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JP3583919B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte battery - Google Patents
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JP3583919B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte battery - Google Patents

Non-aqueous electrolyte battery Download PDF

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JP3583919B2
JP3583919B2 JP03915898A JP3915898A JP3583919B2 JP 3583919 B2 JP3583919 B2 JP 3583919B2 JP 03915898 A JP03915898 A JP 03915898A JP 3915898 A JP3915898 A JP 3915898A JP 3583919 B2 JP3583919 B2 JP 3583919B2
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Prior art keywords
aqueous electrolyte
battery
electrolyte battery
negative electrode
cho
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JPH11238517A (en
Inventor
靖幸 樟本
竜司 大下
俊之 能間
晃治 西尾
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Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
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Sanyo Electric Co Ltd
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、リチウムを活物質とする非水系電解液電池の保存特性を改良する技術を提案するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
負極活物質として例えばリチウムを用いるリチウム電池は、高エネルギー密度電池として注目されており、活発な研究が行われている。
【0003】
一般に、この種電池では、非水系電解液を構成する溶媒として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、スルホラン、ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキソラン等の単体、二成分あるいは三成分混合物が使用されている。また、この中に溶解される溶質として、LiPF、LiBF、LiCFSO、LiAsF、LiN(CFSO、LiC(CFSO、LiCF(CFSO等を列挙することができる。
【0004】
ところで、非水系電解液に、各種化合物を添加して、電池の保存特性を向上させることが知られているが充分ではない。電池の保存中に非水系電解液とリチウムを活物質とする負極とが化学的な反応を起こし、保存後の電池容量を低下させてしまう。
【0005】
そして、保存時の自己放電を抑制することは、この種非水系電解液電池の特性向上において重要な課題となっている。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、この種非水系電解液電池を保存した場合の自己放電を抑制し、保存特性を向上させる、優れた非水系電解液への添加剤を提案するものである。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、正極と、リチウム金属、リチウム合金あるいはリチウムの吸蔵・放出が可能な材料からなる負極と、溶媒と溶質とからなる非水系電解液とを備えた非水系電解液電池において、前記非水系電解液が、ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 3 ) ]、または、エチルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 2 CH 3 ) ]、または、 p- トリルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) を含有することを特徴とするものである。
【0010】
上記化合物の含有量は、前記非水系電解液に対して0.01重量%から20.0重量%の範囲が好適である。
【0011】
また、この種電池の負極としては、リチウム金属あるいはリチウムの吸蔵・放出が可能な合金、例えばリチウムーアルミニウム合金、カーボン材料、例えばコークスやグラファイトを使用することが可能である。但し、リチウム金属からなるものが最適であり、顕著な効果を期待できる。
【0012】
更に、この種電池の正極としては、マンガン、コバルト、ニッケル、バナジウム、ニオブを少なくとも一種含む金属酸化物を使用することができる。
【0013】
前記非水系電解液を構成する溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、スルホラン、ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフランの単体あるいは複数成分を混合して使用することができるが、これに限定されるものではない。
【0014】
また、非水系電解液を構成する溶質としては、LiPF、LiBF、LiClO、LiAsF、LiN(CFSO、LiC(CFSO、LiCF(CFSOの単体あるいは複数成分を混合して使用することができる。
【0015】
非水系電解液がヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 3 ) ]、または、エチルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 2 CH 3 ) ]、または、 p- トリルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) を含有すると、前記化合物が電極表面に均一な被膜を形成して、リチウムと電解液との反応を抑制する。この結果、非水系電解液の分解を抑制するものと考えられる。この様にして、電池の保存特性を向上させることが可能となる。
【0016】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に、本発明の実施例につき詳述する。
(実験1)
図1に、本発明電池の一実施例としての扁平形非水系電解液電池の断面図を示す。リチウム金属からなる負極1は、負極集電体2の内面に圧着されている。この負極集電体2はフェライト系ステンレス鋼(SUS430)からなる断面コ字状の負極缶3の内底面に固着されている。上記負極缶3の周端はポリプロピレン製の絶縁パッキング4の内部に固定されている。絶縁パッキング4の外周にはステンレスからなり上記負極缶3とは反対方向に断面コ字状をなす正極缶5が固定されている。この正極缶5の内底面には、正極集電体6が固定されている。この正極集電体6の内面には、正極7が固定されている。この正極7と前記負極1との間には、本発明の要点である非水系電解液が含浸されたセパレータ8が介装されている。
【0017】
ところで、前記正極7は、400℃で熱処理した二酸化マンガン(MnO)を活物質として用い、この二酸化マンガンと、導電剤としてのカーボン粉末と、結着剤としてのフッ素樹脂粉末とを85:10:5の重量比で混合する。次に、この混合物を加圧成形した後、300℃で熱処理して作製したものである。
【0018】
一方、前記負極1はリチウム金属からなるものであって、リチウム圧延板を所定寸法に打ち抜くことにより作製し、負極集電体2の内面に固定されている。
【0019】
そして、非水系電解液として、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)の混合溶媒に、溶質としてLiCFSOを1モル/リットルの割合で溶解したものを用いた。この非水系電解液に、ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテルを夫々0.001重量%、0.01重量%、0.1重量%、1.0重量%、10.0重量%、20.0重量%、30.0重量%添加し、7種類の電解液を準備した。
【0020】
上述の正極、負極及び7種類の非水系電解液を用いて、外径20.0mm、厚み2.5mmの各本発明電池1〜7を作製した。
【0021】
一方、ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテルを添加しない以外は同様にした非水系電解液を使用して、同様の電池を作製し、これを比較電池とした。
【0022】
これらの電池を用い、各電池の保存特性を比較した。この結果を表1に示す。この時の実験条件は、各電池を作製後、60℃で2ヶ月保存し、実際に電池を放電させ保存前の容量と比較し、自己放電率(%)を算出するというものである。これにより、ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテルを含有する各本発明電池1〜7では、比較電池に比して、自己放電率が小さく、保存時に自己放電が抑制されていることがわかる。
【0023】
【表1】

Figure 0003583919
【0024】
更に、ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテルを含む場合において、含有量が0.01重量%以上20.0重量%以下(電池2〜電池6)とすることによって、自己放電の抑制効果が顕著となる。
(実験2)
この実験では、最適な負極材料を検討するために、添加剤の種類と負極材料をかえて、保存特性を比較した。
【0025】
先ず、前記実験1の電池4(EC:DEC重量比=5:5、溶質LiCFSO、溶質濃度1モル/リットル、ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテルの含有量0.1重量%)の電解液を用い、電池4の正極材料を二酸化マンガン(MnO)からLiCoOに変更して電池を作製した。
【0026】
この作製した電池に対し、添加剤ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテルに代えてエチルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル、p−トリルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテルとした電池(2種類)を準備した。
【0027】
更に、上記正極材料にLiCoOを使用した電池(3種類)の負極を、金属リチウムから炭素材料に変更した電池(3種類)を得た。ここで、炭素材料としては天然黒鉛を使用した。
【0028】
このようにして準備した6種類の電池を用い、保存後の電池の放電容量を比較した。
【0029】
この結果を、表2に示す。表2は、添加剤の種類と保存後の自己放電率(%)との関係を示したものである。この時の充放電条件は実験1と同一である。
【0030】
【表2】
Figure 0003583919
【0031】
これより、ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 3 ) ]、または、エチルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 2 CH 3 ) ]、または、 p- トリルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) を添加剤に用いることにより、保存後の電池容量低下の抑制効果が大きいことが理解できる。そしてこの抑制効果は、炭素材料を負極とする場合よりも、リチウム金属を負極とする場合の方が顕著である。
【0032】
【発明の効果】
上述した如く、本発明の非水系電解液電池では、非水系電解液にヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 3 ) ]、または、エチルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 2 CH 3 ) ]、または、 p- トリルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) が添加、含有されているので、自己放電率が小さくなりこの種電池の保存特性を向上させるものであり、その工業的価値は極めて大きい。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明電池の断面図である。
【符合の説明】
1 負極
2 負極集電体
3 負極缶
4 絶縁パッキング
5 正極缶
6 正極集電体
7 正極
8 セパレータ[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention proposes a technique for improving the storage characteristics of a non-aqueous electrolyte battery using lithium as an active material.
[0002]
[Prior art]
BACKGROUND ART A lithium battery using, for example, lithium as a negative electrode active material has attracted attention as a high energy density battery, and has been actively researched.
[0003]
Generally, in this type of battery, as a solvent constituting a non-aqueous electrolyte, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, sulfolane, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, and the like, a two-component or three-component mixture Is used. The solutes dissolved therein include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAsF 6 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , and LiCF 3 (CF 2 ) 3. SO 3 and the like can be listed.
[0004]
By the way, it is known that various compounds are added to a non-aqueous electrolyte to improve the storage characteristics of a battery, but this is not sufficient. During storage of the battery, a non-aqueous electrolyte and a negative electrode containing lithium as an active material cause a chemical reaction, which lowers the battery capacity after storage.
[0005]
In addition, suppressing self-discharge during storage is an important issue in improving the characteristics of this type of nonaqueous electrolyte battery.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention proposes an excellent additive to a non-aqueous electrolyte, which suppresses self-discharge when the non-aqueous electrolyte battery is stored and improves storage characteristics.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode made of a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium metal, a lithium alloy or lithium, and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a solvent and a solute. The aqueous electrolyte is hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 3 ) ] or ethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 2 CH 3 ) ] or p- tolyl It is characterized by containing hexafluoroisopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) ] .
[0010]
The content of the above compound is preferably in the range of 0.01% by weight to 20.0% by weight based on the non-aqueous electrolyte.
[0011]
As the negative electrode of this type of battery, it is possible to use lithium metal or an alloy capable of inserting and extracting lithium, for example, a lithium-aluminum alloy, and a carbon material, for example, coke and graphite. However, a material made of lithium metal is optimal, and a remarkable effect can be expected.
[0012]
Further, a metal oxide containing at least one of manganese, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, and niobium can be used as the positive electrode of this type of battery.
[0013]
As the solvent constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, sulfolane, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran can be used alone or as a mixture of a plurality of components. However, the present invention is not limited to this.
[0014]
The solutes constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , and LiCF 3 (CF 2 ) 3. SO 3 can be used alone or as a mixture of a plurality of components.
[0015]
The non-aqueous electrolyte is hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 3 ) ] or ethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 2 CH 3 ) ] or p- tolyl When hexafluoroisopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) ] is contained, the compound forms a uniform film on the electrode surface and suppresses the reaction between lithium and the electrolyte. As a result, it is considered that the decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte is suppressed. In this way, the storage characteristics of the battery can be improved.
[0016]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
(Experiment 1)
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a flat nonaqueous electrolyte battery as an embodiment of the battery of the present invention. The negative electrode 1 made of lithium metal is pressed on the inner surface of the negative electrode current collector 2. The negative electrode current collector 2 is fixed to the inner bottom surface of a negative electrode can 3 made of ferritic stainless steel (SUS430) and having a U-shaped cross section. The peripheral end of the negative electrode can 3 is fixed inside a polypropylene insulating packing 4. A positive electrode can 5 made of stainless steel and having a U-shaped cross section is fixed to the outer periphery of the insulating packing 4 in a direction opposite to the negative electrode can 3. A positive electrode current collector 6 is fixed to the inner bottom surface of the positive electrode can 5. A positive electrode 7 is fixed to the inner surface of the positive electrode current collector 6. Between the positive electrode 7 and the negative electrode 1, a separator 8 impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte, which is a gist of the present invention, is interposed.
[0017]
The positive electrode 7 uses manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) heat-treated at 400 ° C. as an active material, and mixes the manganese dioxide, carbon powder as a conductive agent, and fluororesin powder as a binder with 85:10. : 5 by weight. Next, the mixture was press-formed and heat-treated at 300 ° C. to produce the mixture.
[0018]
On the other hand, the negative electrode 1 is made of lithium metal, is manufactured by stamping a rolled lithium plate into a predetermined size, and is fixed to the inner surface of the negative electrode current collector 2.
[0019]
Then, as the non-aqueous electrolyte, a solution obtained by dissolving LiCF 3 SO 3 as a solute at a ratio of 1 mol / liter in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was used. To this non-aqueous electrolyte, hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether was added at 0.001% by weight, 0.01% by weight, 0.1% by weight, 1.0% by weight, 10.0% by weight, 20.0% by weight, respectively. 30.0% by weight was added to prepare seven types of electrolytes.
[0020]
Using the above-described positive electrode, negative electrode, and seven types of nonaqueous electrolytes, batteries 1 to 7 of the present invention having an outer diameter of 20.0 mm and a thickness of 2.5 mm were produced.
[0021]
On the other hand, a similar battery was prepared using the same non-aqueous electrolyte except that hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether was not added, and this was used as a comparative battery.
[0022]
Using these batteries, the storage characteristics of each battery were compared. Table 1 shows the results. The experimental conditions at this time are that after each battery is manufactured, it is stored at 60 ° C. for 2 months, the battery is actually discharged, the capacity is compared with the capacity before storage, and the self-discharge rate (%) is calculated. This indicates that each of the batteries 1 to 7 of the present invention containing hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether has a smaller self-discharge rate than the comparative battery and suppresses self-discharge during storage.
[0023]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003583919
[0024]
Furthermore, when hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether is contained, by setting the content to 0.01% by weight or more and 20.0% by weight or less (battery 2 to battery 6), the effect of suppressing self-discharge becomes remarkable.
(Experiment 2)
In this experiment, in order to study the optimal anode material, the storage characteristics were compared by changing the type of the additive and the anode material.
[0025]
First, the electrolytic solution of the battery 4 of Experiment 1 (EC: DEC weight ratio = 5: 5, solute LiCF 3 SO 3 , solute concentration 1 mol / liter, hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether content 0.1% by weight) was used. The battery was manufactured by changing the cathode material of the battery 4 from manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) to LiCoO 2 .
[0026]
With respect to the batteries thus prepared, batteries (two types) were prepared in which ethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether and p-tolyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether were used instead of the additive hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether.
[0027]
Furthermore, batteries (three types) were obtained in which the negative electrodes of the batteries (three types) using LiCoO 2 as the positive electrode material were changed from lithium metal to a carbon material. Here, natural graphite was used as the carbon material.
[0028]
Using the thus prepared six types of batteries, the discharge capacities of the batteries after storage were compared.
[0029]
Table 2 shows the results. Table 2 shows the relationship between the type of additive and the self-discharge rate (%) after storage. The charge / discharge conditions at this time are the same as in Experiment 1.
[0030]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003583919
[0031]
From this, hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 3 ) ] or ethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 2 CH 3 ) ] or p- tolyl hexafluoro It can be understood that the use of isopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) ] as an additive has a large effect of suppressing a decrease in battery capacity after storage. This suppression effect is more remarkable when the lithium metal is used as the negative electrode than when the carbon material is used as the negative electrode.
[0032]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution battery of the present invention, hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 3 ) ] or ethylhexafluoroisopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 2 CH 3 ) ] or p- tolylhexafluoroisopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) ] The purpose is to improve the storage characteristics of the seed battery, and its industrial value is extremely large.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a battery of the present invention.
[Description of sign]
Reference Signs List 1 negative electrode 2 negative electrode current collector 3 negative electrode can 4 insulating packing 5 positive electrode can 6 positive electrode current collector 7 positive electrode 8 separator

Claims (3)

正極と、リチウム金属、リチウム合金あるいはリチウムの吸蔵・放出が可能な材料からなる負極と、溶媒と溶質とからなる非水系電解液とを備えた非水系電解液電池において、
前記非水系電解液が、ヘキサフルオロイソプロピルメチルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 3 ) ]、または、エチルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(CH 2 CH 3 ) ]、または、 p- トリルヘキサフルオロイソプロピルエーテル[ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO(C 6 H 4 CH 3 ) を含有することを特徴とする非水系電解液電池。
In a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode made of lithium metal, a lithium alloy or a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium, and a nonaqueous electrolyte made of a solvent and a solute,
The non-aqueous electrolytic solution is hexafluoroisopropyl methyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 3 ) ] or ethyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether [ (CF 3 ) 2 CHO (CH 2 CH 3 ) ], or p - tolyl hexafluoroisopropyl ether nonaqueous electrolyte battery characterized by containing a [(CF 3) 2 CHO ( C 6 H 4 CH 3)].
前記化合物が、前記非水系電解液に対してThe compound, with respect to the non-aqueous electrolyte 0.010.01 重量%からFrom weight% 20.020.0 重量%の範囲で含有されることを特徴とする請求項1記載の非水系電解液電池。2. The non-aqueous electrolyte battery according to claim 1, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte battery is contained in a range of% by weight. 前記非水系電解液電池の負極が、リチウム金属であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の非水系電解液電池。2. The non-aqueous electrolyte battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative electrode of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery is lithium metal.
JP03915898A 1998-02-20 1998-02-20 Non-aqueous electrolyte battery Expired - Fee Related JP3583919B2 (en)

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