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JP3605911B2 - Thin-film electron source and display device using the same - Google Patents
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JP3605911B2 - Thin-film electron source and display device using the same - Google Patents

Thin-film electron source and display device using the same Download PDF

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JP3605911B2
JP3605911B2 JP29647195A JP29647195A JP3605911B2 JP 3605911 B2 JP3605911 B2 JP 3605911B2 JP 29647195 A JP29647195 A JP 29647195A JP 29647195 A JP29647195 A JP 29647195A JP 3605911 B2 JP3605911 B2 JP 3605911B2
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electron source
upper electrode
thin
film
electrode
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JPH09139175A (en
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睦三 鈴木
敏明 楠
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Hitachi Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2201/00Electrodes common to discharge tubes
    • H01J2201/30Cold cathodes
    • H01J2201/312Cold cathodes having an electric field perpendicular to the surface thereof
    • H01J2201/3125Metal-insulator-Metal [MIM] emission type cathodes

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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は,金属−絶縁体−金属の3層構造を有し,真空中に電子を放出する電子源およびこれを用いた表示装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
薄膜型電子源とは,上部電極−絶縁層−下部電極の3層構造の薄膜の上部電極−下部電極間に電圧を印加して,上部電極表面から真空中に電子を放出させるものである。上部電極,下部電極に金属を用いたMIM(金属−絶縁層−金属)型電子源や,一方または両方の電極に半導体を用いたMIS(金属−絶縁層−半導体)型電子源などがある。MIM型電子源については,例えば特開平7−65710号公報に述べられている。薄膜型電子源の動作原理を図2に示した。上部電極11と下部電極13との間に電圧を印加して,絶縁層12内の電界を1〜10MV/cm以上にすると,下部電極13中のフェルミ準位近傍の電子はトンネル現象により障壁を透過し,絶縁層12,上部電極11の伝導帯へ出現する。これらの電子のうち,上部電極11の仕事関数φ以上のエネルギーを有する電子は,真空中に放出されることになる。下部電極13から上部電極11に流れる電流をダイオード電流Id,真空中に放出される電流を放出電流Ieと呼ぶと,放射比Ie/Idは通常1/10〜1/10程度である。現在までに,Au−Al−Al構造においてこの原理による電子放出が観測されている。この電子源は,上部電極11の表面が環境ガスの付着により汚染して仕事関数φが変化しても電子放出特性には大きな影響がない,などの電子源として優れた性質を有しており,新型電子源として期待されている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
絶縁層12には1〜10MV/cm程度の強い電界が印加されるために,絶縁層12の劣化が起こり,例えば特開平7−226146号公報に記されているようにフォーミングが起こって放出電流にノイズが発生したり,さらには絶縁破壊が起こって薄膜型電子源の破壊が起こったりする。
【0004】
本発明の目的は,絶縁層12の劣化が起こりにくい薄膜型電子源を提供することにある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的は,上部電極11のうち絶縁層12と接する界面には,昇華エンタルピーが大きい Pt, Th, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, W を用い,上部電極11のうち真空部分に接する表面には,表面安定性や導電性など電子源表面に適した別の材料,例えば Au, Ag, Cu, Al などを用いるにより達成できる。
【0006】
薄膜絶縁体が強電界印加で劣化するメカニズムは,例えばジャーナル・オブ・エレクトロケミカル・ソサイアティー,第133巻,第6号,1242頁から1246頁(Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 133, No. 6, pp. 1242〜1246)に記載されているように,正電圧を印加された電極中の原子が強電界により絶縁体中に拡散すること(エレクトロマイグレーション)に起因することがわかっている。
【0007】
エレクトロマイグレーションは,正電圧にバイアスされた電極中の金属が絶縁体中に拡散し,それが強電界によりイオン化し,そのイオンが印加電荷により拡散する,というメカニズムで発生する。したがって,金属が原子状になるのに必要なエネルギー,すなわち昇華エンタルピーΔHsが大きいほど発生しにくい。したがって,昇華エンタルピーΔHsが大きな金属を上部電極11に用いることにより絶縁層の劣化を抑止することが出来る。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
表1に種々の金属の昇華エンタルピーと電気抵抗率を示した。
【0009】
【表1】

Figure 0003605911
【0010】
表1では,昇華エンタルピーの大きさの順に並べてある。後に,実施例で詳述するように,上部電極11にAuを用いた薄膜電子源は劣化しやすいが,Ptを用いると劣化が起こりにくくなり,長寿命化できる。したがって,昇華エンタルピーΔHsが Pt の値(135 kcal/mol)よりも大きな金属を上部電極11に用いれば絶縁層劣化を抑止できる。このような特性を有して,かつ薄膜化が可能な金属としてPt, Th, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, W があることが表1からわかる。
【0011】
薄膜電子源の上部電極材料に要求される特性としては,表面安定性もある。例えば,Mo を上部電極に用いた薄膜電子源では,真空中に硫黄 S が微量存在しても表面に MoSを形成するため表面仕事関数が変化し,電子放出特性が不安定になる。同様に,Ta を用いると,酸素により酸化が起こる。これに対して,Au は化合物を形成しにくいため,真空中の不純物により汚染されにくく,表面安定性に優れている。従来の薄膜電子源の上部電極に Au が多く用いられていた理由の一つはここにある。
【0012】
また,薄膜電子源では,上部電極11中でのホットエレクトロンの散乱を避けるために膜厚を2〜10 nm 程度に薄くしなければならない。したがって,電気抵抗率が大きな材料を用いると,上部電極11の抵抗が大きくなり,電流を通じた際,電圧降下が生じて薄膜電子源自体に電圧がかからなくなってしまう。従って,上部電極11の材料としては抵抗率が小さいものであることが必須である。従来の薄膜電子源において,上部電極11に主にAuが用いられてきたもう一つの理由はこのためである。
【0013】
表1で電気抵抗率をみると,Cu, Ag, Au,Alでは 3 μΩcm以下なのに対し,ΔHsが大きい金属では 5 〜43 μΩcmと抵抗率が大きく,薄膜電子源の上部電極材料としては不適切である。
【0014】
本発明では,ΔHsが大きな材料を絶縁層の上に積層した後(上部電極A),電気抵抗率が小さな材料をそのうえに積層することで(上部電極B),この問題を解決した。上部電極Aは導体であるので,上部電極Bには電界はかからない。従って,Cu, Ag, Au,Alなどのエレクトロマイグレーションが起こりやすい材料を用いても絶縁層の劣化を引き起こさない。また,上部電極Bが低抵抗なので全面に均一な電圧が印加される。上部電極Aの膜厚は2〜10 nm 程度なので抵抗率が大きな材料であっても上部電極B−絶縁層12間に電圧降下を発生させることはない。
【0015】
一般に昇華エンタルピ−が大きな金属を組み合わせた合金は大きな昇華エンタルピ−を有するので、上部電極Aの材料としては上記元素の組合せによる合金を用いても本発明の目的を実現できる。さらに、上部電極Bについても上記元素を組み合わせた合金を用いても良い。
【0016】
本発明は,フォーミングがすでに起こっている薄膜型電子源に適用した場合,絶縁破壊による素子破壊を防止するという効果がある。一方,非フォーミング状態にある薄膜型電子源に適用した場合は,フォーミングの発生を防ぐ効果があるのでなお有用である。すなわち,本発明を非フォーミング状態の薄膜型電子源に適用すると,ノイズのない放出電流を長時間にわたって安定的に得ることが出来る。
【0017】
以下に本発明の実施例を詳述する。
【0018】
実施例1
本発明の実施例1のMIM型電子源を図1を用いて説明する。絶縁性の基板14上に下部電極13としてAlを例えば30nmの膜厚で形成する。Alの形成には,例えばRFマグネトロンスパッタリングを用いる。このAlの表面を陽極酸化し,膜厚5nm程度の絶縁層12を形成する。陽極酸化の化成電流を小さな値に制限することにより,絶縁層12の膜質を向上させることができる。次に,SiOやAlなどの絶縁体を化学気相蒸着法(CVD法)などにより50nm程度の膜厚で蒸着し,保護層15とする。続いて,RFマグネトロンスパッタリングや蒸着法によりPtを3nm程度成膜し,上部電極A17とする。そのうえにさらにRFマグネトロンスパッタリングや蒸着法によりAuを3nm程度成膜し,上部電極B18とする。さらに,膜厚50nm程度のAu, Al などを蒸着して電極端子16とする。
【0019】
このようにして作製した薄膜型電子放出素子を,真空度1×(1/10) Torr 程度の真空槽内にいれて,電極端子16すなわち上部電極11をアース電位として,下部電極13にパルス電圧を印加する。パルス電圧は,図4に示したように,−Vd1=−5〜−7V程度の電圧をパルス幅tw=1msの期間印加して,その次に1msの期間,Vd2=0Vの電圧を印加する。この例では,くり返し周期T=2ms,tw=1msであるが,これ以外でもT=2μs〜1s程度,tw=1μs〜500ms程度とすれば良い。また,特開平7−226146号公報に述べられているように,Vd2=+1〜5V程度の電圧を印加すると,薄膜電子源の動作がいっそう安定化する。
【0020】
図5はこのように製作した薄膜電子源の放出電流の経時変化を示したものである。実線は,本実施例に従って製作したもの,点線は,従来例として上部電極11にAuの1層構造で製作したものの特性である。従来例では,動作開始後100分で放出電流が1/10程度の減少しているのに対し,本発明によるものでは,動作開始後10分で1/2程度に減少するが,それ以降は安定である。
【0021】
前述のように,薄膜電子源では上部電極11の膜厚が薄いほど電子放出特性が向上する。図6はSiO上にAuまたはPtをスパッタリングにより形成した際の膜の電気抵抗率を測定した結果である。Auの膜(図中○)では膜厚が10nm以下に薄くなると,抵抗率は上昇し,3nmの膜では導通がなくなってしまう。これは,膜形成初期では,Auは島状成長することに起因する。すなわち,膜厚3nmの蒸着量ではAuの島と島が接触しないために導通が出ないわけである。表1からわかるようにPtの抵抗率はAuの約5倍なので,膜厚が50nm程度の場合には,Pt膜(図中●)の方がAu膜よりも抵抗率は高い。しかし,PtはSiO上でも均一な膜を形成するので,膜厚3nmでも抵抗率は増加しない。また,Auは,SiOやAlなどの絶縁体上では島状成長するが,Pt膜などの金属上では,均一な膜が成長する。そのため,図6に示したように,Pt薄膜上にAu膜を形成した2層膜(図中▲)では,3nm膜厚の低抵抗膜が実現できる。このように,本発明によれば,従来よりも薄い上部電極を作成できるために,電子放出比の向上など,電子放出特性の改善を図ることが出来る。
【0022】
薄膜電子源では,放出電流が下部電極13−絶縁層12界面の電界に支配されるので,絶縁層12の膜厚が薄いほど小さな印加電圧でも電子放出を得ることが出来る。しかし,絶縁層12が薄いほど,絶縁破壊が起こりやすくなるため,従来の素子構造では4〜5nm以下にすることは出来なかった。本発明では,絶縁破壊の原因になるエレクトロマイグレーションの発生を抑止するので,絶縁層12をさらに薄くしても安定に動作させることが可能になった。
【0023】
図7は,本発明に基づいて,上部電極A17にPt,上部電極B18にAuを用い,絶縁層12膜厚dを3nmと5.5nmの2種作成し,その電子放出特性を比較したものである。d=3nmの場合(図中●)には,d=5.5nmの場合(図中○)より小さな動作電圧Vd1で電子放出が起こっており,動作電圧の低減が可能になる。特開平7−134939号公報に記載されているように,薄膜電子源からの放出電子のエネルギー分散ΔEは,動作電圧Vd1と電子放出面の仕事関数φの差に支配されるため,Vd1が小さいほど単色性の優れた電子ビームが得られる。例えば,上部電極B18にφ=4.8 eV の Au を用いた場合には,Vd1=5.3 V のときΔE=0.3 eV という極めて単色性の良いビームが得られ,電子線描画装置などに適用した際に装置の性能を飛躍的に向上させられる。図7をみると,Vd1= 5.3 V ではd= 3 nm のものはd=5.5 nm のものに比べて1桁大きな放出電流が得られており,本発明が電子ビームの単色性を高めることにも有効であることがわかる。
【0024】
なお,本実施例において,下部電極13として高配向膜,または単結晶膜を用いると,それを陽極酸化して形成した絶縁層12の特性は一層向上し,より高性能な電子放出素子が得られる。また,絶縁層12を陽極酸化で形成する代わりに,スパッタ法や蒸着法などの気相合成法を用いて形成したMIM型電子源に対しても本発明の駆動方法は有効である。
【0025】
本実施例では,上部電極A17としてPtを用いた場合について述べたが,上部電極A17としてTh, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, W を用いても同様の効果が得られる。
【0026】
実施例2
本発明の実施例2の金属−絶縁体−半導体(MIS)型電子源を図8により説明する。n型Si基板を下部電極13とする。その表面を熱酸化などの方法で酸化し,絶縁層12を作成する。CVD法はスパッタリング法などにより SiO膜を 50 nm 程度の膜厚で蒸着し,保護層15とする。そのうえに,rfマグネトロンスパッタリングなどの方法で,Pt薄膜を形成して上部電極A17とし,さらにAu薄膜をスパッタ成膜して上部電極B18とする。最後に膜厚 50 nm 程度の Au, Al などを蒸着して電極端子16とする。このように作成した金属−絶縁体−半導体(MIS)型電子源についても本発明は有効である。
【0027】
実施例3
本発明の実施例3の表示素子を図9及び図10を用いて説明する。ガラスなど絶縁性の基板14上に,下部電極13をrfスパッタリングなどにより形成する。この際,マスクを用いたり,あるいは,フォトリソグラフィーとエッチングを併用することにより,図10に示したようにパターン化する。続いて,陽極酸化により絶縁層12を形成する。次に,スパッタリングなどの方法で,SiOなどの絶縁層を形成し,保護層15とする。保護層15は,下部電極13の端部に電界が集中して絶縁破壊が発生するのを防ぎ,素子を長寿命化する働きがある。 次に,スパッタリングにより,膜厚3nm程度のIrを形成して上部電極A17とする。上部電極A17は,図10に示すように,下部電極13との交点のみに形成する。こうすると,上部電極A17と下部電極13との間の浮遊容量を小さくすることが出来,素子の高速駆動が容易になる。さらに上部電極A17と同じパターンで膜厚 3 nm程度のAuをスパッタリングにより形成し上部電極B18とする。続いて,Auなど導電率の高い材料を,図10のパターンで膜厚500nm程度形成し,上部電極バスライン32とする。
【0028】
面板110にはガラスなど透光性のものを用い,表面に透光性の加速電極112として ITO (Indium−Tin Oxide)を面板全面に形成する。加速電極112の上に蛍光体114を塗布する。蛍光体114としては,低速電子線でも発光効率が高い材料,例えばZnO:Znを用いるとよい。このようにして加速電極112と蛍光体114を形成した面板110を,薄膜電子源を形成した基板14と200μm程度の間隔を保った配置で封着する。基板14と面板110とで挟まれた空間を真空に排気して,表示装置パネル100が完成する。
【0029】
図11はこのようにして製作した表示装置パネル100の駆動回路への結線図である。下部電極13は下部電極駆動回路41へ結線し,上部電極バスライン32は上部電極駆動回路42に結線する。加速電極112は加速電極駆動回路43へ結線する。n番目の下部電極13Knとm番目の上部電極バスライン32Cmの交点のドットを(n,m)で表すことにする。
【0030】
図12は,各駆動回路の発生電圧の波形を示す。図12には記されていないが,加速電極112には400V程度の電圧を常時印加する。時刻t0ではいずれの電極も電圧ゼロであるので電子は放出されず,したがって,蛍光体114は発光しない。時刻t1において,下部電極13K1には−V1なる電圧を,上部電極バスライン32C1,C2には+V2なる電圧を印加する。ドット(1,1),(1,2)の下部電極13−上部電極A17間には(V1+V2)なる電圧が印加されるので,(V1+V2)を電子放出開始電圧以上に設定しておけば,この2つのドットの薄膜電子源からは電子が真空中に放出される。放出された電子は加速電極112に印加された電圧により加速された後,蛍光体114にぶつかり,蛍光体を発光させる。時刻t2において,下部電極13K2に−V1なる電圧を印加し,上部電極バスライン32C1にV2なる電圧を印加すると,同様にドット(2,1)が点灯する。このようにして,図12の電圧波形を印加すると,図11の斜線を施したドットのみが点灯する。このようにして,上部電極バスライン32に印加する信号を変えることにより所望の画像または情報を表示することが出来る。また,上部電極バスライン32への印加電圧V1の大きさを適宜変えることにより,階調のある画像を表示することが出来る。
【0031】
既に述べたように本発明により得られる薄膜電子源では,フォーミングの発生を抑止できるので,ノイズのない放出電流が得られる。したがって,これを用いた表示装置ではチラツキのない安定した画像が得られる。
【0032】
【発明の効果】
以上のように,MIM型またはMIS型薄膜電子源において,上部電極を2種の金属薄膜で形成し,そのうち絶縁層に接する膜を Pt, Th, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, W の単体または合金の金属で形成してエレクトロマイグレーションの発生を抑止し,真空に接する膜を高導電性や表面安定性など表面材料として適したもの,例えばAu, Ag, Cu, Al などを用いることにより,長時間動作させても劣化が起こらない薄膜電子源を実現できた。また動作電圧の低減や低エネルギー分散かつ高放出電流といった薄膜電子源の特性向上も同時に実現できた。さらに,この薄膜電子源を画像表示装置に適用することにより,チラツキのない安定した画像を表示できた。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施例1のMIM型電子源の断面図である。
【図2】薄膜型電子源の動作原理を示した図である。
【図3】従来の薄膜電子源の断面図である。
【図4】本発明の実施例1で用いる駆動電圧波形図である。
【図5】本発明の実施例1の薄膜電子源の放出電流の安定性を示した図である。
【図6】本発明の実施例1の薄膜電子源の絶縁膜上に形成した金属薄膜の電気抵抗率の膜厚依存性を示した図である。
【図7】本発明の実施例1の薄膜電子源の放出電流の動作電圧依存性を示した図である。
【図8】本発明の実施例2のMIS型電子源の断面図である。
【図9】本発明の実施例3の表示装置パネルの断面図である。
【図10】本発明の実施例3の表示装置パネルの電極配置図である。
【図11】本発明の実施例3の表示装置パネルの駆動回路への結線図である。
【図12】本発明の実施例3の表示装置の駆動電圧波形図である。
【符号の説明】
10・・・真空,11・・・上部電極,12・・・絶縁層,13・・・下部電極,14・・・基板,15・・・保護層,16・・・電極端子,17・・・上部電極A,18・・・上部電極B,20・・・電源,32・・・上部電極バスライン,100・・・表示装置パネル,110・・・面板,112・・・加速電極,114・・・蛍光体,41・・・下部電極駆動回路,42・・・上部電極駆動回路,43・・・加速電極駆動回路。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an electron source having a three-layer structure of metal-insulator-metal and emitting electrons in a vacuum, and a display device using the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
The thin-film electron source is a device in which a voltage is applied between an upper electrode and a lower electrode of a thin film having a three-layer structure of an upper electrode, an insulating layer, and a lower electrode, and electrons are emitted from the surface of the upper electrode into a vacuum. There are an MIM (metal-insulating layer-metal) type electron source using a metal for the upper electrode and the lower electrode, and a MIS (metal-insulating layer-semiconductor) type electron source using a semiconductor for one or both electrodes. The MIM type electron source is described in, for example, JP-A-7-65710. FIG. 2 shows the operation principle of the thin-film electron source. When a voltage is applied between the upper electrode 11 and the lower electrode 13 to increase the electric field in the insulating layer 12 to 1 MV / cm or more, electrons near the Fermi level in the lower electrode 13 cause a barrier due to a tunnel phenomenon. The light passes through and appears in the conduction band of the insulating layer 12 and the upper electrode 11. Among these electrons, those having energy equal to or higher than the work function φ of the upper electrode 11 are emitted into a vacuum. If the current flowing from the lower electrode 13 to the upper electrode 11 is called a diode current Id and the current emitted in vacuum is called an emission current Ie, the emission ratio Ie / Id is usually about 1/10 3 to 1/10 5 . Up to now, electron emission based on this principle has been observed in the Au—Al 2 O 3 —Al structure. This electron source has excellent properties as an electron source, such that even if the surface of the upper electrode 11 is contaminated by the adhesion of environmental gas and the work function φ changes, the electron emission characteristics are not significantly affected. It is expected as a new type of electron source.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Since a strong electric field of about 1 to 10 MV / cm is applied to the insulating layer 12, the insulating layer 12 is deteriorated. For example, as described in JP-A-7-226146, forming occurs and emission current is reduced. Noise is generated, and furthermore, dielectric breakdown occurs and the thin-film electron source is destroyed.
[0004]
An object of the present invention is to provide a thin-film electron source in which the insulating layer 12 is hardly deteriorated.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The object is to use Pt, Th, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, and W, which have a large sublimation enthalpy, at the interface of the upper electrode 11 in contact with the insulating layer 12. 11 can be achieved by using another material suitable for the electron source surface, such as Au, Ag, Cu, Al, etc., such as surface stability and conductivity, for the surface in contact with the vacuum portion.
[0006]
The mechanism by which a thin film insulator is degraded by the application of a strong electric field is described in, for example, Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 133, No. 6, pages 1242 to 1246 (Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. pp. 1242-1246), it is known that atoms in the electrode to which a positive voltage is applied are caused to diffuse into an insulator by a strong electric field (electromigration).
[0007]
Electromigration occurs by a mechanism in which a metal in an electrode biased to a positive voltage diffuses into an insulator, is ionized by a strong electric field, and the ions are diffused by an applied charge. Therefore, the larger the energy required for the metal to become atomic, that is, the larger the sublimation enthalpy ΔHs, the less likely it is to generate. Therefore, the deterioration of the insulating layer can be suppressed by using a metal having a large sublimation enthalpy ΔHs for the upper electrode 11.
[0008]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Table 1 shows the sublimation enthalpies and electrical resistivity of various metals.
[0009]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003605911
[0010]
In Table 1, they are arranged in the order of the magnitude of the sublimation enthalpy. As will be described later in detail in the embodiments, the thin-film electron source using Au for the upper electrode 11 is easily deteriorated, but if Pt is used, the deterioration hardly occurs and the life can be extended. Therefore, if a metal whose sublimation enthalpy ΔHs is larger than the value of Pt (135 kcal / mol) is used for the upper electrode 11, deterioration of the insulating layer can be suppressed. It can be seen from Table 1 that Pt, Th, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, and W are metals having such characteristics and capable of being made into a thin film.
[0011]
Characteristics required for the upper electrode material of the thin film electron source include surface stability. For example, in a thin-film electron source using Mo as the upper electrode, even if a small amount of sulfur S exists in vacuum, MoS 2 is formed on the surface, so that the surface work function changes and the electron emission characteristics become unstable. Similarly, when Ta is used, oxygen causes oxidation. On the other hand, since Au is difficult to form a compound, it is less likely to be contaminated by impurities in vacuum and has excellent surface stability. This is one of the reasons why Au was often used for the upper electrode of the conventional thin film electron source.
[0012]
In the thin-film electron source, the film thickness must be reduced to about 2 to 10 nm in order to avoid scattering of hot electrons in the upper electrode 11. Therefore, when a material having a large electric resistivity is used, the resistance of the upper electrode 11 increases, and when a current is passed, a voltage drop occurs, so that no voltage is applied to the thin film electron source itself. Therefore, it is essential that the material of the upper electrode 11 has a low resistivity. This is another reason why Au is mainly used for the upper electrode 11 in the conventional thin film electron source.
[0013]
Looking at the electrical resistivity in Table 1, the resistivity of Cu, Ag, Au, and Al is 3 μΩcm or less, while the metal having a large ΔHs has a large resistivity of 5 to 43 μΩcm, which is inappropriate as the upper electrode material of the thin film electron source. It is.
[0014]
In the present invention, this problem has been solved by laminating a material having a large ΔHs on an insulating layer (upper electrode A) and then laminating a material having a small electric resistivity (upper electrode B). Since the upper electrode A is a conductor, no electric field is applied to the upper electrode B. Therefore, even if a material such as Cu, Ag, Au, or Al, which easily causes electromigration, is used, the insulating layer does not deteriorate. Further, since the upper electrode B has a low resistance, a uniform voltage is applied to the entire surface. Since the thickness of the upper electrode A is about 2 to 10 nm, a voltage drop does not occur between the upper electrode B and the insulating layer 12 even if the material has a large resistivity.
[0015]
In general, an alloy in which a metal having a large sublimation enthalpy is combined has a large sublimation enthalpy, so that the object of the present invention can be realized even if an alloy of a combination of the above elements is used as the material of the upper electrode A. Further, for the upper electrode B, an alloy combining the above elements may be used.
[0016]
The present invention, when applied to a thin-film electron source in which forming has already occurred, has an effect of preventing element breakdown due to dielectric breakdown. On the other hand, when applied to a thin-film electron source in a non-forming state, it is still useful because it has an effect of preventing the occurrence of forming. That is, when the present invention is applied to a thin-film electron source in a non-forming state, a noise-free emission current can be stably obtained for a long time.
[0017]
Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be described in detail.
[0018]
Example 1
First Embodiment A MIM type electron source according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. Al is formed as the lower electrode 13 on the insulating substrate 14 to a thickness of, for example, 30 nm. For the formation of Al, for example, RF magnetron sputtering is used. The surface of this Al is anodized to form an insulating layer 12 having a thickness of about 5 nm. By limiting the anodic oxidation formation current to a small value, the film quality of the insulating layer 12 can be improved. Next, an insulator such as SiO 2 or Al 2 O 3 is deposited to a thickness of about 50 nm by a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD method) or the like to form a protective layer 15. Subsequently, Pt is deposited to a thickness of about 3 nm by RF magnetron sputtering or vapor deposition to form an upper electrode A17. On top of that, Au is deposited to a thickness of about 3 nm by RF magnetron sputtering or vapor deposition to form an upper electrode B18. Further, Au, Al, or the like having a film thickness of about 50 nm is deposited to form an electrode terminal 16.
[0019]
The thin-film type electron-emitting device manufactured in this manner is placed in a vacuum chamber having a degree of vacuum of about 1 × (1/10 7 ) Torr, and a pulse is applied to the lower electrode 13 with the electrode terminal 16, that is, the upper electrode 11 being ground potential. Apply voltage. As shown in FIG. 4, as the pulse voltage, a voltage of about -Vd1 = -5 to -7 V is applied for a pulse width tw = 1 ms, and then a voltage of Vd2 = 0 V is applied for a 1 ms period. . In this example, the repetition period T = 2 ms and tw = 1 ms. However, other than that, T may be about 2 μs to 1 s and tw = 1 μs to 500 ms. Further, as described in JP-A-7-226146, when a voltage of about Vd2 = + 1 to 5 V is applied, the operation of the thin-film electron source is further stabilized.
[0020]
FIG. 5 shows the change with time of the emission current of the thin film electron source manufactured as described above. The solid line shows the characteristics of the device manufactured according to the present embodiment, and the dotted line shows the characteristics of the device manufactured with a single-layer structure of Au on the upper electrode 11 as a conventional example. In the conventional example, the emission current decreases by about 1/10 at 100 minutes after the start of the operation, whereas according to the present invention, the emission current decreases by about 1/2 at 10 minutes after the start of the operation. It is stable.
[0021]
As described above, in the thin film electron source, the electron emission characteristics are improved as the thickness of the upper electrode 11 is reduced. FIG. 6 shows the results of measuring the electrical resistivity of a film when Au or Pt was formed on SiO 2 by sputtering. When the film thickness of the Au film (中 in the figure) is reduced to 10 nm or less, the resistivity increases, and the 3 nm film loses conduction. This is because Au grows in an island shape in the early stage of film formation. That is, when the deposition amount is 3 nm, conduction does not occur because Au islands do not contact each other. As can be seen from Table 1, since the resistivity of Pt is about five times that of Au, when the film thickness is about 50 nm, the resistivity of the Pt film (● in the figure) is higher than that of the Au film. However, since Pt forms a uniform film even on SiO 2 , the resistivity does not increase even with a thickness of 3 nm. Au grows in an island shape on an insulator such as SiO 2 or Al 2 O 3, but a uniform film grows on a metal such as a Pt film. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, a low-resistance film having a thickness of 3 nm can be realized with a two-layer film (膜 in the figure) in which an Au film is formed on a Pt thin film. As described above, according to the present invention, since an upper electrode that is thinner than a conventional one can be formed, the electron emission characteristics such as the electron emission ratio can be improved.
[0022]
In the thin-film electron source, the emission current is governed by the electric field at the interface between the lower electrode 13 and the insulating layer 12, so that as the thickness of the insulating layer 12 is smaller, electron emission can be obtained with a smaller applied voltage. However, as the insulating layer 12 is thinner, dielectric breakdown is more likely to occur, so that it was not possible to reduce the thickness to 4 to 5 nm or less in the conventional element structure. According to the present invention, since the occurrence of electromigration that causes dielectric breakdown is suppressed, it is possible to operate stably even if the insulating layer 12 is further thinned.
[0023]
FIG. 7 shows a comparison of the electron emission characteristics of two types of the insulating layer 12 having a thickness d of 3 nm and 5.5 nm using Pt for the upper electrode A17 and Au for the upper electrode B18 based on the present invention. It is. When d = 3 nm (3 in the figure), electron emission occurs at a smaller operating voltage Vd1 than when d = 5.5 nm (○ in the figure), and the operating voltage can be reduced. As described in JP-A-7-134939, the energy dispersion ΔE of the electrons emitted from the thin-film electron source is governed by the difference between the operating voltage Vd1 and the work function φ of the electron emission surface, so that Vd1 is small. The more monochromatic electron beam is obtained. For example, when Au of φ = 4.8 eV is used for the upper electrode B18, an extremely monochromatic beam of ΔE = 0.3 eV is obtained when Vd1 = 5.3V, and the electron beam lithography apparatus The performance of the device can be dramatically improved when applied to such applications. Referring to FIG. 7, when Vd1 = 5.3 V, the emission current of d = 3 nm is higher by one digit than that of d = 5.5 nm, and the present invention is based on the monochromaticity of the electron beam. It is also effective to increase the
[0024]
In this embodiment, when a highly oriented film or a single crystal film is used as the lower electrode 13, the characteristics of the insulating layer 12 formed by anodizing the film are further improved, and a higher performance electron-emitting device is obtained. Can be The driving method of the present invention is also effective for an MIM type electron source formed by using a vapor phase synthesis method such as a sputtering method or a vapor deposition method instead of forming the insulating layer 12 by anodic oxidation.
[0025]
In this embodiment, the case where Pt is used as the upper electrode A17 has been described. However, the same applies when Th, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, and W are used as the upper electrode A17. The effect is obtained.
[0026]
Example 2
Second Embodiment A metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) electron source according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. The lower electrode 13 is an n-type Si substrate. The surface is oxidized by a method such as thermal oxidation to form the insulating layer 12. In the CVD method, an SiO 2 film is deposited to a thickness of about 50 nm by a sputtering method or the like to form the protective layer 15. Further, a Pt thin film is formed by a method such as rf magnetron sputtering to form an upper electrode A17, and an Au thin film is formed by sputtering to form an upper electrode B18. Finally, an electrode terminal 16 is formed by depositing Au, Al, or the like with a thickness of about 50 nm. The present invention is also effective for the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) type electron source thus created.
[0027]
Example 3
Third Embodiment A display element according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. The lower electrode 13 is formed on an insulating substrate 14 such as glass by rf sputtering or the like. At this time, patterning is performed as shown in FIG. 10 by using a mask or by using photolithography and etching together. Subsequently, the insulating layer 12 is formed by anodic oxidation. Next, an insulating layer of SiO 2 or the like is formed by a method such as sputtering to form a protective layer 15. The protective layer 15 has the function of preventing the electric field from concentrating on the end of the lower electrode 13 and causing the dielectric breakdown, thereby extending the life of the element. Next, Ir having a thickness of about 3 nm is formed by sputtering to form an upper electrode A17. The upper electrode A17 is formed only at the intersection with the lower electrode 13, as shown in FIG. This makes it possible to reduce the stray capacitance between the upper electrode A17 and the lower electrode 13, thereby facilitating high-speed driving of the element. Further, Au having a thickness of about 3 nm is formed by sputtering in the same pattern as the upper electrode A17 to form an upper electrode B18. Subsequently, a material having a high conductivity such as Au is formed to a thickness of about 500 nm in the pattern shown in FIG.
[0028]
A translucent material such as glass is used for the face plate 110, and ITO (Indium-Tin Oxide) is formed on the entire surface of the face plate as a translucent acceleration electrode 112. A phosphor 114 is applied on the acceleration electrode 112. As the phosphor 114, a material having high luminous efficiency even with a low-speed electron beam, for example, ZnO: Zn may be used. The face plate 110 on which the accelerating electrodes 112 and the phosphors 114 are formed is sealed with the substrate 14 on which the thin-film electron source is formed at an interval of about 200 μm. The space between the substrate 14 and the face plate 110 is evacuated to a vacuum to complete the display device panel 100.
[0029]
FIG. 11 is a connection diagram of a display device panel 100 manufactured as described above to a drive circuit. The lower electrode 13 is connected to a lower electrode drive circuit 41, and the upper electrode bus line 32 is connected to an upper electrode drive circuit. The acceleration electrode 112 is connected to the acceleration electrode drive circuit 43. The dot at the intersection of the n-th lower electrode 13Kn and the m-th upper electrode bus line 32Cm is represented by (n, m).
[0030]
FIG. 12 shows the waveform of the voltage generated by each drive circuit. Although not shown in FIG. 12, a voltage of about 400 V is constantly applied to the acceleration electrode 112. At time t0, since no voltage is applied to any of the electrodes, no electrons are emitted, and thus the phosphor 114 does not emit light. At time t1, a voltage of -V1 is applied to the lower electrode 13K1, and a voltage of + V2 is applied to the upper electrode bus lines 32C1 and C2. Since a voltage of (V1 + V2) is applied between the lower electrode 13 and the upper electrode A17 of the dots (1,1) and (1,2), if (V1 + V2) is set to be equal to or higher than the electron emission start voltage, Electrons are emitted from the thin-film electron source of these two dots into a vacuum. The emitted electrons are accelerated by the voltage applied to the accelerating electrode 112 and then collide with the phosphor 114 to cause the phosphor to emit light. At time t2, when a voltage of -V1 is applied to the lower electrode 13K2 and a voltage of V2 is applied to the upper electrode bus line 32C1, the dot (2, 1) is similarly lit. In this way, when the voltage waveform of FIG. 12 is applied, only the hatched dots in FIG. 11 are turned on. Thus, a desired image or information can be displayed by changing the signal applied to the upper electrode bus line 32. Further, by appropriately changing the magnitude of the voltage V1 applied to the upper electrode bus line 32, it is possible to display a gradation image.
[0031]
As described above, in the thin-film electron source obtained according to the present invention, since the occurrence of forming can be suppressed, an emission current without noise can be obtained. Therefore, a display device using this can obtain a stable image without flicker.
[0032]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, in the MIM type or MIS type thin film electron source, the upper electrode is formed of two kinds of metal thin films, and the film in contact with the insulating layer is formed of Pt, Th, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, W are formed of a simple substance or an alloy metal to suppress the occurrence of electromigration, and a film that is in contact with vacuum is suitable as a surface material such as high conductivity and surface stability, such as Au, Ag, By using Cu, Al, etc., a thin-film electron source that does not deteriorate even after long-term operation has been realized. In addition, the characteristics of the thin-film electron source, such as a reduction in operating voltage and a low energy dispersion and a high emission current, were also improved. Furthermore, by applying this thin-film electron source to an image display device, a stable image without flicker could be displayed.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an MIM type electron source according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the operation principle of a thin-film electron source.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional thin film electron source.
FIG. 4 is a drive voltage waveform diagram used in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the stability of the emission current of the thin-film electron source according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the film thickness dependence of the electrical resistivity of the metal thin film formed on the insulating film of the thin-film electron source according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the operating voltage dependence of the emission current of the thin-film electron source according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of a MIS electron source according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of a display device panel according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is an electrode layout of a display device panel according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a connection diagram to a drive circuit of a display device panel according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a drive voltage waveform diagram of the display device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
Reference numeral 10: vacuum, 11: upper electrode, 12: insulating layer, 13: lower electrode, 14: substrate, 15: protective layer, 16: electrode terminal, 17 ... -Upper electrodes A, 18 ... Upper electrodes B, 20 ... Power supply, 32 ... Upper electrode bus line, 100 ... Display panel, 110 ... Face plate, 112 ... Acceleration electrode, 114 ... Fluorescent substance 41 lower electrode drive circuit 42 upper electrode drive circuit 43 acceleration electrode drive circuit

Claims (5)

下部電極,絶縁層,上部電極を積層した構造を有し,前記下部電極と上部電極間に,上部電極が正電圧になる極性の電圧を印加した際に,前記上部電極表面から真空中に電子を放出する薄膜型電子源において,前記上部電極を,前記絶縁層に接する材料Aとそれと異なる真空部分に接する材料Bとを積層した構造とし,前記材料Aとして Pt, Th, Zr, Hf, Ru, Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, W のいずれか
またはこれらの合金を用いたことを特徴とする薄膜型電子源。
It has a structure in which a lower electrode, an insulating layer, and an upper electrode are laminated, and when a voltage having a polarity that causes the upper electrode to have a positive voltage is applied between the lower electrode and the upper electrode, electrons are applied from the surface of the upper electrode to a vacuum. In the thin-film type electron source which emits, the upper electrode has a structure in which a material A in contact with the insulating layer and a material B in contact with a different vacuum portion are laminated, and the material A is Pt, Th, Zr, Hf, Ru. , Mo, Ir, Nb, Ta, Re, Os, W or an alloy thereof.
前記材料BとしてAu, Ag, Cu, Alのいずれか又はこれらの合金を用いた請求項1記載の薄膜型電子源。2. The thin-film electron source according to claim 1, wherein any one of Au, Ag, Cu, and Al or an alloy thereof is used as the material B. 前記材料AとしてAs the material A PtPt を用いた請求項2記載の薄膜型電子源。3. The thin-film electron source according to claim 2, wherein 前記下部電極は半導体である請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の薄膜型電子源。4. The thin-film electron source according to claim 1, wherein the lower electrode is a semiconductor. 請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載の薄膜型電子源を有する表示装置において,前記薄膜型電子源は非フォーミング状態で動作するものであることを特徴とする表示装置。5. A display device comprising the thin-film electron source according to claim 1, wherein the thin-film electron source operates in a non-forming state.
JP29647195A 1995-11-15 1995-11-15 Thin-film electron source and display device using the same Expired - Fee Related JP3605911B2 (en)

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JP29647195A JP3605911B2 (en) 1995-11-15 1995-11-15 Thin-film electron source and display device using the same

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JPH09139175A JPH09139175A (en) 1997-05-27
JP3605911B2 true JP3605911B2 (en) 2004-12-22

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JP3764102B2 (en) 1999-09-06 2006-04-05 株式会社日立製作所 Thin film type electron source, thin film type electron source manufacturing method, and display device
JP4960695B2 (en) * 2006-12-22 2012-06-27 株式会社日立製作所 Image display device and manufacturing method thereof
JP7661063B2 (en) * 2021-03-03 2025-04-14 グンゼ株式会社 Method for manufacturing conductive film

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