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JP3596643B2 - Thermoelectric conversion material and thermoelectric conversion element - Google Patents
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JP3596643B2 - Thermoelectric conversion material and thermoelectric conversion element - Google Patents

Thermoelectric conversion material and thermoelectric conversion element Download PDF

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JP3596643B2
JP3596643B2 JP15892096A JP15892096A JP3596643B2 JP 3596643 B2 JP3596643 B2 JP 3596643B2 JP 15892096 A JP15892096 A JP 15892096A JP 15892096 A JP15892096 A JP 15892096A JP 3596643 B2 JP3596643 B2 JP 3596643B2
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thermoelectric conversion
temperature
thermoelectric
seebeck coefficient
conversion material
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JPH09321346A (en
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一郎 寺崎
久孝 矢加部
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International Superconductivity Technology Center
Tokyo Gas Co Ltd
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International Superconductivity Technology Center
Tokyo Gas Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、熱電変換材料及びこれを用いてなる熱電変換素子に関し、より具体的には液体窒素温度(−196℃)から400℃以上までの温度領域にわたって高い熱電変換特性を有する熱電変換材料及びこの熱電変換材料を用いてなる熱電変換素子に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
熱電発電(熱電気発電)は、ゼーベック効果すなわち相異なる二種の金属やp型半導体とn型半導体等の相異なる熱電発電材料を熱的に並列に置き、電気的に直列に接続して、接合部間に温度差を与えると、両端に熱起電力が発生する熱電効果を利用して、熱エネルギーを直接電力に変換する技術であり、外部に負荷を接続して閉回路を構成することにより回路に電流が流れ、電力を取り出すことができる。この技術は僻地用電源、宇宙用電源、軍事用電源等として一部で実用化されている。
【0003】
図1は、その熱電発電素子の一態様を原理的に説明する模式図であり、熱電変換材料としてn型半導体とp型半導体とを組み合わせたものである。図1中、1はp型半導体、2はn型半導体、3は高温側接合部、4は低温側接合部であり、Qは高温熱源、Thは高温側温度、Tcは低温側温度を示し、またSは絶縁空間である。図示のとおり高温側接合部には高温側電極5を共通に設け、低温側接合部には低温側電極6、7が別個に設けられている。この態様の熱電発電素子において、高温側接合部3と低温側接合部4との間に温度差ΔT=Th−Tcを与えると、両電極間(5と6及び7との間)に電圧が発生する。それ故低温側の両電極6と7との間に負荷(R)を接続すると電流(I)が流れ電力(W)として取り出すことができる。
【0004】
この種の熱電発電素子において、その電気出力Wは次式(1)で表わされる。ここで式(1)中、I:電流、R:負荷抵抗、S:熱電能、ΔT=Th−Tc、r:内部抵抗、m=R/rである。
【数 1】

Figure 0003596643
【0005】
式(1)から明らかなとおり、電気出力Wは、高温側温度と低温側温度との差に大きく依存し、ΔTの2乗に比例している。ところが材料の一端を加熱したときにΔTがどのくらい得られるかは、材料の熱伝導率κ(及び入熱Q、材料サイズ)によって決ってしまう。このためΔTを飛躍的に大きくすることはできず、ΔTをより大きくする工夫としては、せいぜい低温側の放熱を促進させるぐらいのものである。
【0006】
一方、そこで用いられる熱電素子材料自体については、これまでn−Bi88Sb12、n−PbTe(0.055mol%PbI )、p−BiTe(55)+SbTe(45)その他各種のものが知られているが、これらの熱電素子材料は、通常、以下に述べるとおりの性能指数Z(又は無次元性能指数ZT)によって評価される。
【0007】
まず熱電変換素子の最大効率ηmaxは次式(2)で与えられる。但し、式(2)中、Z=S/ρκ、S=ゼーベック係数、ρ=電気抵抗率、κ=熱伝導率、Th=高温側温度、Tc=低温側温度、T=(Th+Tc)/2である。
【数 2】
Figure 0003596643
【0008】
上記式(2)において、例えばTh=1300K、Tc=300Kであるとすると、ZT=1の場合、ηmax =13.8%となり、また同じ温度差1000Kで、ZT=2の場合にはηmax =21.9%となる。図2はこれまで知られている種々の熱電材料についての性能指数(Z)と温度変化の関係を示すものであるが〔昭和63年2月28日、(社)電気学会発行「新版電気工学ハンドブック」第848頁〕、その性能は概ねZT=1の壁を超えてはいない。この理由は、前記S、ρ、κは、本質的にすべてキャリヤ濃度の関数であり、独立に変化させることは極めて難しいという事情によるものである。
【0009】
実際、これまで様々な材料が熱電変換材料の候補として合成されてきたが、ZT=1を大きく上回るものは未だ発見されていない。また、特に低温度領域すなわち室温から400℃ないし500℃程度の温度領域で有効な熱電変換材料は、何れも温度依存性が大きいという問題点があった。例えば図2中に示されるpーBiTe(55)+SbTe(45)は優秀な熱電変換材料であるが、図2から明らかなとおり良好な特性を示す温度範囲は非常に狭い。
【0010】
熱電変換材料は、温度差から起電力を取り出したり、逆に電力を加えてヒートポンプとして冷却又は加熱に用いられる材料であるから、狭い温度範囲でしか良い特性が得られないのでは、その効果は半減してしまうことになる。熱電変換材料を特に発電に用いる場合には、前記式(2)から明らかなとおり、その熱電変換素子の最大効率は高温側と低温側との温度差に大きく依存することから、温度差を大きくとれないのでは(すなわち、大きい温度差があってもそれを有効に利用できないのでは)意味が薄い。
【0011】
また、従来産業用に用いられている代表的な熱電変換材料はBiTe系のものであるが、これを構成する元素Teの価格がやや高価であるという問題点があり、またそのドーパントとしてはSb等の有毒な元素を必要とするため、その製造上及び使用上、毒性に関する注意が必要であるばかりか、製品が使用終了後に廃棄された場合における環境への影響の点からしても好ましいものではない。
【0012】
上記BiTe系以外に実用化されている熱電変換材料としてはPbTe系、SiGe系、FeSi 系などがある。このうちPbTe系にはBiTe系と同様に価格と毒性の問題があり、またSiGe系の場合にはGeの材料費がTeより一層高価であるという問題がある。さらにFeSi 系の場合はそのような問題点はないものの、性能指数自体が決して高いとはいえず、このため電力を取り出す発電用の材料としては不向きである。
【0013】
ところで、従来、広い温度範囲で高い熱電変換特性を得るための手法として考えられているのは、異種の材料を接合して使用する方法であり、例えば日刊工業新聞社発行、上村、西田著「熱電半導体とその応用」p.95〜100には、分割接合型熱電発電素子及びカスケード型熱電発電素子について紹介されている。これら素子は何れも高温で特性のよい材料と低温で特性のよい材料とを組み合わせて用いる手法であるが、このような素子は、その製造に手間がかかるばかりでなく、両材料の接合部分で熱抵抗が生じるほか、該接合部分の強度的な信頼性にも注意を払う必要があるなどの諸問題がある。
【0014】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
そこで本発明は、従来の熱電変換材料における以上のような問題点を解決するためになされたものであり、例えば上記のような手法では既知の熱電変換材料を組み合わせて変換効率を高めようとするものであるが、本発明者等は単一の物質で広い温度範囲に有効な熱電変換材料について鋭意研究、開発を続けたところ、3d遷移金属を含む複合酸化物である鉄系酸化物、コバルト系酸化物及びニッケル系酸化物が優れた熱電変換特性を有し熱電変換材料としてきわめて有効であることを見い出し、本発明に到達するに至ったものである。
【0015】
すなわち、本発明は、アルカリ金属と鉄、ニッケル又はコバルトからなる3d遷移金属との複合酸化物又はそれらに一定の元素置換を施した複合酸化物からなり、液体窒素温度(−196℃)から400℃以上にも及ぶ広い温度範囲で高い熱電変換特性を有し、しかも安価で且つ安全な熱電変換材料及びこの熱電変換材料を用いた熱電変換素子を提供することを目的とする。
【0016】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、Fe、Co及びNiからなる群から選ばれた3d遷移金属を含む複合酸化物からなることを特徴とする熱電変換材料(但し、該複合酸化物を構成する他の元素はLi、Na、Kからなる群から選ばれた元素、又は、Li、Na、Kからなる群から選ばれた元素及びMg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Bi、Teからなる群から選ばれた元素である)を提供し、また本発明はFeイオン、Coイオン及びNiイオンからなる群から選ばれた非整数の価数pを持つ3d遷移金属イオンを含む複合酸化物からなることを特徴とする熱電変換材料(但し、該複合酸化物を構成する他の元素イオンはLi、Na、Kからなる群から選ばれた元素イオン、又は、Li、Na、Kからなる群から選ばれた元素イオン及びMg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Bi、Teからなる群から選ばれた元素イオンである)を提供し、さらに本発明は、上記非整数の価数pを持つ3d遷移金属イオンを含む複合酸化物が、価数pが3<p<4であるCop+イオンを含む複合酸化物である熱電変換材料を提供する。
【0017】
また本発明は、元素組成式ACoxOy(式中AはLi、Na又はKであり、xは1≦x≦2、yは2≦y≦4である)で表わされる熱電変換材料を提供し、また本発明は、元素組成式(A1−Z)CoxOy〔式中、AはLi、Na又はK、BはMg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Bi又はTe、zは0<z<1であり、xは1≦x≦2、yは2≦y≦4である〕で表わされる熱電変換材料を提供し、さらに本発明は以上の熱電変換材料を用いてなることを特徴とする熱電変換素子を提供する。
【0018】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明に係る上記熱電変換材料は、金属的な伝導特性を示すにも拘わらず、ゼーベック係数の大きい物質からなる熱電変換材料である。通常の金属的伝導特性を有する酸化物はゼーベック係数の値は小さいというのが一般的であるにも拘わらず、本発明におけるFe、Co及びNiからなる群から選ばれた3d遷移金属を含む複合酸化物では、ゼーベック係数のみが異常に大きいという特性を持っており、この点できわめて特異的である。
【0019】
すなわち、通常の金属の場合、抵抗率“ρ”と移動度“μ”との関係は、式ρ=1/(n×e×μ)で表わされる。ただしnはキャリア濃度、eは電気素量である。したがって、一般的にキャリア濃度nが大きい程、また移動度μが大きい程、抵抗率ρが小さくなる。ところが、本発明に係る上記物質は抵抗率ρが小さくしかも移動度μも小さいという、金属的伝導特性を有している。そして、この点通常の金属では、抵抗率ρが小さい物質のゼーベック係数は小さい(通常、数μV/K程度)。これに対して本発明に係る上記物質においては、下記の理由により、そのように大きいゼーベック係数を示し、熱電変換材料として優れた特性を有するものである。
【0020】
通常の金属の場合、そのゼーベック係数Sは、通常式S=S+S〔以下、式(3)とする〕で表わされ、S及びSはそれぞれ下記式で示される。ここで式中、k はボルツマン定数、Tは温度、Eはエネルギー、ε はフェルミエネルギー、τ(E)は電子の散乱時間である。
【数 3】
Figure 0003596643
【数 4】
Figure 0003596643
【0021】
上記式(3)において、通常は
【数5】
Figure 0003596643
であり、その結果ゼーベック係数SはS≒S となる。そして一般的にε>>kTであるから、金属のゼーベック係数は小さいものとなり、また、
【数6】
Figure 0003596643
であるために、キャリア濃度が増加する程ゼーベック係数は小さくなる。一方、本発明に係る熱電変換材料を構成する物質ではdτ(E)/dE≠0であるためにゼーベック係数SはS=S+Sと表わされ、S 部分の寄与が大きいためにゼーベック係数が大きくなっている。また、ドーピングによりdτ(E)/dEの寄与を変化させることによって、ゼーベック係数と電気伝導率を独立に変化させることが可能である。
【数 5】
【数 6】
【0022】
以下、3d遷移金属がCoである場合を例にして、これを中心に説明するが、Fe及びNiの場合についても同様である。3d遷移金属がCoである場合、本発明に係る熱電変換材料は元素組成式ACoxOy(式中、AはLi、Na又はKであり、xは1≦x≦2、yは2≦y≦4である)及びこの一部に元素置換を施した元素組成式(A1−Z)CoxOy〔式中、AはLi、Na又はK、BはMg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Bi又はTe、zは0<z<1の範囲であり、xは1≦x≦2、yは2≦y≦4である〕で表わされる一連の物質(以下「コバルト系酸化物」という)からなる熱電変換材料である。
【0023】
コバルト系酸化物は物質自体としては既知のもので、電気伝導性や磁性について一部研究されているが、本発明に係るコバルト系酸化物は各種複合酸化物を製造する場合と同様にして製造することができる。例えば炭酸ナトリウムや酢酸ナトリウム等のアルカリ金属化合物と酸化コバルト、炭酸コバルト等のコバルト化合物等を均一に混合し、焼成することにより得られ、一部に元素置換を施したコバルト系酸化物を得る場合には、原料組成中置換元素を含む化合物(例えばSrを置換する場合には炭酸ストロンチウム等)を添加して製造される。また、コバルトを含む複合酸化物を単結晶として構成する場合には、その原料混合物を溶融し、その溶融物を徐冷しながら成長させることにより製造することができる。
【0024】
本発明に係る上記コバルト系複合酸化物のゼーベック係数は非常に大きい。例えばコバルト系複合酸化物の一つであるNaCoOy は金属的な電気伝導を示す物質であり、通常、このような物質のゼーベック係数は数μV/K程度と低いものであるが、NaCoOy のゼーベック係数は、後記実施例1で述べるように、突出して大きいことが分かった。このことは、NaCoOy の熱起電力が従来熱電変換材料として一般的に用いられているBiTe等の縮退半導体とは異なる機構で発生していることを示唆している。
【0025】
従来知られているような縮退半導体をベースとした熱電変換材料の場合には、電気伝導度はキャリア濃度の増加に伴って増加する一方、ゼーベック係数はキャリア濃度の増加に伴って減少してしまい、性能指数はキャリア濃度の関数として一意的に決定されてしまう。すなわち、その性能指数には最大値があり、異種元素をドーピングすることによってキャリア濃度を変化させても、性能指数はこの最大値を越えることができない。
【0026】
しかし、コバルト系複合酸化物の場合は、縮退半導体とは異なる機構で熱起電力が生じているため、ドーピングによって電気伝導度とゼーベック係数とを独立に変化させることが可能である。換言すれば、大きなゼーベック係数を保ったまま、電気伝導度のみを大きくすることも可能であり、ドーピングによって、従来なかったような高い性能指数を得ることができる。
【0027】
コバルト系複合酸化物のゼーベック係数は、性能指数が最も大きいBiTe系熱電変換材料のピーク値の約50%であるが、室温から400℃以上の広い温度範囲にわたってほぼ一定の値を示し、このため熱電発電材料として用いる場合にはBiTe系熱電変換材料以上に有効である。また、本材料の構成元素は酸素、コバルト、ナトリウム(又はカリウム)等の元素であり、これらは原材料費が安く、毒性もないため、特に民生用に用いるのに大いに有利である。また室温よりも低温ではゼーベック係数は温度の低下にともなって減少するものの、液体窒素温度(−196℃)付近までは十分使用可能な値を維持するので、液化天然ガス(LNG)等の冷熱を利用した発電に利用することもできる。
【0028】
コバルト系複合酸化物に関する以上の諸点はFeの複合酸化物及びNiの複合酸化物の場合についても同様であるが、それらの製造原料としては、鉄系複合酸化物の場合には、例えば炭酸ナトリウムや酢酸ナトリウム等のアルカリ金属化合物と酸化鉄、炭酸鉄等の鉄化合物が用いられ、またニッケル系複合酸化物の場合には、例えば炭酸ナトリウムや酢酸ナトリウム等のアルカリ金属化合物と酸化ニッケル、炭酸ニッケル、酢酸ニッケル等のニッケル化合物が用いられ、また一部に元素置換を施した鉄系複合酸化物又はニッケル系複合酸化物の場合には、原料組成中置換元素を含む化合物(例えばSrを置換する場合には炭酸ストロンチウム等)を添加して製造される。
【0029】
また本発明においては、以上の鉄系複合酸化物、コバルト系複合酸化物又はニッケル系複合酸化物からなる熱電変換材料を用いることにより、温度差から起電力を取り出したり、逆に電力を加えてヒートポンプとして冷却又は加熱に用いる熱電変換素子を構成する。その熱電変換素子の構成の仕方としては、熱電変換材料を用いて熱電変換素子を構成する従来における態様と同様に構成することができ、その一例として熱電発電素子を構成する場合、例えば図1に示すような態様で構成することができる。
【0030】
前述のとおり、図1においては、符号1及び2をそれぞれp型半導体及びn型半導体として説明しているが、本発明に係る熱電変換素子においてはこれら1及び2として示す材料の一方又は双方として上記鉄系複合酸化物、コバルト系複合酸化物又はニッケル系複合酸化物からなる熱電変換材料を組み合わせて使用し、高温側電極5、低温側電極6、7、或いは絶縁空間S等のその余の構成については前述と同様に構成される。
【0031】
【実施例】
以下、本発明の実施例を説明するが、本発明がこの実施例に限定されないことは勿論である。実施例1では組成 NaCoOy(y≒4)のコバルト酸化物について、実施例2では(Na0.9Sr0.1)CoOy〔y≒4〕 のコバルト酸化物について、さらに実施例3では組成 NaCoOy(y≒4)のコバルト酸化物を単結晶とした場合について記載している。
【0032】
《実施例1》
組成 NaCoOy(y≒4)のコバルト酸化物を合成し、その熱電特性等を測定、検討した。この材料の合成は次のように行った。原料としてNaCO及びCoの粉末を用いた。この2種類の原料粉をNa:Co=1.2:2の組成比となるように均一に混合した。Naをやや多めにしたのは、合成の途中でNaが蒸発又は昇華する可能性を考慮したためである。得られた混合粉末を400kg/cm の圧力でペレット状に成型し、温度860℃で8時間仮焼した。仮焼した試料を再び粉砕した後、Naを10wt%加えて混合し、500kg/cm の圧力でロッド状等の所定の形状に成型した。その後温度860℃で10時間本焼成してサンプルを得、このサンプルについて評価試験を行った。
【0033】
評価方法としては、まずX線回折法により所望の物質が得られているかを確認した。次に室温から450℃までの温度範囲において、ゼーベック係数と電気抵抗率とを測定した。ゼーベック係数の測定は以下のようにして行った。ロッド状に焼成したサンプルを電気炉内に入れて所定の温度に加熱しながら、サンプルの上端のみを別に加熱した。これによってサンプルの上端と下端との間には約5℃の温度差がつき、熱起電力が発生する。この起電力を電圧計で測定することにより、ゼーベック係数が求められる。電気抵抗率の測定はロッド状に焼成したサンプルを電気炉内に入れて所定の温度に加熱し、直流4端子法を用いて行った。
【0034】
図3〜図5は以上の評価試験の結果であり、それぞれ、X線回折の結果を図3に、またゼーベック係数を図4に、電気抵抗率を図5に示す。図3においては酸化コバルト等のピークは観察されず、得られた材料が正に単相のNaCoOy であることを示している。また図4のとおりゼーベック係数は室温から450℃までの温度範囲で100μV/Kから120μV/K程度まで緩やかに上昇している。さらに図5のとおり、電気抵抗についても上記と同じ温度範囲で2.0mΩ・cmから2.5mΩ・cmへと緩やかに変化している。これらの測定結果は本材料が室温から400℃以上までの広い温度領域にわたって高い熱電特性を示すことを証している。
【0035】
《実施例2》
ゼーベック係数、電気抵抗率、熱伝導度等の物性は、適当な元素をドーパントとして少量添加することによって変化させることができる。本実施例2では(Na0.9Sr0.1)CoOy〔y≒4〕 を合成し、その熱電特性等を測定した。合成方法は次のとおりである。すなわち原料としてNaCO、SrCO、Co 粉末を用いた。これら原料粉を(Na、Sr):Co=1.2:2、Na:Sr=9:1の組成比となるように均一に混合した。Naをやや多めにしたのは合成途中でNaが蒸発又は昇華する可能性を考慮したためである。次いで得られた混合物を400kg/cm の圧力でペレット状に成型し、860℃で8時間仮焼した。仮焼した試料を再び粉砕した後、Naを5wt%加えて混合し、500kg/cm の圧力で所定の形状に成型し、800℃で10時間本焼成してサンプルを得た。
【0036】
評価方法は、まずX線回折法により所望の物質が得られているかを確認した。次に、室温から450℃までの温度範囲において、ゼーベック係数と電気抵抗率とを測定した。測定方法は実施例1の場合と同じである。X線回折の結果を図6に、ゼーベック係数を図7に、電気抵抗率を図8にそれぞれ示す。図6から明らかなとおり酸化コバルト、酸化ストロンチウム等のピークは観察されず、得られた材料が単相になっていることが分かる。またピークの位置が図3と比べて多少変化しており、SrとNaとが固溶していることを示している。
【0037】
また図7のとおり、ゼーベック係数は室温から450℃までの温度範囲で110μV/Kから140μV/K程度まで緩やかに上昇している。これはストロンチウムをドープすることによって特性が10%以上改善されたことを表わしている。さらに図8のとおり、電気抵抗は3.5mΩ・cmから5mΩ・cmとなっており、ドープなしの材料よりも高くなっているが、ドープによって熱伝導度が低下すると考えられることから、性能指数はゼーベック係数が向上した分だけ向上していると予想される。このように、この材料も室温から400℃以上に及ぶ広い温度領域にわたって高い熱電特性を示すことを証明している。
【0038】
《実施例3》
以上実施例1〜2では多結晶焼結体を使用したが、本実施例3ではNaCo Oy〔y≒4〕の単結晶を製造し、その熱電特性等を測定した。合成方法は次のとおりである。原料としてNaCO粉末及びCo粉末を用いた。これら原料粉をNaとCoの組成比が1:1となるように均一に混合した。次いで得られた混合物を電気炉中で溶融し(溶融温度=900℃)、原料Naと等量のNaClを添加した後、徐冷速度5℃/分で徐冷し、約2mm角の単結晶からなるサンプルを得た。
【0039】
評価方法は、温度1K(絶対温度)から450℃までの温度範囲において、ゼーベック係数と電気抵抗率とを測定した。測定方法は実施例1の場合と同じである。図9にゼーベック係数(温度290Kまで)を、図10に電気抵抗率(温度230Kまで)を示している。図9から明らかなとおり、ゼーベック係数は絶対温度17Kにおける0μV/Kから急激に上昇し、190K(≒液体窒素温度)では50μV/K強の値を示し、290Kではほぼ90μV/Kの値を示している。また図10のとおり、電気抵抗は60μΩ・cm(=0.06mΩ・cm)から漸次増大はするが、温度200Kでも240μΩ・cm(=m0.24mΩ・cm)程度の値であり、以降上昇はするがその傾向は緩慢である。このように極低温以降、特に液体窒素温度から400℃以上に及ぶ広い温度領域にわたって有効な熱電特性を示すことを証明している。
【0040】
【発明の効果】
以上のとおり、本発明に係る熱電変換材料は液体窒素温度から400℃以上に及ぶ広い温度範囲にわたって高い熱電変換特性を有し、また本材料は酸素、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、ナトリウム(又はカリウム)等の元素で構成されているため、原材料費が安価であり、しかも毒性もないため、特に民生用に適用する場合に大いに有利であり、また室温よりも低温ではゼーベック係数は温度の低下にともなって減少するものの、液体窒素温度(−196℃)付近までは十分使用可能な値を維持するので、液化天然ガス(LNG)等の冷熱を利用した発電に利用することもできるなどすぐれた効果が得られる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】熱電発電素子の一態様を原理的に説明する模式図。
【図2】各種熱電材料についての性能指数(Z)と温度変化の関係を示す図。
【図3】実施例1における組成NaCoOy(y≒4) のX線回折の結果を示す図〔縦軸は強度(Arbitrary Unit)〕。
【図4】実施例1における組成NaCoOyのゼーベック係数を示す図。
【図5】実施例1における組成NaCoOyの電気抵抗率を示す図。
【図6】実施例2における組成(Na0.9Sr0.1)CoOy(y≒4) のX線回折の結果を示す図〔縦軸は強度(Arbitrary Unit)〕。
【図7】実施例2における組成(Na0.9Sr0.1)CoOy のゼーベック係数を示す図。
【図8】実施例2における組成(Na0.9Sr0.1)CoOy の電気抵抗率を示す図。
【図9】実施例3における組成NaCoOy(y≒4) のゼーベック係数を示す図。
【図10】実施例3における組成NaCoOy の電気抵抗率を示す図。
【符号の説明】
1 p型半導体
2 n型半導体
3 高温側接合部
4 低温側接合部
5 高温側電極
6、7 低温側電極
S 絶縁空間[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a thermoelectric conversion material and a thermoelectric conversion element using the same, and more specifically, a thermoelectric conversion material having high thermoelectric conversion characteristics over a temperature range from liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 ° C.) to 400 ° C. or higher, and The present invention relates to a thermoelectric conversion element using the thermoelectric conversion material.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Thermoelectric power generation (thermoelectric power generation) is the Seebeck effect, that is, two different kinds of metals or different thermoelectric power generation materials such as a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor are thermally placed in parallel and electrically connected in series. This technology converts the thermal energy directly into electric power by using the thermoelectric effect that generates a thermoelectromotive force at both ends when a temperature difference is given between the joints. As a result, a current flows through the circuit and power can be taken out. This technology has been partially used as a power source for remote areas, a power source for space, a power source for military use, and the like.
[0003]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining in principle one embodiment of the thermoelectric power generation element, in which an n-type semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor are combined as a thermoelectric conversion material. In FIG. 1, 1 is a p-type semiconductor, 2 is an n-type semiconductor, 3 is a high-temperature side junction, 4 is a low-temperature side junction, Q is a high-temperature heat source, Th is a high-temperature side, and Tc is a low-temperature side. , And S is an insulating space. As shown in the drawing, the high-temperature side electrode 5 is commonly provided at the high-temperature side joint, and the low-temperature side electrodes 6 and 7 are separately provided at the low-temperature side joint. In the thermoelectric generator of this embodiment, when a temperature difference ΔT = Th−Tc is given between the high-temperature side junction 3 and the low-temperature side junction 4, a voltage is applied between both electrodes (between 5 and 6 and 7). appear. Therefore, when a load (R) is connected between both electrodes 6 and 7 on the low temperature side, a current (I) flows and electric power (W) can be taken out.
[0004]
In this type of thermoelectric generator, the electric output W is represented by the following equation (1). Here, in equation (1), I: current, R: load resistance, S: thermoelectric power, ΔT = Th−Tc, r: internal resistance, and m = R / r.
[Equation 1]
Figure 0003596643
[0005]
As is clear from the equation (1), the electric output W greatly depends on the difference between the high-temperature side temperature and the low-temperature side temperature, and is proportional to the square of ΔT. However, how much ΔT is obtained when one end of the material is heated depends on the thermal conductivity κ (and heat input Q, material size) of the material. For this reason, ΔT cannot be increased drastically, and a device for increasing ΔT is to promote heat radiation on the low-temperature side at best.
[0006]
Meanwhile, the thermoelectric element material itself used where ever n-Bi 88 Sb 12, n -PbTe (0.055mol% PbI 2), p-Bi 2 Te 3 (55) + Sb 2 Te 3 (45) Others Although various types are known, these thermoelectric element materials are usually evaluated by a performance index Z (or a dimensionless performance index ZT) as described below.
[0007]
First, the maximum efficiency η max of the thermoelectric conversion element is given by the following equation (2). Where, in equation (2), Z = S 2 / ρκ, S = Seebeck coefficient, ρ = electrical resistivity, κ = thermal conductivity, Th = high temperature side, Tc = low temperature side, T = (Th + Tc) / 2.
[Equation 2]
Figure 0003596643
[0008]
In the above equation (2), for example, if Th = 1300 K and Tc = 300 K, η max = 13.8% in the case of ZT = 1, and η max in the case of ZT = 2 with the same temperature difference of 1000 K. max = 21.9%. FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the performance index (Z) of various known thermoelectric materials and the temperature change. [February 28, 1988, published by The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, "New Edition of Electrical Engineering" Handbook, p. 848], whose performance does not generally exceed the ZT = 1 barrier. The reason for this is that S, ρ, and κ are essentially all functions of the carrier concentration and are extremely difficult to change independently.
[0009]
In fact, various materials have been synthesized as thermoelectric conversion material candidates so far, but those far exceeding ZT = 1 have not been found yet. Further, any thermoelectric conversion material that is effective particularly in a low temperature region, that is, a temperature region from room temperature to about 400 ° C. to 500 ° C. has a problem that the temperature dependency is large. For example, FIG p over represented in 2 Bi 2 Te 3 (55) + Sb 2 Te 3 (45) is an excellent thermoelectric conversion material, the temperature range showing a clear as good characteristics from FIG. 2 is very narrow .
[0010]
The thermoelectric conversion material is a material that is used for cooling or heating as a heat pump by extracting the electromotive force from the temperature difference, or conversely, applying power, so if good characteristics can be obtained only in a narrow temperature range, the effect is It will be halved. When the thermoelectric conversion material is used particularly for power generation, the maximum efficiency of the thermoelectric conversion element greatly depends on the temperature difference between the high-temperature side and the low-temperature side, as is apparent from the equation (2). It is meaningless if it cannot be taken (that is, even if there is a large temperature difference, it cannot be used effectively).
[0011]
In addition, a typical thermoelectric conversion material conventionally used for industrial use is a Bi 2 Te 3 type material. However, there is a problem that the element Te constituting the material is slightly expensive, Requires toxic elements such as Sb, so it is necessary not only to pay attention to toxicity in production and use, but also in terms of environmental impact when the product is discarded after use. Is also not preferred.
[0012]
The Bi 2 Te PbTe system 3 as a thermoelectric conversion material has been put to practical use other than system, SiGe-based, and the like FeSi 2 based. Among them, PbTe has problems of price and toxicity similarly to Bi 2 Te 3, and SiGe has a problem that the material cost of Ge is much higher than that of Te. Further, in the case of the FeSi 2 system, although there is no such problem, the figure of merit itself cannot be said to be high, and therefore, it is not suitable as a power generation material for extracting electric power.
[0013]
By the way, conventionally, as a method for obtaining high thermoelectric conversion characteristics in a wide temperature range, a method of joining and using different kinds of materials is used. For example, published by Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, Uemura, Nishida, Thermoelectric semiconductors and their applications "p. 95 to 100, a split junction type thermoelectric generator and a cascade type thermoelectric generator are introduced. Each of these devices is a method of using a combination of a material having good characteristics at high temperature and a material having good characteristics at low temperature. In addition to heat resistance, there are various problems such as the need to pay attention to the strength reliability of the joint.
[0014]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Therefore, the present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned problems in the conventional thermoelectric conversion material. For example, in the above-described method, the conversion efficiency is increased by combining known thermoelectric conversion materials. However, the present inventors have conducted intensive research and development on a thermoelectric conversion material that is effective over a wide temperature range with a single substance. It has been found that a system oxide and a nickel system oxide have excellent thermoelectric conversion characteristics and are extremely effective as a thermoelectric conversion material, and have reached the present invention.
[0015]
That is, the present invention comprises a composite oxide of an alkali metal and a 3d transition metal composed of iron, nickel or cobalt or a composite oxide obtained by subjecting them to a certain element substitution. It is an object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive and safe thermoelectric conversion material having high thermoelectric conversion characteristics in a wide temperature range of not less than ° C. and a thermoelectric conversion element using the thermoelectric conversion material.
[0016]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention provides a thermoelectric conversion material comprising a composite oxide containing a 3d transition metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co and Ni (provided that the other elements constituting the composite oxide are Li, An element selected from the group consisting of Na and K, or an element selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, and an element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Bi, and Te And a composite oxide containing a 3d transition metal ion having a non-integer valence p selected from the group consisting of Fe ions, Co ions and Ni ions. (Where the other element ions constituting the composite oxide are element ions selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, or element ions selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K) And Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba Sc, Y, Bi, and Te), and the present invention further provides a composite oxide containing a 3d transition metal ion having a non-integer valence p. Provided is a thermoelectric conversion material which is a composite oxide containing Co p + ions in which p is 3 <p <4.
[0017]
The present invention also provides a thermoelectric conversion material represented by an elemental composition formula ACoxOy (where A is Li, Na or K, x is 1 ≦ x ≦ 2, and y is 2 ≦ y ≦ 4), the present invention, elemental composition formula (A Z B 1-Z) CoxOy [wherein, A is Li, Na or K, B is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Bi or Te, z is 0 <Z <1, x is 1 ≦ x ≦ 2, y is 2 ≦ y ≦ 4], and the present invention further provides a thermoelectric conversion material using the above thermoelectric conversion material. A thermoelectric conversion element is provided.
[0018]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The thermoelectric conversion material according to the present invention is a thermoelectric conversion material made of a substance having a large Seebeck coefficient despite exhibiting metallic conduction characteristics. Despite the fact that oxides having ordinary metallic conduction properties generally have a small Seebeck coefficient value, a composite containing a 3d transition metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co and Ni in the present invention. Oxides have the property that only the Seebeck coefficient is unusually large, and are very specific in this respect.
[0019]
That is, in the case of a normal metal, the relationship between the resistivity “ρ” and the mobility “μ” is expressed by the equation ρ = 1 / (n × e × μ). Here, n is the carrier concentration and e is the elementary charge. Therefore, the resistivity ρ generally decreases as the carrier concentration n increases and the mobility μ increases. However, the above-mentioned substance according to the present invention has metallic conduction properties such that the resistivity ρ is small and the mobility μ is small. In this respect, in a normal metal, the Seebeck coefficient of a substance having a small resistivity ρ is small (generally, about several μV / K). On the other hand, the substance according to the present invention exhibits such a large Seebeck coefficient for the following reasons, and has excellent properties as a thermoelectric conversion material.
[0020]
For normal metals, the Seebeck coefficient S is usually formula S = S N + S A [hereinafter, equation (3) to] represented by, respectively, S N and S A represented by the following formula. Here in the formula, k B is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, E is the energy, the epsilon F is the Fermi energy, tau (E) is the electron scattering time.
[Equation 3]
Figure 0003596643
[Equation 4]
Figure 0003596643
[0021]
In the above equation (3), usually,
Figure 0003596643
As a result, the Seebeck coefficient S becomes S ≒ SN . In general, since ε F >> k B T, the Seebeck coefficient of the metal is small, and
(Equation 6)
Figure 0003596643
Therefore, as the carrier concentration increases, the Seebeck coefficient decreases. On the other hand, the Seebeck coefficient S in order to be dτ (E) / dE ≠ 0 is a material constituting the thermoelectric conversion material according to the present invention is expressed as S = S N + S A, for the contribution of S A portion is large Seebeck coefficient is large. Also, by changing the contribution of dτ (E) / dE by doping, it is possible to independently change the Seebeck coefficient and the electric conductivity.
[Equation 5]
[Equation 6]
[0022]
Hereinafter, the case where the 3d transition metal is Co will be mainly described by way of example, but the same applies to the case of Fe and Ni. When the 3d transition metal is Co, the thermoelectric conversion material according to the present invention has an elemental composition of ACoxOy (where A is Li, Na or K, x is 1 ≦ x ≦ 2, and y is 2 ≦ y ≦ 4). in a) and element substitution alms elemental composition formula (in a Z B 1-Z) CoxOy [wherein this portion, a is Li, Na or K, B is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y , Bi or Te, z is in the range of 0 <z <1, x is 1 ≦ x ≦ 2, y is 2 ≦ y ≦ 4] (hereinafter referred to as “cobalt-based oxide”). ).
[0023]
Cobalt-based oxides are known as substances themselves, and some studies have been made on their electrical conductivity and magnetism. However, the cobalt-based oxides according to the present invention are manufactured in the same manner as when manufacturing various composite oxides. can do. For example, when an alkali metal compound such as sodium carbonate and sodium acetate and a cobalt compound such as cobalt oxide and cobalt carbonate are uniformly mixed and calcined to obtain a cobalt-based oxide partially obtained by element substitution. Is prepared by adding a compound containing a substitution element in the raw material composition (for example, strontium carbonate when substituting Sr). When the composite oxide containing cobalt is formed as a single crystal, the composite oxide can be manufactured by melting the raw material mixture and growing the melt while cooling it gradually.
[0024]
The Seebeck coefficient of the cobalt-based composite oxide according to the present invention is very large. For example, NaCo 2 Oy, which is one of cobalt-based composite oxides, is a substance exhibiting metallic electrical conductivity. Generally, such a substance has a low Seebeck coefficient of about several μV / K, but NaCo 2 Oy. It was found that the Seebeck coefficient of Oy was remarkably large as described in Example 1 below. This suggests that the thermoelectromotive force of NaCo 2 Oy is generated by a mechanism different from that of a degenerate semiconductor such as Bi 2 Te 3 generally used as a conventional thermoelectric conversion material.
[0025]
In the case of a thermoelectric conversion material based on a degenerate semiconductor as conventionally known, the electric conductivity increases with an increase in the carrier concentration, while the Seebeck coefficient decreases with an increase in the carrier concentration. , The figure of merit is uniquely determined as a function of the carrier concentration. That is, the figure of merit has a maximum value, and even if the carrier concentration is changed by doping with a different element, the figure of merit cannot exceed this maximum value.
[0026]
However, in the case of the cobalt-based composite oxide, since the thermoelectromotive force is generated by a mechanism different from that of the degenerate semiconductor, the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient can be independently changed by doping. In other words, it is also possible to increase only the electric conductivity while maintaining a large Seebeck coefficient, and a high figure of merit that has not been obtained before can be obtained by doping.
[0027]
The Seebeck coefficient of the cobalt-based composite oxide is about 50% of the peak value of the Bi 2 Te 3 -based thermoelectric conversion material having the highest figure of merit, but shows a substantially constant value over a wide temperature range from room temperature to 400 ° C. or more. is effective in more than Bi 2 Te 3 -based thermoelectric conversion material when used as Therefore thermoelectric generation material. In addition, the constituent elements of the present material are elements such as oxygen, cobalt, and sodium (or potassium), and these are very advantageous particularly for consumer use because the raw material cost is low and there is no toxicity. At a temperature lower than room temperature, the Seebeck coefficient decreases with a decrease in temperature, but a sufficiently usable value is maintained up to around liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 ° C.), so that the cooling heat of liquefied natural gas (LNG) or the like is reduced. It can also be used for power generation.
[0028]
The above points regarding the cobalt-based composite oxide are the same for the case of the Fe-based composite oxide and the case of the Ni-based composite oxide. And an alkali metal compound such as sodium acetate and an iron compound such as iron oxide and iron carbonate. In the case of a nickel-based composite oxide, for example, an alkali metal compound such as sodium carbonate and sodium acetate and nickel oxide and nickel carbonate are used. , A nickel compound such as nickel acetate is used, and in the case of an iron-based composite oxide or a nickel-based composite oxide partially subjected to element substitution, a compound containing a substitution element in the raw material composition (for example, Sr is substituted) In this case, strontium carbonate is added.
[0029]
Further, in the present invention, by using a thermoelectric conversion material composed of the above-described iron-based composite oxide, cobalt-based composite oxide, or nickel-based composite oxide, an electromotive force is extracted from a temperature difference, or conversely, power is applied. A thermoelectric conversion element used for cooling or heating is configured as a heat pump. The thermoelectric conversion element can be configured in the same manner as a conventional mode of configuring a thermoelectric conversion element using a thermoelectric conversion material. For example, when a thermoelectric generation element is configured, for example, FIG. It can be configured in the manner shown.
[0030]
As described above, in FIG. 1, reference numerals 1 and 2 are described as a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor, respectively, but in the thermoelectric conversion element according to the present invention, one or both of these materials shown as 1 and 2 are used. A thermoelectric conversion material composed of the above-mentioned iron-based composite oxide, cobalt-based composite oxide, or nickel-based composite oxide is used in combination, and the other components such as the high-temperature side electrode 5, the low-temperature side electrodes 6, 7 or the insulating space S are used. The configuration is the same as described above.
[0031]
【Example】
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described, but it goes without saying that the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. In Example 1, a cobalt oxide having a composition of NaCo 2 Oy (y ≒ 4) was used. In Example 2, a cobalt oxide having a composition of (Na 0.9 Sr 0.1 ) Co 2 Oy [y ≒ 4] was used. No. 3 describes a case where a cobalt oxide having a composition of NaCo 2 Oy (y ≒ 4) is a single crystal.
[0032]
<< Example 1 >>
A cobalt oxide having a composition of NaCo 2 Oy (y ≒ 4) was synthesized, and its thermoelectric properties and the like were measured and examined. The synthesis of this material was performed as follows. Powders of Na 2 CO 3 and Co 3 O 4 were used as raw materials. These two types of raw material powders were uniformly mixed so as to have a composition ratio of Na: Co = 1.2: 2. The reason why Na was slightly increased was to take into account the possibility that Na would evaporate or sublime during the synthesis. The obtained mixed powder was formed into a pellet at a pressure of 400 kg / cm 2 and calcined at a temperature of 860 ° C. for 8 hours. After the calcined sample was pulverized again, 10 wt% of Na was added and mixed, and molded into a predetermined shape such as a rod shape at a pressure of 500 kg / cm 2 . Thereafter, the sample was baked at a temperature of 860 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain a sample, and an evaluation test was performed on the sample.
[0033]
As an evaluation method, first, it was confirmed whether a desired substance was obtained by an X-ray diffraction method. Next, the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical resistivity were measured in a temperature range from room temperature to 450 ° C. The measurement of the Seebeck coefficient was performed as follows. While the sample fired in a rod shape was placed in an electric furnace and heated to a predetermined temperature, only the upper end of the sample was separately heated. This causes a temperature difference of about 5 ° C. between the upper end and the lower end of the sample, and a thermoelectromotive force is generated. The Seebeck coefficient is determined by measuring the electromotive force with a voltmeter. The electrical resistivity was measured by placing the rod-shaped sample in an electric furnace, heating the sample to a predetermined temperature, and using a DC four-terminal method.
[0034]
3 to 5 show the results of the above evaluation tests. FIG. 3 shows the results of X-ray diffraction, FIG. 4 shows the Seebeck coefficient, and FIG. 5 shows the electrical resistivity. In FIG. 3, no peak such as cobalt oxide is observed, indicating that the obtained material is exactly single-phase NaCo 2 Oy. As shown in FIG. 4, the Seebeck coefficient gradually increases from about 100 μV / K to about 120 μV / K in a temperature range from room temperature to 450 ° C. Further, as shown in FIG. 5, the electric resistance also gradually changes from 2.0 mΩ · cm to 2.5 mΩ · cm in the same temperature range as described above. These measurements demonstrate that the material exhibits high thermoelectric properties over a wide temperature range from room temperature to over 400 ° C.
[0035]
<< Example 2 >>
Physical properties such as Seebeck coefficient, electric resistivity, and thermal conductivity can be changed by adding a small amount of an appropriate element as a dopant. In Example 2, (Na 0.9 Sr 0.1 ) Co 2 Oy [y ≒ 4] was synthesized, and its thermoelectric properties and the like were measured. The synthesis method is as follows. That is, Na 2 CO 3 , SrCO 3 , and Co 3 O 4 powders were used as raw materials. These raw material powders were uniformly mixed so as to have a composition ratio of (Na, Sr): Co = 1.2: 2 and Na: Sr = 9: 1. The reason why Na was slightly increased was to take into account the possibility that Na would evaporate or sublime during the synthesis. Next, the obtained mixture was formed into a pellet at a pressure of 400 kg / cm 2 and calcined at 860 ° C. for 8 hours. After the calcined sample was pulverized again, 5 wt% of Na was added and mixed, molded into a predetermined shape at a pressure of 500 kg / cm 2 , and finally fired at 800 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain a sample.
[0036]
In the evaluation method, first, it was confirmed whether a desired substance was obtained by an X-ray diffraction method. Next, in the temperature range from room temperature to 450 ° C., the Seebeck coefficient and the electric resistivity were measured. The measuring method is the same as in the first embodiment. FIG. 6 shows the results of X-ray diffraction, FIG. 7 shows the Seebeck coefficient, and FIG. 8 shows the electrical resistivity. As is clear from FIG. 6, peaks of cobalt oxide, strontium oxide, and the like were not observed, and it was found that the obtained material had a single phase. Further, the position of the peak is slightly changed as compared with FIG. 3, indicating that Sr and Na are forming a solid solution.
[0037]
Further, as shown in FIG. 7, the Seebeck coefficient gradually increases from 110 μV / K to about 140 μV / K in a temperature range from room temperature to 450 ° C. This indicates that the characteristics were improved by 10% or more by doping with strontium. Further, as shown in FIG. 8, the electric resistance is from 3.5 mΩ · cm to 5 mΩ · cm, which is higher than that of the material without the doping. Is expected to be improved by an increase in the Seebeck coefficient. Thus, it has been proved that this material also exhibits high thermoelectric properties over a wide temperature range from room temperature to 400 ° C. or more.
[0038]
<< Example 3 >>
As described above, a polycrystalline sintered body was used in Examples 1 and 2, but in Example 3, a single crystal of NaCo 2 Oy [y ≒ 4] was manufactured, and its thermoelectric properties and the like were measured. The synthesis method is as follows. Na 2 CO 3 powder and Co 3 O 4 powder were used as raw materials. These raw material powders were uniformly mixed so that the composition ratio of Na and Co became 1: 1. Next, the obtained mixture was melted in an electric furnace (melting temperature = 900 ° C.), NaCl equivalent to the raw material Na was added, and then gradually cooled at a slow cooling rate of 5 ° C./min. Was obtained.
[0039]
In the evaluation method, the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical resistivity were measured in a temperature range from 1K (absolute temperature) to 450 ° C. The measuring method is the same as in the first embodiment. FIG. 9 shows the Seebeck coefficient (up to a temperature of 290 K), and FIG. 10 shows the electrical resistivity (up to a temperature of 230 K). As is clear from FIG. 9, the Seebeck coefficient sharply increases from 0 μV / K at an absolute temperature of 17 K, shows a value of slightly more than 50 μV / K at 190 K (≒ liquid nitrogen temperature), and shows a value of almost 90 μV / K at 290 K. ing. Further, as shown in FIG. 10, the electric resistance gradually increases from 60 μΩ · cm (= 0.06 mΩ · cm), but is about 240 μΩ · cm (= m 0.24 mΩ · cm) even at a temperature of 200 K. Yes, but the trend is slow. As described above, it has been proved that the thermoelectric properties are effective over an extremely low temperature range and particularly over a wide temperature range from liquid nitrogen temperature to 400 ° C. or more.
[0040]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the thermoelectric conversion material according to the present invention has high thermoelectric conversion characteristics over a wide temperature range from liquid nitrogen temperature to 400 ° C. or higher, and the present material is made of oxygen, iron, cobalt, nickel, sodium (or potassium). Since these materials are composed of such elements, raw material costs are low and they are not toxic. Although it decreases, it maintains a sufficiently usable value up to around the temperature of liquid nitrogen (-196 ° C), so it has excellent effects such as being able to be used for power generation using cold energy such as liquefied natural gas (LNG). can get.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining an embodiment of a thermoelectric generator in principle.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a relationship between a figure of merit (Z) and a temperature change for various thermoelectric materials.
FIG. 3 is a view showing the result of X-ray diffraction of a composition NaCo 2 Oy (y ≒ 4) in Example 1 (vertical axis indicates intensity (Arbitrary Unit)).
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the Seebeck coefficient of the composition NaCo 2 Oy in Example 1.
FIG. 5 is a view showing the electric resistivity of the composition NaCo 2 Oy in Example 1.
FIG. 6 is a view showing a result of X-ray diffraction of a composition (Na 0.9 Sr 0.1 ) Co 2 Oy (y ≒ 4) in Example 2 (vertical axis indicates intensity (Arbitrary Unit)).
FIG. 7 is a view showing a Seebeck coefficient of a composition (Na 0.9 Sr 0.1 ) Co 2 Oy in Example 2.
FIG. 8 is a view showing the electric resistivity of a composition (Na 0.9 Sr 0.1 ) Co 2 Oy in Example 2.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the Seebeck coefficient of the composition NaCo 2 Oy (y ≒ 4) in Example 3.
FIG. 10 is a view showing the electric resistivity of the composition NaCo 2 Oy in Example 3.
[Explanation of symbols]
Reference Signs List 1 p-type semiconductor 2 n-type semiconductor 3 high-temperature side junction 4 low-temperature side junction 5 high-temperature side electrode 6, 7 low-temperature side electrode S insulating space

Claims (5)

元素組成式ACoxOy(式中、AはLi、Na又はKであり、xは1≦x≦2、yは2≦y≦4である)で表わされる物質からなることを特徴とする熱電変換材料。A thermoelectric conversion material comprising a substance represented by an elemental composition formula ACoxOy (where A is Li, Na or K, x is 1 ≦ x ≦ 2, and y is 2 ≦ y ≦ 4). . 元素組成式( Z 1-Z )CoxOy〔式中AはLi、Na又はK、BはMg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Bi又はTeであり、zは0<z<1の範囲であり、xは1≦x≦2、yは2≦y≦4である〕で表わされる物質からなることを特徴とする熱電変換材料。Elemental composition formula (A Z B 1-Z) CoxOy [wherein, A is Li, Na or K, and B is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Bi or Te, z is 0 <z < 1, wherein x is 1 ≦ x ≦ 2, and y is 2 ≦ y ≦ 4]. 上記元素組成式において、AがNaである請求項1又は2に記載の熱電変換材料。The thermoelectric conversion material according to claim 1, wherein, in the elemental composition formula, A is Na. 上記元素組成式において、AがNaであり、BがSrである請求項2に記載の熱電変換材料。 3. The thermoelectric conversion material according to claim 2, wherein in the elemental composition formula, A is Na and B is Sr. 4. 請求項1、2、3又は4に記載の熱電変換材料を用いてなることを特徴とする熱電変換素子。A thermoelectric conversion element comprising the thermoelectric conversion material according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4 .
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