膨張係数の差を結合層3が緩衝し、セラミック層5の損傷を防ぐことができる。
【0034】
さらに、実施例5、6に示すように、CoNiCrAlY/Al拡散処理片では、一部の試験条件、すなわちやVアタックと高温硫化腐食との複合条件での長時間試験を除き、ほぼ健全であったが、基材1にCoNiCrAlY/Al拡散処理層を形成しただけでは、十分な高温耐性が得られない。しかし、本発明の1つの組み合わせとして、ZrO−Scセラミック層5の下部の結合層3としてMCrAlY合金とAl拡散処理とを組み合わせたMCrAlY/Al拡散処理コーティングによる結合層を用いることにより、ガスタービン翼の高温腐食耐性をさらに向上できる。ただし、Al拡散処理を行いAlリッチな状態になることで、結合層の機械的強度が低下する場合があるため、MCrAlY/Al拡散処理コーティングによる結合層を有するガスタービン翼では、用途が制限される場合がある。なお、MCrAlY/Al拡散処理コーティングによる結合層を用いた場合でも、セラミック層がZrO−CeOセラミック層やZrO−Yセラミック層では高温腐食耐性を向上することはできない。
【0035】
また、本実施形態では、セラミック層5を大気中プラズマ溶射により、結合層3を減圧雰囲気中プラズマ溶射で形成したが、セラミック層5や結合層3は、様々な形成方法で形成することができる。ただし、ZrO−Scセラミック層5は、組織制御、すなわち気孔率制御の点からプラズマ溶射を用いるのが望ましく、MCrAlY合金からなる結合層3では、内部欠陥の無い徴密な組織を得る上で、減圧雰囲気中プラズマ溶射、または高速ガス溶射を用いるのが望ましい。さらに、MCrAlY/Al拡散処理層からなる結合層3を形成する場合には、Al拡散処理として粉末パック法またはAl−CVD法を用いるのが望ましい。
【0036】
ところで、本実施形態のガスタービン動翼7では、図4に示すように、燃焼ガスに曝される翼9の全面と、プラットホーム11の翼9が形成された面13とにZrO−Scセラミック層を形成している。ガスタービン動翼7においてZrO−Scセラミック層を形成する領域は、これに限らず、高温損傷が生じ易い翼9の前緑部15、翼9の背17側、翼9腹19側のいずれかの部分のみにZrO−Scセラミック層を形成することもできる。また、ガスタービン静翼の場合は、燃焼ガスに曝される翼面全体またはエンドウォールなどにZrO−Scセラミック層を形成する。なお、熱応力の作用が相対的に大きいガスタービン動翼7では、気孔率が10%以上20%以下の本実施形態のZrO−Scセラミック層を形成し、熱応力の作用が相対的に小さいガスタービン静翼では、気孔率が2%以上10%以下の本実施形態のZrO−Scセラミック層を形成してもよい。
【0037】
さらに、本実施形態のZrO−Scセラミック層を備えたガスタービン翼を備えたガスタービンを構成すれば、S、V、Na等を含む燃料など、高温腐食を引き起こすような物質を含む燃料などを使用した場合でも、高温部品である動翼7、静翼などの高温腐食などによる損傷が防止でき、かつ、ガスタービンの起動、停止によって生じる熱応力に対しても耐久性を有しているため、ガスタービンの長期安定運転、または高温部品の補修や交換期間の長期化や省略ができ、ガスタービンの運転ランニングコストの低減ができる。
【0038】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、ガスタービン翼の信頼性を向上することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明を適用してなるガスタービン翼の一実施形態の一部分の断面構成を示す模式図である。
【図2】セラミック層の気孔率に対するセラミック層の損傷発生までの回数を示す図である。
【図3】セラミック層のSc含有量に対するセラミック層の損傷発生までの回数を示す図である。
【図4】本発明を適用してなるガスタービン動翼の一実施形態の概略構成を示す斜視図である。
【符号の説明】
1 基材
3 結合層
5 セラミック層
7 ガスタービン動翼
9 翼
11 プラットホーム[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a gas turbine blade, and more particularly to a gas turbine blade having high temperature corrosion resistance.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-110279 discloses a heat-resistant alloy serving as a base material and a surface of the heat-resistant alloy which has a higher corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance than the heat-resistant alloy. Covered with a tie layer made of a high alloy, 2 It has been proposed to improve the high-temperature durability by covering with a ceramic layer containing as a main component.
[0003]
The ceramic layer is used as a thermal shielding coating for reducing the temperature of a base portion covered with the ceramic layer. A typical configuration thereof is, for example, an MCrAlY alloy layer as a bonding layer, on which ZrO having a low thermal conductivity is provided. 2 This is provided with a system ceramic layer. ZrO 2 System ceramic is CaO, MgO, Y 2 O 3, Sc 2 O 3 Etc., and the additive is ZrO 2 This prevents the ceramic layer from being damaged due to the dimensional change during the phase transformation.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in such a conventional gas turbine blade, although the heat resistance is improved by forming the ceramic layer, no study has been made on the high-temperature corrosion of the ceramic layer. That is, for example, in a gas turbine that is exposed to highly corrosive gas in a high-temperature environment such as when using a fuel containing a component that causes corrosion, in a moving blade or a stationary blade that is exposed to a combustion gas, a ceramic layer caused by high-temperature corrosion is used. It is easy to cause damage or peeling. When the ceramic layer is damaged or peeled, the heat resistance is reduced, and in addition, the damage of the ceramic layer may propagate to the alloy coating layer and the base material, resulting in damage to the gas turbine blade. Therefore, the reliability of the conventional gas turbine blade is lower when used in an environment where high-temperature corrosion is likely to occur than when used in an environment where high-temperature corrosion is unlikely to occur. For this reason, it is necessary to perform a periodic inspection of the gas turbine in a short period of time, and to repair or replace the gas turbine blades, which leads to an increase in labor and cost for maintenance and inspection.
[0005]
Here, ZrO as described in JP-A-10-110279 or the like is used. 2 With CaO, MgO, Y as additives 2 O 3 In the ceramic layer containing such as CaO, MgO, Y 2 O 3 And the like become new compounds and are consumed and disappear from the ceramic layer, and as a result, damage to the gas turbine blades due to damage or separation of the ceramic layer occurs. For this reason, CaO, MgO, Y 2 O 3 High temperature corrosion resistance cannot be improved with a ceramic layer containing such a material. On the other hand, CeO, Sc 2 O 3 A ceramic layer containing these additives is also disclosed, but a ceramic layer containing these additives shows a slight improvement in high-temperature corrosion resistance in a ceramic containing CeO (BA Nagaraj: ASME, 89-GT). -270, 1989), Sc 2 O 3 There is a report that high-temperature corrosion resistance is improved by a high-density sintered ceramic containing (RL Jones: Surface and Coating Tech. 1989). However, in the case of ceramics containing CeO, the level is practically the same as conventional ones. Sc 2 O 3 In a high-density sintered ceramic containing, even if the high-temperature corrosion resistance is improved, when a high-density sintered material having an extremely low porosity is used as a ceramic layer such as a gas turbine, starting and stopping the gas turbine As a result, the durability of the gas turbine blade is reduced due to the lack of durability of the ceramic layer against the thermal stress generated by the gas turbine blade. Also, in JP-A-10-110279 and the like, Sc is used as an additive. 2 O 3 There has been no study on an appropriate composition or structure for a ceramic layer containing a sufficient high-temperature corrosion resistance.
[0006]
An object of the present invention is to improve the reliability of a gas turbine blade.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
To obtain high temperature corrosion resistance and durability against thermal stress, ZrO 2 As a main component, and as an additive Sc 2 O 3 , A ceramic layer containing ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 With respect to the porous structure of the base ceramic layer, that is, the porosity, the results of examining the thermal stress resistance by a thermal cycle test, and ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems by the following means, based on the results of examining the composition of the system ceramic layer with respect to high-temperature corrosion resistance by a burner rig high-temperature corrosion test.
[0008]
That is, a base material formed of a heat-resistant alloy, a bonding layer that covers the surface of the base material, and is made of an alloy having higher high-temperature corrosion resistance than the base material, and a ceramic layer that covers the surface of the bonding layer. At least in the part exposed to the combustion gases, this ceramic layer 2 With Sc as the main component 2 O 3 Gas turbine blade made of a heat-resistant alloy having a porous structure having a porosity of 2% to 20%.
[0009]
Thus, the additive Sc 2 O 3 Is 5% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less, sufficient high-temperature corrosion resistance can be obtained. Further, by making the ceramic layer a porous structure having a porosity of 2% or more and 20% or less, even if a thermal stress is applied, the porous structure can absorb the stress. Durability against thermal stress can be improved. That is, the reliability of the gas turbine blade can be improved.
[0010]
Further, if the bonding layer is formed of an alloy having a coefficient of thermal expansion between the substrate and the ceramic layer and having higher corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance than the substrate, the ceramic layer may be damaged. This is preferable because the bonding layer suppresses transmission of the influence of the breakage of the ceramic layer to the base material.
[0011]
At this time, a porous structure having a porosity of 10% or more and 20% or less is preferable because the durability of the ceramic layer against thermal stress can be further improved. Further, the thickness of the ceramic layer is preferably 0.05 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less, because the porosity of the ceramic layer can be easily controlled in order to improve the durability of the ceramic layer against thermal stress.
[0012]
Further, if the gas turbine includes any one of the gas turbine blades described above, the reliability of the gas turbine can be improved even when a highly corrosive combustion gas is used.
[0013]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, a gas turbine blade to which the present invention is applied will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a part of a gas turbine blade to which the present invention is applied. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the number of times until the ceramic layer is damaged with respect to the porosity of the ceramic layer. FIG. 3 shows Sc of the ceramic layer. 2 O 3 It is a figure which shows the frequency | count until damage of a ceramic layer with respect to content. FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing an example of a gas turbine blade to which the present invention is applied.
[0014]
As shown in FIG. 1, the gas turbine blade according to the present embodiment forms a bonding layer 3 made of an MCrAlY alloy on a surface of a base material 1 formed of a Ni-based or Co-based heat-resistant alloy. Sc on the surface of 2 O 3 Containing ZrO as an additive 2 The surface structure has a ceramic layer 5 made of a base ceramic. As the MCrAlY alloy forming the bonding layer 3, any one of a CoCrAlY alloy, a NiCrAlY alloy, and a CoNiCrAlY alloy is used. Further, this MCrAlY alloy is superior in corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance at a higher temperature than the Ni-base or Co-base heat-resistant alloy forming the base 1, and the Ni-base or Co-base heat-resistant alloy forming the base 1 ZrO 2 It has a coefficient of thermal expansion between itself and the ceramic layer 5 formed of the base ceramic. The uppermost ceramic layer 5 is made of ZrO 2 Containing 5% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less of Sc 2 O 3 Is contained as an additive, and the porous structure has a porosity of 20% or less, preferably 10% or more and 20% or less. The thickness of the ceramic layer 5 is 0.05 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less.
[0015]
In order to obtain high temperature corrosion resistance and durability against thermal stress, ZrO 2 As a main component, and as an additive Sc 2 O 3 , A ceramic layer containing ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The result of having examined about the suitable composition and structure of the ceramic layer is shown.
[0016]
(Example 1)
ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The influence of the porosity of the ceramic layer 5 on the durability against thermal stress was examined by a heat cycle test in which heating to 1100 ° C. and cooling to 170 ° C. in the atmosphere were repeated. The test piece was made of a Ni-base heat-resistant alloy IN-738 (Ni-8.5% Co-16% Cr-2.6% W-1.8% Mo-1.75% Ta-0.9% Nb-3. 4% Al-3.4% Ti-0.1% C-0.01%, all of which are weight%) as a base material 1 and a CoNiCrAlY alloy (Co-32% Ni-21%) which is an MCrAlY alloy thereon. A bonding layer 3 having a thickness of 0.15 mm, which is made of Cr-8% Al-0.5% Y, both in weight%), is formed by plasma spraying in a reduced-pressure atmosphere, and a 0.3 mm-thick ceramic is formed thereon. This is a configuration in which a layer 5 is provided. The dimensions of the substrate 1 are 25 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness. The ceramic layer 5 is made of ZrO formed by atmospheric plasma spraying. 2 With 7.5% Sc as the main component 2 O 3 ZrO containing 2 -7.5 wt% Sc 2 O 3 The ceramic layer 5 having various porosity structures was obtained by changing the plasma output during the plasma spraying in the atmosphere when forming the ceramic layer 5 and the particle size of the thermal spraying raw material powder. The porosity of the ceramic layer 5 was determined based on the results of observation of the cross-sectional structure with an optical microscope. Table 1 shows that ZrO 2 -7.5 wt% Sc 2 O 3 The effect of the plasma output of the ceramic layer 5 and the particle size of the powder on the porosity of the ceramic layer 5 is shown.
[0017]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003551883
A heat cycle test was performed on the test pieces on which the ceramic layers 5 having the porous structures of various porosity obtained in this manner were formed. As a result, as shown in FIG.
When the porosity is 20% or less, the number of repetitions until damage such as cracks is generated in the ceramic layer 5 by the heat cycle test is 350 or more, whereas it is 100 or less when the porosity is 24% or more. It is considered that when the porosity is 24% or more, the adhesion between the individual sprayed ceramic particles is poor, so that the ceramic layer 5 is easily damaged by thermal stress. On the other hand, it has been difficult to obtain a structure with a porosity of less than 10% by plasma spraying in the atmosphere, but when the ceramic layer 5 having a porosity of less than 10% is formed by another method, the porosity is 2% or more. A porous structure can be formed, and the durability against thermal stress can be improved even with the ceramic layer 5 having a porosity of 2% or more and less than 10%. Furthermore, by forming a ceramic layer having a porosity of 10% or more and 20% or less, durability against thermal stress can be further improved. From these results, the porosity of the ceramic layer 5 having improved durability against thermal stress is desirably 20% or less, and more desirably, the porosity is 10% or more and 20% or less. In the control of the porosity, the porosity can be reduced to 20% or less by adjusting the relationship between the particle size of the thermal spray raw material powder and the thermal spraying conditions, that is, the plasma output, to an optimum range.
(Example 2)
ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The effect of the composition of the ceramic layer 5 on durability against thermal stress was examined by a thermal cycle test under the same conditions as in Example 1. The test piece of the present embodiment has the same configuration as the base material 1 and the bonding layer 3 as in the first embodiment, but is subjected to plasma spraying in air under the conditions of a particle diameter of the sprayed raw material powder of 10 to 44 μm and a plasma output of 50 kW. With a porosity of 17% and Sc 2 O 3 Having a content of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% by weight 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The ceramic layer 5 is formed.
[0018]
As a result, as shown in FIG. 2 O 3 Is 5% by weight or more, the number of repetitions until damage to the ceramic layer 5 occurs is 300 times or more, whereas at 2.5% by weight, damage occurs at 30 times. On the other hand, ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 Sc of ceramic layer 5 2 O 3 If the content is more than 10% by weight, it may be difficult to control the porosity of the ceramic layer 5 and the thermal stress resistance may not be improved. Furthermore, ZrO 2 Sc for 2 O 3 Is about 15%, but in order for the ceramic layer 5 to absorb thermal stress and the like, it is better not to be in a completely stabilized state but in a state with some degree of phase transformation. For this reason, the maximum resistance to thermal stress is obtained from the results shown in FIG. 2 O 3 Is considered to be around 7.5% by weight, and if the content is more than 10% by weight, the thermal stress resistance decreases as the stabilization progresses. If the content is more than 10% by weight, Sc 2 O 3 The cost problem also arises. From these results, ZrO which can obtain sufficient durability against thermal stress can be obtained. 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The ceramic layer 5 is Sc 2 O 3 May be set to 5% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less.
[0019]
Incidentally, gas turbines exposed to various highly corrosive gases and the like in a high-temperature environment, for example, a fuel containing S, Na, V, and the like, and a gas turbine using a fuel containing S and the like in an environment where NaCl is present. On a moving blade or a stationary blade exposed to the combustion gas, the ceramic layer is likely to be damaged or peeled off due to high-temperature corrosion. That is, SO X , V oxides and the like, and high temperature members such as moving blades and stationary blades exposed to the combustion gas are damaged by NaCl and the like contained in the combustion air. One example of the form of damage is NaCl-Na 2 SO 4 Molten salts are formed and adhere to the surface of a moving blade or a stationary blade made of a Ni-based or Co-based heat-resistant alloy, thereby causing high-temperature sulfidation corrosion of the heat-resistant alloy. Also, as another example, V is a low melting point V oxide, for example, V 2 O 3 (Melting point: 890 ° C.), a molten oxide is formed on the surface of the Ni-base or Co-base heat-resistant alloy, and oxidation is remarkably accelerated via this oxide layer. This phenomenon is a V attack, and alkali metals such as Na in the fuel also become oxides such as NaO in the combustion gas, and NaO-V 2 O 3 (Compound melting point: 630 ° C.) forms a low melting point composite oxide, and the V attack is further accelerated. Therefore, corrosion in a gas turbine using a fuel containing S, Na, V, or the like, or a fuel containing S in an environment where NaCl is present, is caused by a V attack by V or Na in the fuel, in combustion air, or the like. Caused by high-temperature sulfidation corrosion due to NaCl and S in fuel or the like, or their combined conditions.
[0020]
Therefore, the burner rig hot corrosion test for the resistance to corrosion due to V attack, high temperature sulfide corrosion or a combination thereof, ie, high temperature corrosion resistance, showed that ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The appropriate composition of the ceramic layer 5 was studied.
[0021]
(Example 3)
ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 With respect to the ceramic layer 5, durability against a V attack was examined by a burner rig hot corrosion test. The test piece is composed of a substrate 1, a bonding layer 3, and a ceramic layer 5. The base material 1 has the same Ni-base heat-resistant alloy IN-738 as in Example 1 and has a pin shape having a diameter of 9 mm and a length of 40 mm. The structure of the ceramic layer 5 is the same as that of the second embodiment. 2 O 3 Having a content of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% by weight 2 -Sc 2 O 3 Ceramic. Table 4 shows the results of a burner rig hot corrosion test using a fuel of 0.1% S, 50 ppmV, and 5 ppm Na. The temperature of the test piece is 850 ° C., and the test time is 100 hours. In Table 2, in the test results, the symbol ○ indicates that no damage or peeling such as a crack was observed, and the symbol X indicates that damage or peeling was recognized.
[0022]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003551883
According to the result of the present embodiment in which a V attack using V-rich fuel is performed, Sc 2 O 3 Of 5, 7.5, 10% by weight of ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The test piece provided with the ceramic layer 5, that is, the ceramic coated piece was sound. On the other hand, when the porosity is 23% and Sc is 2 O 3 Containing 7.5% by weight of ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 As a result of performing the same test using the ceramic layer 5, peeling of the ceramic layer occurred.
[0023]
(Example 4)
ZrO 2 The durability against V attack when the system had various ceramic layers and only when the layers had various MCrAlY alloys were examined by a burner rig hot corrosion test. In the test piece, the substrate 1 and the bonding layer 3 were the same as those in Example 3, and had a porosity of 17% and Sc 2 O 3 Containing 7.5% by weight of ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 In addition to the ceramic coated piece on which the ceramic layer 5 was formed, as a comparative example, a ZrO containing 17% by weight of CeO was used. 2 A ceramic coated piece having a CeO ceramic layer formed thereon, and Y 2 O 3 Containing 12% by weight of ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 It is a ceramic coated piece on which a ceramic layer is formed. Further, as a test piece serving as a comparative example, an alloy coated piece in which only a CoNiCrAlY alloy (Co-32% Ni-21% Cr-8% Al-0.5% Y) layer was formed on the same substrate 1 as in Example 3. And an alloy coated piece having only a CoCrAlY alloy (Co-29% Cr-6% Al-0.5% Y) layer formed thereon, and a CoNiCrAlY alloy (Co-32% Ni-21% Cr-8% Al-0. A CoNiCrAlY / Al diffusion treated piece combining a 5% Y) layer and an Al diffusion treatment was tested.
[0024]
The bonding layer 3 of the ceramic coated piece is a CoNiCrAlY alloy, and the MCrAlY alloy layer is 0.15 mm thick and formed by plasma spraying in a reduced-pressure atmosphere in the two kinds of alloy coated pieces and the CoNiCrAlY / Al diffusion-treated piece. Have been. The conditions for plasma spraying in a reduced pressure atmosphere are a plasma output of 45 kW, an atmospheric pressure of 100 Torr, and a spray distance of 250 mm. The Al diffusion treatment on the CoNiCrAlY / Al diffusion treatment piece is performed by using Al, Al 2 O 3 , NH 4 After performing a heat treatment at 750 ° C. for 2 hours in an Ar atmosphere using a mixed powder of Cl, a diffusion process at 1121 ° C. for 2 hours was performed in a vacuum. Table 3 shows the results when the test piece temperature was 850, 900, 950 ° C. and the test time was 100 hours using 0.1% S, 50 ppm, and 5 ppm Na fuel. The test conditions of the present embodiment are V-rich fuels as in the third embodiment, and are tests under conditions where V attack is the main.
[0025]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003551883
As a result, at any temperature of 850 to 950 ° C., the ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The ceramic coated piece was sound without damage such as cracks or peeling. On the other hand, ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 At any temperature, the ceramic coated piece peels off and ZrO 2 In the case of the -CeO ceramic coated piece and the test piece containing only the MCrAlY alloy layer, peeling and loss-of-wall damage were observed at 900 and 950 ° C. The CoNiCrAlY / Al diffusion treated piece was almost sound.
[0026]
(Example 5)
ZrO 2 The durability against the combined condition of V attack and high-temperature sulfidation corrosion in the case of having various ceramic layers of the system and only having layers made of various MCrAlY alloys was examined by a burner rig high-temperature corrosion test. The same six test pieces as in Example 4 were used as the test pieces. Table 4 shows the results when 0.1% S, 50 ppmV, and 50 ppmNa were used as fuel, and a NaCl aqueous solution was further added to the combustion gas so that the concentration became 4 ppmNa. The test piece temperature was 850 ° C, and the test time was 100 and 500 hours. Is shown.
[0027]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003551883
As a result, it was ZrO that was sound in the long-term test of 500 hours. 2 -Sc 2 O 3 It was only the ceramic coated piece, and the other two types of ceramic coated pieces, the two types of alloy coated pieces, and the CoNiCrAlY / Al diffusion-treated pieces all had peeling, thinning damage, and the like.
[0028]
(Example 6)
ZrO 2 The durability against the combined condition of V attack and high temperature sulfidation corrosion in the case of having various ceramic layers of the system and only having layers made of various MCrAlY alloys was examined by a burner rig high temperature corrosion test under different conditions. The same six test pieces as in Example 4 were used as the test pieces. Table 5 shows that 0.1% Na, 50 ppmV, and 50 ppmNa were used as fuels, and an excess amount of NaCl aqueous solution was added to the combustion gas so that the combustion gas became 32 ppmNa. The results for a test time of 100 h are shown. This example is a test in which high-temperature sulfurization corrosion is accelerated.
[0029]
[Table 5]
Figure 0003551883
As a result, ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The ceramic coated piece was sound at 850 ° C. and slightly damaged at 950 ° C., although the surface was almost sound. On the other hand, ZrO 2 -CeO ceramic coated pieces and ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 All of the ceramic coated pieces were exfoliated or damaged, and the two kinds of alloy coated pieces were caused to lose thickness. The CoNiCrAlY / Al diffusion-treated piece was sound at 850 ° C, but damaged at 950 ° C.
[0030]
According to the results of the high-temperature corrosion resistance of Examples 3 to 6, Sc having a porosity of 20% or less and 5% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less is used. 2 O 3 ZrO containing 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The ceramic coated piece provided with the ceramic layer 5 accelerated high-temperature sulfidation corrosion under V attack, high-temperature sulfidation corrosion, combined conditions of V attack and high-temperature sulfidation corrosion, and combined conditions of V attack and high-temperature sulfidation corrosion. It became clear that sufficient durability can be obtained under conditions and the like.
[0031]
As described above, based on the results regarding the thermal stress resistance of Examples 1 and 2 and the results regarding the high temperature corrosion resistance of Examples 3 to 6, the ceramic layer 5 is made of ZrO. 2 5% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less of Sc 2 O 3 In the gas turbine blade of the present embodiment, which contains as an additive and has a porosity of 2% or more and 20% or less, sufficient high-temperature corrosion resistance and durability against thermal stress can be obtained. Therefore, the reliability of the gas turbine blade can be improved. Further, since the reliability is improved and the service life can be extended, the period of the periodic inspection, repair, or replacement of the gas turbine blades can be extended, and the labor and cost for maintenance and inspection can be reduced.
[0032]
In addition, as shown in Example 2, if the porosity of the ceramic layer 5 is 10% or more and 20% or less, more sufficient durability against thermal stress can be obtained. There is no limitation on the thickness of the ceramic layer 5, but if the thickness of the ceramic layer 5 is more than 0.5 mm, it becomes difficult to control the porosity of the ceramic layer 5, and if the thickness becomes less than 0.05 mm. The ceramic layer 5 becomes too thin, and the hot corrosion resistance decreases. Therefore, as in the present embodiment, the thickness of the ceramic layer 5 is desirably 0.05 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less.
[0033]
Further, the bonding layer 3 can be formed of various alloys having a coefficient of thermal expansion between the base material 1 and the ceramic layer 5 and having corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. MCrAlY alloys such as CoCrAlY alloys, NiCrAlY alloys, and CoNiCrAlY alloys have a thermal expansion coefficient between the base material 1 and the ceramic layer 5 and have higher corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance than other alloys. It is excellent in forming the bonding layer 3 because it is excellent. By the way, when the ceramic layer 5 is formed directly on the surface of the base material 1 without providing the bonding layer 3, the ceramic layer 5 is damaged due to a difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the base material 1 and the ceramic layer 5, and the base material 1 is damaged. It cannot be protected from heat or high-temperature corrosion. Therefore, since the bonding layer 3 has a thermal expansion coefficient between the base material 1 and the ceramic layer 5, the bonding layer 3 buffers a difference in a thermal expansion coefficient between the base material 1 and the ceramic layer 5. In addition, the ceramic layer 5 can be prevented from being damaged.
[0034]
Further, as shown in Examples 5 and 6, the CoNiCrAlY / Al diffusion-treated piece was almost sound except for some test conditions, that is, a long-term test under a combined condition of V attack and high-temperature sulfidation corrosion. However, simply forming the CoNiCrAlY / Al diffusion treatment layer on the substrate 1 does not provide sufficient high-temperature resistance. However, as one combination of the present invention, ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The use of a MCrAlY / Al diffusion-treated coating layer combining an MCrAlY alloy and Al diffusion processing as the bonding layer 3 below the ceramic layer 5 can further improve the high-temperature corrosion resistance of the gas turbine blade. However, since the mechanical strength of the bonding layer may decrease due to the Al-diffusing treatment resulting in the Al-rich state, the gas turbine blade having the bonding layer formed by the MCrAlY / Al diffusion-treated coating has limited applications. In some cases. It should be noted that even when a bonding layer made of MCrAlY / Al diffusion treatment coating is used, the ceramic layer is made of ZrO. 2 -CeO ceramic layer or ZrO 2 -Y 2 O 3 Ceramic layers cannot improve hot corrosion resistance.
[0035]
Further, in the present embodiment, the ceramic layer 5 is formed by plasma spraying in the air, and the bonding layer 3 is formed by plasma spraying in a reduced pressure atmosphere. However, the ceramic layer 5 and the bonding layer 3 can be formed by various forming methods. . However, ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The ceramic layer 5 is preferably formed by plasma spraying from the viewpoint of controlling the structure, that is, controlling the porosity. The bonding layer 3 made of the MCrAlY alloy is formed by plasma spraying in a reduced-pressure atmosphere in order to obtain a dense structure without internal defects. Or high velocity gas spraying is desirable. Further, when the bonding layer 3 composed of the MCrAlY / Al diffusion treatment layer is formed, it is desirable to use a powder pack method or an Al-CVD method as the Al diffusion treatment.
[0036]
By the way, in the gas turbine rotor blade 7 of this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, ZrO is formed on the entire surface of the blade 9 exposed to the combustion gas and the surface 13 of the platform 11 on which the blade 9 is formed. 2 -Sc 2 O 3 A ceramic layer is formed. In the gas turbine blade 7, ZrO 2 -Sc 2 O 3 The region where the ceramic layer is formed is not limited to this, and ZrO is formed only on any one of the front green portion 15 of the wing 9, the back 17 side of the wing 9, and the wing 9 antinode 19 side, where high temperature damage is likely to occur. 2 -Sc 2 O 3 A ceramic layer can also be formed. In the case of a gas turbine stationary blade, ZrO is applied to the entire blade surface or end wall exposed to the combustion gas. 2 -Sc 2 O 3 Form a ceramic layer. In the gas turbine blade 7 having a relatively large effect of thermal stress, the ZrO of this embodiment having a porosity of 10% or more and 20% or less is used. 2 -Sc 2 O 3 In a gas turbine stationary blade in which a ceramic layer is formed and the action of thermal stress is relatively small, the ZrO of the present embodiment having a porosity of 2% to 10% 2 -Sc 2 O 3 A ceramic layer may be formed.
[0037]
Furthermore, the ZrO of this embodiment 2 -Sc 2 O 3 If a gas turbine having a gas turbine blade having a ceramic layer is configured, even if a fuel containing a substance that causes high-temperature corrosion, such as a fuel containing S, V, Na, or the like, is used, it is a high-temperature component. Damage due to high-temperature corrosion of the moving blades 7 and the stationary blades can be prevented, and the gas turbine has durability against thermal stress generated by starting and stopping the gas turbine. Repair and replacement of high-temperature parts can be lengthened or omitted, and the running cost of operating the gas turbine can be reduced.
[0038]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, the reliability of a gas turbine blade can be improved.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional configuration of a part of an embodiment of a gas turbine blade to which the present invention is applied.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the number of times until the ceramic layer is damaged with respect to the porosity of the ceramic layer.
FIG. 3 Sc of ceramic layer 2 O 3 It is a figure which shows the frequency | count until damage of a ceramic layer with respect to content.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a schematic configuration of an embodiment of a gas turbine rotor blade to which the present invention is applied.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Substrate
3 bonding layer
5 ceramic layer
7 Gas turbine blade
9 wings
11 platform

Claims (3)

耐熱合金で形成された基材と、該基材の表面を被覆し、該基材よりも高温耐食性に優れた合金からなる結合層と、該結合層の表面を被覆するセラミック層とを少なくとも燃焼ガスに曝される部分に有してなり、該セラミック層は、ZrOを主成分とし、Scを5重量%以上10重量%以下含有し、気孔率が2%以上20%以下の多孔質組織であるガスタービン翼。A substrate formed of a heat-resistant alloy, a bonding layer covering the surface of the substrate, and a bonding layer made of an alloy having better high-temperature corrosion resistance than the substrate, and a ceramic layer covering the surface of the bonding layer are at least burned. A ceramic layer containing ZrO 2 as a main component, containing 5 wt% to 10 wt% of Sc 2 O 3, and having a porosity of 2 wt% to 20 wt%. Gas turbine blades with a porous structure. 前記セラミック層の厚さが0.05mm以上0.5mm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のガスタービン翼。The gas turbine blade according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the ceramic layer is 0.05 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less. 請求項1または2に記載のガスタービン翼を備えてなるガスタービン。A gas turbine comprising the gas turbine blade according to claim 1.
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