JP3553764B2 - Treatment of contaminated soil - Google Patents
Treatment of contaminated soil Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3553764B2 JP3553764B2 JP17093597A JP17093597A JP3553764B2 JP 3553764 B2 JP3553764 B2 JP 3553764B2 JP 17093597 A JP17093597 A JP 17093597A JP 17093597 A JP17093597 A JP 17093597A JP 3553764 B2 JP3553764 B2 JP 3553764B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- soil
- treated
- contaminated
- water
- heavy metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Landscapes
- Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、重金属及び/又はシアン化合物(重金属及びシアン化合物のうち少なくとも一方)で汚染された土壌の浄化処理方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、産業活動の活発化や都市開発の進展に伴い、新たな化学物質による環境汚染の懸念や急増する廃棄物の処理問題に関連して過去の蓄積した有害物質を含む土壌汚染の存在がクローズアップされて来ている。そしてこれらの汚染された土壌については国の定める「土壌環境基準」等に従って処理することが必要とされるようになっている。
【0003】
鉛等重金属やシアン化合物に汚染された土壌を修復して浄化する手段としては、汚染土壌を洗浄して重金属やシアン化合物を水又は酸もしくはアルカリに溶解させ、固液分離してから水処理槽で化学的に浄化し除去する方法あるいは汚染土壌を高温度で焼却してシアン化合物を分解させる方法が知られている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記の処理法の場合、処理時に汚染土壌中の全ての重金属やシアン化合物が水又は酸もしくはアルカリで十分溶出されるとは限らず、また、汚染土壌を高温度で焼却してシアン化合物等を分解させる処理を行う場合、莫大な費用を要する他、土壌の強度が高熱処理により低下するので、処理土壌をそのまま再利用できるとは限らなかった。
【0005】
本発明は、上記のような状況に鑑み、重金属及び/又はシアン化合物で汚染されている土壌を安定且つ確実に浄化すると共に経済的にも安価に実施できる処理方法の提供を目的とするものである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、上記目的を達成するものであって、第1に、鉛又はヒ素の重金属により汚染された土壌に水溶性の鉄塩又は銅塩を添加混合する第1工程と、次いで、該第1工程で処理した土壌を加熱処理に供して前記重金属を不溶化する第2工程からなることを特徴とする汚染土壌の処理方法であり、第2に、シアン化合物により汚染された土壌に水溶性の鉄塩又は銅塩を添加混合する第1工程と、次いで、該第1工程で処理した土壌を加熱処理に供して前記シアン化合物を不溶化する第2工程からなることを特徴とする汚染土壌の処理方法であり、第3に、鉛又はヒ素の重金属及びシアン化合物により汚染された土壌に水溶性の鉄塩又は銅塩を添加混合する第1工程と、次いで、該第1工程で処理した土壌を加熱処理に供して前記重金属及び前記シアン化合物を不溶化する第2工程からなることを特徴とする汚染土壌の処理方法であり、第4に、前記加熱処理における加熱温度を200℃以上とすることを特徴とする第1〜3のいずれかに記載の汚染土壌の処理方法である。
【0007】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の処理対象とする汚染土壌は、重金属及び/又はシアン化合物により汚染されている土壌であって、重金属としては、クロム、マンガン、カドミウム、鉛、ヒ素、アンチモン等一般の重金属であり、シアン化合物としては、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、重金属等のシアン化物であって、人の健康に係る水質環境において有害とされるものである。
【0008】
本発明方法は、第1工程では、先ず最初に処理対象土壌に、水溶性の2価又は3価の鉄塩及び/又は2価の銅塩を添加混合する。添加する鉄塩としては、硫酸第1鉄、硫酸第2鉄、塩化第1鉄、塩化第2鉄さらに硝酸第1鉄、硝酸第2鉄等があり、また、銅塩としては、硫酸銅、塩化銅、硝酸銅等があり、水溶性であればいずれでも使用可能である。また、このような鉄塩や銅塩は、比較的安価に入手可能なものであるが、産業廃棄物でもある鉄系または銅系のメッキ廃液やエッチング廃液等を利用することも可能であり、この場合、さらに処理原価の低減化が可能となる。
【0009】
これら鉄塩や銅塩の土壌への添加は、固体塩のままの直接添加でも可能であるが、添加混合が容易な水溶液状態での添加が好ましい。
【0010】
これら鉄塩や銅塩の添加量は、処理対象とする土壌の重金属及び/又はシアン化合物の含有量、溶出特性そして第2工程での加熱温度と加熱時間が重要な要因となり、一律には決定できないが、例えば、後記の実施例−1において示す土壌(含有量:CN=34.0ppm 、Pb=326ppm、pH約6の水に対する溶出量:CN=0.53mg/l、Pb=0.07mg/l)を、第2工程において 350℃で30分加熱処理する場合には、第1工程での鉄塩及び/又は銅塩の添加量は以下の通りとなる。すなわち、鉄塩又は銅塩を単味で添加する場合には、Fe又はCuとして100ppm、鉄塩と銅塩を混合添加する場合には(Fe+Cu)の合計で100ppmになるように配合添加すれば、その効果があらわれ、好ましくは250ppm以上となるように添加すれば、特に、シアン化合物が易溶性となる高アルカリ領域においても、水への溶出を完全に阻止することが可能となる。
【0011】
第2工程では、第1工程終了後の処理土壌に対して加熱処理を行うが、加熱温度は高温度の必要はなく、比較的低温度で足りる。例えば、後記の実施例1に示すように、 200℃台で不溶化効果が確認できるが、 200℃以下においても既にその不溶化傾向が認められ、 300℃以上では完全に不溶化の達成が認められる。また、例えば、 500℃以上のような高温加熱は、エネルギーコストや設備費の点から無駄であり、さらに、処理土壌の変質等の点からも得策でないと考えられる。
【0012】
また、この加熱処理は、処理土壌が多量であっても、例えば、汚泥の乾燥焼却や塵芥の乾燥等に使用されている回転焼却炉により好適に実施できる。
【0013】
なお、本発明の処理方法において、鉄塩や銅塩の添加及び加熱処理により、重金属又はシアンの、あるいは同時的な重金属及びシアンの化学的不溶態化が行われると共に、さらなる安定化が行われるものであるが、そのメカニズムについては未だ明らかでない。
【0014】
【実施例1】
金属表面処理工場の汚染土壌を対象に、本処理法効果の温度依存性を調査した。
なお、溶出試験は、環境庁告示第46号(平成3年8月23日告示)に掲げる土壌環境基準に係る土壌中重金属の溶出量分析方法に準じて行った。
【0015】
(1) 風乾した処理対象汚染土壌の特性
汚染物含有量:CN=34.0ppm Pb=326ppm
溶出試験結果:CN=0.53mg/l Pb=0.07mg/l
pH=9.12
(3) 処理土壌の溶出試験の結果を表1に示した。
【0016】
【表1】
【0017】
【比較例1】
実施例1と同じ土壌について、FeとCuの添加がない外は処理条件を同じとして溶出特性を調べた。
処理土壌の溶出試験の結果を表2に示した。
【0018】
【表2】
【0019】
以上の実施例1及び比較例1より、本発明方法によれば、200 ℃台で明らかに不溶化の効果が認められ、300 ℃以上では、CN及びPbも共に不溶化されることが理解される。
【0020】
【実施例2】
本実施例では、特にCNの安定化状況を把握する目的で、同一試料を繰り返し5回溶出試験に供して、その水に対する溶出性を調べた。
なお、溶出試験に供した試料は、実施例1に示した条件で処理したものである。
試験結果を表3に示した。
【0021】
【表3】
【0022】
【比較例2】
実施例2と同様であるが、試料として処理対象土壌を未処理状態で、繰り返し5回溶出試験に供した。
試験結果を表4に示した。
【0023】
【表4】
【0024】
すなわち、CNは安定した不溶状態で固定されていることがわかる。
【0025】
【実施例3】
本処理方法におけるFe及び/又はCuの種々添加配合を変えた場合についてCN溶出特性を調べた。加熱処理条件は、各回一律に、温度 350 ℃、時間 30分とした。
なお、本実施例では、環境庁告示第46号の掲げる溶出試験の他に、NaOH=40g/l (理論pH=14)の高濃度アルカリ水を用いた溶出試験(手順は環境庁告示第46号に掲げる方法に準ずる)も併せて行った。
試験結果を表5に示した。
【0026】
【表5】
【0027】
以上の結果から、Fe及び/又はCuの種々配合においてもCNの不溶化効果が確認され、さらに、Fe++=100ppmとCu++=250ppmを共に添加したロットは、CNが易溶性となる高アルカリ領域においても、0.01mg/l以下を示し、不溶化効果は完全なものであった。
【0028】
【発明の効果】
上述のように、本発明によれば、処理対象土壌に入手が容易な水溶性の鉄塩及び/又は銅塩を微量添加し、好ましくは 200℃以上の温度で、加熱処理するだけで、例えば、重金属がPbであれば0.01mg/l以下に、また、シアン化合物であれば全CNとして0.01mg/l以下にまで水への溶出を低減できる等、重金属及び/又はシアン化合物の溶出を実質的に完全に阻止可能とする経済性に優れた汚染土壌の浄化処理方法を提供できる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for purifying soil contaminated with a heavy metal and / or a cyan compound (at least one of a heavy metal and a cyan compound).
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, as industrial activities have become more active and urban development has progressed, the presence of soil pollution including harmful substances accumulated in the past has been closed due to concerns about environmental pollution by new chemical substances and the rapidly increasing problem of waste disposal. Is coming up. These contaminated soils are required to be treated according to the “soil environmental standards” set by the government.
[0003]
As a means of repairing and purifying soil contaminated with heavy metals and cyanide compounds such as lead, the contaminated soil is washed, heavy metals and cyanide compounds are dissolved in water or acid or alkali, solid-liquid separated, and then treated in a water treatment tank. There is known a method of chemically purifying and removing the cyanide, or a method of incinerating contaminated soil at a high temperature to decompose a cyanide.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the case of the above-mentioned treatment method, not all heavy metals and cyanide compounds in contaminated soil are eluted sufficiently with water, acid or alkali at the time of treatment. When the treatment for decomposing the soil is performed, enormous cost is required, and the strength of the soil is reduced by the high heat treatment. Therefore, the treated soil cannot always be reused as it is.
[0005]
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has as its object to provide a treatment method that can stably and surely purify soil contaminated with heavy metals and / or cyanide compounds and that can be implemented economically and inexpensively. is there.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention achieves the above object, and comprises a first step of adding and mixing a water-soluble iron salt or a copper salt to soil contaminated with a heavy metal such as lead or arsenic ; A method for treating contaminated soil, comprising a second step of insolubilizing the heavy metal by subjecting the soil treated in one step to heat treatment, and 1. A treatment of contaminated soil, comprising: a first step of adding and mixing an iron salt or a copper salt; and a second step of subjecting the soil treated in the first step to heat treatment to insolubilize the cyanide. Third, a water-soluble iron salt or copper salt is added to and mixed with a soil contaminated with a heavy metal of lead or arsenic and a cyanide compound, and then the soil treated in the first step is treated. Subject to heat treatment to the heavy metal and A method for treating contaminated soil, comprising a second step of insolubilizing a cyanide compound. Fourth, any one of the first to third features, wherein the heating temperature in the heat treatment is set to 200 ° C. or higher. Or a method for treating contaminated soil.
[0007]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The contaminated soil to be treated according to the present invention is soil contaminated with heavy metals and / or cyanide compounds. Examples of heavy metals include common heavy metals such as chromium, manganese, cadmium, lead, arsenic, and antimony. The compound is a cyanide such as an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a heavy metal, which is harmful in a water environment related to human health.
[0008]
In the first step of the method of the present invention, first, a water-soluble divalent or trivalent iron salt and / or a divalent copper salt are added to and mixed with the soil to be treated. Examples of the iron salt to be added include ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous nitrate, and ferric nitrate, and copper salts include copper sulfate, There are copper chloride, copper nitrate and the like, and any water-soluble one can be used. In addition, such iron salts and copper salts are relatively inexpensive, but it is also possible to use iron-based or copper-based plating wastewater or etching wastewater that is industrial waste. In this case, the processing cost can be further reduced.
[0009]
These iron salts and copper salts can be added to the soil by direct addition as a solid salt, but it is preferable to add them in an aqueous solution state in which addition and mixing are easy.
[0010]
The addition amount of these iron salts and copper salts is an important factor because the content of heavy metal and / or cyanide in the soil to be treated, the elution characteristics, and the heating temperature and heating time in the second step are determined uniformly. Although it is not possible, for example, the soil shown in Example 1 described below (content: CN = 34.0 ppm, Pb = 326 ppm, elution amount with respect to water having a pH of about 6: CN = 0.53 mg / l, Pb = 0.07 mg) / L) is heat-treated at 350 ° C. for 30 minutes in the second step, the amount of iron salt and / or copper salt added in the first step is as follows. That is, when iron salt or copper salt is added simply, 100 ppm as Fe or Cu is added, and when iron salt and copper salt are mixed and added, the total amount of (Fe + Cu) is 100 ppm. If the effect is exhibited, and it is added preferably in an amount of 250 ppm or more, it is possible to completely prevent elution into water, even in a highly alkaline region where the cyanide is easily soluble.
[0011]
In the second step, heat treatment is performed on the treated soil after the first step, but the heating temperature does not need to be high, and a relatively low temperature is sufficient. For example, as shown in Example 1 below, the insolubilizing effect can be confirmed at a temperature of 200 ° C., but the insolubilizing tendency is already observed even at 200 ° C. or less, and the complete insolubilization is observed at 300 ° C. or more. Further, for example, high-temperature heating such as 500 ° C. or higher is wasteful in terms of energy cost and equipment cost, and is not considered to be advantageous in terms of deterioration of the treated soil.
[0012]
In addition, this heat treatment can be suitably carried out by a rotary incinerator used for drying and incineration of sludge and drying of garbage even if the amount of treated soil is large.
[0013]
In the treatment method of the present invention, the addition of iron salt or copper salt and the heat treatment perform the chemical insolubilization of heavy metal or cyan, or simultaneous heavy metal and cyan, and further stabilize. However, its mechanism is not yet clear.
[0014]
Embodiment 1
We investigated the temperature dependence of the effect of this treatment method on contaminated soil from a metal surface treatment plant.
The dissolution test was carried out in accordance with the method for analyzing the dissolution amount of heavy metals in soil according to the soil environmental standards listed in the Environment Agency Notification No. 46 (notified on August 23, 1991).
[0015]
(1) Characteristic contaminant content of air-dried contaminated soil to be treated: CN = 34.0 ppm Pb = 326 ppm
Dissolution test result: CN = 0.53 mg / l Pb = 0.07 mg / l
pH = 9.12
(3) The results of the dissolution test of the treated soil are shown in Table 1.
[0016]
[Table 1]
[0017]
[Comparative Example 1]
The dissolution characteristics of the same soil as in Example 1 were examined under the same treatment conditions except that Fe and Cu were not added.
Table 2 shows the results of the dissolution test of the treated soil.
[0018]
[Table 2]
[0019]
From the above Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, it is understood that according to the method of the present invention, the effect of insolubilization is clearly observed at a temperature of 200 ° C., and at 300 ° C. or more, both CN and Pb are insolubilized.
[0020]
Embodiment 2
In the present example, the same sample was repeatedly subjected to a dissolution test five times to check the dissolution property in water, particularly for the purpose of grasping the stabilization state of CN.
The sample subjected to the dissolution test was processed under the conditions shown in Example 1.
The test results are shown in Table 3.
[0021]
[Table 3]
[0022]
[Comparative Example 2]
Same as Example 2, except that the soil to be treated as a sample was untreated and repeatedly subjected to a dissolution test five times.
The test results are shown in Table 4.
[0023]
[Table 4]
[0024]
That is, it is understood that CN is fixed in a stable insoluble state.
[0025]
Embodiment 3
The elution characteristics of CN were examined when various addition and mixing of Fe and / or Cu in the present treatment method were changed. The heat treatment conditions were uniform at a temperature of 350 ° C. and a time of 30 minutes each time.
In this example, in addition to the dissolution test described in Notification No. 46 of the Environment Agency, a dissolution test using high-concentration alkaline water of NaOH = 40 g / l (theoretical pH = 14) (procedure was made by Notification No. 46 of the Environment Agency). (According to the method listed in item (1)).
The test results are shown in Table 5.
[0026]
[Table 5]
[0027]
From the above results, the effect of insolubilizing CN was confirmed even in various formulations of Fe and / or Cu. Further, in the lots to which both Fe ++ = 100 ppm and Cu ++ = 250 ppm were added, the high alkali region where CN was easily soluble was used. Also showed 0.01 mg / l or less, and the insolubilizing effect was complete.
[0028]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, a trace amount of a readily available water-soluble iron salt and / or copper salt is added to the soil to be treated, and preferably heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher. Elution of heavy metals and / or cyanide compounds such as elution to water can be reduced to 0.01 mg / l or less if Pb is a heavy metal and to 0.01 mg / l or less as total CN if a cyanide compound is used. And a method for purifying contaminated soil that is excellent in economic efficiency and that can substantially completely prevent the contamination.
Claims (4)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17093597A JP3553764B2 (en) | 1997-06-12 | 1997-06-12 | Treatment of contaminated soil |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17093597A JP3553764B2 (en) | 1997-06-12 | 1997-06-12 | Treatment of contaminated soil |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11646A JPH11646A (en) | 1999-01-06 |
| JP3553764B2 true JP3553764B2 (en) | 2004-08-11 |
Family
ID=15914105
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP17093597A Expired - Lifetime JP3553764B2 (en) | 1997-06-12 | 1997-06-12 | Treatment of contaminated soil |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3553764B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5226730B2 (en) * | 2010-04-30 | 2013-07-03 | 大成建設株式会社 | Cyan contaminated soil purification system |
| JP5822859B2 (en) * | 2012-06-28 | 2015-11-25 | 三重中央開発株式会社 | Method for treating waste liquid containing water-soluble iron cyano complex |
-
1997
- 1997-06-12 JP JP17093597A patent/JP3553764B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH11646A (en) | 1999-01-06 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US5130051A (en) | Composition to encapsulate chromium, arsenic and other toxic metals in wastes | |
| Scheckel et al. | Assessment of a sequential extraction procedure for perturbed lead-contaminated samples with and without phosphorus amendments | |
| Shukla et al. | The role of sawdust in the removal of unwanted materials from water | |
| Pichtel et al. | Comparison of solvents for ex situ removal of chromium and lead from contaminated soil | |
| CA2118987A1 (en) | Fixation and Stabilization of Metals in Contaminated Materials | |
| Wang et al. | Wastewater sludge conditioning by fly ash | |
| Wasay et al. | Organic acids to remediate a clay loam polluted by heavy metals | |
| WO2002043814A1 (en) | Improved method for fixating sludges and soils contaminated with mercury and other heavy metals | |
| Yin et al. | EDTA-enhanced thermal washing of contaminated dredged marine sediments for heavy metal removal | |
| JP3553764B2 (en) | Treatment of contaminated soil | |
| JP2002194328A (en) | Heavy metal fixing agent and heavy metal fixing method using the same | |
| JP3714634B2 (en) | Method for immobilizing heavy metals by hydrothermal treatment of fly ash | |
| KR20160091477A (en) | Method for stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated marine sediment using bentonite | |
| CA2610239A1 (en) | Stabilization of biosolids using iron nanoparticles | |
| JP4324372B2 (en) | Organic compound decomposition material | |
| Okieimen et al. | Stabilization of heavy metals in CCA contaminated soil | |
| JP2004025115A (en) | Heavy metal insolubilization method for organic halide contaminated products | |
| JP2003145089A (en) | Hexavalent chromium insolubilizing agent and hexavalent chromium insolubilizing method | |
| Zorpas et al. | The applications of inorganic and organic acids for the treatment of heavy polluted sewage sludge and the evaluation of the remaining metal with sequential chemical extraction | |
| JP2000157961A (en) | Purification method of contaminated soil by combined use of heat treatment and iron powder | |
| McFarland et al. | Anoxic treatment of trifluralin-contaminated soil | |
| Xiong et al. | Speciation of heavy metals in sewage irrigated pastures. | |
| Bansal et al. | Potential role of zeolites: Chemical adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in sewage sludge compost | |
| JP2003320365A (en) | Method for treating object to be treated containing contaminants and treatment agent for object to be treated contaminated | |
| JP2005144255A (en) | Method of detoxifying sludge or soil |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20031219 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20040203 |
|
| RD02 | Notification of acceptance of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7422 Effective date: 20040206 |
|
| RD04 | Notification of resignation of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7424 Effective date: 20040318 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20040402 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20040427 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20040430 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080514 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
| S111 | Request for change of ownership or part of ownership |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313111 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080514 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
| R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090514 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090514 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100514 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110514 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110514 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120514 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130514 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20140514 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| EXPY | Cancellation because of completion of term |