JP3587671B2 - Electrophotographic developer - Google Patents
Electrophotographic developer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3587671B2 JP3587671B2 JP34264397A JP34264397A JP3587671B2 JP 3587671 B2 JP3587671 B2 JP 3587671B2 JP 34264397 A JP34264397 A JP 34264397A JP 34264397 A JP34264397 A JP 34264397A JP 3587671 B2 JP3587671 B2 JP 3587671B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fine particles
- metal oxide
- oxide fine
- particles
- added
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010936 titanium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical group [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical group [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001111 Fine metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 15
- -1 metal halide compound Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethyldisilazane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)N[Si](C)(C)C FFUAGWLWBBFQJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OSNILPMOSNGHLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[4-methoxy-3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]ethanone Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C(C)=O)C=C1CN1CCCCC1 OSNILPMOSNGHLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002012 Aerosil® Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000848645 Banza Species 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006087 Silane Coupling Agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alizarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=C(O)C(O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- HBHZKFOUIUMKHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chembl1982121 Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2C=CC=CC2=C1N=NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O HBHZKFOUIUMKHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000006249 magnetic particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- FZHAPNGMFPVSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanamine Chemical compound [SiH3]N FZHAPNGMFPVSLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005792 styrene-acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- FWLHAQYOFMQTHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-N-[8-[[8-(4-aminoanilino)-10-phenylphenazin-10-ium-2-yl]amino]-10-phenylphenazin-10-ium-2-yl]-8-N,10-diphenylphenazin-10-ium-2,8-diamine hydroxy-oxido-dioxochromium Chemical compound O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O.O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O.O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O.Nc1ccc(Nc2ccc3nc4ccc(Nc5ccc6nc7ccc(Nc8ccc9nc%10ccc(Nc%11ccccc%11)cc%10[n+](-c%10ccccc%10)c9c8)cc7[n+](-c7ccccc7)c6c5)cc4[n+](-c4ccccc4)c3c2)cc1 FWLHAQYOFMQTHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFMYRCRXYIIGBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)diazenyl]-n-[4-[4-[[2-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)diazenyl]-3-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-methylphenyl]-2-methylphenyl]-3-oxobutanamide Chemical compound C=1C=C(C=2C=C(C)C(NC(=O)C(N=NC=3C(=CC(Cl)=CC=3)Cl)C(C)=O)=CC=2)C=C(C)C=1NC(=O)C(C(=O)C)N=NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl JFMYRCRXYIIGBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVOJOIBIVGEQBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[[2-chloro-4-[3-chloro-4-[(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-4-yl)diazenyl]phenyl]phenyl]diazenyl]-5-methyl-2-phenylpyrazol-3-ol Chemical compound CC1=NN(C(O)=C1N=NC1=CC=C(C=C1Cl)C1=CC(Cl)=C(C=C1)N=NC1=C(O)N(N=C1C)C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1 LVOJOIBIVGEQBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYHIFXGFKVJNBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-chloro-2-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]-4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(C)=CC(N=NC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2O)=C1S(O)(=O)=O IYHIFXGFKVJNBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- REEFSLKDEDEWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloraniformethan Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(NC(NC=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)C=C1Cl REEFSLKDEDEWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LMULDSDQRQVZMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[[5-(diethylsulfamoyl)-2-methoxyphenyl]diazenyl]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound CCN(CC)S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(OC)C(N=NC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=C(C=2O)C(=O)NC=2C(=CC(OC)=C(Cl)C=2)OC)=C1 LMULDSDQRQVZMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- MRQIXHXHHPWVIL-ISLYRVAYSA-N Sudan I Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2C=CC=CC2=C1\N=N\C1=CC=CC=C1 MRQIXHXHHPWVIL-ISLYRVAYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910026551 ZrC Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Zr] Chemical compound [C].[Zr] OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AUNAPVYQLLNFOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Pb++].[Pb++].[Pb++].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O Chemical compound [Pb++].[Pb++].[Pb++].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O AUNAPVYQLLNFOI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HZEWFHLRYVTOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ti].[Ni] Chemical compound [Ti].[Ni] HZEWFHLRYVTOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- AOADSHDCARXSGL-ZMIIQOOPSA-M alkali blue 4B Chemical compound CC1=CC(/C(\C(C=C2)=CC=C2NC2=CC=CC=C2S([O-])(=O)=O)=C(\C=C2)/C=C/C\2=N\C2=CC=CC=C2)=CC=C1N.[Na+] AOADSHDCARXSGL-ZMIIQOOPSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CEGOLXSVJUTHNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium tristearate Chemical compound [Al+3].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CEGOLXSVJUTHNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229940063655 aluminum stearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000987 azo dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- HEQCHSSPWMWXBH-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium(2+) 1-[(2-carboxyphenyl)diazenyl]naphthalen-2-olate Chemical compound [Ba++].Oc1ccc2ccccc2c1N=Nc1ccccc1C([O-])=O.Oc1ccc2ccccc2c1N=Nc1ccccc1C([O-])=O HEQCHSSPWMWXBH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000013871 bee wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012166 beeswax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001055 blue pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJOBVZJTOIVNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium sulfide Chemical compound [Cd]=S CJOBVZJTOIVNNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTJUKNSKBAOEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calixarene Chemical class COC(=O)COC1=C(CC=2C(=C(CC=3C(=C(C4)C=C(C=3)C(C)(C)C)OCC(=O)OC)C=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)OCC(=O)OC)C=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1CC1=C(OCC(=O)OC)C4=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1 VTJUKNSKBAOEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Cu+2].C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- CTIQLGJVGNGFEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L naphthol yellow S Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].C1=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C2C([O-])=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C2=C1 CTIQLGJVGNGFEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010558 suspension polymerization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBKBGHZMNFTKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium 2-[(2-oxido-3-sulfo-6-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]benzoate Chemical compound C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)[O-])N=NC2=C3C=CC(=CC3=CC(=C2[O-])S(=O)(=O)O)S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+] RBKBGHZMNFTKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- UJMBCXLDXJUMFB-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium;5-oxo-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]-4h-pyrazole-3-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=NN(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)C1N=NC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 UJMBCXLDXJUMFB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEVGKYBUANQAKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N victoria blue R Chemical compound [Cl-].C12=CC=CC=C2C(=[NH+]CC)C=CC1=C(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C)C)C1=CC=C(N(C)C)C=C1 JEVGKYBUANQAKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001052 yellow pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NDKWCCLKSWNDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dioxido(dioxo)chromium Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O NDKWCCLKSWNDBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVWKZXLXHLZXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitride Chemical compound [Zr]#N ZVWKZXLXHLZXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は複写機やプリンター等に使用される電子写真用現像剤に関し、詳しくは金属酸化物微粒子により帯電量が調整され、長期間の連続使用においても帯電特性が安定している電子写真用現像剤に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来より、電子写真用現像剤において帯電量はニグロシン、四級アンモニウム塩等の荷電制御剤により調整されてきた。しかし、後処理剤の技術が進むにつれ、後処理剤により帯電量の調整を行うことが可能になってきた。その方法としては、異なる2種以上の後処理剤を添加し、その添加比率により調整する方法、また後処理剤表面にカップリング処理を施したものを現像剤に添加することで調整する方法等が挙げられる。例えば、特公昭53−22447号公報では現像剤の構成成分としてアミノシランで処理した金属酸化物粒子を含有させた正荷電制御性の現像剤が得られている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ところが、このような後処理剤の表面改質を用いた方法では、表面の安定性が得られず、長期間の連続使用をすることで処理表面の変質、及び劣化により、初期の帯電特性が保持できないという問題があった。また、異なる2種以上の後処理剤を用いた場合でも連続使用により、1種の後処理剤だけが選択的にトナー粒子表面からはずれることで帯電のバランスをくずしてしまうなど、初期帯電特性の保持が難しかった。このように帯電安定性が低いと、複写の繰り返しによって複写画像に地肌カブリが発生し、問題となる。
【0004】
また、このような現像剤は耐環境性に劣り、すなわち高温高圧下や低温低圧下、特に高温高圧下で保存した場合に、帯電量の顕著な低下が見られ、複写画像に上記のような地肌カブリが発生するという問題が生じている。
【0005】
本発明は上記事情に鑑みなされたものであって、金属酸化物微粒子による帯電量調整が可能で、長期間の連続使用においても帯電特性が安定で、かつ耐環境性に優れた電子写真用現像剤を提供することを目的とする。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、少なくとも結着樹脂と着色剤とを含有するトナー粒子と、トナー粒子に対し添加される金属酸化物微粒子とからなる電子写真用現像剤において、金属酸化物微粒子が組成式SixAyO(4x+yz)/2(式中、Aはアルミニウム、ホウ素またはチタンを示し、zはAの価数を表す。)により表され、x/yが1〜25であり、金属酸化物微粒子が疎水化度30%以上に疎水化処理されており、該処理の前後における金属酸化物微粒子の仕事関数の差が0.5以下であることを特徴とする電子写真用現像剤に関する。
【0007】
以下、金属酸化物微粒子が、少なくとも結着樹脂および着色剤からなるトナー粒子に外添される場合について本発明を説明するが、本発明はこれに限定されるものではなく、すなわち当該金属酸化物微粒子はトナー粒子内部に存在すべくトナー粒子製造過程で添加(内添)されてもよい。なお、本発明においては金属酸化物微粒子はトナー粒子表面近傍に存在する方が帯電量調整の効果が高いために、トナー粒子に外添されることが望ましい。本明細書中、「外添」とは一旦得られたトナー粒子に添加し、混合することを意味するものとする。
【0008】
本発明において添加される金属酸化物微粒子は組成式SixAyO(4x+yz)/2によって表される。したがって、本発明においては、トナー粒子に添加される金属酸化物微粒子の表面だけを改質するのではなく、添加される金属酸化物微粒子の一粒一粒の組成を変化させることによって、電子写真用現像剤の帯電安定性が向上する。式中、Aは金属元素を示し、好ましくはアルミニウム、ホウ素、チタン、亜鉛、バナジウム等を示し、より好ましくはアルミニウム、ホウ素またはチタンを示す。zは用いられた金属元素Aの価数を表す。また、上記組成式においてx/yは1〜25、好ましくは1〜20、より好ましくは1〜10である。x/yが1未満であったり、25を越えると、当該金属酸化物微粒子を添加しても、得られる電子写真用現像剤の帯電安定性は向上しない。
【0009】
x/yが1〜25の金属酸化物微粒子としては、例えば、以下の表1に記載の組成式を有する金属酸化物微粒子が挙げられる。なお、表1には組成式中のAがアルミニウム(Al)、ホウ素(B)およびチタン(Ti)の場合についての組成式ならびにそれぞれの組成式におけるAl2O3、B2O3またはTiO2の組成比(重量%)を例示する。
【0010】
【表1】
【0011】
上記組成式を有する金属酸化物微粒子の製造方法としては、特に制限されるものではないが、例えば、公知の気相法による製造方法等が挙げられる。気相法とは、金属ハロゲン化合物を高温下で蒸気相酸化することにより、金属酸化物微粒子を生成する方法であり、ケイ素ハロゲン化合物と合わせて、上記組成式中のAに相当する金属のハロゲン化合物を様々な割合で用いて、上記組成の金属酸化物微粒子を生成することができる。
【0012】
このようにして製造される金属酸化物微粒子には、通常、上記金属ハロゲン化合物に含まれる不純物が含有されるが、本発明においては本発明の効果に悪影響を及ぼさない範囲内であれば、不純物が含有されていてもよく、好ましくは10重量%以下が望ましい。
【0013】
本発明において上記組成式を有する金属酸化物微粒子は疎水化処理されており、疎水化度30%以上、好ましくは40%以上を有している。疎水化度が30%未満であると耐環境性が悪化し、すなわち高温高圧下や低温低圧下、特に高温高圧下で保存した場合に複写画像に地肌カブリが発生しやすくなり、問題となる。
【0014】
金属酸化物微粒子の疎水化処理については当該微粒子と溶剤との混合物を撹拌しながら疎水化剤の希釈液を加え、加熱乾燥後に充分に解砕して行われる。また、疎水化剤を有機溶剤に溶かした溶液に微粒子を浸漬し、乾燥、解砕する方法もある。
【0015】
この際用いられる疎水化剤としては例えば、シランカップリング剤、アミノシランカップリング剤、チタネートカップリング剤、シリコンオイル、シリコンワニス等の既知のものを使用することができるが、疎水化処理前後の仕事関数の差を0.5以下に保つ必要があることから、当該金属酸化物粒子の仕事関数に応じて、カップリング剤を適宜選択する必要がある。
【0016】
本発明に使用される金属酸化物微粒子は、上記疎水化処理の前後において仕事関数の差は0.5eV以下、好ましくは0.3eV以下、より好ましくは0.2eV以下である。当該差が0.5eVを越えると複写の繰り返しによって上記疎水化処理の効果が得られなくなったとき、初期の帯電量を維持できなくなる(?)。また、当該金属酸化物微粒子の疎水化処理前の仕事関数は3.5〜5.0eV、好ましくは4.0〜4.7eVであることが望ましい。当該仕事関数が3.5eV未満であったり、5.0eVを越えたりすると、当該金属酸化物微粒子を添加しても電子写真用現像剤の帯電安定性が向上しないおそれがあるからである。仕事関数とは結晶表面から1個の電子を表面のすぐ外側に取り出すのに必要な最小のエネルギーをいい、本発明の金属無機微粒子においてはトナーの帯電性と密接に関わる値であり、すなわちこれを制御することで金属酸化物微粒子の帯電性を一層容易に調整でき、さらにはそれを添加したトナーの帯電性の調整が容易となる。
【0017】
本発明においては、トナーの帯電性および流動性の観点から金属酸化物微粒子の比表面積は10〜400m2/g、好ましくは40〜200m2/gであることが望ましい。
【0018】
このような金属酸化物微粒子はトナー粒子100重量部に対して0.01〜5重量部、好ましくは0.1〜3重量部の割合で添加される。添加量が0.01重量部未満であると帯電量調整に対し効果がなく、一方、5重量部を超えて添加するとキャリアへの移行量が増えてくるため、耐久性能が落ちてしまう。
【0019】
本発明において上記の金属酸化物微粒子はトナー粒子に外添される。本発明において使用されるトナー粒子は後述する結着樹脂、着色剤およびその他の所望の添加剤を用いて、混練・粉砕法、懸濁重合法、乳化重合法、乳化分散造粒法、カプセル化法等その他の公知の方法により製造することができる。これらの製造方法の中で、製造コストおよび製造安定性の観点から混練・粉砕法を採用することが好ましい。
【0020】
例えば、混練・粉砕法は、結着樹脂および着色剤等のトナー粒子成分をヘンシェルミキサー等の混合機で混合する工程、この混合物を溶融・混練する工程、この混練物を冷却後粉砕する工程、得られた粉砕粒子を分級する工程によりトナー粒子を製造する。本発明のトナー粒子は、体積平均粒径を4〜10μm、好ましくは6〜9μmに調整することが画像の高精細再現性の観点から好ましい。
【0021】
本発明において使用される結着樹脂としては、例えば、ポリエステル、ポリスチレン、スチレン−アクリル系樹脂、およびメタクリル樹脂、ならびにこれらの誘導体や混合物を使用することができる。
【0022】
また、着色剤としては以下の顔料や染料が例示できる。
黒色顔料としては、カーボン・ブラック、酸化銅、二酸化マンガン、アニリンブラック、活性炭、フェライト、マグネタイトなどを使用することができる。
黄色顔料としては、黄鉛、亜鉛黄、カドミウムイエロー、黄色酸化鉄、ミネラルファストイエロー、ニッケルチタンイエロー、ネーブルスイエロー、ナフトールイエローS、バンザーイエローG、バンザーイエロー10G、ベンジジンイエローG、ベンジジンイエローGR、キノリンイエローレーキ、パーマネントイエローNCG、タートラジンレヘーキなどを使用することができる。
【0023】
赤色顔料としては、赤色黄鉛、モリブデンオレンジ、パーマネントオレンジGTR、ピラゾロンオレンジ、バルカンオレンジ、インダスレンブリリアントオレンジRK、ベンジジンオレンジG、インダスレンブリリアントオレンジGK、ベンガラ、カドミウムレッド、鉛丹、パーマネントレッド4R、リソールレッド、ピラゾロンレッド、ウオッチングレッド、レーキレッドC、レーキレッドD、ブリリアントカーミン6B、エオシンレーキ、ローダミンレーキB、アリザリンレーキ、ブリリアントカーミン3B、パーマネントオレンジGTR、バルカンファストオレンジGG、パーマネントレッドF4RH、パーマネントカーミンFBなどを使用することができる。
青色顔料としては、紺青、コバルトブルー、アルカリブルーレーキ、ビクトリアブルーレーキ、フタロシアニンブルーなどを使用することができる。
なお、これらの着色剤の添加量は特に限定的ではないが、通常、結着樹脂100重量部に対して1〜20重量部、好ましくは3〜15重量部になるようにする。
【0024】
上記の結着樹脂や着色剤などの他に添加されるその他所望の添加剤としては磁性体、荷電制御剤およびオフセット防止剤等が挙げられ、具体的には磁性体としては、マグネタイト、γ−ヘマタイトあるいは各種フェライト等がある。
【0025】
荷電制御剤については特に制限されるものではなく、正荷電制御剤としては例えばニグロシン染料、トリフェニルメタン系化合物、4級アンモニウム塩系化合物等が挙げられ、負荷電制御剤としては例えば、サリチル酸金属錯体、含金アゾ染料、カリックスアレン化合物、含ホウ素化合物等が挙げられる。添加量としては結着樹脂100重量部に対して0.1〜10重量部になるように添加される。
【0026】
また、オフセット防止剤としても特に制限されることはなく、例えばポリエチレンワックス、酸化型ポリエチレンワックス、ポリプロピレンワックス、酸化型ポリプロピレンワックス、カルナバワックス、サゾールワックス、ライスワックス、キャンデリラワックス、ホホバ油ワックス、蜜ろうワックス等が使用可能である。このようなワックスの添加量は、結着樹脂100重量部に対して0.5〜5重量部、好ましくは1〜3重量部が好ましい。
【0027】
本発明の現像剤は上記の金属酸化物微粒子を、上記トナー粒子成分からなるトナー粒子に添加し、ヘンシェルミキサー等の混合機により混合することにより得られる。なお、上記の金属酸化物微粒子をトナー粒子中に内添する場合、すなわちトナー粒子の製造過程で添加する場合は、他のトナー粒子成分と同様に最初の混合工程で添加される。
【0028】
また、本発明においては上記の金属酸化物微粒子とは異なる平均一次粒径20nm以下、好ましくは6〜18nmの無機微粒子を併せてトナー粒子に外添することによってさらに良い帯電性と流動性を得ることができる。当該無機微粒子としては、従来から流動化剤として知られている公知の無機微粒子、例えば、シリカ、アルミナ、酸化ホウ素、酸化チタン、フッ化マグネシウム、炭化ケイ素、炭化ホウ素、炭化チタン、炭化ジルコニウム、窒化ホウ素、窒化チタン、窒化ジルコニウム、マグネタイト、二硫化モリブデン、ステアリン酸アルミニウム、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ステアリン酸亜鉛等が挙げられ、好ましくはシリカである。なお、これらの無機微粒子は、耐環境性の観点からシランカップリング剤、チタンカップリング剤、高級脂肪酸、シリコーンオイル等で疎水化処理して用いることが望ましい。当該無機微粒子の添加量は上記の金属酸化物微粒子の添加量との合計量で、トナー粒子100重量部に対して0.01〜5重量部、好ましくは0.1〜3重量部であることが望ましい。
【0029】
本発明の現像剤は、キャリアを使用しない1成分現像剤、キャリアとともに使用する2成分現像剤いずれにおいても使用可能である。本発明のトナーとともに使用するキャリアとしては、公知のキャリアを使用することができ、例えば、鉄粉、フェライト等の磁性粒子よりなるキャリア、磁性粒子表面を樹脂等の被覆剤で被覆したコートキャリア、あるいはバインダー樹脂中に磁性体微粉末を分散してなるバインダー型キャリア等いずれも使用可能である。このようなキャリアとしては体積平均粒径が15〜100μm、好ましくは20〜80μmのものが好適である。
【0030】
以上のようにして得られた現像剤は長期間の連続使用においても帯電特性が低下することなく、初期の帯電特性を維持することができ、このため繰り返しの複写によっても地肌カブリのない良好な複写画像を提供することができる。
本発明を以下の実施例によりさらに詳しく説明する。
【0031】
【実施例】
(トナー粒子の製造)
スチレン−アクリル系樹脂(Tm=118℃、Tg=68℃)100重量部、カーボンブラック(モーガルL:キャボット社製)8重量部、低分子量ポリプロピレン(ビスコール550P:三洋化成社製)3重量部をヘンシェルミキサーで十分に混合し、2軸押し出し機で混練後冷却した。混練物をジェットミルを用いて粉砕し、風力により分級することで体積平均粒径9μmのトナー粒子を得た。
【0032】
実施例1
組成重量比がSiO2/Al2O3=70/30であるとされる金属酸化物微粒子を(株)高純度化学研究所より入手し、蛍光X線分析による元素分析に供したところ、組成比はSi5Al2O13であると同定された。当該金属酸化物微粒子の接触電位差計(SSVII−10:川口電機社製)による仕事関数の測定を行った。その結果については表2にまとめて示した。
【0033】
次に、ヘキサメチルジシラザン2gをテトラヒドロフラン10gに溶解した混合液を準備し、一方で上記金属酸化物微粒子を120℃で2時間処理した。当該金属酸化物微粒子35gを高速ミキサーにいれ、2500rpmで撹拌しながら、上記混合液を5分間かけて徐々に添加した。さらに微粒子を5g追加して、3000rpmで10分間撹拌した後、150℃の恒温層で2時間加熱処理し、解砕して、表面改質された金属酸化物微粒子を得た。このようにして得られた金属酸化物微粒子の比表面積計(MS−12:QUANTA CHROME社製)による比表面積の測定、及び接触電位差計(SSVII−10:川口電機社製)による仕事関数の再度の測定を行った。また、疎水化度を後述する方法により測定した。これらの結果については表2にまとめて示した。
【0034】
この金属酸化物微粒子を上記トナー粒子100重量部に対して0.8重量部添加してミキサーで2分撹拌し、現像剤を得た。
【0035】
実施例2
組成重量比がSiO2/TiO2=70/30であるとされる金属酸化物微粒子を(株)高純度化学研究所より入手し、蛍光X線分析による元素分析に供したところ、組成比はSi41Ti10O102であると同定された。当該金属酸化物微粒子を用いたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、現像剤を得た。金属酸化物微粒子の比表面積、仕事関数および疎水化度を実施例1においてと同様に測定し、表2に示した。
【0036】
実施例3
組成重量比がSiO2/B2O3=95/5であるとされる金属酸化物微粒子を(株)高純度化学研究所より入手し、蛍光X線分析による元素分析に供したところ、組成比はSi68B10O151であると同定された。当該金属酸化物微粒子を用いたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、現像剤を得た。金属酸化物微粒子の比表面積、仕事関数および疎水化度を実施例1においてと同様に測定し、表2に示した。
【0037】
実施例4
上記トナー粒子100重量部に実施例1で用いた疎水性金属酸化物微粒子0.8重量部と併せて疎水性シリカ(R−974:日本アエロジル社製、仕事関数4.89、疎水化度35%、比表面積179m2/g)0.1重量部を添加してミキサーで2分撹拌し、現像剤を得た。金属酸化物微粒子の比表面積、仕事関数および疎水化度を実施例1においてと同様に測定し、表2に示した。
【0038】
比較例1
上記トナー粒子100重量部に疎水性シリカ(RA200H:日本アエロジル社製)0.8重量部を添加してミキサーで2分撹拌し、現像剤を得た。当該無機微粒子の比表面積、仕事関数および疎水化度を実施例1においてと同様に測定し、表2に示した。
【0039】
比較例2
ヘキサメチルジシラザンの量を1gにしたこと以外、実施例1と同様にして、現像剤を得た。金属酸化物微粒子の比表面積、仕事関数および疎水化度を実施例1においてと同様に測定し、表2に示した。
【0040】
【表2】
【0041】
(評価方法)
実施例および比較例の現像剤と、後述のごとく得られたキャリアを現像剤/キャリア=5/95の割合で混合し、2成分現像剤を調整した。この現像剤をEP470Z(ミノルタ社製)に搭載し、B/W比6%のチャートを用い、1万枚の耐久試験を23℃、相対湿度45%にて行った。この耐久試験の前後において帯電量の測定および地肌上のトナーカブリの目視によるランク付けを行った。ランク付けについては以下に従って行い、×は実使用不可能であり、△以上が実使用可能であり、○は望ましく、◎はより望ましい。また、帯電量は35℃、相対湿度85%に24時間暴露した後の現像剤ついても測定した。これらの評価結果および測定結果については表3に示した。
【0042】
カブリ
◎;画像にカブリは全く生じなかった;
〇;画像にカブリはほとんど生じなかった;
△;画像にカブリが若干生じたものの、実用上問題はなかった;
×;画像にカブリが生じ、実用上問題があった。
【0043】
帯電量の測定
ブローオフ法により測定を行った。
【0044】
【表3】
【0045】
(キャリアの製造例)
ポリエステル樹脂(NE−1110:花王社製)100重量部、無機磁性粉(EPT−1000:戸田工業社製)500重量部、カーボンブラック(MA#8:三菱化学社製)2重量部をヘンシェルミキサーにより十分粉砕、混合し、押し出し混練機を用いて溶融、混練した混練物を冷却、粗粉砕後、ジェットミルで微粉砕し、さらに風力分級機で分級して、平均粒径55μmのバインダー型磁性キャリアを得た。
【0046】
(疎水化度の測定)
200mlのビーカーに純水50mlをいれ、0.2gの試料を添加する。撹拌しながらビュレットから無水硫酸ナトリウムで脱水したメタノールを加え、液面上に試料がほぼ認められなくなった点を終点として要したメタノール量(C(cc))から下記式により疎水化度を算出した。
疎水化度(%)=100C/(50+C)
【0047】
【発明の効果】
本発明の現像剤は金属酸化物微粒子の添加による帯電性の調整が可能であり、長期間の繰り返し使用によっても初期の帯電性を保持することができ、耐環境性にも優れている。さらには、本発明の現像剤に、疎水性の金属酸化物微粒子とは異なる20nm以下の無機微粒子を併せて用いることにより、長期間の繰り返し使用時の複写画像上における地肌カブリ等の問題をより効果的に解決することができる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic developer used in copying machines, printers, and the like, and more particularly, to an electrophotographic developer in which the charge amount is adjusted by metal oxide fine particles and the charge characteristics are stable even during long-term continuous use. Agent.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, the charge amount of an electrophotographic developer has been adjusted by a charge control agent such as nigrosine or a quaternary ammonium salt. However, as the technology of the post-treatment agent has advanced, it has become possible to adjust the charge amount using the post-treatment agent. Examples of the method include a method of adding two or more different post-processing agents and adjusting the ratio according to the addition ratio, and a method of adjusting the surface of the post-processing agent by applying a coupling treatment to the developer. Is mentioned. For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 53-22447 discloses a positively chargeable developer containing metal oxide particles treated with aminosilane as a component of the developer.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in such a method using the surface modification of the post-treatment agent, the stability of the surface cannot be obtained, and the initial charging characteristics are deteriorated due to deterioration and deterioration of the treated surface due to long-term continuous use. There was a problem that it could not be retained. In addition, even when two or more different post-treatment agents are used, the charge balance is disturbed by continuous use of only one type of the post-treatment agent, which causes the charge balance to be lost. It was difficult to hold. If the charging stability is low, background fogging occurs in the copied image due to repetition of copying, which is a problem.
[0004]
Further, such a developer has poor environmental resistance, that is, when stored under high temperature and high pressure and low temperature and low pressure, particularly when stored under high temperature and high pressure, a remarkable decrease in the charge amount is observed, and the copied image has the above-described properties. There is a problem that background fog occurs.
[0005]
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and it is possible to adjust the charge amount by metal oxide fine particles, to have stable charging characteristics even when used continuously for a long period of time, and to have excellent environmental resistance for electrophotographic development. The purpose is to provide an agent.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention provides an electrophotographic developer comprising toner particles containing at least a binder resin and a colorant, and metal oxide fine particles added to the toner particles, wherein the metal oxide fine particles have a composition formula of SixAyO (4x + yz). ) / 2 (where A represents aluminum, boron or titanium , and z represents the valence of A), x / y is 1 to 25, and the metal oxide fine particles have a hydrophobicity of 30. % Or less, and a difference in work function between the metal oxide fine particles before and after the treatment is 0.5 or less.
[0007]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described for the case where metal oxide fine particles are externally added to toner particles composed of at least a binder resin and a colorant, but the present invention is not limited to this. The fine particles may be added (internally added) in the toner particle manufacturing process so as to be present inside the toner particles. In the present invention, it is desirable that the metal oxide fine particles be externally added to the toner particles, because the effect of adjusting the charge amount is higher when the metal oxide fine particles are present near the surface of the toner particles. In the present specification, “externally added” means to be added to the toner particles once obtained and mixed.
[0008]
Metal oxide fine particles to be added in the present invention is represented by the composition formula Si x A y O (4x + yz) / 2. Therefore, in the present invention, instead of modifying only the surface of the metal oxide fine particles added to the toner particles, the composition of each of the added metal oxide fine particles is changed, so that the electrophotographic The charge stability of the developer is improved. In the formula, A represents a metal element, preferably represents aluminum, boron, titanium, zinc, vanadium or the like, and more preferably represents aluminum, boron or titanium. z represents the valence of the metal element A used. In the above composition formula, x / y is 1 to 25, preferably 1 to 20, and more preferably 1 to 10. When x / y is less than 1 or more than 25, even if the metal oxide fine particles are added, the charging stability of the obtained electrophotographic developer is not improved.
[0009]
Examples of the metal oxide fine particles having x / y of 1 to 25 include metal oxide fine particles having a composition formula shown in Table 1 below. Table 1 shows the composition formulas in the case where A in the composition formula is aluminum (Al), boron (B) and titanium (Ti), and Al 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 or TiO 2 in each composition formula. Is exemplified.
[0010]
[Table 1]
[0011]
The method for producing the metal oxide fine particles having the above composition formula is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a known production method by a gas phase method. The gas phase method is a method of producing metal oxide fine particles by subjecting a metal halide compound to a vapor phase oxidation at a high temperature, and together with a silicon halide compound, forms a halogen of a metal corresponding to A in the above composition formula. By using the compound in various ratios, metal oxide fine particles having the above composition can be produced.
[0012]
The metal oxide fine particles produced in this manner usually contain impurities contained in the metal halide compound. In the present invention, the impurities may be used as long as the effects of the present invention are not adversely affected. May be contained, and preferably 10% by weight or less.
[0013]
In the present invention, the metal oxide fine particles having the above composition formula have been subjected to a hydrophobic treatment, and have a hydrophobicity of 30% or more, preferably 40% or more. If the degree of hydrophobicity is less than 30%, the environmental resistance deteriorates, that is, when stored under high temperature and high pressure and low temperature and low pressure, particularly under high temperature and high pressure, the background fog tends to occur in the copied image, which is a problem.
[0014]
The hydrophobizing treatment of the metal oxide fine particles is performed by adding a diluting solution of the hydrophobizing agent while stirring the mixture of the fine particles and the solvent, heating and drying, and sufficiently crushing. There is also a method in which fine particles are immersed in a solution in which a hydrophobizing agent is dissolved in an organic solvent, dried, and crushed.
[0015]
As the hydrophobizing agent used at this time, for example, a known agent such as a silane coupling agent, an aminosilane coupling agent, a titanate coupling agent, silicon oil, or a silicon varnish can be used. Since it is necessary to keep the difference between the functions at 0.5 or less, it is necessary to appropriately select a coupling agent according to the work function of the metal oxide particles.
[0016]
The metal oxide fine particles used in the present invention have a work function difference of 0.5 eV or less, preferably 0.3 eV or less, more preferably 0.2 eV or less before and after the hydrophobic treatment. If the difference exceeds 0.5 eV, the initial charge amount cannot be maintained when the effect of the above-mentioned hydrophobic treatment cannot be obtained by repeating copying (?). Further, the work function of the metal oxide fine particles before the hydrophobizing treatment is preferably 3.5 to 5.0 eV, more preferably 4.0 to 4.7 eV. If the work function is less than 3.5 eV or exceeds 5.0 eV, the charge stability of the electrophotographic developer may not be improved even when the metal oxide fine particles are added. The work function refers to the minimum energy required to extract one electron from the crystal surface to just outside the surface. In the metal inorganic fine particles of the present invention, the work function is a value closely related to the chargeability of the toner. By controlling the value, the chargeability of the metal oxide fine particles can be more easily adjusted, and further, the chargeability of the toner to which the fine particles are added becomes easier.
[0017]
In the present invention, the specific surface area of metal oxide particles in terms of toner chargeability and flowability is 10 to 400 m 2 / g, it is desirable that preferably 40 to 200 m 2 / g.
[0018]
Such metal oxide fine particles are added in an amount of 0.01 to 5 parts by weight, preferably 0.1 to 3 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. If the addition amount is less than 0.01 part by weight, there is no effect on the adjustment of the charge amount. On the other hand, if the addition amount exceeds 5 parts by weight, the transfer amount to the carrier increases, so that the durability performance deteriorates.
[0019]
In the present invention, the metal oxide fine particles are externally added to the toner particles. The toner particles used in the present invention are prepared by using a binder resin, a colorant, and other desired additives described below, by a kneading and pulverizing method, a suspension polymerization method, an emulsion polymerization method, an emulsion dispersion granulation method, and encapsulation. It can be produced by other known methods such as a method. Among these production methods, it is preferable to employ a kneading / pulverization method from the viewpoint of production cost and production stability.
[0020]
For example, the kneading and pulverizing method includes a step of mixing toner particle components such as a binder resin and a colorant with a mixer such as a Henschel mixer, a step of melting and kneading the mixture, a step of pulverizing the kneaded product after cooling, The process of classifying the obtained pulverized particles produces toner particles. The volume average particle diameter of the toner particles of the present invention is preferably adjusted to 4 to 10 μm, more preferably 6 to 9 μm, from the viewpoint of high definition reproducibility of an image.
[0021]
As the binder resin used in the present invention, for example, polyester, polystyrene, styrene-acrylic resin, and methacrylic resin, and derivatives and mixtures thereof can be used.
[0022]
Examples of the coloring agent include the following pigments and dyes.
As the black pigment, carbon black, copper oxide, manganese dioxide, aniline black, activated carbon, ferrite, magnetite and the like can be used.
As yellow pigments, yellow lead, zinc yellow, cadmium yellow, yellow iron oxide, mineral fast yellow, nickel titanium yellow, navels yellow, naphthol yellow S, banza yellow G, banza yellow 10G, benzidine yellow G, benzidine yellow GR, Quinoline yellow lake, permanent yellow NCG, tartrazine lake and the like can be used.
[0023]
Red pigments include red lead, molybdenum orange, permanent orange GTR, pyrazolone orange, vulcan orange, induslen brilliant orange RK, benzidine orange G, induslen brilliant orange GK, bengala, cadmium red, lead red, permanent red 4R, Risor Red, Pyrazolone Red, Watching Red, Lake Red C, Lake Red D, Brilliant Carmine 6B, Eosin Lake, Rhodamine Lake B, Alizarin Lake, Brilliant Carmine 3B, Permanent Orange GTR, Vulcan Fast Orange GG, Permanent Red F4RH, Permanent Carmine FB or the like can be used.
As the blue pigment, navy blue, cobalt blue, alkali blue lake, Victoria blue lake, phthalocyanine blue and the like can be used.
The amount of these colorants is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 to 20 parts by weight, preferably 3 to 15 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
[0024]
Other desired additives to be added in addition to the binder resin and the colorant include a magnetic substance, a charge control agent, an offset preventing agent, and the like. Specifically, the magnetic substance includes magnetite, γ- Examples include hematite or various ferrites.
[0025]
The charge control agent is not particularly limited, and examples of the positive charge control agent include a nigrosine dye, a triphenylmethane compound, and a quaternary ammonium salt compound. Examples of the negative charge control agent include metal salicylate. Examples include complexes, gold-containing azo dyes, calixarene compounds, and boron-containing compounds. The addition amount is 0.1 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
[0026]
Also, there is no particular limitation on the offset inhibitor, for example, polyethylene wax, oxidized polyethylene wax, polypropylene wax, oxidized polypropylene wax, carnauba wax, sasol wax, rice wax, candelilla wax, jojoba oil wax, Beeswax and the like can be used. The amount of the wax to be added is preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 3 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
[0027]
The developer of the present invention can be obtained by adding the above-mentioned metal oxide fine particles to the toner particles comprising the above-mentioned toner particle components and mixing them with a mixer such as a Henschel mixer. When the metal oxide fine particles are internally added to the toner particles, that is, when the metal oxide fine particles are added during the production process of the toner particles, the metal oxide fine particles are added in the first mixing step similarly to the other toner particle components.
[0028]
Further, in the present invention, even better chargeability and fluidity can be obtained by externally adding toner fine particles together with inorganic fine particles having an average primary particle diameter of 20 nm or less, preferably 6 to 18 nm, different from the above-mentioned metal oxide fine particles. be able to. As the inorganic fine particles, known inorganic fine particles conventionally known as a fluidizing agent, for example, silica, alumina, boron oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium fluoride, silicon carbide, boron carbide, titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, nitrided Examples thereof include boron, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, magnetite, molybdenum disulfide, aluminum stearate, magnesium stearate, and zinc stearate, and preferably silica. In addition, it is desirable that these inorganic fine particles are subjected to a hydrophobic treatment with a silane coupling agent, a titanium coupling agent, a higher fatty acid, a silicone oil or the like from the viewpoint of environmental resistance. The amount of the inorganic fine particles to be added is 0.01 to 5 parts by weight, preferably 0.1 to 3 parts by weight, based on the total amount of the metal oxide fine particles and 100 parts by weight of the toner particles. Is desirable.
[0029]
The developer of the present invention can be used in both a one-component developer without using a carrier and a two-component developer used with a carrier. As the carrier used with the toner of the present invention, known carriers can be used, for example, iron powder, a carrier composed of magnetic particles such as ferrite, a coated carrier in which the surface of the magnetic particles is coated with a coating material such as a resin, Alternatively, any of a binder-type carrier obtained by dispersing a magnetic fine powder in a binder resin can be used. As such a carrier, those having a volume average particle size of 15 to 100 μm, preferably 20 to 80 μm are suitable.
[0030]
The developer obtained as described above can maintain the initial charging characteristics without deterioration of the charging characteristics even in continuous use for a long period of time. A duplicate image can be provided.
The present invention is described in more detail by the following examples.
[0031]
【Example】
(Production of toner particles)
100 parts by weight of a styrene-acrylic resin (Tm = 118 ° C., Tg = 68 ° C.), 8 parts by weight of carbon black (Mogal L: manufactured by Cabot), and 3 parts by weight of low molecular weight polypropylene (Biscol 550P: manufactured by Sanyo Chemical) The mixture was sufficiently mixed with a Henschel mixer, kneaded with a twin-screw extruder, and cooled. The kneaded product was pulverized using a jet mill and classified by wind power to obtain toner particles having a volume average particle size of 9 μm.
[0032]
Example 1
Metal oxide fine particles having a composition weight ratio of SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 = 70/30 were obtained from Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., and subjected to elemental analysis by fluorescent X-ray analysis. ratio was identified as a Si 5 Al 2 O 13. The work function of the metal oxide fine particles was measured by a contact potentiometer (SSVII-10: manufactured by Kawaguchi Electric Co., Ltd.). The results are summarized in Table 2.
[0033]
Next, a mixed solution in which 2 g of hexamethyldisilazane was dissolved in 10 g of tetrahydrofuran was prepared, while the metal oxide fine particles were treated at 120 ° C. for 2 hours. 35 g of the metal oxide fine particles were put in a high-speed mixer, and the above-mentioned mixed solution was gradually added over 5 minutes while stirring at 2500 rpm. Further, 5 g of fine particles were added, and the mixture was stirred at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and then heat-treated in a constant temperature layer at 150 ° C. for 2 hours and crushed to obtain surface-modified metal oxide fine particles. The specific surface area of the metal oxide fine particles thus obtained was measured by a specific surface area meter (MS-12: manufactured by QUANTA CHROME), and the work function was again measured by a contact potentiometer (SSVII-10: manufactured by Kawaguchi Electric Company). Was measured. Further, the degree of hydrophobicity was measured by a method described later. These results are summarized in Table 2.
[0034]
0.8 parts by weight of the metal oxide fine particles were added to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the mixture was stirred for 2 minutes with a mixer to obtain a developer.
[0035]
Example 2
Metal oxide fine particles having a composition weight ratio of SiO 2 / TiO 2 = 70/30 were obtained from Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., and subjected to elemental analysis by fluorescent X-ray analysis. It was identified as Si 41 Ti 10 O 102 . A developer was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the metal oxide fine particles were used. The specific surface area, work function, and degree of hydrophobicity of the metal oxide fine particles were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and are shown in Table 2.
[0036]
Example 3
Metal oxide fine particles having a composition weight ratio of SiO 2 / B 2 O 3 = 95/5 were obtained from Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd. and subjected to elemental analysis by fluorescent X-ray analysis. The ratio was identified to be Si 68 B 10 O 151 . A developer was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the metal oxide fine particles were used. The specific surface area, work function, and degree of hydrophobicity of the metal oxide fine particles were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and are shown in Table 2.
[0037]
Example 4
Hydrophobic silica (R-974: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., work function 4.89, degree of hydrophobicity 35) was added to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles and 0.8 parts by weight of the hydrophobic metal oxide fine particles used in Example 1. %, Specific surface area 179 m 2 / g) and stirred with a mixer for 2 minutes to obtain a developer. The specific surface area, work function, and degree of hydrophobicity of the metal oxide fine particles were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and are shown in Table 2.
[0038]
Comparative Example 1
0.8 parts by weight of hydrophobic silica (RA200H: manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) was added to 100 parts by weight of the toner particles, and the mixture was stirred with a mixer for 2 minutes to obtain a developer. The specific surface area, work function, and hydrophobicity of the inorganic fine particles were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and are shown in Table 2.
[0039]
Comparative Example 2
A developer was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of hexamethyldisilazane was changed to 1 g. The specific surface area, work function, and degree of hydrophobicity of the metal oxide fine particles were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and are shown in Table 2.
[0040]
[Table 2]
[0041]
(Evaluation method)
The two-component developer was prepared by mixing the developers obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples with the carriers obtained as described below at a ratio of developer / carrier = 5/95. This developer was mounted on EP470Z (manufactured by Minolta), and a durability test of 10,000 sheets was performed at 23 ° C. and a relative humidity of 45% using a chart having a B / W ratio of 6%. Before and after this durability test, the amount of charge was measured and the toner fog on the background was visually ranked. The ranking is performed in accordance with the following. X is not practically usable, Δ or more is practically usable, ○ is desirable, and ◎ is more desirable. The charge amount was also measured for the developer after exposure to 35 ° C. and 85% relative humidity for 24 hours. Table 3 shows these evaluation results and measurement results.
[0042]
Fog ◎; no fog occurred on the image;
〇; Fog hardly occurred in the image;
Δ: fog was slightly generated in the image, but there was no practical problem;
X: Fogging occurred in the image, and there was a practical problem.
[0043]
Measurement of charge amount Measurement was performed by a blow-off method.
[0044]
[Table 3]
[0045]
(Example of carrier production)
100 parts by weight of a polyester resin (NE-1110: manufactured by Kao Corporation), 500 parts by weight of inorganic magnetic powder (EPT-1000: manufactured by Toda Kogyo Co., Ltd.), and 2 parts by weight of carbon black (MA # 8: manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) were mixed with a Henschel mixer. The mixture was melted and kneaded using an extrusion kneader, cooled, coarsely pulverized, finely pulverized with a jet mill, and further classified with an air classifier to obtain a binder type magnetic material having an average particle size of 55 μm. I got a career.
[0046]
(Measurement of hydrophobicity)
50 ml of pure water is placed in a 200 ml beaker, and 0.2 g of a sample is added. Methanol dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate was added from the burette with stirring, and the degree of hydrophobicity was calculated from the amount of methanol (C (cc)) required at the point where no sample was observed on the liquid surface as the end point, according to the following equation. .
Hydrophobicity (%) = 100C / (50 + C)
[0047]
【The invention's effect】
The developer of the present invention can adjust the chargeability by adding metal oxide fine particles, can maintain the initial chargeability even after long-term repeated use, and is excellent in environmental resistance. Further, by using inorganic fine particles having a diameter of 20 nm or less different from the hydrophobic metal oxide fine particles in combination with the developer of the present invention, problems such as background fog on copied images during repeated use over a long period of time can be further improved. Can be solved effectively.
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP34264397A JP3587671B2 (en) | 1997-12-12 | 1997-12-12 | Electrophotographic developer |
| US09/208,005 US6130020A (en) | 1997-12-12 | 1998-12-09 | Developing agent |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP34264397A JP3587671B2 (en) | 1997-12-12 | 1997-12-12 | Electrophotographic developer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11174726A JPH11174726A (en) | 1999-07-02 |
| JP3587671B2 true JP3587671B2 (en) | 2004-11-10 |
Family
ID=18355371
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP34264397A Expired - Fee Related JP3587671B2 (en) | 1997-12-12 | 1997-12-12 | Electrophotographic developer |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3587671B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8652725B2 (en) | 2009-12-04 | 2014-02-18 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Toner |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATE330256T1 (en) | 2001-07-11 | 2006-07-15 | Seiko Epson Corp | NON-MAGNETIC SINGLE-COMPONENT TONER, METHOD OF PRODUCTION AND IMAGE RECORDING APPARATUS |
| DE60306080T2 (en) | 2002-11-29 | 2006-11-30 | Canon K.K. | toner |
| US7390604B2 (en) | 2005-01-21 | 2008-06-24 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Negatively chargeable spherical toner, color image forming apparatus, and process for producing negatively chargeable spherical toner |
| JP4610603B2 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2011-01-12 | シャープ株式会社 | Toner, two-component developer, developing device and image forming apparatus |
| JP5623260B2 (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2014-11-12 | キヤノン株式会社 | toner |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0255206A (en) * | 1988-08-17 | 1990-02-23 | Nippon Aerojiru Kk | Fine powder of metallic oxide having modified surface |
| JPH0470847A (en) * | 1990-07-12 | 1992-03-05 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Toner for electrophotography |
| JPH09134030A (en) * | 1995-09-04 | 1997-05-20 | Canon Inc | Toner for developing electrostatic images |
| JP3778527B2 (en) * | 1996-04-09 | 2006-05-24 | アグロカネショウ株式会社 | Stable aqueous suspension composition of 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone |
-
1997
- 1997-12-12 JP JP34264397A patent/JP3587671B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8652725B2 (en) | 2009-12-04 | 2014-02-18 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Toner |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH11174726A (en) | 1999-07-02 |
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