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JP3574609B2 - Viscoelastic property value measurement method - Google Patents
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JP3574609B2 - Viscoelastic property value measurement method - Google Patents

Viscoelastic property value measurement method Download PDF

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JP3574609B2
JP3574609B2 JP2000176596A JP2000176596A JP3574609B2 JP 3574609 B2 JP3574609 B2 JP 3574609B2 JP 2000176596 A JP2000176596 A JP 2000176596A JP 2000176596 A JP2000176596 A JP 2000176596A JP 3574609 B2 JP3574609 B2 JP 3574609B2
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strain
stress
rod
viscoelastic
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JP2001356086A (en
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紀壽 中川
泰久 関口
正剛 阪上
山田  要
清人 丸岡
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Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd
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Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、合成樹脂、架橋ゴム等の粘弾性材料のヤング率、損失係数等の粘弾性特性値を測定するための粘弾性特性値測定方法に関し、詳しくは、所謂スプリットホプキンソン棒法が用いられ、比較的軟質の粘弾性材料の粘弾性特性値を精度よく測定するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、物体が衝撃を受けた場合の変形挙動を解析するのに、実測ではなくシミュレーションが用いられることが多い。シミュレーションでは、ヤング率、損失係数等、物体の粘弾性特性値(パラメータ)の代入が必要である。パラメータは静的パラメータと動的パラメータとに大別されるが、変形挙動は動的なものであるので、この変形挙動に近い状態で測定された動的パラメータが、シミュレーションには有効である。また、シミュレーションに限らず、物体の特性を把握する上でも、動的パラメータの測定は重要である。
【0003】
動的パラメータを測定する手段としてスプリットホプキンソン棒測定機が知られており、金属材料の分野等で用いられている。この測定機では、金属製の打撃棒、入力棒及び出力棒が直線上に配置され、入力棒の後端と出力棒の前端との間に試験片が挟持され、入力棒及び出力棒には、それぞれひずみゲージが取り付けられている。
【0004】
上記測定機で試験片の粘弾性特性を測定する時、入力棒の前端に打撃棒が衝突される。この衝突時に生じたひずみ波は、入力棒から試験片及び出力棒に伝播する。入力棒中を入力棒後端に向かって進む入射ひずみ波、この入射ひずみ波が入力棒後端から反射して前端に向かう反射ひずみ波及び入力棒から試験片を透過して出力棒の後端へ向かう透過ひずみ波が、入力棒、出力棒に取り付けられたひずみゲージで測定され、試験片の粘弾性特性値が算出される。
【0005】
なお、以下、入射ひずみ波、反射ひずみ波、透過ひずみ波をまとめて記載する時は、「ひずみ波」と総称する。また、入力棒および出力棒を合わせて記載する時は「応力棒」と総称する。
【0006】
この測定機では金属材料の特性値は測定が可能であるが、合成樹脂、架橋ゴム等の高分子材料の粘弾性特性値は測定が困難である。即ち、高分子材料のような粘弾性材が試験片である場合、金属製である応力棒と試験片との特性インピーダンスが大きく異なり、伝播する上記ひずみ波が正確にはピックアップできない。
【0007】
よって、高分子材料からなる試験片の粘弾性特性値を測定する場合、試験片との特性インピーダンスの差が小さい高分子材料からなる応力棒を用いることが考えられる。しかしながら、高分子材料からなる応力棒を用いると、金属製のものとは異なり、ひずみ波が大きく減衰する。例えば、入力棒中を試験片に向かって進む入射ひずみ波は、入力棒に取り付けられたひずみゲージで測定された後、入力棒後端に至るまでに減衰し、入力棒後端における入射ひずみ波を正確に推測することはできない。同様に、入力棒後端から前端に向かって反射される反射ひずみ波及び試験片後端から出力棒に透過される透過ひずみ波も正確に推定することができない問題がある。
【0008】
上記した問題を解消し、金属棒に代わり高分子材料からなる応力棒に利用した粘弾性特性値測定装置を、本出願人の一人である広島大学の中川等は提案している。(社団法人日本設計工学会中国支部講演論文集No.16の第25頁から第29頁)
【0009】
上記粘弾性特性値測定装置では、入力棒及び出力棒のそれぞれ2個ずつのひずみゲージを取り付けることにより、高分子材料からなる応力棒の減衰の問題を解決している。即ち、2個のひずみゲージで測定された上記入射ひずみ波、反射ひずみ波、透過ひずみ波から伝達関数が導出され、この伝達関数によって入力棒後端における入射ひずみ波、入力棒後端における反射ひずみ波及び出力棒前端における透過ひずみ波が推定される。この粘弾性特性値測定装置では、例えば、最大ひずみ速度が秒速500から8000、最大変形量が1%から30%といった高速大変形時の粘弾性特性値の測定も可能となる。
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記粘弾性特性値測定装置では、応力棒として、金属材料に代えて粘弾性材料を使用しているため、測定時に、応力棒自体の粘弾性が影響を与えることとなる。よって、精度の良い測定を行うには、応力棒自体が有する応力−ひずみ挙動を定式化し、該応力棒の粘弾性定数を考慮して、試験片の粘弾性特性値を求める必要があるが、現状においては、応力棒の粘弾性特性は考慮されておらず、金属材料と同様に、弾性近似により測定し、粘弾性特性についての考慮が払われていないため、測定値に誤差が生じるという問題がある。
【0011】
本発明は上記した問題に鑑みてなされたものであり、応力棒の粘弾性特性を考慮して、試験片そのものの正確な粘弾性特性値を得ることができる粘弾性特性値測定方法を提供することを課題としている。
【0012】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するために、本発明は、粘弾性材料からなる試験片を挟持するため直線上に配置された粘弾性材料からなる入力棒及び出力棒と、この入力棒に取り付けられた第一ひずみゲージ及び第二ひずみゲージと、出力棒に取り付けられた第三ひずみゲージ及び第四ひずみゲージとを備え、上記入力棒の前端が打撃された時に入力棒に生じる入射ひずみ波と反射ひずみ波が上記第一ひずみゲージと第二ひずみゲージで測定され、入力棒より試験片を経て出力棒に伝わる透過ひずみ波が上記第三ひずみゲージ及び第四ひずみゲージによって測定される粘弾性特性値測定装置を用い、上記各ひずみゲージにより、上記各ひずみ波を測定し、上記測定した各ひずみ波の時刻歴を用いて、入力棒および出力棒の粘弾性定数を算入して、入力棒後端における入射ひずみ波時刻歴、入力棒後端における反射ひずみ波時刻歴、及び出力棒前端における透過ひずみ波時刻歴を推定し、
上記推定された入射ひずみ波時刻歴、反射ひずみ波時刻歴、及び透過ひずみ波時刻歴から、試験片のひずみ速度時刻歴、ひずみ時刻歴及び応力時刻歴を算出することにより、応力−ひずみ曲線を決定し、
上記応力−ひずみ曲線から、ヤング率、損失係数等の粘弾性特性値を算出していることを特徴とする粘弾性特性値測定方法を提供している。
【0013】
入力棒および出力棒の粘弾性定数を算入することにより、入力棒および出力棒を粘弾性体として考慮しているため、従来の弾性近似により測定している場合と比較して、精度良く、粘弾性特性値を測定することができる。
【0014】
上記入力棒と出力棒とは同質材からなり、該入力棒および出力棒の上記粘弾性定数は、入力棒および出力棒と同質材からなるサンプルを、上記粘弾性特性値測定装置により測定して得た動的応力と、計算で求めた応力の誤差の二乗和が最小となるものとしている。この粘弾性定数を算入することで、測定値の誤差を小さくすることができ、測定精度をさらに向上させることができる。
【0015】
一般に、材料の粘弾性は、粘弾性モデルを用いて説明される。今回、応力棒を粘弾性体として考慮するにあたり、応力棒を3要素固体モデルによりモデル化している。
3要素固体モデルによって、粘弾性材料の応力−ひずみ挙動を表す構成方程式を求め、動的応力−ひずみ関係を定式化し、応力棒の粘弾性を考慮した応力測定を行っている。
【0016】
ここで、3要素固体モデルについて説明する。3要素固体モデルは、図5で表されるように応力棒をモデル化し、材料の弾性と粘性の2つの性質を考慮しているものである。図中、E、Eにより材料の弾性を考慮し、ηにより材料の粘性を考慮している。この特性は下記数式1のような構成方程式で表される。
(数式1)

Figure 0003574609
ここで、
(数式2)
=η/(E+E
=E・E/(E+E
=E・η/(E+E
さらに、このモデルにおいて応力とひずみの関係は数式3のような式で表すことができる。ここで、Y(t)は緩和弾性率と呼ばれ、モデルによって決まる関数である。
(数式3)
Figure 0003574609
ここで、
(数式4)
Y(t)=(q/P)・e−1/P1+q(1−e−1/P1
したがって、数式3を用いることにより、ひずみが分かれば応力を求めることが可能となる。
【0017】
数式2中の各粘弾性定数E、E、ηをパラメータとしてそれぞれ変化させ、その時に、上記3要素固体モデルにより求めた数式3から得られる応力の計算値と衝撃圧縮から得られる応力の測定値の誤差の二乗和をとり、これが最小となるときの各粘弾性定数を最適な同定値とする。
【0018】
以上により、粘弾性材料を応力棒とした衝撃圧縮試験における各入射、反射、透過応力は、上記方法で同定した各粘弾性定数を代入した数式3によって求めることができる。
【0019】
推定して得られた応力棒端での入射ひずみ波、反射ひずみ波、透過ひずみ波から上記方法により同定した各粘弾性定数を代入した数式3によって各応力波を求める。そして、試験片のひずみ速度、ひずみおよび応力を下記数式5、6、7より求めている。
(数式5)
Figure 0003574609
数式5において、Cは入力棒および出力棒中(応力棒)のひずみ波の伝播速度(m/s)を表し、Lは試験片の長さ(m)を表し、Eは応力棒のヤング率(N/m)を表し、ρは応力棒の密度(kg/m)を表す。
(数式6)
Figure 0003574609
数式6において、Cは入力棒および出力棒からなる応力棒中のひずみ波の伝播速度(m/s)を表し、Lは試験片の長さ(m)を表し、Eは応力棒のヤング率(N/m)を表し、ρは応力棒の密度(kg/m)を表す。
(数式7)
Figure 0003574609
数式7において、Eは入力棒および出力棒からなる応力棒のヤング率(N/m)を表し、Aは上記応力棒の断面積(m)を表し、Asは試験片の断面積(m)を表し、Dは応力棒の直径(m)を表し、Dsは試験片の直径(m)を表す。
【0020】
このように、3要素固体モデルを用い、応力棒を粘弾性体としてモデル化することにより、応力棒の粘弾性を考慮した測定が可能となる。
【0021】
上記のように、予め入力棒と出力棒の粘弾性定数を求めておき、その後、測定したい試験片の粘弾性特性値を測定する。この粘弾性特性値測定方法により、粘弾性特性値を得るには、まず入力棒後端と出力棒前端とに試験片を挟持させ、入力棒前端を打撃する。この打撃によって生じたひずみ波が、入力棒、試験片及び出力棒に伝播する。入力棒側の第一ひずみゲージと第二ひずみゲージで入射ひずみ波と反射ひずみ波を測定し、出力棒側の第三ひずみゲージ及び第四ひずみゲージで透過ひずみ波を測定する。次に、上記各ひずみ波の時刻歴を用いて、入力棒および出力棒の粘弾性定数を算入して、入力棒後端における入射ひずみ波時刻歴、入力棒後端における反射ひずみ波時刻歴及び出力棒前端における透過ひずみ波時刻歴を推定する。次に、推定された入射ひずみ波時刻歴、反射ひずみ波時刻歴及び透過ひずみ波時刻歴から、試験片のひずみ速度時刻歴、ひずみ時刻歴及び応力時刻歴を算出することにより、応力−ひずみ曲線を決定する。そして、この応力−ひずみ曲線から、ヤング率、損失係数等の粘弾性特性値を算出する。
【0022】
本発明の測定方法において実際に各ひずみゲージで測定される波形には、打撃により生じるひずみ波の他に、打撃によって生じる散乱波が合成されている。ひずみ波の周波数は、2.5kHzから5.0kHz程度であるが、散乱波はその周波数が10kHz以上の高周波である。この高周波はノイズであるので、このノイズを含んだ合成波を用いて応力−ひずみ曲線を画くと、得られる粘弾性特性値の精度が低下してしまう。精度向上のためには、合成波に対して補正を行うのが好ましい。具体的には、第一ひずみゲージ、第二ひずみゲージ、第三ひずみゲージ及び第四ひずみゲージによって実測されたひずみ波(合成波)をローパスフィルターに通し、10kHz以上の高周波を除去している。
【0023】
上記各種のひずみ波がひずみゲージに到達するまでは、ひずみゲージの実測値は本来ゼロであるべきであるが、実際は微量のノイズが入力されてゼロからずれてしまう。このズレ自体は微少なものであるが、ひずみの時刻歴はひずみ速度の積分であるため、時間の経過と共にズレが加算され、無視できなくなる。具体的には、ひずみの開始点の特定が困難となったり、ひずみの絶対値が不正確となってしまい、得られる粘弾性特性値の精度が低下する。よって、精度を向上させるため、第一ひずみゲージ、第二ひずみゲージ、第三ひずみゲージ及び第四ひずみゲージによって実測されたひずみ波の時刻歴に、そのベースライン値をゼロとするゼロ補正を施している。ゼロ補正は、波形全体を上下に移動させることによって行っている。
【0024】
ひずみ時刻歴及び応力時刻歴は本来的にはなだらかな曲線を画く。本発明の粘弾性特性値測定方法により算出されるひずみ時刻歴及び応力時刻歴は、ピークを過ぎてしばらくはなだらかな曲線であるものの、その後凹凸状の曲線となってしまう。これは、入力棒の中心軸線と出力棒の中心軸線とが完全に一致していないこと等に起因する。両者の中心軸線を完全に一致させるのは困難であり、特に軟質の試験片の場合はこの傾向が強くなる。凹凸状の曲線を用いて、その後の計算を行った場合、得られる粘弾性特性値の精度が低下する。よって、精度向上のためには、凹凸状の曲線をなだらかな曲線とする補正を施すことが好ましい。
【0025】
上記数式5、6、7により得られたひずみ速度、ひずみ、応力からひずみ時刻歴、応力時刻歴を算出するが、ひずみ時刻歴及び応力時刻歴の補正は以下のようにして行う。
ひずみ時刻歴のなだらかな曲線への補正は、算出された試験片のひずみ時刻歴のピーク以降の初期段階(すなわち曲線がなだらかな段階)の所定点における接線を用いて緩和時間λを導出し、下記数式8
(数式8)
ε(t)=ε・e−t/λ
(数式8において、εは接点におけるひずみを表す)
によって求められる曲線を所定点以降の曲線とすることによって達成される。なお、緩和時間λは、上記接線と時間軸との交点から求められる。
【0026】
また、応力時刻歴のなだらかな曲線への補正は、算出された試験片の応力時刻歴のピーク以降の初期段階(すなわち曲線がなだらかな段階)の所定点における接線を用いて緩和時間λを導出し、下記数式9
(数式9)
σ(t)=σ・e−t/λ
(数式9において、σは接点における応力を表す)
によって求められる曲線を所定点以降の曲線とすることによって達成される。
【0027】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施形態を図面を参照して説明する。 図1は、本発明の第1実施形態にかかる粘弾性特性値測定方法に用いる粘弾性特性値測定装置が示された模式的正面図である。この粘弾性特性値測定装置は、打撃棒1、入力棒3及び出力棒5を備えている。入力棒3には、第一ひずみゲージ7及び第二ひずみゲージ9を取り付ける一方、出力棒5には、第三ひずみゲージ11及び第四ひずみゲージ13を取り付けている。入力棒3の後端3aと出力棒5の前端5aとの間には、円柱状の粘弾性材からなる試験片20を挟持させている。
【0028】
打撃棒1、入力棒3及び出力棒5はポリメチルメタアクリレート製の円柱であり、断面直径は20mmとしている。打撃棒1の長さは100mmとしている。入力棒3の長さは1800mm、出力棒5の長さは1000mmとしている。
【0029】
第一ひずみゲージ7は入力棒3の後端3aから1200mmの位置に取り付け、第二ひずみゲージ9は入力棒3の後端3aから600mmの位置に取り付け、第一ひずみゲージ7と第二ひずみゲージ9の間隔を600mmとしている。また、出力棒5には、その前端5aから100mmの位置に第三ひずみゲージ11を取り付け、第四ひずみゲージ13は出力棒5の前端5aから200mmの位置に第四ひずみゲージ13を取り付け、第三ひずみゲージ11と第四ひずみゲージ13の間隔を100mmとしている。
【0030】
上記第一ひずみゲージ7、第二ひずみゲージ9、第三ひずみゲージ11、第四ひずみゲージ13として単軸プラスチック用ひずみゲージを用い、本実施形態では(株)共和電業製のKFP−5−350−C1−65を用い、入力棒3、出力棒5の上記した位置に貼着している。これら第一ひずみゲージ7乃至第四ひずみゲージ13の入力棒3および出力棒7への取付位置は長さ方向において同一線上としている。
【0031】
上記試験片20の長さ(すなわち入力棒3の後端3aと出力棒5の前端5aとの距離)は8mmであり、試験片20の断面直径は19mmとしている。なお、本実施形態では試験片20としてアイオノマー樹脂で成形した上記寸法の円柱からなる試験片を用いている。
【0032】
この測定装置を用いて、粘弾性材からなる試験片の粘弾性特性値を測定する粘弾性特性値測定方法を示す。まず、試験片20の前後両端面を入力棒3の後端3aと出力棒5の前端5aの密接させた状態で入力棒3と出力棒5の間に挟持する。この状態で、打撃棒1を入力棒3の前端3bに衝突させる。これによって、入力棒3に入射ひずみ波が生じ、この入射ひずみ波は入力棒3の後端3aに向かって進む。この入射ひずみ波の一部は、入力棒3の後端3aにおいて反射し、反射ひずみ波となって入力棒3の前端3bに向かって進む。入射ひずみ波の一部は、入力棒3の後端3aから試験片20を透過し、さらに出力棒5に伝播して透過ひずみ波となり、出力棒5の後端5bに向かって進む。
【0033】
入射ひずみ波は、第一ひずみゲージ7及び第二ひずみゲージ9によって実測される。実測された入射ひずみ波はローパスフィルターに通され、10kHz以上の高周波が除去される。さらに入射ひずみ波の時刻歴は、そのベースライン値をゼロとするゼロ補正が施される。こうして得られた第一ひずみゲージ7及び第二ひずみゲージ9における時間軸ひずみのそれぞれがフーリエ変換され、周波数軸ひずみが求められる。この第一ひずみゲージ7及び第二ひずみゲージ9における周波数軸ひずみから伝達関数が導出される。第一ひずみゲージ7と入力棒3の後端3aとの距離X1と、第二ひずみゲージ9と入力棒3の後端3aとの距離X2との比(X1:X2)が考慮されつつ、上記伝達関数に基づいて、入力棒3の後端3aにおける周波数軸ひずみが推定される。この周波数軸ひずみがフーリエ逆変換されることにより、入力棒3の後端3aにおける入射ひずみ波の時間軸ひずみ(ひずみの時刻歴)εが得られる。
【0034】
同様に、入力棒3の後端3aで反射して前端3bに向かう反射ひずみ波が第一ひずみゲージ7及び第二ひずみゲージ9によって実測される。この実測された反射ひずみ波から、入力棒3の後端3aにおける反射ひずみ波の時間軸ひずみ(ひずみの時刻歴)εが得られる。
【0035】
また、出力棒5の第三ひずみゲージ11及び第四ひずみゲージ13によって、試験片20をへて出力棒5に伝播される透過ひずみ波を実測し、この実測した透過ひずみ波から、出力棒5の前端5aにおける透過ひずみ波の時間軸ひずみ(ひずみの時刻歴)εが得られる。
【0036】
ここで、上述した方法により、3要素固体モデルにより、応力棒の粘弾性を考慮して、試験片の応力−ひずみ挙動を表す構成方程式を求め、動的応力−ひずみ関係を定式化し、応力棒の粘弾性を考慮している。
【0037】
各粘弾性定数E、E、ηをパラメータとしてそれぞれ変化させ、その時に、数式3から得られる応力の計算値と衝撃圧縮から得る応力の測定値の誤差の二乗和をとり、これが最小となるときの各粘弾性定数を最適な同定値としている。
【0038】
さらに、ここで、上記測定により得られた、応力棒端での入射ひずみ波、反射ひずみ波、透過ひずみ波から同定した各粘弾性定数を代入した数式3によって各応力波を求める。そして、試験片のひずみ速度、ひずみ及び応力を数式5、6、7より求めている。
【0039】
こうして得られたε、ε及びεから、上記数式5によって、試験片20のひずみ速度ε’が算出される。
【0040】
また、ε、ε及びεから、上記数式6によって試験片20のひずみεが算出される。
【0041】
さらに、ε、ε及びεから、上記数式7によって試験片20の応力σが算出される。
【0042】
こうして得られた試験片20のひずみ時刻歴を、図2のグラブに示す。図2に示すように、曲線はピークP以降しばらくはなだらかであるが、その後、凹凸状となる。ピークP以降のなだらかな段階での点Sを選択し、この点Sにおける曲線に対する接線を画き、この接線と時間軸との交点から緩和時間λを導出し、上記数式8によって求められる曲線を点S以降の曲線とすることによって、ひずみ時刻歴全体をなだらかな曲線(図2中に点線で示す)とすることができる。これにより、最終的に得られる粘弾性特性値へのノイズの影響を除去することができる。同様に、上記数式9によって、応力時刻歴全体をなだらかな曲線とすることができ、これによって最終的に得られる粘弾性特性値へのノイズの影響を除去することができる。
【0043】
このような補正が行われた試験片20のひずみ時刻歴及び応力時刻歴から、応力−ひずみ曲線が決定される。図3は、典型的な応力−ひずみ曲線が示されたグラフである。この応力−ひずみ曲線から、下記の数式10を用いて、試験片20のヤング率Esが算出される。
(数式10)
Es=σmax/εmax
【0044】
また、図3の応力−ひずみ曲線から、下記の数式11を用いて、位相角δが算出される。
(数式11)
δ=sin−1((σ−σ)/σmax
そして、この位相角δより、損失係数(tanδ)が算出される。
【0045】
以下に記載の実施例、比較例の各粘弾性特性値測定方法により、粘弾性特性値を測定した。
【0046】
[実施例]
図1に示された粘弾性特性値測定装置(入力棒の長さは1800mm、出力棒の長さは1000mm)を用い、アイオノマー樹脂を試験片として、上記実施形態に記載の粘弾性特性値測定方法によりアイオノマー樹脂の粘弾性特性値の測定を行った。打撃棒の衝突速度は、18.5m/sとした。測定は、室温23℃、相対湿度50%の条件下で行った。
【0047】
[比較例]
入力棒および出力棒の粘弾性定数を算入せず、粘弾性特性値を測定した。即ち、3要素固体モデルにより応力棒の粘弾性は考慮はされていない。それ以外は実施例と同様の方法で測定した。
【0048】
実施例、比較例の粘弾性特性値の測定により得られた応力−ひずみ曲線を図4に示す。このグラフは、横軸がひずみ、縦軸が応力を示しており、実線は実施例の結果を示し、点線は比較例の結果を示す。応力棒の粘弾性定数を算入せず、応力棒を弾性体として扱った比較例と、3要素固体モデルにより応力棒の粘弾性を考慮した実施例とでは差が見られた。これにより、3要素固体モデルで、応力棒を粘弾性体として十分に近似でき、衝撃圧縮試験における各入射、反射、透過応力は、3要素固体モデルにより定式化した式(3)によって算出可能であり、測定精度が向上していることが確認できた。
【0049】
【発明の効果】
以上の説明より明らかなように、本発明の粘弾性特性値測定方法によれば、スプリットホプキンソン棒を用いる粘弾性特性値測定装置において、粘弾性材料からなる応力棒の粘弾性特性を考慮し、応力棒をモデル化することにより動的応力−ひずみ関係を定式化し、それに基づき粘弾性特性値を測定しているため、測定値に誤差がなく、非常に精度よく、粘弾性特性値を測定することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の第1実施形態にかかる粘弾性特性値測定装置が示された模式的正面図である。
【図2】試験片のひずみ時刻歴の状態が示されたグラフである。
【図3】応力−ひずみ曲線が示されたグラフである。
【図4】本発明の実施例及び比較例にかかる粘弾性特性値測定方法により測定された応力−ひずみ曲線が示されたグラフである。
【図5】3要素固体モデルの模式図である。
【符号の説明】
1 打撃棒
3 入力棒
5 出力棒
7 第一ひずみゲージ
9 第二ひずみゲージ
11 第三ひずみゲージ
13 第四ひずみゲージ
20 試験片[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a viscoelastic characteristic value measuring method for measuring viscoelastic characteristic values such as a Young's modulus of a viscoelastic material such as a synthetic resin and a crosslinked rubber, and a loss coefficient, and more specifically, a so-called split Hopkinson bar method is used. This is for accurately measuring a viscoelastic characteristic value of a relatively soft viscoelastic material.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, simulations, rather than actual measurements, are often used to analyze deformation behavior when an object receives an impact. In the simulation, it is necessary to substitute viscoelastic characteristic values (parameters) of the object such as Young's modulus and loss coefficient. The parameters are roughly classified into static parameters and dynamic parameters. Since the deformation behavior is dynamic, a dynamic parameter measured in a state close to the deformation behavior is effective for simulation. Also, measurement of dynamic parameters is important not only for simulation but also for grasping the characteristics of an object.
[0003]
A split Hopkinson bar measuring instrument is known as a means for measuring dynamic parameters, and is used in the field of metal materials and the like. In this measuring machine, a metal impact rod, an input rod and an output rod are arranged in a straight line, a test piece is sandwiched between a rear end of the input rod and a front end of the output rod, and the input rod and the output rod are , Each of which has a strain gauge attached thereto.
[0004]
When the viscoelastic property of the test piece is measured by the above-mentioned measuring instrument, a hitting rod collides with a front end of the input rod. The distortion wave generated at the time of the collision propagates from the input rod to the test piece and the output rod. An incident strain wave that travels through the input rod toward the rear end of the input rod, and this incident strain wave is reflected from the rear end of the input rod and is reflected toward the front end. The transmitted strain wave traveling toward the input rod and the output rod is measured by a strain gauge attached to the input rod and the output rod, and the viscoelastic characteristic value of the test piece is calculated.
[0005]
Hereinafter, when the incident distortion wave, the reflection distortion wave, and the transmission distortion wave are collectively described, they are collectively referred to as “distortion waves”. When the input rod and the output rod are described together, they are collectively referred to as “stress rod”.
[0006]
This measuring device can measure the characteristic value of a metal material, but it is difficult to measure the viscoelastic characteristic value of a polymer material such as a synthetic resin or a crosslinked rubber. That is, when the test piece is a viscoelastic material such as a polymer material, the characteristic impedance of the metal stress bar and the test piece greatly differ, and the propagating strain wave cannot be accurately picked up.
[0007]
Therefore, when measuring the viscoelastic characteristic value of a test piece made of a polymer material, it is conceivable to use a stress rod made of a polymer material having a small difference in characteristic impedance from the test piece. However, when a stress rod made of a polymer material is used, the strain wave is greatly attenuated, unlike a metal rod. For example, an incident strain wave traveling toward a test piece in an input rod is measured by a strain gauge attached to the input rod, and then attenuates until reaching the rear end of the input rod. Cannot be guessed exactly. Similarly, there is a problem that the reflected distortion wave reflected from the rear end of the input rod toward the front end and the transmitted distortion wave transmitted from the rear end of the test piece to the output rod cannot be accurately estimated.
[0008]
Nakagawa et al. Of Hiroshima University, one of the present applicants, has proposed a viscoelastic characteristic value measuring apparatus which solves the above-mentioned problem and uses a stress rod made of a polymer material instead of a metal rod. (Pages 25 to 29 of the Japan Society for Design Engineering China Chapter Lecture Paper No. 16)
[0009]
In the above viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device, the problem of the attenuation of the stress rod made of a polymer material is solved by attaching two strain gauges each for the input rod and the output rod. That is, a transfer function is derived from the incident strain wave, the reflected strain wave, and the transmitted strain wave measured by the two strain gauges, and the input strain wave at the rear end of the input rod and the reflection strain at the rear end of the input rod are calculated by the transfer function. The wave and the transmitted distortion wave at the front end of the output rod are estimated. The viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device can measure a viscoelastic characteristic value at the time of high-speed large deformation such as a maximum strain rate of 500 to 8000 per second and a maximum deformation amount of 1% to 30%.
[0010]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the above viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device, a viscoelastic material is used as a stress bar instead of a metal material, so that the viscoelasticity of the stress bar itself has an influence upon measurement. Therefore, in order to perform accurate measurement, it is necessary to formulate the stress-strain behavior of the stress bar itself and to determine the viscoelastic characteristic value of the test piece in consideration of the viscoelastic constant of the stress bar. At present, the viscoelastic properties of stress bars are not taken into account, and as with metal materials, they are measured by approximation to elasticity, and the viscoelastic properties are not taken into account. There is.
[0011]
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and provides a viscoelastic characteristic value measuring method capable of obtaining an accurate viscoelastic characteristic value of a test piece itself in consideration of the viscoelastic characteristics of a stress bar. That is the task.
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides an input rod and an output rod made of a viscoelastic material arranged linearly to sandwich a test piece made of a viscoelastic material, and a first rod attached to the input rod. A strain gauge and a second strain gauge, including a third strain gauge and a fourth strain gauge attached to the output rod, the incident strain wave and the reflected strain wave generated in the input rod when the front end of the input rod is hit. A viscoelastic property value measuring device is measured by the first strain gauge and the second strain gauge, and the transmitted strain wave transmitted from the input rod to the output rod through the test piece is measured by the third strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge. Using each of the above strain gauges, measuring each of the above strain waves, using the time history of each of the above measured strain waves, calculating the viscoelastic constants of the input rod and the output rod, and calculating the rear end of the input rod. Definitive incident strain wave time history, the strain wave time history reflection at the input bar rear end, and estimates the transmitted strain wave time history of the output bar front end,
From the estimated incident strain wave time history, reflected strain wave time history, and transmitted strain wave time history, by calculating the strain rate time history, strain time history and stress time history of the test piece, the stress-strain curve is calculated. Decide,
A viscoelastic characteristic value measuring method is provided wherein viscoelastic characteristic values such as Young's modulus and loss coefficient are calculated from the stress-strain curve.
[0013]
By taking the viscoelastic constants of the input and output rods into account, the input and output rods are considered as viscoelastic bodies. The elastic property value can be measured.
[0014]
The input rod and the output rod are made of the same material, and the viscoelastic constants of the input rod and the output rod are obtained by measuring a sample made of the same material as the input rod and the output rod by the viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device. It is assumed that the sum of the squares of the obtained dynamic stress and the error of the stress obtained by the calculation is minimized. By taking this viscoelastic constant into account, the error in the measured value can be reduced, and the measurement accuracy can be further improved.
[0015]
Generally, the viscoelasticity of a material is described using a viscoelastic model. This time, in considering the stress bar as a viscoelastic body, the stress bar is modeled by a three-element solid model.
By using a three-element solid model, a constitutive equation representing the stress-strain behavior of the viscoelastic material is obtained, the dynamic stress-strain relationship is formulated, and stress measurement is performed in consideration of the viscoelasticity of the stress bar.
[0016]
Here, the three-element solid model will be described. In the three-element solid model, a stress bar is modeled as shown in FIG. 5 and two properties of the material, elasticity and viscosity, are considered. In the figure, E 1 and E 2 take into account the elasticity of the material, and η 2 takes into account the viscosity of the material. This characteristic is represented by a constitutive equation such as the following equation 1.
(Equation 1)
Figure 0003574609
here,
(Equation 2)
P 1 = η 2 / (E 1 + E 2 )
q 0 = E 1 · E 2 / (E 1 + E 2 )
q 1 = E 1 · η 2 / (E 1 + E 2 )
Further, in this model, the relationship between the stress and the strain can be represented by an equation such as Equation 3. Here, Y (t) is called a relaxation modulus and is a function determined by a model.
(Equation 3)
Figure 0003574609
here,
(Equation 4)
Y (t) = (q 1 / P 1) · e -1 / P1 + q 0 (1-e -1 / P1)
Therefore, by using Equation 3, if the strain is known, the stress can be obtained.
[0017]
Each of the viscoelastic constants E 1 , E 2 , and η 2 in Equation 2 is changed as a parameter. At that time, the calculated value of stress obtained from Equation 3 obtained by the above three-element solid model and the stress obtained from impact compression The sum of the squares of the errors in the measured values is taken, and each viscoelastic constant when this is minimized is set as the optimum identification value.
[0018]
As described above, the respective incident, reflected, and transmitted stresses in the impact compression test using the viscoelastic material as the stress bar can be obtained by Expression 3 in which the respective viscoelastic constants identified by the above method are substituted.
[0019]
Each stress wave is obtained from the incident strain wave, the reflection strain wave, and the transmission strain wave at the end of the stress rod obtained by the estimation, using Expression 3 in which each viscoelastic constant identified by the above method is substituted. Then, the strain rate, strain and stress of the test piece are obtained from the following mathematical expressions 5, 6, and 7.
(Equation 5)
Figure 0003574609
In Equation 5, C 0 represents the propagation speed (m / s) of the strain wave in the input rod and the output rod (stress rod), L represents the length (m) of the test piece, and E represents the Young of the stress rod. Rate (N / m 2 ), and ρ represents the density of the stress bar (kg / m 3 ).
(Equation 6)
Figure 0003574609
In Equation 6, C 0 represents the propagation speed (m / s) of the strain wave in the stress bar composed of the input rod and the output rod, L represents the length (m) of the test piece, and E represents the Young of the stress rod. Rate (N / m 2 ), and ρ represents the density of the stress bar (kg / m 3 ).
(Equation 7)
Figure 0003574609
In Equation 7, E represents the Young's modulus (N / m 2 ) of a stress bar composed of an input bar and an output bar, A represents the cross-sectional area (m 2 ) of the stress bar, and As represents the cross-sectional area of the test piece ( m 2 ), D represents the diameter (m) of the stress bar, and Ds represents the diameter (m) of the test piece.
[0020]
As described above, by using the three-element solid model and modeling the stress bar as a viscoelastic body, it is possible to perform measurement in consideration of the viscoelasticity of the stress bar.
[0021]
As described above, the viscoelastic constants of the input rod and the output rod are determined in advance, and then the viscoelastic characteristic value of the test piece to be measured is measured. To obtain a viscoelastic characteristic value by this viscoelastic characteristic value measuring method, first, a test piece is sandwiched between the rear end of the input rod and the front end of the output rod, and the front end of the input rod is hit. The distortion wave generated by the impact propagates to the input rod, the test piece, and the output rod. An input strain wave and a reflected strain wave are measured by the first strain gauge and the second strain gauge on the input rod side, and a transmission strain wave is measured by the third strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge on the output rod side. Next, using the time history of each of the above-mentioned strain waves, the viscoelastic constants of the input rod and the output rod are included, and the incident strain wave time history at the rear end of the input rod, the reflected strain wave time history at the rear end of the input rod, and Estimate the transmitted strain wave time history at the front end of the output rod. Next, from the estimated incident strain wave time history, reflected strain wave time history, and transmitted strain wave time history, the strain rate time history, strain time history, and stress time history of the test piece were calculated to obtain a stress-strain curve. To determine. Then, viscoelastic characteristic values such as a Young's modulus and a loss coefficient are calculated from the stress-strain curve.
[0022]
In the waveform actually measured by each strain gauge in the measuring method of the present invention, a scattered wave generated by impact is synthesized in addition to a strain wave generated by impact. The frequency of the distorted wave is about 2.5 kHz to 5.0 kHz, and the frequency of the scattered wave is 10 kHz or more. Since this high frequency is noise, if a stress-strain curve is drawn using a composite wave including this noise, the accuracy of the obtained viscoelastic characteristic value will be reduced. In order to improve accuracy, it is preferable to perform correction on the composite wave. Specifically, strain waves (synthetic waves) actually measured by the first strain gauge, the second strain gauge, the third strain gauge, and the fourth strain gauge are passed through a low-pass filter to remove high frequencies of 10 kHz or more.
[0023]
Until the various types of strain waves reach the strain gauge, the actual measured value of the strain gauge should be originally zero, but actually a small amount of noise is input and deviates from zero. Although the shift itself is minute, the time history of the strain is an integral of the strain rate, and therefore, the shift is added with the lapse of time and cannot be ignored. Specifically, it becomes difficult to specify the starting point of the strain, or the absolute value of the strain becomes inaccurate, and the accuracy of the obtained viscoelastic characteristic value decreases. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy, the time history of the strain waves actually measured by the first strain gauge, the second strain gauge, the third strain gauge, and the fourth strain gauge is subjected to zero correction to set its baseline value to zero. ing. Zero correction is performed by moving the entire waveform up and down.
[0024]
The strain time history and the stress time history naturally form a gentle curve. The strain time history and the stress time history calculated by the viscoelastic property value measuring method of the present invention are gentle curves for a while after passing the peak, but then become uneven curves. This is because the center axis of the input rod does not completely coincide with the center axis of the output rod. It is difficult to completely match the center axes of the two, and this tendency is particularly strong in the case of a soft test piece. When the subsequent calculation is performed using the uneven curve, the accuracy of the obtained viscoelastic characteristic value decreases. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy, it is preferable to perform correction to make the uneven curve a gentle curve.
[0025]
The strain time history and the stress time history are calculated from the strain rates, strains, and stresses obtained by Equations 5, 6, and 7, and the correction of the strain time history and the stress time history is performed as follows.
Correction of the strain time history into a gentle curve is performed by deriving a relaxation time λ using a tangent line at a predetermined point at an initial stage after the peak of the calculated strain time history of the test piece (that is, at a stage where the curve is gentle), Equation 8 below
(Equation 8)
ε (t) = ε 0 · e −t / λ
(In Equation 8, ε 0 represents distortion at the contact point.)
This is achieved by setting the curve obtained by the above as a curve after a predetermined point. Note that the relaxation time λ is obtained from the intersection of the tangent and the time axis.
[0026]
In addition, the correction of the stress time history into a gentle curve is performed by deriving a relaxation time λ using a tangent line at a predetermined point in an initial stage after the peak of the calculated stress time history of the test piece (that is, at a stage where the curve is gentle). And the following equation 9
(Equation 9)
σ (t) = σ 0 · e −t / λ
(In Equation 9, σ 0 represents the stress at the contact point)
This is achieved by setting the curve obtained by the above as a curve after a predetermined point.
[0027]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic front view showing a viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device used in the viscoelastic characteristic value measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention. The viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device includes a hitting bar 1, an input bar 3, and an output bar 5. A first strain gauge 7 and a second strain gauge 9 are attached to the input rod 3, while a third strain gauge 11 and a fourth strain gauge 13 are attached to the output rod 5. A test piece 20 made of a columnar viscoelastic material is held between the rear end 3a of the input rod 3 and the front end 5a of the output rod 5.
[0028]
The striking rod 1, the input rod 3, and the output rod 5 are cylinders made of polymethyl methacrylate and have a cross-sectional diameter of 20 mm. The length of the striking rod 1 is 100 mm. The length of the input rod 3 is 1800 mm, and the length of the output rod 5 is 1000 mm.
[0029]
The first strain gauge 7 is attached at a position 1200 mm from the rear end 3a of the input rod 3, the second strain gauge 9 is attached at a position 600mm from the rear end 3a of the input rod 3, and the first strain gauge 7 and the second strain gauge are attached. 9 is set to 600 mm. Further, the output rod 5 is provided with a third strain gauge 11 at a position 100 mm from the front end 5 a thereof, and the fourth strain gauge 13 is provided with a fourth strain gauge 13 at a position 200 mm from the front end 5 a of the output rod 5. The distance between the third strain gauge 11 and the fourth strain gauge 13 is 100 mm.
[0030]
As the first strain gauge 7, the second strain gauge 9, the third strain gauge 11, and the fourth strain gauge 13, strain gauges for uniaxial plastic are used. In this embodiment, KFP-5 manufactured by Kyowa Dengyo Co., Ltd. The input rod 3 and the output rod 5 are attached to the above-mentioned positions using 350-C1-65. The mounting positions of the first to fourth strain gauges 7 to 13 on the input rod 3 and the output rod 7 are on the same line in the length direction.
[0031]
The length of the test piece 20 (ie, the distance between the rear end 3a of the input rod 3 and the front end 5a of the output rod 5) is 8 mm, and the cross-sectional diameter of the test piece 20 is 19 mm. In the present embodiment, a test piece made of a column having the above dimensions and formed of an ionomer resin is used as the test piece 20.
[0032]
A viscoelastic characteristic value measuring method for measuring a viscoelastic characteristic value of a test piece made of a viscoelastic material using this measuring device will be described. First, the test piece 20 is sandwiched between the input rod 3 and the output rod 5 with the rear end 3a of the input rod 3 and the front end 5a of the output rod 5 closely contacted. In this state, the striking rod 1 is caused to collide with the front end 3b of the input rod 3. As a result, an incident strain wave is generated in the input rod 3, and the incident distortion wave travels toward the rear end 3 a of the input rod 3. A part of the incident distortion wave is reflected at the rear end 3a of the input rod 3, becomes a reflected distortion wave, and proceeds toward the front end 3b of the input rod 3. A part of the incident strain wave passes through the test piece 20 from the rear end 3a of the input rod 3 and further propagates to the output rod 5 to become a transmitted distortion wave, and proceeds toward the rear end 5b of the output rod 5.
[0033]
The incident strain wave is actually measured by the first strain gauge 7 and the second strain gauge 9. The actually measured incident strain wave is passed through a low-pass filter to remove a high frequency of 10 kHz or more. Further, the time history of the incident strain wave is subjected to zero correction to make its baseline value zero. Each of the time-axis strains thus obtained in the first strain gauge 7 and the second strain gauge 9 is Fourier-transformed, and the frequency-axis strain is obtained. A transfer function is derived from the frequency strain in the first strain gauge 7 and the second strain gauge 9. While considering the ratio (X1: X2) of the distance X1 between the first strain gauge 7 and the rear end 3a of the input rod 3 to the distance X2 between the second strain gauge 9 and the rear end 3a of the input rod 3, Based on the transfer function, frequency axis distortion at the rear end 3a of the input rod 3 is estimated. The Fourier inverse transform of this frequency axis distortion yields the time axis distortion (time history of distortion) ε i of the incident distortion wave at the rear end 3a of the input rod 3.
[0034]
Similarly, a reflected strain wave reflected at the rear end 3 a of the input rod 3 and traveling toward the front end 3 b is actually measured by the first strain gauge 7 and the second strain gauge 9. From the actually measured reflected strain wave, a time-axis distortion (time history of strain) ε r of the reflected strain wave at the rear end 3a of the input rod 3 is obtained.
[0035]
Further, the transmitted strain wave transmitted through the test piece 20 to the output rod 5 is actually measured by the third strain gauge 11 and the fourth strain gauge 13 of the output rod 5, and the output rod 5 is measured from the actually measured transmitted strain wave. strain time axis of the transmitted strain wave at the front end 5a of the (strain time history of) epsilon t is obtained.
[0036]
Here, a constitutive equation representing the stress-strain behavior of the test piece is determined by the above-described method using a three-element solid model in consideration of the viscoelasticity of the stress bar, and the dynamic stress-strain relationship is formulated, and the stress bar is formulated. Consider the viscoelasticity of
[0037]
Each of the viscoelastic constants E 1 , E 2 , and η 2 is varied as a parameter. At this time, the sum of squares of the error between the calculated value of stress obtained from Equation 3 and the measured value of stress obtained from impact compression is calculated. Each of the viscoelastic constants at the time of is set as an optimum identification value.
[0038]
Further, here, each stress wave is obtained by Expression 3 in which each of the viscoelastic constants identified from the incident strain wave, the reflection strain wave, and the transmission strain wave at the end of the stress bar obtained by the above measurement is substituted. Then, the strain rate, strain, and stress of the test piece are obtained from Expressions 5, 6, and 7.
[0039]
From the thus obtained ε i , ε r and ε t , the strain rate ε ′ of the test piece 20 is calculated by the above equation (5).
[0040]
In addition, the strain ε of the test piece 20 is calculated by the above equation 6 from ε i , ε r and ε t .
[0041]
Further, the stress σ of the test piece 20 is calculated from ε i , ε r, and ε t according to the above equation (7).
[0042]
The strain time history of the test piece 20 thus obtained is shown in a grab in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, the curve is gentle for a while after the peak P, but then becomes uneven. A point S at a gentle stage after the peak P is selected, a tangent to the curve at this point S is drawn, the relaxation time λ is derived from the intersection of this tangent and the time axis, and the curve obtained by the above equation 8 is By setting the curve after S, the entire strain time history can be made a gentle curve (indicated by a dotted line in FIG. 2). This makes it possible to eliminate the influence of noise on the viscoelastic characteristic value finally obtained. Similarly, the entire stress time history can be formed into a gentle curve by the above equation 9, whereby the influence of noise on the finally obtained viscoelastic characteristic value can be eliminated.
[0043]
A stress-strain curve is determined from the strain time history and the stress time history of the test piece 20 having undergone such correction. FIG. 3 is a graph showing a typical stress-strain curve. From this stress-strain curve, the Young's modulus Es of the test piece 20 is calculated using the following equation (10).
(Equation 10)
Es = σ max / ε max
[0044]
The phase angle δ is calculated from the stress-strain curve of FIG.
(Equation 11)
δ = sin −1 ((σ a −σ b ) / σ max )
Then, a loss coefficient (tan δ) is calculated from the phase angle δ.
[0045]
The viscoelastic property values were measured by the viscoelastic property value measuring methods of the following Examples and Comparative Examples.
[0046]
[Example]
Using the viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device shown in FIG. 1 (the length of the input rod is 1800 mm and the length of the output rod is 1000 mm), the viscoelastic characteristic value measurement described in the above embodiment was performed using an ionomer resin as a test piece. The viscoelastic characteristic value of the ionomer resin was measured by the method. The impact speed of the striking rod was 18.5 m / s. The measurement was performed under the conditions of a room temperature of 23 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
[0047]
[Comparative example]
The viscoelastic property values of the input rod and the output rod were measured without taking into account the viscoelastic constants. That is, the viscoelasticity of the stress bar is not considered in the three-element solid model. Other than that, it measured by the method similar to an Example.
[0048]
FIG. 4 shows stress-strain curves obtained by measuring the viscoelastic characteristic values of the examples and comparative examples. In this graph, the horizontal axis indicates strain and the vertical axis indicates stress, the solid line indicates the result of the example, and the dotted line indicates the result of the comparative example. A difference was observed between a comparative example in which the stress bar was treated as an elastic body without taking the viscoelastic constant of the stress bar into account and an example in which the viscoelasticity of the stress bar was considered by a three-element solid model. Thus, in the three-element solid model, the stress bar can be sufficiently approximated as a viscoelastic body, and each incident, reflected, and transmitted stress in the impact compression test can be calculated by the formula (3) formulated by the three-element solid model. It was confirmed that the measurement accuracy was improved.
[0049]
【The invention's effect】
As is clear from the above description, according to the viscoelastic property value measuring method of the present invention, in a viscoelastic property value measuring device using a split Hopkinson bar, in consideration of the viscoelastic properties of a stress bar made of a viscoelastic material, Since the dynamic stress-strain relationship is formulated by modeling the stress bar and the viscoelastic property value is measured based on it, the viscoelastic property value is measured with high accuracy without errors in the measured values. be able to.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic front view showing a viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a state of a strain time history of a test piece.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing a stress-strain curve.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing stress-strain curves measured by viscoelastic characteristic value measuring methods according to examples and comparative examples of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a three-element solid model.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Impact bar 3 Input bar 5 Output bar 7 First strain gauge 9 Second strain gauge 11 Third strain gauge 13 Fourth strain gauge 20 Test piece

Claims (3)

粘弾性材料からなる試験片を挟持するため直線上に配置された粘弾性材料からなる入力棒及び出力棒と、この入力棒に取り付けられた第一ひずみゲージ及び第二ひずみゲージと、出力棒に取り付けられた第三ひずみゲージ及び第四ひずみゲージとを備え、上記入力棒の前端が打撃された時に入力棒に生じる入射ひずみ波と反射ひずみ波が上記第一ひずみゲージと第二ひずみゲージで測定され、入力棒より試験片を経て出力棒に伝わる透過ひずみ波が上記第三ひずみゲージ及び第四ひずみゲージによって測定される粘弾性特性値測定装置を用い、上記各ひずみゲージにより、上記各ひずみ波を測定し、
上記測定した各ひずみ波の時刻歴を用いて、入力棒および出力棒の粘弾性定数を算入して、入力棒後端における入射ひずみ波時刻歴、入力棒後端における反射ひずみ波時刻歴、及び出力棒前端における透過ひずみ波時刻歴を推定し、
上記推定された入射ひずみ波時刻歴、反射ひずみ波時刻歴、及び透過ひずみ波時刻歴から、試験片のひずみ速度時刻歴、ひずみ時刻歴及び応力時刻歴を算出することにより、応力−ひずみ曲線を決定し、
上記応力−ひずみ曲線から、ヤング率、損失係数等の粘弾性特性値を算出していることを特徴とする粘弾性特性値測定方法。
An input rod and an output rod made of a viscoelastic material arranged on a straight line to sandwich a test piece made of a viscoelastic material, a first strain gauge and a second strain gauge attached to the input rod, and an output rod. With the attached third strain gauge and fourth strain gauge, incident strain waves and reflected strain waves generated in the input rod when the front end of the input rod is hit are measured by the first strain gauge and the second strain gauge. The transmitted strain wave transmitted from the input rod through the test piece to the output rod is measured by the third strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge using a viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device, and each strain gauge is Measure
Using the time history of each of the measured strain waves, the viscoelastic constants of the input rod and the output rod are included, the incident strain wave time history at the rear end of the input rod, the reflected strain wave time history at the rear end of the input rod, and Estimate the transmitted strain wave time history at the front end of the output rod,
From the estimated incident strain wave time history, reflected strain wave time history, and transmitted strain wave time history, by calculating the strain rate time history, strain time history and stress time history of the test piece, the stress-strain curve is calculated. Decide,
A viscoelastic characteristic value measuring method, wherein a viscoelastic characteristic value such as a Young's modulus and a loss coefficient is calculated from the stress-strain curve.
上記入力棒と出力棒とは同質材からなり、該入力棒および出力棒の上記粘弾性定数は、入力棒および出力棒と同質材からなるサンプルを、上記粘弾性特性値測定装置により測定して得た動的応力と、計算で求めた応力の誤差の二乗和が最小となるものとしている請求項1に記載の粘弾性特性値測定方法。The input rod and the output rod are made of the same material, and the viscoelastic constants of the input rod and the output rod are obtained by measuring a sample made of the same material as the input rod and the output rod with the viscoelastic characteristic value measuring device. The viscoelastic characteristic value measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the sum of squares of the obtained dynamic stress and the error of the calculated stress is minimized. 上記計算で求めた応力とは、上記サンプルを測定して得た動的応力を基にして、3要素固体モデルを用いて、算出して得られた応力である請求項2に記載の粘弾性特性値測定方法。The viscoelasticity according to claim 2, wherein the stress obtained by the calculation is a stress obtained by using a three-element solid model based on a dynamic stress obtained by measuring the sample. Characteristic value measurement method.
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