JP3567597B2 - Electrophotographic photoreceptor - Google Patents
Electrophotographic photoreceptor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3567597B2 JP3567597B2 JP08810396A JP8810396A JP3567597B2 JP 3567597 B2 JP3567597 B2 JP 3567597B2 JP 08810396 A JP08810396 A JP 08810396A JP 8810396 A JP8810396 A JP 8810396A JP 3567597 B2 JP3567597 B2 JP 3567597B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- resin
- production example
- titanyl phthalocyanine
- copolymer
- hours
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 title description 36
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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 35
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- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprene Chemical compound ClC(=C)C=C YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanol Chemical compound OC1CCCCC1 HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940117389 dichlorobenzene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBGGXOJOCNVPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisononyl phthalate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCC(C)C HBGGXOJOCNVPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDCRTTXIJACKKU-ARJAWSKDSA-N dimethyl maleate Chemical compound COC(=O)\C=C/C(=O)OC LDCRTTXIJACKKU-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- GFJVXXWOPWLRNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl formate Chemical compound C=COC=O GFJVXXWOPWLRNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012690 ionic polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000013469 light sensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002688 maleic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl phenyl ether Natural products COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XQZYPMVTSDWCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1C#N XQZYPMVTSDWCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001226 reprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007151 ring opening polymerisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015096 spirit Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Landscapes
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電子写真において使用されるデジタル電子写真に適した電子写真感光体に関するものである。詳しくは、光減衰曲線において閾値を有し、高表面電位から低表面電位へ遷移させる露光エネルギー変化が小さい電子写真感光体(高γ値感光体)に関するものである。なお、本発明において、「光減衰曲線において閾値を有する」と言うことは以下のことを意味するものとする。即ち光減衰曲線において、帯電直後の初期電位をV0 (V)、残留電位として50μJ/cm2 の光を照射したときの表面電位をVr(V)とした時の両者の差をΔV(V0 −Vr )とする。この時、「95%表面電位」V95として、残留電位にΔVの95%の値を加えた表面電位(V95=ΔV×0.95+Vr)をとり、「5%表面電位」V5 として、残留電位にΔVの5%の値を加えた表面電位(V5 =ΔV×0.05+Vr )をとり、V95、V5 を与える露光エネルギーを、各々「95%露光エネルギー」E95、「5%露光エネルギー」E5 として求め、E5 /E95の値が5以下であることを意味するものとする。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
カールソン法をはじめとする電子写真法は、原稿像をアナログ的に描写することを主眼点において開発されてきた。従って、入力光の明暗を忠実にトナー像の明暗として再現するために、そこで用いられる感光体としては、入力光量(の対数値)に対して線形に相似する光電流が流れる特性を有することが求められてきた。そのため、このような特性(低γ特性)を有する感光剤を感光体の材料として選択することが原則的であった。そのため、電子写真法の初期段階における単純な光導電体に近いものからはじまり、セレン(Se)系のアモルファス状態の感光層や、シリコン(Si)のアモルファス層や、Seのアモルファス層と類似すべく作られたZnOの結着層等が、感光体として使用されてきた。さらに近年では、特に有機半導体を使用したいわゆる機能分離型の感光層が感光体として使用されるまでに展開してきている。ところが、近年、電子写真技術とコンピュータ・通信が結合し、プリンターやファクシミリの方式が電子写真記録方式に急激に移行し、また、通常のコピーマシーンであっても、反転、切りとり、白抜き等の画像処理を可能とする方式になりつつある。そのため、電子写真の記録方式も、従来のPPC用アナログ記録形式からデジタル記録形式への変更が望まれている。
【0003】
また、デジタル記録方式で使用される入力光源としてArレーザー、He−Neレーザー等の気体レーザーや半導体レーザー、液晶等のシャッターアレイ、LED、ELアレイ等がある。なかでも半導体レーザーは小型化、低コスト化が可能であることから現在の主流となっており、半導体レーザーの発振波長である近赤外域に高い感度を有する感光剤が必要となる。
【0004】
さらに、前記したように、アナログ概念に基づく伝統的な電子写真法に用いられている感光体は、低γ特性を有しており、その特性上、コンピューターのデータ出力用のプリンター、または画像をデジタル処理するデジタルコピー等、入力されたデジタル光信号をデジタル像として描写する必要がある電子写真には不向きである。即ち、コンピューターや画像処理装置から当該電子写真装置に達するまでの信号路におけるデジタル信号の劣化や、書き込み用の光ビームを集光させ、または、原稿像を結像させるための光学系による収差までをも、これらの感光剤を用いた感光体は忠実に描写してしまい、本来のデジタル画像を再現し得ないからである。従って、この分野に利用できる高感度でかつ高γ特性を有するデジタル感光体の提供が強く渇望されている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
こうした中、特開平1−169454号公報には、デジタル感光体の概念が開示されている。しかしながら、このデジタル感光体に使用できる材料に関しては、具体的に述べられていない。本発明は、この現状に鑑みなされたもので、デジタル光入力に対して優れた性能(高γ特性)を有すると共に、繰り返し特性の優れた高寿命、高安定な感光体を提供することを目的とするものである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、上記課題を解決するために鋭意研究を重ねた結果、チタニルフタロシアニンをポリカーボネート樹脂と酸価度が1〜50mgKOH/gの樹脂の混合物に分散させた感光体が、デジタル光入力に対して優れた性能(高γ特性)を有すると共に、繰り返し特性の優れた高寿命、高安定なデジタル感光体であることを見出し、本発明を完成させた。
【0007】
すなわち本発明は、チタニルフタロシアニンを結着樹脂中に分散してなる感光層を導電性基体上に設けた電子写真感光体において、結着樹脂がポリカーボネート樹脂と、該ポリカートネート樹脂に対し5〜30wt%の酸価度が1〜50mgKOH/gの樹脂との混合物であることを特徴とする電子写真感光体である。特には光減衰曲線において閾値を有し、高表面電位から低表面電位へ遷移させる露光エネルギー変化が小さい電子写真感光体(高γ値感光体)に存する。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
(1)チタニルフタロシアニン
チタニルフタロシアニンはこれまで様々な結晶形が知られているが、本発明で用いられるチタニルフタロシアニンとしては特に限られず、例えば、アモルファス形、通常、CuKα線を用いたX線回折スペクトルにおいてブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)7.6°、25.3°、28.6°に主たるピークを有するα形、通常、ブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)9.3°、13.3°、26.3°に主たるピークを有するβ形、通常、ブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)7.0°、15.6°、23.4°、25.5°に主たるピークを有するc形、通常、ブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)9.5°、24.1°、27.3°にピークを示し、このうち27.3°の回折ピークの強度が最も強い結晶形等が挙げられる。その中でもアモルファス形、β形及びブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)9.5°、24.1°、27.3°にピークを示し、このうち27.3°の回折ピークの強度が最も強い結晶形が好ましく、更にX線回折スペクトルにおいてブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)9.5°、24.1°、27.3°に、通常、ピークを示し、このうち27.3°の回折ピークの強度が最も強い結晶形のチタニルフタロシアニンが最も好ましい。
【0009】
チタニルフタロシアニンの合成方法は、モーザー及びトーマスの「フタロシアニン化合物」(MOSER and THOMAS,“Phthalocyanine Compounds”)の公知方法等、いずれの方法によっても良い。例えば、o−フタロニトリルと四塩化チタンを加熱融解またはα−クロロナフタレンなどの有機溶媒の存在下で加熱する方法、1,3−ジイミノイソインドリンとテトラブトキシチタンをN−メチルピロリドンなどの有機溶媒で加熱する方法により収率良く得られる。このように合成したチタニルフタロシアニンには塩素置換体フタロシアニンが含有されていても良い。また、上記記載の27.3°の回折ピークの強度が最も強いチタニルフタロシアニンの製造法としては、例えば、チタニルフタロシアニンを機械的に摩砕し、水と有機溶剤を加えて処理する、特開平2−289658号記載の方法等により製造できるが、この方法に限定されるものではなく、例えば他の製造方法により製造可能であっても、結晶学的に同じ結晶形に属するものであれば包含するものである。
【0010】
(2)ポリカーボネート樹脂
本発明で用いられるポリカーボネート樹脂は、下記一般式に示される構造を持つものなら特に制限はない。
【0011】
【化1】
【0012】
なお、上記一般式においてRは2価の有機残基を表わし、nは自然数を表わす。
本発明で用いられるポリカーボネート樹脂の製造法としては、芳香族ジヒドロキシ化合物と炭酸誘導体とのエステル交換により重合する方法(エステル交換法、溶融重合法)と芳香族ジヒドロキシ化合物とホスゲンとを脱酸剤の存在下溶液中あるいは界面にて重合する方法(ホスゲン法)、環状オリゴカーボネートの開環重合による方法等がある。
【0013】
本発明で使用されるポリカーボネート樹脂をホスゲン法(界面重合法)により製造する方法は、有機溶剤として、塩化メチレン、トルエン、キシレンが使用され、脱酸剤としてアルカリ水溶液が用いられ、ジヒドロキシ化合物のアルカリ水溶液に有機溶剤を共存させ、その中にホスゲンを吹き込むことによって重合を行う。ホスゲンは通常20%程度過剰に吹き込む。また、重合反応を促進させるために第三級アミンや第四級アンモニウム、ホスホニウム塩等を加えても良い。反応温度は、0〜50℃であり、好ましくは10〜30℃である。反応時間は温度、触媒等の条件によって変化するが、30分〜5時間である。
【0014】
本発明で使用されるポリカーボネート樹脂をエステル交換法により製造する方法は、芳香族ジヒドロキシ化合物と炭酸の芳香族エステルとを塩基触媒存在下溶融重合する。エステル交換の触媒としては、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、酸化亜鉛等の塩基性金属酸化物、各種金属の炭酸塩、酢酸塩、水素化物、第四級アンモニウム塩、ホスホニウム塩等の塩基性金属塩が用いられる。重合温度は、200〜350℃の間で徐々に減圧にすることによって重合させる。最終的には1mmHg以下の高減圧とし反応を終了させる。反応時間は温度、触媒等の条件によって変化するが、2〜5時間である。また、重合中は、分解、架橋等の異常反応を抑制するため一般に、窒素、アルゴン等の不活性雰囲気下で行うべきである。
【0015】
本発明に使用されるポリカーボネート樹脂は、数平均分子量は3000〜500000が好ましく、更に10000〜200000のものが好ましい。また、ガラス転移温度については20〜300℃、更に好ましくは50〜250℃である。
この様なポリカーボネート樹脂は、上記各単量体を上記の方法で重合させても良いが、市販品を用いることもできる。市販品の例としては、三菱ガス化学(株)の「ユーピロン」(特にZ−200)、バイエルジャパン(株)の「APEC」等が挙げられる。
【0016】
(3)特定の酸価度を有する樹脂
本発明の酸価度が1〜50mgKOH/gの樹脂は、酸価度が当該範囲内であれば特に限定されない。好ましい例としては重合活性モノマーとカルボキシル基を分子中に有する重合活性モノマー(以下、「含カルボン酸重合活性モノマー」と略す。)の共重合体が挙げられる。以下、この例について説明する。
【0017】
上記重合活性モノマーとしては、エチレン、プロピレン、ブテン、ブタジエン、イソプレン、ペンテン、ヘキセン、ヘプテン、オクテン等の炭素数2〜8の炭化水素系モノマー類及び塩化ビニル、塩化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニル、フッ化ビニリデン、三フッ化エチレン、三フッ化クロロエチレン、クロロプレン等の上記炭化水素系モノマーのハロゲン化物類、ギ酸ビニル、酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル、ブチル酸ビニル、ヘキシル酸ビニル、オクチル酸ビニル等のビニルエステル類及びそのハロゲン化物類、(メタ)アクリル酸メチル、(メタ)アクリル酸エチル、(メタ)アクリル酸プロピル、(メタ)アクリル酸ブチル、(メタ)アクリル酸ペンチル、(メタ)アクリル酸オクチル等の(メタ)アクリル酸エステル類及びそのハロゲン化物類、メチルビニルエーテル、エチルビニルエーテル、プロピルビニルエーテル、ブチルビニルエーテル、ペンチルビニルエーテル、オクチルビニルエーテル等のビニルエーテル類及びそのハロゲン化物類、メチルアリルエーテル、エチルアリルエーテル、プロピルアリルエーテル、ブチルアリルエーテル、オクチルアリルエーテル等のアリルエーテル類及びそのハロゲン化物類、アクリロニトリル、フマロニトリル、メチルブチロニトリル等のニトリル類及びそのハロゲン化物類、無水マレイン酸、マレイン酸ジメチル、マレイン酸ジエチル、マレイン酸ジプロピル等のマレイン酸エステル類、スチレン、α−メチルスチレン、メチルスチレン、等の芳香族感化水素系類及びクロロスチレン、クロロメチルスチレン等のハロゲン化芳香族感化水素系類が挙げられる。これらの中で好ましくは、エチレン、プロピレン、ブテン等の炭化水素系モノマー類及び塩化ビニル、塩化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニル、フッ化ビニリデン、三フッ化エチレン等のハロゲン化炭化水素系モノマー類、酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル、ブチル酸ビニル等のビニルエステル類、(メタ)アクリル酸メチル、(メタ)アクリル酸エチル等の(メタ)アクリル酸エステル類、スチレン、α−メチルスチレン、メチルスチレン、等の芳香族感化水素系類及びクロロスチレン、クロロメチルスチレン等のハロゲン化芳香族感化水素系類であり、さらに好ましいのは酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル、ブチル酸ビニル等のビニルエステル類、(メタ)アクリル酸メチル、(メタ)アクリル酸エチル等の(メタ)アクリル酸エステル類である。
【0018】
含カルボン酸重合活性モノマーとしては、(メタ)アクリル酸、マレイン酸、フマル酸、イタコン酸、スチレンカルボン酸等が挙げられる。これらの中で好ましくは、(メタ)アクリル酸、マレイン酸であり、さらに好ましいのは(メタ)アクリル酸である。
重合活性モノマーと含カルボン酸重合活性モノマーの共重合は、通常ラジカル重合で行うがイオン重合でもよい。仕込み比は、得られる共重合体の酸価度が1〜50mgKOH/gとなるよう調整する。用いる重合活性モノマー及び含カルボン酸重合活性モノマーにより、その反応速度、共重合性比、カルボン酸含有率が異なるが、おおむね重合活性モノマーに対し含カルボン酸重合活性モノマーを0.数モル%〜十数モル%を目安とする。
【0019】
ラジカル重合においては溶液でも懸濁でもよい。溶液重合の場合、上記重合活性モノマーを溶解させる溶媒、例えば、トルエン、キシレン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、N,N−ジメチルフォルムアミド等を用い、ラジカル開始剤を添加して行うことができる。懸濁重合の場合は、上記重合活性モノマーと含カルボン酸重合活性モノマーの混合溶液にラジカル開始剤を添加し、それを多量の水に注ぎ懸濁させて行うことができる。
【0020】
ラジカル開始剤としては、一般のラジカル重合に用いられるものを用いることができるが、ベンゾイルパーオキサイド、ラウロイルパーオキサイド等の有機過酸化物、アゾビスイソブチロニトリル等のアゾ化合物、過酸化水素、過硫酸カリウム等の無機過酸化物等が挙げられる。
重合温度、重合時間は用いる開始剤によって異なるが、重合温度としては、20〜150℃が好ましく、更に50〜120℃が好ましい。重合時間は、1〜30時間が好ましく、更に3〜20時間が好ましい。
【0021】
共重合体の単離は、溶液重合では、重合液をエーテル、ヘキサン等の貧溶媒に注ぎ再沈澱させる方法、懸濁重合では、濾別或いは遠心分離により単離することができる。
共重合体の酸価度は1〜50mgKOH/g、好ましくは1〜45mgKOH/g、更に好ましくは1〜40mgKOH/gである。
【0022】
共重合体の数平均分子量は、3000〜500000が好ましく、更に5000〜300000が好ましい。
この様な酸価度を有する樹脂は、上記各重合活性モノマーを上記の方法で重合させても良いが、市販品を用いることもできる。市販品の例としては、三菱レーヨン(株)の「BRレジン」、セントラル硝子(株)の「セフラルコート」、旭硝子(株)の「サイラーコート」等が挙げられる。
【0023】
上記酸価度を有す樹脂の添加率は、結着樹脂であるポリカーボネート樹脂の重量に対して5〜30wt%、好ましくは5〜25wt%、更に好ましくは5〜20wt%である。30wt%以上でも高ガンマ性は示すが、繰り返し特性に若干の特性低下が見られる場合が有る。
【0024】
(4)電子写真感光体
本発明の電子写真感光体は、上述のチタニルフタロシアニンを上述のポリカーボネート樹脂と酸価度を有する樹脂中に分散させた感光層を導電性基体上に設けることにより得られる。すなわち、上述の方法で製造されたチタニルフタロシアニン、ポリカーボネート樹脂と酸価度を有する樹脂の混合物を溶剤等とともに、ボールミル、アトライター等の混練分散機で均一に分散させ、導電性基体上に塗布して、単層の感光層を形成させればよい。
【0025】
すなわち、このチタニルフタロシアニンとポリカーボネート樹脂と酸価度を有する樹脂の混合物を、混合物樹脂のチタニルフタロシアニンに対する重量比を1〜10程度にして溶剤とともに混合する。そして、混合されたチタニルフタロシアニンと混合物樹脂とを、通常電子写真感光体に用いられるアルミニウム等の金属、もしくは、導電処理した紙、プラスティックなどの導電性基体上に塗布し、感光層を形成させる。
【0026】
塗布液に使用する溶剤は、上記を混合物樹脂を溶解し、かつ性能を阻害するフタロシアニンの結晶が成長しないものから選択することが好ましく、この様な性質を有する溶剤として、例えば、トルエン、キシレン、ミネラルスピリット等の炭化水素類、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン類、ジクロロメタン、ジクロロエタン、トリクロロエタン、クロロベンゼン等のハロゲン化炭化水素類、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、モノグライム、ジグライム、アニソール等のエーテル類、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、ブタノール、メチルセルソルブ、エチルセルソルブ、ブチルセルソルブ、シクロヘキサノール等のアルコール類、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、酢酸ブチル等のエステル類、ジメチルホルムアミド、N−メチルピロリドン等のアミド類等を挙げることができる。これらの溶剤については、1種を単独であるいは2種以上を混合して用いることができる。
【0027】
塗布方法としては、必要ならば上記混合物にトルエン、シクロヘキサノン等の溶剤を加えて粘度を調整し、エアードクターコーター、プレートコーター、ディップコーター、リングコーター、ロッドコーター、リバースコーター、スプレーコーター、ホットコーター、スクイーズコーター、グラビアコーター等の塗布方式で被膜形成を行う。塗布後、光導電性層として十分な帯電電位が付与されるようになるまで乾燥を行う。乾燥は室温における予備乾燥後、30〜300℃の温度で1分〜24時間の範囲で行う。
【0028】
本発明による上記のような手段に従って製造された電子写真感光体(以下、本発明の感光体とする)は、通常、樹脂/光導電性材料が重量比で1以上である。従って、例えば、樹脂/光導電材料の重量比が0.2である酸化亜鉛を用いた従来の感光体の場合に比べ、樹脂量が多い。よって、被膜の物理的強度があり、可撓性に富む感光体を実現することができる。
【0029】
さらに、感光体の諸特性を改善する目的で、導電性基体と感光層との間に下引き層、感光層上にオーバーコート層を設けることも可能である。また、安定性等を改善する目的で酸化防止剤等の添加剤を加えることもできる。この様にして得られる感光層の膜厚は5〜50μmの範囲が好ましく、10〜30μmの範囲が更に好ましい。
【0030】
以上のようにして製造された本発明の感光体は、導電性基体との接着性が大きく、耐湿性が良好であり、経時変化が少なく、毒性上の問題が少なく、製造が容易であり、安価である等の実用上優れた特徴を有するものである。
上記のようにして得た本発明の感光体は、通常、正帯で用いられ、従来の感光体の場合に比し、特異的な光電流の流れ方をするためデジタル光入力用感光体として用いることができる。
【0031】
すなわち、従来の感光体は、上述したように、入力光量(の対数値)に対して線形に対応した量の光電流が流れるのに対して、本発明の感光体は、ある入力光量までは光電流が流れず、或いはごく小量であり、その光量を越えた直後から急激に光電流が流れ出すという光減衰曲線において閾値を有するものである(図4参照)。
【0032】
デジタル記録は、画像階調をドット面積によって表現するため、この記録方式に使用される感光体の光感度特性は上記のものが好ましい。なぜなら、レーザースポットを光学系で正確に変調したとしても、スポットそのものの光量の分布やハローは原理的に避けられない。
従って、光エネルギー(入力光量)の変化を段階的にひろう従来の感光体では光量変化によってドットパターンが変化し、ノイズとしてカブリの原因になる。従って、本発明の感光体は、デジタル光入力用感光体に有利な感光体である。
【0033】
【実施例】
以下、実施例により本発明を説明する。
〈チタニルフタロシアニンの製造例〉
製造例1
1,3−ジイミノイソインドリン58g、テトラブトキシチタン51gをα−クロロナフタレン300ml中で210℃にて5時間反応後、150℃で熱濾過し、α−クロロナフタレン、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)の順で洗浄した。その後、熱DMF、熱水、メタノールで洗浄、乾燥して51gのチタニルフタロシアニンを得た。このチタニルフタロシアニンのX線図を図1に示す。ブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)9.3°、13.2°、26.2°にピークを有するβ形チタニルフタロシアニンである。
【0034】
製造例2
製造例1で製造したチタニルフタロシアニン4gを硫酸400gに0℃で溶解し、この酸溶液を0℃に冷却した水4Lに滴下した。滴下終了後1時間攪拌し、濾過した後、水で濾液が中性となるまで洗浄してチタニルフタロシアニン3.1gを得た。このチタニルフタロシアニンのX線図を図2に示す。特に鋭いピークを有さないアモルファス形である。
【0035】
製造例3
製造例1で製造したチタニルフタロシアニン6gとガラスビーズ50gを100mlのポリビンに入れ、ペイントシェーカー(レッドデビル社製)で40時間摩砕した。その後、メタノールでチタニルフタロシアニンをガラスビーズから分離し、得られたチタニルフタロシアニンを水100mlで洗浄した。このチタニルフタロシアニンウエットケーキを水100mlとジクロロベンゼン10mlの混合溶液に加え1時間攪拌し、濾過後、メタノールで洗浄し、チタニルフタロシアニン4.3gを得た。このチタニルフタロシアニンのX線図を図3に示す。ブラッグ角(2θ±0.2°)9.5°、24.1°、27.3°にピークを有し、このうち27.3°の回折ピークの強度が最も強い。
【0036】
〈ポリカーボネート樹脂の製造例〉
製造例4
攪拌装置、還流冷却器、温度計、ガス導入管、pH電極、滴下ロートを備えた2Lフラスコを窒素置換した後、1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−シクロヘキサン(147.4g、0.55モル)、亜硫酸水素ナトリウム(0.11g)、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(NaOH:55g、1.38モル、水:600ml)、塩化メチレン(400ml)を入れた。反応温度を23〜27℃に保ち、激しく攪拌しながらホスゲンを反応溶液のpHが7に下がるまで吹き込んだ。反応に要する時間は約2時間であった。約70gのホスゲンが使用された。次に水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(NaOH:30g、水:30ml)、塩化ベンジルトリエチルアンモニウム(4.8g)を加え、25〜35℃で1時間激しく攪拌した。反応終了後、水相から有機相を分離し、有機相を水(500ml)で3回洗浄した。更に2%HCl水溶液(500ml)、水(500ml)で洗浄した。洗浄後、メタノール中に投入し、濾別後、減圧下100℃で10時間乾燥させた。
【0037】
製造例5
製造例4の1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−シクロヘキサン(147.4g、0.55モル)を1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−シクロヘキサン(73.7g、0.275モル)とビスフェノールA(62.5g、0.275モル)に変え、製造例4と同様に重合した。
【0038】
製造例6
製造例4の1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−シクロヘキサン(147.4g、0.55モル)を1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−シクロヘキサン(73.7g、0.275モル)とビスフェノールF(55g、0.275モル)に変え、製造例4と同様に重合した。
【0039】
製造例7
製造例4の1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−シクロヘキサン(147.4g、0.55モル)を1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−3,3,5−トリメチルシクロヘキサン(170.5g、0.275モル)とビスフェノールA(62.5g、0.275モル)に変え、製造例4と同様に重合した。
【0040】
製造例8
製造例4の1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−シクロヘキサン(147.4g、0.55モル)を1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−シクロヘキサン(73.7g、0.275モル)と1,1−ビス(4−ヒドロキシフェニル)−フェニル−エタン(79.8g、0.275モル)に変え、製造例4と同様に重合した。
【0041】
〈酸価度を有する樹脂の製造例〉
製造例9
酢酸ビニル31g、メタアクリル酸3.5g(酢酸ビニル/メタアクリル酸モル比:9/1)、過酸化ラウロイル1.6gをトルエン40mlに溶解させ、80℃、5時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を2Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量24gで共重合体を得た。滴定法により酸価度をもとめたところ35.4mgKOH/gであり、GPCによる数平均分子量(ポリスチレン換算、移動層:テトラヒドロフラン)は2.5万であった。
【0042】
製造例10
メタアクリル酸メチル37.1g、メタアクリル酸3.5g(メタアクリル酸メチル/メタアクリル酸モル比:9/1)、過酸化ラウロイル0.8gをトルエン40mlに溶解させ、80℃、5時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を2Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量26gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は38.1mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は4.3万であった。
【0043】
製造例11
メタアクリル酸メチル26.5g、メタアクリル酸2.45g(メタアクリル酸メチル/メタアクリル酸モル比:9/1)、過酸化ラウロイル0.082gをトルエン100mlに溶解させ、70℃、10時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を2Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量16.5gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は40.3mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は14万であった。
【0044】
製造例12
メタアクリル酸メチル53g、メタアクリル酸4.9g(メタアクリル酸メチル/メタアクリル酸モル比:9/1)、過酸化ラウロイル0.082gをトルエン100mlに溶解させ、70℃、10時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を3Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド100mlに再溶解させ、4Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量37gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は35.9mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は30万であった。
【0045】
製造例13
メタアクリル酸メチル40.8g、メタアクリル酸0.34g(メタアクリル酸メチル/メタアクリル酸モル比:9.9/0.1)、過酸化ラウロイル0.8gをトルエン40mlに溶解させ、80℃、5時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を2Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量21gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は4.3mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は3.5万であった。
【0046】
製造例14
メタアクリル酸メチル53g、メタアクリル酸2.3g(メタアクリル酸メチル/メタアクリル酸モル比:9.5/0.5)、過酸化ラウロイル0.082gをトルエン100mlに溶解させ、70℃、10時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を3Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量17gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は20.2mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は35万であった。
【0047】
製造例15
メタアクリル酸メチル53g、マレイン酸3.3g(メタアクリル酸メチル/マレイン酸モル比:9/1)、過酸化ラウロイル0.082gをトルエン100mlに溶解させ、70℃、10時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を3Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量26gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は37.8mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は21万であった。
【0048】
製造例16
スチレン53.5g、メタアクリル酸4.9g(スチレン/メタアクリル酸モル比:9/1)、過酸化ラウロイル0.082gをトルエン100mlに溶解させ、70℃、10時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を3Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド100mlに再溶解させ、4Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量22gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は25.4mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は26万であった。
【0049】
〈比較製造例〉
以下、本発明の各実施例による酸価度を有する樹脂を評価するために用いる比較例としての下記樹脂の製造法を説明する。
比較製造例1
比較製造例1はメタアクリル酸メチルとメタアクリル酸の共重合体でなく、メタアクリル酸メチルの単独重合体である点のみ、製造例10と相違する。この比較製造例1ではメタアクリル酸メチル37.1g、過酸化ラウロイル0.8gをトルエン40mlに溶解させ、80℃、5時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を2Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、重合体を析出させた。得られた重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量32gで重合体を得た。酸価度は0mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は2.8万であった。
【0050】
比較製造例2
比較製造例2はメタアクリル酸メチルとメタアクリル酸の仕込み比において、メタアクリル酸量が多い点のみ、製造例10と相違する。この比較製造例2ではメタアクリル酸メチル33g、メタアクリル酸6.9g(メタアクリル酸メチル/メタアクリル酸モル比:8/2)、過酸化ラウロイル0.8gをトルエン40mlに溶解させ、80℃、5時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を2Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量20gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は72mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は3.3万であった。
【0051】
比較製造例3
比較製造例3はメタアクリル酸メチルとメタアクリル酸の仕込み比において、メタアクリル酸量が更に多い点のみ、製造例10と相違する。この比較製造例3ではメタアクリル酸メチル20.6g、メタアクリル酸17.2g(メタアクリル酸メチル/メタアクリル酸モル比:5/5)、過酸化ラウロイル0.8gをトルエン40mlに溶解させ、80℃、5時間重合した。その後、反応混合物を2Lのエーテル中に注ぎ、共重合体を析出させた。得られた共重合体をジメチルホルムアミド50mlに再溶解させ、2Lのエーテルで再沈殿し、80℃、12時間真空乾燥した。収量19gで共重合体を得た。酸価度は215.6mgKOH/gで、数平均分子量は3.1万であった。
【0052】
次に、得られたチタニルフタロシアニン、ポリカーボネート樹脂、酸価度を有する樹脂を用いた本発明の電子写真感光体の実施例を説明する。
実施例1
製造例1で得られたβ形チタニルフタロシアニン0.25gを、製造例4で得られたポリカーボネート樹脂0.9g、製造例9で得られた酸価度35.4mgKOHを有する樹脂0.1g、トルエン6.5g、ガラスビーズ(直径2mm)12gとともにガラス容器中に密閉し、ペイントシェーカー(レッドデビル社製)により4時間分散させ、分散後ガラスビーズを分離し感光体塗布液を得た。この感光体塗布液を厚さ90μmの脱脂したアルミシート上にワイヤーバー法により塗布し、室温で予備乾燥後、オーブン中で100℃、1時間の乾燥処理を行い、感光体を得た。
この時感光層の膜厚は、18μmであった。
【0053】
実施例2〜20
下記第1表に示されるチタニルフタロシアニン(TiOPc)0.25g、酸価度を有する樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂(PCR)を用い、実施例1と同様な方法で感光体を得た。
【0054】
【表1】
【0055】
【表2】
【0056】
実施例21
製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニン0.25gを、製造例7で得られたポリカーボネート樹脂0.9g、「セフラルコート・A202B」(セントラル硝子製、酸価度:3mgKOH/g)0.1g、トルエン6.5g、ガラスビーズ(直径2mm)12gとともにガラス容器中に密閉し、ペイントシェーカー(レッドデビル社製)により4時間分散させ、分散後ガラスビーズを分離し感光体塗布液を得た。この感光体塗布液を厚さ90μmの脱脂したアルミシート上にワイヤーバー法により塗布し、室温で予備乾燥後、オーブン中で100℃、1時間の乾燥処理を行い、感光体を得た。感光層の厚さは18μmであった。
【0057】
実施例22
実施例21でポリカーボネート樹脂を0.8g、「セフラルコート・A202B」(セントラル硝子製、酸価度:3mgKOH/g)を0.2gに変えた他は同様に行い、感光体を得た。
【0058】
以下、本発明の各実施例による酸価度を有する樹脂を評価するために用いる比較例を説明する。
比較例1
製造例1で得られたチタニルフタロシアニン0.25gを、製造例4で得られたポリカーボネート樹脂1.0g、トルエン6.5g、ガラスビーズ(直径2mm)12gとともにガラス容器中に密閉し、ペイントシェーカー(レッドデビル社製)により4時間分散させ、分散後ガラスビーズを分離し感光体塗布液を得た。この感光体塗布液を厚さ90μmの脱脂したアルミシート上にワイヤーバー法により塗布し、室温で予備乾燥後、オーブン中で100℃、1時間の乾燥処理を行い、感光体を得た。感光層膜厚は18μmであった。
【0059】
比較例2〜11
下記第2表に示されるチタニルフタロシアニン(TiOPc)0.25g、酸価度を有する樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂(PCR)を用い、比較例1と同様な方法で感光体を得た。
【0060】
【表3】
【0061】
【表4】
【0062】
〈電子写真感光体の評価〉
上記で得られた各実施例及び各比較例の感光体について、光感度特性を感光体評価装置(シンシア−55、ジェンテック社製)を用いて評価した。
まず、+6.0KVの電圧でコロナ帯電させ、光強度が異なった780nmの単色光をコロナ帯電させた感光体に各々照射し、各光強度に対する光減衰時間曲線(照射時間に対する表面電位の特性曲線)を各々測定した。そして、その曲線から得られた一定時間照射(ここでは0.075秒)後における表面電位を、各々光エネルギーに対してプロットした。これを光減衰曲線と称し、一例を図4に示す。
【0063】
表面電位を帯電直後の初期電位V0 とほぼ同じ程度(95%表面電位)に維持できる光エネルギーをE95(光減衰曲線における立ち下がり点の光エネルギー)、表面電位を50μJ/cm2 照射後の残留電位Vr 程度(5%表面電位)までに低下させることのできる光エネルギーをE5 (光減衰曲線における立ち上がり点の光エネルギー)とし、E5 /E95の値を以下の評価基準でデジタル記録可能の目途とした。
【0064】
0 < E5 /E95 ≦ 5 : デジタル記録可能
5 < E95/E5 : アナログ記録
また、0<E5 /E95≦5であるもののうち、E95が小さいほど光感度がよく、電子写真感光体として優れているといえる。評価結果を第3表に示す。
【0065】
【表5】
【0066】
【表6】
【0067】
なお、比較例7は表面電位の光減衰がほぼ見られず、V0 以外の値は測定できなかった。
【0068】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明のチタニルフタロシアニンをポリカーボネート樹脂と酸価度が1〜50mgKOH/gである樹脂に分散させてなる感光体は、光入力に対し特異な光電力の流れ方、すなわち、アナログ光であってもデジタル光であってもデジタル信号として出力できるものである。従って、デジタル記録形式の電子写真に使用できると共に、従来のPPC(アナログ光入力)用感光体に使用してもエッジのシャープな高画質画像を実現できるものである。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】製造例1で得たチタニルフタロシアニンのX線図
【図2】製造例2で得たチタニルフタロシアニンのX線図
【図3】製造例3で得たチタニルフタロシアニンのX線図
【図4】光減衰曲線の一例を示す図[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member suitable for digital electrophotography used in electrophotography. More specifically, the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor (high γ-value photoreceptor) having a threshold in a light decay curve and having a small change in exposure energy for transition from a high surface potential to a low surface potential. In the present invention, "having a threshold value in the light decay curve" means the following. That is, in the light decay curve, the initial potential immediately after charging is V0 (V), 50 μJ / cm as residual potential2When the surface potential at the time of light irradiation is Vr (V), the difference between them is ΔV (V0 -Vr). At this time, “95% surface potential” V95As the surface potential (V) obtained by adding a value of 95% of ΔV to the residual potential.95= ΔV × 0.95 + Vr), and the “5% surface potential” V5The surface potential (V) obtained by adding a value of 5% of ΔV to the residual potential5= ΔV × 0.05 + Vr) And V95, V5Exposure energy to give 95% exposure energy E95, "5% exposure energy" E5As E5/ E95Is 5 or less.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Electrophotography, such as the Carlson method, has been developed with a primary focus on rendering manuscript images in analog form. Therefore, in order to faithfully reproduce the brightness of the input light as the brightness of the toner image, the photoconductor used therein has a characteristic in which a photocurrent that is linearly similar to (the logarithmic value of) the amount of input light flows. I have been asked. Therefore, it has been a rule that a photosensitive agent having such characteristics (low γ characteristics) is selected as a material for a photoreceptor. Therefore, starting from a material close to a simple photoconductor in the early stage of electrophotography, it is necessary to resemble a selenium (Se) -based amorphous photosensitive layer, a silicon (Si) amorphous layer, and a Se amorphous layer. The produced ZnO binder layer and the like have been used as photoreceptors. Furthermore, in recent years, a so-called function-separated type photosensitive layer using an organic semiconductor has been developed until it is used as a photosensitive member. However, in recent years, electrophotography technology and computer / communications have been combined, and printers and facsimile systems have rapidly shifted to electrophotographic recording systems.Also, even with ordinary copy machines, inversion, cutout, whiteout, etc. It is becoming a system that enables image processing. Therefore, it is desired that the recording method of electrophotography be changed from the conventional analog recording format for PPC to a digital recording format.
[0003]
Input light sources used in the digital recording method include gas lasers such as Ar laser and He-Ne laser, semiconductor lasers, shutter arrays such as liquid crystals, LEDs, and EL arrays. Among them, semiconductor lasers have become mainstream at present because they can be reduced in size and cost, and a photosensitizer having high sensitivity in the near infrared region, which is the oscillation wavelength of the semiconductor laser, is required.
[0004]
Furthermore, as described above, the photoreceptor used in the traditional electrophotography based on the analog concept has a low γ characteristic, and due to its characteristic, a printer for computer data output or an image It is not suitable for electrophotography in which an input digital optical signal needs to be described as a digital image, such as a digital copy for digital processing. That is, deterioration of a digital signal in a signal path from a computer or an image processing apparatus to the electrophotographic apparatus, or focusing of a writing light beam, or aberration due to an optical system for forming a document image. This is because a photoreceptor using these photosensitizers is faithfully described and cannot reproduce an original digital image. Therefore, there is a strong desire to provide a digital photoreceptor having high sensitivity and high γ characteristics that can be used in this field.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Under these circumstances, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 1-169454 discloses the concept of a digital photoreceptor. However, there is no specific description of the materials that can be used for the digital photoreceptor. The present invention has been made in view of this situation, and has an object to provide a photoreceptor having excellent performance (high γ characteristics) with respect to digital light input, excellent repetition characteristics, and a long life and high stability. It is assumed that.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have conducted intensive studies in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, and as a result, a photoconductor in which titanyl phthalocyanine is dispersed in a mixture of a polycarbonate resin and a resin having an acid value of 1 to 50 mgKOH / g has a digital light input. The present invention has been found to be a digital photoreceptor having excellent performance (high γ characteristics), excellent repetition characteristics, and long life and high stability, and completed the present invention.
[0007]
That is, the present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a photosensitive layer formed by dispersing titanyl phthalocyanine in a binder resin is provided on a conductive substrate, wherein the binder resin is a polycarbonate resin,5 to 30% by weight based on the polycarbonate resinResin with acid value of 1-50mgKOH / gWhenThe electrophotographic photosensitive member is a mixture of In particular, an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a threshold value in a light decay curve and a small change in exposure energy for transition from a high surface potential to a low surface potential (high γ-value photoreceptor)Exists.
[0008]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
(1) titanyl phthalocyanine
Various crystalline forms of titanyl phthalocyanine have been known so far, but the titanyl phthalocyanine used in the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, amorphous forms, usually Bragg angles (2θ) in an X-ray diffraction spectrum using CuKα ray Α form having main peaks at 7.6 °, 25.3 °, 28.6 °, usually 9.3 °, 13.3 °, Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) Β-form having a main peak at 26.3 °, usually c-form having main peaks at 7.0 °, 15.6 °, 23.4 °, 25.5 ° Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) Usually, peaks are shown at 9.5 °, 24.1 °, and 27.3 ° at Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °), and among these, a crystal form having the highest intensity of a diffraction peak at 27.3 ° is found. No. Among them, peaks are shown at the amorphous type, β type and Bragg angle (2θ ± 0.2 °) of 9.5 °, 24.1 ° and 27.3 °, and the intensity of the diffraction peak at 27.3 ° is the most intense. A strong crystal form is preferable. In addition, X-ray diffraction spectra usually show peaks at Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) of 9.5 °, 24.1 ° and 27.3 °, of which 27.3 ° The crystalline form of titanyl phthalocyanine having the highest diffraction peak intensity is most preferred.
[0009]
The method for synthesizing titanyl phthalocyanine may be any method such as a publicly known method of Moser and THOMAS, “Phthalocyanine Compounds”. For example, a method in which o-phthalonitrile and titanium tetrachloride are heated and melted or heated in the presence of an organic solvent such as α-chloronaphthalene, 1,3-diiminoisoindoline and tetrabutoxytitanium are converted into an organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone. A good yield can be obtained by heating with a solvent. The titanyl phthalocyanine thus synthesized may contain a chlorine-substituted phthalocyanine. As a method for producing titanyl phthalocyanine having the highest intensity of the diffraction peak at 27.3 ° described above, for example, a method of mechanically grinding titanyl phthalocyanine and adding water and an organic solvent to treat it is disclosed in Although it can be produced by the method described in -289658, the present invention is not limited to this method. For example, it can be produced by another production method, as long as it belongs to the same crystal form crystallographically. Things.
[0010]
(2) Polycarbonate resin
The polycarbonate resin used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has a structure represented by the following general formula.
[0011]
Embedded image
[0012]
In the above general formula, R represents a divalent organic residue, and n represents a natural number.
The method for producing the polycarbonate resin used in the present invention includes a method of polymerizing by transesterification of an aromatic dihydroxy compound and a carbonic acid derivative (ester exchange method, melt polymerization method), and a method of converting an aromatic dihydroxy compound and phosgene with a deoxidizing agent. There is a method of polymerizing in the presence of a solution or at an interface (phosgene method), a method of ring-opening polymerization of a cyclic oligocarbonate, and the like.
[0013]
In the method for producing the polycarbonate resin used in the present invention by a phosgene method (interfacial polymerization method), methylene chloride, toluene, and xylene are used as an organic solvent, an alkaline aqueous solution is used as a deoxidizing agent, and an alkali of a dihydroxy compound is used. Polymerization is carried out by allowing an organic solvent to coexist in the aqueous solution and blowing phosgene into the organic solvent. Phosgene is usually blown in excess of about 20%. Further, a tertiary amine, a quaternary ammonium, a phosphonium salt or the like may be added to promote the polymerization reaction. The reaction temperature is 0 to 50C, preferably 10 to 30C. The reaction time varies depending on conditions such as temperature and catalyst, but is 30 minutes to 5 hours.
[0014]
In the method for producing a polycarbonate resin used in the present invention by a transesterification method, an aromatic dihydroxy compound and an aromatic ester of carbonic acid are melt-polymerized in the presence of a base catalyst. Examples of the ester exchange catalyst include basic metal oxides such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and zinc oxide; and basic metals such as carbonates, acetates, hydrides, quaternary ammonium salts, and phosphonium salts of various metals. Salt is used. The polymerization is carried out by gradually reducing the polymerization temperature between 200 and 350 ° C. Eventually, the reaction is completed under a high reduced pressure of 1 mmHg or less. The reaction time varies depending on conditions such as temperature and catalyst, but is 2 to 5 hours. In addition, during polymerization, the reaction should generally be performed under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon to suppress abnormal reactions such as decomposition and crosslinking.
[0015]
The number average molecular weight of the polycarbonate resin used in the present invention is preferably 3,000 to 500,000, more preferably 10,000 to 200,000. Further, the glass transition temperature is 20 to 300 ° C, more preferably 50 to 250 ° C.
For such a polycarbonate resin, the above monomers may be polymerized by the above method, but commercially available products may also be used. Examples of commercially available products include "Iupilon" (particularly Z-200) of Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd. and "APEC" of Bayer Japan KK.
[0016]
(3) Resin having specific acid value
The resin of the present invention having an acid value of 1 to 50 mgKOH / g is not particularly limited as long as the acid value is within the above range. Preferred examples include a copolymer of a polymerization active monomer and a polymerization active monomer having a carboxyl group in the molecule (hereinafter, abbreviated as “carboxylic acid-containing polymerization active monomer”). Hereinafter, this example will be described.
[0017]
Examples of the polymerization-active monomer include hydrocarbon monomers having 2 to 8 carbon atoms such as ethylene, propylene, butene, butadiene, isoprene, pentene, hexene, heptene, and octene; and vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, and fluoride. Halides of the above hydrocarbon monomers, such as vinylidene, ethylene trifluoride, chloroethylene, chloroprene, and vinyl such as vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butylate, vinyl hexylate, and vinyl octylate; Esters and their halides, methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, pentyl (meth) acrylate, octyl (meth) acrylate, etc. (Meth) acrylates and their halogens Compounds, vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, pentyl vinyl ether, octyl vinyl ether and halides thereof, methyl allyl ether, ethyl allyl ether, propyl allyl ether, butyl allyl ether, octyl allyl ether, etc. Allyl ethers and their halides, acrylonitrile, fumaronitrile, nitriles such as methylbutyronitrile and their halides, maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleate, maleate diethyl, maleate esters such as dipropyl maleate, Aromatic hydrogenated compounds such as styrene, α-methylstyrene, methylstyrene and the like, and halogenated aromatics such as chlorostyrene and chloromethylstyrene Hydrogen sensitizers. Of these, preferred are hydrocarbon monomers such as ethylene, propylene and butene, and halogenated hydrocarbon monomers such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride and ethylene trifluoride, and vinyl acetate. , Vinyl esters such as vinyl propionate and vinyl butylate, (meth) acrylates such as methyl (meth) acrylate and ethyl (meth) acrylate, and fragrances such as styrene, α-methylstyrene, methylstyrene, etc. Aromatic hydrogen sensitizers and halogenated aromatic hydrogen sensitizers such as chlorostyrene and chloromethylstyrene are more preferable, and vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and vinyl butylate, and (meth) acrylic acid are more preferable. (Meth) acrylates such as methyl and ethyl (meth) acrylate
[0018]
Examples of the carboxylic acid-containing polymerization active monomer include (meth) acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and styrene carboxylic acid. Among these, (meth) acrylic acid and maleic acid are preferable, and (meth) acrylic acid is more preferable.
The copolymerization of the polymerization active monomer and the carboxylic acid-containing polymerization active monomer is usually performed by radical polymerization, but may be ionic polymerization. The charging ratio is adjusted so that the acid value of the obtained copolymer is 1 to 50 mgKOH / g. The reaction rate, copolymerizability ratio, and carboxylic acid content differ depending on the polymerization active monomer and the carboxylic acid-containing polymerization active monomer used. The standard is several mol% to several tens mol%.
[0019]
In radical polymerization, it may be a solution or a suspension. In the case of solution polymerization, a solvent in which the above-mentioned polymerization active monomer is dissolved, for example, toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, N, N-dimethylformamide or the like can be used by adding a radical initiator. In the case of suspension polymerization, a radical initiator may be added to a mixed solution of the above-mentioned polymerization active monomer and carboxylic acid-containing polymerization active monomer, and the mixture is poured into a large amount of water and suspended.
[0020]
As the radical initiator, those used in general radical polymerization can be used, but benzoyl peroxide, organic peroxides such as lauroyl peroxide, azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, hydrogen peroxide, And inorganic peroxides such as potassium persulfate.
Although the polymerization temperature and the polymerization time vary depending on the initiator used, the polymerization temperature is preferably from 20 to 150C, more preferably from 50 to 120C. The polymerization time is preferably 1 to 30 hours, more preferably 3 to 20 hours.
[0021]
In the case of solution polymerization, the copolymer can be isolated by pouring a polymerization solution into a poor solvent such as ether or hexane to cause reprecipitation, and in the case of suspension polymerization, it can be isolated by filtration or centrifugation.
The acid value of the copolymer is 1 to 50 mgKOH / g, preferably 1 to 45 mgKOH / g, and more preferably 1 to 40 mgKOH / g.
[0022]
The number average molecular weight of the copolymer is preferably from 3,000 to 500,000, more preferably from 5,000 to 300,000.
The resin having such an acid value may be obtained by polymerizing each of the above-mentioned polymerization-active monomers by the above-mentioned method, or a commercially available product may be used. Examples of commercially available products include "BR Resin" of Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., "Sefral Coat" of Central Glass Co., Ltd., and "Siler Coat" of Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
[0023]
The addition ratio of the resin having the acid value is 5 to 30 wt%, preferably 5 to 25 wt%, and more preferably 5 to 20 wt%, based on the weight of the polycarbonate resin as the binder resin. Although the gamma property is high even at 30 wt% or more, the repetition characteristics may show a slight decrease in characteristics in some cases.
[0024]
(4) Electrophotographic photoreceptor
The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention can be obtained by providing a photosensitive layer in which the above-mentioned titanyl phthalocyanine is dispersed in the above-mentioned polycarbonate resin and a resin having an acid value on a conductive substrate. That is, titanyl phthalocyanine produced by the above-described method, a mixture of a polycarbonate resin and a resin having an acid value, together with a solvent and the like, is uniformly dispersed by a kneading and dispersing machine such as a ball mill and an attritor, and is coated on a conductive substrate. Then, a single photosensitive layer may be formed.
[0025]
That is, a mixture of titanyl phthalocyanine, a polycarbonate resin, and a resin having an acid value is mixed with a solvent at a weight ratio of the mixture resin to titanyl phthalocyanine of about 1 to about 10. Then, the mixed titanyl phthalocyanine and the mixed resin are applied to a metal such as aluminum which is usually used for an electrophotographic photosensitive member, or a conductive substrate such as paper or plastic which has been subjected to a conductive treatment to form a photosensitive layer.
[0026]
The solvent used for the coating solution is preferably selected from those which dissolve the mixed resin and do not grow phthalocyanine crystals which hinder the performance.As the solvent having such properties, for example, toluene, xylene, Hydrocarbons such as mineral spirits, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone and cyclohexanone, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane and chlorobenzene, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, monoglyme, diglyme and anisole Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, methylcellosolve, ethylcellosolve, butylcellosolve, cyclohexanol, and esters such as ethyl acetate, propyl acetate and butyl acetate. S, dimethylformamide, may be mentioned N- methylpyrrolidone amides such like. One of these solvents can be used alone, or two or more can be used as a mixture.
[0027]
As a coating method, if necessary, a solvent such as toluene and cyclohexanone is added to the mixture to adjust the viscosity, and an air doctor coater, a plate coater, a dip coater, a ring coater, a rod coater, a reverse coater, a spray coater, a hot coater, A film is formed by a coating method such as a squeeze coater or a gravure coater. After the application, drying is performed until a sufficient charging potential as a photoconductive layer is provided. Drying is performed at a temperature of 30 to 300 ° C. for 1 minute to 24 hours after preliminary drying at room temperature.
[0028]
The electrophotographic photoreceptor manufactured according to the above-described means according to the present invention (hereinafter referred to as the photoreceptor of the present invention) usually has a resin / photoconductive material weight ratio of 1 or more. Accordingly, for example, the amount of resin is larger than that of a conventional photoconductor using zinc oxide having a weight ratio of resin / photoconductive material of 0.2. Therefore, it is possible to realize a photoreceptor having a physical strength of a coating film and a high flexibility.
[0029]
Further, for the purpose of improving various characteristics of the photoreceptor, it is also possible to provide an undercoat layer between the conductive substrate and the photosensitive layer and an overcoat layer on the photosensitive layer. Further, additives such as an antioxidant can be added for the purpose of improving the stability and the like. The thickness of the photosensitive layer thus obtained is preferably in the range of 5 to 50 μm, more preferably in the range of 10 to 30 μm.
[0030]
The photoreceptor of the present invention manufactured as described above has high adhesion to a conductive substrate, good moisture resistance, little change over time, few toxicity problems, and is easy to manufacture. It has practically excellent characteristics such as low cost.
The photoreceptor of the present invention obtained as described above is generally used in a positive band, and is used as a photoreceptor for digital light input in order to flow a specific photocurrent as compared with the conventional photoreceptor. Can be used.
[0031]
That is, as described above, the photoreceptor according to the present invention allows the photocurrent to flow linearly corresponding to the input light amount (the logarithmic value of the input light amount), whereas the photoreceptor according to the present invention does not operate until a certain input light amount. The photocurrent does not flow or is very small, and has a threshold value in the light decay curve in which the photocurrent flows rapidly immediately after exceeding the light amount (see FIG. 4).
[0032]
In digital recording, since the image gradation is expressed by the dot area, the photosensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptor used in this recording method are preferably as described above. This is because even if the laser spot is accurately modulated by the optical system, the distribution of the light amount of the spot itself and halo cannot be avoided in principle.
Therefore, in a conventional photoconductor that gradually changes the light energy (input light amount), the dot pattern changes due to the change in the light amount, which causes fog as noise. Therefore, the photoreceptor of the present invention is an advantageous photoreceptor for a digital light input photoreceptor.
[0033]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to examples.
<Production example of titanyl phthalocyanine>
Production Example 1
After reacting 58 g of 1,3-diiminoisoindoline and 51 g of tetrabutoxytitanium in 300 ml of α-chloronaphthalene at 210 ° C. for 5 hours, hot filtration at 150 ° C., α-chloronaphthalene and dimethylformamide (DMF) in this order. And washed. Thereafter, the resultant was washed with hot DMF, hot water, and methanol, and dried to obtain 51 g of titanyl phthalocyanine. FIG. 1 shows an X-ray diagram of the titanyl phthalocyanine. Β-form titanyl phthalocyanine having peaks at Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) of 9.3 °, 13.2 °, and 26.2 °.
[0034]
Production Example 2
4 g of titanyl phthalocyanine produced in Production Example 1 was dissolved in 400 g of sulfuric acid at 0 ° C, and the acid solution was added dropwise to 4 L of water cooled to 0 ° C. After the addition, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour, filtered, and washed with water until the filtrate became neutral, to obtain 3.1 g of titanyl phthalocyanine. FIG. 2 shows an X-ray diagram of this titanyl phthalocyanine. Particularly, it is an amorphous form having no sharp peak.
[0035]
Production Example 3
6 g of titanyl phthalocyanine and 50 g of glass beads produced in Production Example 1 were put in a 100 ml polybin, and ground for 40 hours using a paint shaker (manufactured by Red Devil Co.). Thereafter, titanyl phthalocyanine was separated from the glass beads with methanol, and the obtained titanyl phthalocyanine was washed with 100 ml of water. This wet cake of titanyl phthalocyanine was added to a mixed solution of 100 ml of water and 10 ml of dichlorobenzene, stirred for 1 hour, filtered and washed with methanol to obtain 4.3 g of titanyl phthalocyanine. FIG. 3 shows an X-ray diagram of the titanyl phthalocyanine. It has peaks at Bragg angles (2θ ± 0.2 °) of 9.5 °, 24.1 °, and 27.3 °, of which the diffraction peak at 27.3 ° has the highest intensity.
[0036]
<Production example of polycarbonate resin>
Production Example 4
After a 2 L flask equipped with a stirrer, a reflux condenser, a thermometer, a gas inlet tube, a pH electrode, and a dropping funnel was purged with nitrogen, 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -cyclohexane (147.4 g, 0.1 g) was added. 55 mol), sodium bisulfite (0.11 g), an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH: 55 g, 1.38 mol, water: 600 ml), and methylene chloride (400 ml). While maintaining the reaction temperature at 23 to 27 ° C, phosgene was blown in with vigorous stirring until the pH of the reaction solution dropped to 7. The time required for the reaction was about 2 hours. About 70 g of phosgene was used. Next, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH: 30 g, water: 30 ml) and benzyltriethylammonium chloride (4.8 g) were added, and the mixture was vigorously stirred at 25 to 35 ° C for 1 hour. After completion of the reaction, the organic phase was separated from the aqueous phase, and the organic phase was washed three times with water (500 ml). Further, it was washed with a 2% aqueous HCl solution (500 ml) and water (500 ml). After washing, it was put into methanol, filtered, and dried at 100 ° C. under reduced pressure for 10 hours.
[0037]
Production Example 5
1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -cyclohexane (147.4 g, 0.55 mol) of Production Example 4 was replaced with 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -cyclohexane (73.7 g, 0.275 mol) ) And bisphenol A (62.5 g, 0.275 mol), and polymerized in the same manner as in Production Example 4.
[0038]
Production Example 6
1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -cyclohexane (147.4 g, 0.55 mol) of Production Example 4 was replaced with 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -cyclohexane (73.7 g, 0.275 mol) ) And bisphenol F (55 g, 0.275 mol), and polymerized in the same manner as in Production Example 4.
[0039]
Production Example 7
The 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -cyclohexane (147.4 g, 0.55 mol) of Production Example 4 was replaced with 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (170 0.5 g, 0.275 mol) and bisphenol A (62.5 g, 0.275 mol), and polymerized in the same manner as in Production Example 4.
[0040]
Production Example 8
1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -cyclohexane (147.4 g, 0.55 mol) of Production Example 4 was replaced with 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -cyclohexane (73.7 g, 0.275 mol) ) And 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -phenyl-ethane (79.8 g, 0.275 mol), and polymerized in the same manner as in Production Example 4.
[0041]
<Production example of resin having acid value>
Production Example 9
31 g of vinyl acetate, 3.5 g of methacrylic acid (molar ratio of vinyl acetate / methacrylic acid: 9/1) and 1.6 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 40 ml of toluene, and polymerized at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 2 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 24 g. The acid value determined by the titration method was 35.4 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight by GPC (in terms of polystyrene, moving layer: tetrahydrofuran) was 25,000.
[0042]
Production Example 10
37.1 g of methyl methacrylate, 3.5 g of methacrylic acid (molar ratio of methyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid: 9/1) and 0.8 g of lauroyl peroxide are dissolved in 40 ml of toluene, and polymerized at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. did. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 2 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 26 g. The acid value was 38.1 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 43,000.
[0043]
Production Example 11
26.5 g of methyl methacrylate, 2.45 g of methacrylic acid (molar ratio of methyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid: 9/1) and 0.082 g of lauroyl peroxide are dissolved in 100 ml of toluene, and polymerized at 70 ° C. for 10 hours. did. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 2 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 16.5 g. The acid value was 40.3 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 140,000.
[0044]
Production Example 12
53 g of methyl methacrylate, 4.9 g of methacrylic acid (molar ratio of methyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid: 9/1), and 0.082 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 100 ml of toluene, and polymerized at 70 ° C. for 10 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 3 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 100 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 4 L of ether, and dried in vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 37 g. The acid value was 35.9 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 300,000.
[0045]
Production Example 13
40.8 g of methyl methacrylate, 0.34 g of methacrylic acid (molar ratio of methyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid: 9.9 / 0.1) and 0.8 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 40 ml of toluene, and 80 ° C. Polymerized for 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 2 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 21 g. The acid value was 4.3 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 35,000.
[0046]
Production Example 14
53 g of methyl methacrylate, 2.3 g of methacrylic acid (molar ratio of methyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid: 9.5 / 0.5), and 0.082 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 100 ml of toluene. Polymerized for hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 3 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 17 g. The acid value was 20.2 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 350,000.
[0047]
Production Example 15
53 g of methyl methacrylate, 3.3 g of maleic acid (molar ratio of methyl methacrylate / maleic acid: 9/1), and 0.082 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 100 ml of toluene, and polymerized at 70 ° C. for 10 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 3 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 26 g. The acid value was 37.8 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 210,000.
[0048]
Production Example 16
53.5 g of styrene, 4.9 g of methacrylic acid (styrene / methacrylic acid molar ratio: 9/1), and 0.082 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 100 ml of toluene, and polymerized at 70 ° C. for 10 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 3 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 100 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 4 L of ether, and dried in vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 22 g. The acid value was 25.4 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 260,000.
[0049]
<Comparative manufacturing example>
Hereinafter, a method for producing the following resin as a comparative example used for evaluating a resin having an acid value according to each example of the present invention will be described.
Comparative Production Example 1
Comparative Production Example 1 is different from Production Example 10 only in that it is not a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid, but a homopolymer of methyl methacrylate. In Comparative Production Example 1, 37.1 g of methyl methacrylate and 0.8 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 40 ml of toluene, and polymerized at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 2 L of ether to precipitate a polymer. The obtained polymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A polymer was obtained in a yield of 32 g. The acid value was 0 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 28,000.
[0050]
Comparative Production Example 2
Comparative Production Example 2 differs from Production Example 10 only in that the amount of methacrylic acid is large in the charging ratio of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid. In Comparative Example 2, 33 g of methyl methacrylate, 6.9 g of methacrylic acid (molar ratio of methyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid: 8/2), and 0.8 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 40 ml of toluene. Polymerized for 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 2 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 20 g. The acid value was 72 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 33,000.
[0051]
Comparative Production Example 3
Comparative Production Example 3 differs from Production Example 10 only in that the amount of methacrylic acid is larger in the charge ratio of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid. In Comparative Production Example 3, 20.6 g of methyl methacrylate, 17.2 g of methacrylic acid (molar ratio of methyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid: 5/5), and 0.8 g of lauroyl peroxide were dissolved in 40 ml of toluene. Polymerization was performed at 80 ° C. for 5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured into 2 L of ether to precipitate a copolymer. The obtained copolymer was redissolved in 50 ml of dimethylformamide, reprecipitated with 2 L of ether, and dried under vacuum at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. A copolymer was obtained in a yield of 19 g. The acid value was 215.6 mgKOH / g, and the number average molecular weight was 31,000.
[0052]
Next, examples of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention using the obtained titanyl phthalocyanine, polycarbonate resin, and resin having an acid value will be described.
Example 1
0.25 g of the β-form titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 1 was mixed with 0.9 g of the polycarbonate resin obtained in Production Example 4, 0.1 g of the resin obtained in Production Example 9 having an acid value of 35.4 mgKOH, and toluene. 6.5 g and 12 g of glass beads (diameter 2 mm) were sealed in a glass container and dispersed for 4 hours by a paint shaker (manufactured by Red Devil Co.). After the dispersion, the glass beads were separated to obtain a photoconductor coating solution. This photoconductor coating solution was applied on a degreased aluminum sheet having a thickness of 90 μm by a wire bar method, preliminarily dried at room temperature, and then dried in an oven at 100 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a photoconductor.
At this time, the thickness of the photosensitive layer was 18 μm.
[0053]
Examples 2 to 20
A photoconductor was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 using 0.25 g of titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) shown in Table 1 below, a resin having an acid value, and a polycarbonate resin (PCR).
[0054]
[Table 1]
[0055]
[Table 2]
[0056]
Example 21
0.25 g of titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 3 was mixed with 0.9 g of the polycarbonate resin obtained in Production Example 7, 0.1 g of “Sefural Coat A202B” (manufactured by Central Glass, acid value: 3 mgKOH / g), and toluene. 6.5 g and 12 g of glass beads (diameter 2 mm) were sealed in a glass container and dispersed for 4 hours by a paint shaker (manufactured by Red Devil Co.). After the dispersion, the glass beads were separated to obtain a photoconductor coating solution. This photoconductor coating solution was applied on a degreased aluminum sheet having a thickness of 90 μm by a wire bar method, preliminarily dried at room temperature, and then dried in an oven at 100 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a photoconductor. The thickness of the photosensitive layer was 18 μm.
[0057]
Example 22
A photoreceptor was obtained in the same manner as in Example 21, except that the polycarbonate resin was changed to 0.8 g and "Sefuralcoat A202B" (manufactured by Central Glass, acid value: 3 mgKOH / g) to 0.2 g.
[0058]
Hereinafter, comparative examples used to evaluate the resin having an acid value according to each example of the present invention will be described.
Comparative Example 1
0.25 g of titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 1 was sealed in a glass container together with 1.0 g of the polycarbonate resin obtained in Production Example 4, 6.5 g of toluene, and 12 g of glass beads (2 mm in diameter). (Red Devil Co., Ltd.) for 4 hours. After the dispersion, the glass beads were separated to obtain a photoconductor coating solution. This photoconductor coating solution was applied on a degreased aluminum sheet having a thickness of 90 μm by a wire bar method, preliminarily dried at room temperature, and then dried in an oven at 100 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a photoconductor. The thickness of the photosensitive layer was 18 μm.
[0059]
Comparative Examples 2 to 11
A photoconductor was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, using 0.25 g of titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) shown in Table 2 below, a resin having an acid value, and a polycarbonate resin (PCR).
[0060]
[Table 3]
[0061]
[Table 4]
[0062]
<Evaluation of electrophotographic photoreceptor>
The photosensitivity characteristics of the photoreceptors of each of the examples and comparative examples obtained above were evaluated using a photoreceptor evaluation apparatus (Cynthia-55, manufactured by Gentec).
First, corona-charged at a voltage of +6.0 KV, monochromatic light of 780 nm having different light intensities is irradiated onto the corona-charged photoconductors, and a light decay time curve for each light intensity (characteristic curve of surface potential with respect to irradiation time) ) Were measured respectively. Then, the surface potential after irradiation for a predetermined time (here, 0.075 seconds) obtained from the curve was plotted with respect to light energy. This is called an optical decay curve, and an example is shown in FIG.
[0063]
Initial potential V immediately after charging the surface potential0 The light energy that can be maintained at about the same level (95% surface potential) as E95(Light energy at the falling point in the light decay curve), surface potential 50 μJ / cm2Residual potential V after irradiationrThe light energy that can be reduced to about (5% surface potential) is E5(Light energy at the rising point in the light decay curve)5/ E95The value of was set as a target of digital recording according to the following evaluation criteria.
[0064]
0 <E5/ E95 ≤ 5: Digital recording possible
5 <E95/ E5 : Analog recording
Also, 0 <E5/ E95≦ 5, E95It can be said that the smaller the value is, the better the light sensitivity is and the more excellent the electrophotographic photosensitive member is. Table 3 shows the evaluation results.
[0065]
[Table 5]
[0066]
[Table 6]
[0067]
In Comparative Example 7, almost no light attenuation of the surface potential was observed.0 Other values could not be measured.
[0068]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the photoreceptor obtained by dispersing the titanyl phthalocyanine of the present invention in a polycarbonate resin and a resin having an acid value of 1 to 50 mgKOH / g has a unique optical power flow with respect to light input, that is, It can output analog signals or digital lights as digital signals. Therefore, it can be used for electrophotography in a digital recording format, and can realize a high-quality image with sharp edges even when used for a conventional photoconductor for PPC (analog light input).
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an X-ray diagram of titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 1.
FIG. 2 is an X-ray diagram of titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 2.
FIG. 3 is an X-ray diagram of titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 3.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a light attenuation curve.
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP08810396A JP3567597B2 (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1996-04-10 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
| EP97105680A EP0801330A1 (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1997-04-07 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
| US08/833,520 US5804346A (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1997-04-07 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP08810396A JP3567597B2 (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1996-04-10 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| JPH09281718A JPH09281718A (en) | 1997-10-31 |
| JP3567597B2 true JP3567597B2 (en) | 2004-09-22 |
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| JP08810396A Expired - Fee Related JP3567597B2 (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1996-04-10 | Electrophotographic photoreceptor |
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| US8568945B2 (en) | 2008-11-26 | 2013-10-29 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, and image forming apparatus and process cartridge therefor using the photoreceptor |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE60141562D1 (en) | 2000-11-08 | 2010-04-29 | Ricoh Kk | An electrophotographic photoreceptor, a process for producing the photoreceptor, and an image-forming process, and an apparatus wherein the photoreceptor is used |
| JP3897292B2 (en) * | 2002-06-27 | 2007-03-22 | 株式会社リコー | Image forming apparatus |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US8568945B2 (en) | 2008-11-26 | 2013-10-29 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Electrophotographic photoreceptor, and image forming apparatus and process cartridge therefor using the photoreceptor |
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| JPH09281718A (en) | 1997-10-31 |
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