JP3622779B2 - Making concrete using unwashed gravel - Google Patents
Making concrete using unwashed gravel Download PDFInfo
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- JP3622779B2 JP3622779B2 JP16914899A JP16914899A JP3622779B2 JP 3622779 B2 JP3622779 B2 JP 3622779B2 JP 16914899 A JP16914899 A JP 16914899A JP 16914899 A JP16914899 A JP 16914899A JP 3622779 B2 JP3622779 B2 JP 3622779B2
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- Prior art keywords
- concrete
- gravel
- unwashed
- water
- fly ash
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
- C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Preparation Of Clay, And Manufacture Of Mixtures Containing Clay Or Cement (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は,未洗浄砂礫を用いたコンクリートの製法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ダムコンクリートは,セメントの水和熱による温度ひび割れをできるだけ抑制するために,普通コンクリートに比べて単位セメント量を少なくし,且つ所要の強度および耐久性をえるために単位水量を少なくしている。そのため,結果として,低スランプの硬練りコンクリートとなる。
【0003】
そのさい,細・粗骨材としては,通常は,岩石山や河床から採取した砕石や砂礫を洗浄・分級し,JIS規格の品質が満たされていることを確認したうえで使用されており,練り混ぜはバッチャープラントのミキサーで行なわれるのが通常である。
【0004】
最近,ダム本体の内部コンクリートや貯砂ダムのコンクリートの製造に骨材として河床砂礫を未洗浄で使用することが提案され,注目されている。河川砂礫を未洗浄で使用できれば,洗浄・分級の作業や大型機械の省略による大きな経済性が見込まれ,河川汚濁の問題も回避できるからである。また,アジテータ車のドラムをコンクリートミキサーとして利用し,河川砂礫の採取現場において,簡易な計量装置で計量しながら,アジテータ車で未洗浄砂礫を用いたコンクリートを練り混ぜることができれば,骨材製造プラント,濁水プラントおよびバッチャープラントが不要になるので,一層経済的である。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし,反面において,未洗浄砂礫は,投入バッチ毎に使用する未洗浄砂礫の粒径・粒度分布・表面水率などが異なり,このために,安定した品質のコンクリートを得るのが困難であるという問題がある。そして,このようなコンクリート品質の変動は,未洗浄砂礫が不確定であるだけに,コンクリートを練り混ぜて見てから判ることになることが多い。特に,未洗浄砂礫の発生現場でアジテータ車等を用いて練り混ぜるような場合には,コンクリートのスランプ値や強度などの品質をバッチ毎に予測することは事実上困難である。
【0006】
したがって,本発明はこのような問題を解決し,未洗浄砂礫を用いた場合でも品質が安定したコンクリートを簡易に得ることを目的としたものである。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明によれば,未洗浄砂礫,水およびセメントをアジテータ車のドラムに投入して練り混ぜ,該ドラムの回転負荷値が所定値を外れている場合に,水粉体比を調節したフライアッシュスラリーを添加して練り混ぜることを特徴とする未洗浄砂礫を用いたコンクリートの製法を提供する。そのさい,流動化剤や減水剤等の混和剤は適宜配合することができ,例えばAE減水剤,高性能AE減水剤,減水剤,AE助剤などが適宜使用できる。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明において「未洗浄砂礫」とは,採取された河川砂礫を骨材プラントで分級し洗浄する一般的な処理を経ていないものを意味している。したがって,未洗浄砂礫の粗骨材の表面には細かい砂や泥状物が付着していることが多い。また未洗浄砂礫は,不当に大きな礫類例えば80mmを超える礫類は除かれていることが望ましい。なお,未洗浄砂礫は未洗浄のまま粗分級したものでもよい。すなわち未洗浄状態でありながら細骨材に相当する部分と粗骨材に相当する部分に大まかに分けてあってもよい。
【0009】
骨材として未洗浄砂礫を用いてコンクリートを練り混ぜる場合,未洗浄砂礫の粒度,粒度分布・表面水率等が一定しないので,セメント量と水量を決めたとしても,混ぜて見ないとフレッシュコンクリートの性質が特定できず,混ぜた後ではもやはそれらの性質を調整ができない場合がある。このため,強度の面でも不安が残る。
【0010】
例えば,河川砂礫の採取現場に簡易な計量装置を設置し,アジテータ車のドラムに所定量のセメントと水に加えて所定量の未洗浄砂礫を投入して練り混ぜる場合,投入した未洗浄砂礫の状況に応じて混練物の流動性が変化する。この流動性の変化は例えばスランプ値の変化として示される。この場合,スランプ値が所定値よりも低く,硬すぎるコンクリートとなってしまったとき,或いは逆にスランプ値が所定値よりも高く,軟らかすぎるコンクリートとなってしまったとき,その対応が困難である。この点が未洗浄砂礫を使用することの基本的なネックとなる。
【0011】
前者のとき(硬すぎるとき)には,アジテータ車では十分に練り混ぜができなくなる可能性があるばかりでなく,アジテータ車からの排出もできなくなる可能性がある。しかし,そのコンクリートに注水するのでは,明らかにコンクリートの強度や耐久性等の品質を低下させ,品質面から問題となる。また,高性能AE減水剤や流動化剤を添加して対処する場合には,高価となるばかりでなく,これらの混和剤は,本来,低セメント量の硬練りコンクリートに対する流動性改善効果が小さいので,その効果が十分発揮できない。逆に,後者のとき(軟らかすぎるとき)には施工が困難となるばかりでなく,施工したとしても強度等が低下している可能性が高い。
【0012】
本発明においては,前者のときには水粉体比の大きいフライアッシュスラリーを,後者のときには水粉体比の小さいフライアッシュスラリーを添加することを特徴とする。すなわち,骨材として未洗浄砂礫を用いて練り混ぜられたコンクリートの硬さ・軟らかさに応じて,濃度の異なる(水粉体比の異なる)フライアッシュスラリーを配合し,これによって適正な流動性をもつコンクリートに調整する。
【0013】
フライアッシュは,旧来のJIS規格品はもとより,新JIS規格の低品質で安価なものも使用可能であり,水とフライアッシュを,ハンドミキサー等で攪拌することにより,その水粉体比(水対フライアッシュの重量比(%))を調節したフライアッシュスラリーを得ることができる。該混練物が適正範囲より硬すぎる場合には,水粉体比が50〜150%のフライアッシュスラリーを,また,適正範囲より軟らかすぎるときは,水粉体比が25〜40%のフライアッシュスラリーを該混練物に配合するのがよい。代表的には,前者では水粉体比100%のフライアッシュスラリーを,後者では水粉体比35%のフライアッシュスラリーを使用し,このスラリー添加を断続的または連続的に行ないながら混練物の流動性が適正範囲内に収まったところで,その添加を終えるという操作を行なえばよい。
【0014】
本発明に従う未洗浄砂礫を用いたコンクリートの製法はダムコンクリートに有利に適用できる。ダムコンクリートは内部コンクリートと外部コンクリートで配合が異なり,内部コンクリートでは通常水セメント比(W/C)が60〜90%,単位セメント量が110〜180Kg/m3程度であり,外部コンクリートは通常水セメント比(W/C)が50〜60%,単位セメント量が180〜260Kg/m3程度である。本発明法はいずれのダムコンクリートにも適用可能である。
【0015】
本発明において,河床の砂礫を未洗浄のまま骨材として利用する場合,バッチャープラントまで未洗浄砂礫を運んで使用することもできるが,実際にはアジテータ車のドラムをミキサーとして利用するのが便利である。とくに,アジテータ車ドラムの回転負荷を計測できるドラム負荷計測装置付きアジテータ車を利用するのがよい。計測されるドラム負荷の値によって練り混ぜ中の内容物の流動性が評価できるからである。すなわち,内容物の流動性が悪い(硬練りである)とドラム負荷計測値は高くなり,軟らかいとドラム計測値は小さくなる。したがって,ドラム負荷計測値が設定された適正範囲より高いときには硬すぎる,該範囲より低いときは軟らかすぎると判断して,どのような水粉体比のフライアッシュスラリーを配合すればよいかを決めればよい。そして,そのフライアッシュスラリーを添加することによって,ドラム負荷計測値が適正範囲に収まったことを確認して,適正な流動性をもつ混練物が得られたと判断できる。
【0016】
未洗浄砂礫を用いたコンクリートは,砂礫に付着した泥分がその性質に影響を与えるが,適切な混和剤を配合することにより,その影響を小さくすることができる。使用できる混和剤としては,AE減水剤,高性能AE減水剤,減水剤,AE助剤等があり,またカルボキシル基含有ポリエーテルからなる水溶性ビニル共重合体を主成分とする振動流動化剤等も使用できる。振動流動化剤は,未だ固まらないコンクリートに振動を付与したときにプラスチックな性状を保ちつつ流動性が良好となる性質を該コンクリートに付与できる混和剤である。
【0017】
【実施例】
試験に用いた材料を表1に示した。未洗浄細骨材と未洗浄粗骨材は,河川砂礫を未洗浄のまま粗分級したものであり,表中の「F.M 」は fineness modulus(粗粒率) を示す。表2に基本コンクリート配合を示した。表2の基本配合のコンクリート(対照例)に対し,水粉体比100%のフライアッシュスラリーを表3に示すようにその添加量を変えて添加し,ミキサーで練り混ぜた(No.1〜5)。使用したフライアッシュはJIS規格に適応するものであり,水とフライアッシュを等重量ずつハンドミキサーに投入し攪拌して,フライアッシュスラリーを製造した。
【0018】
得られた各コンクリートのフレッシュ試験結果を表4に示した。表4におけるスランプ値は,JIS A 1101のコンクリートのスランプ試験方法に従う試験を行ったあと(そのスランプ値を「打撃前」と記した),さらにスランプ板に突き棒を高さ15cmから垂直にして15回と30回自然落下させたときのスランプ値を測定し,15回打撃後のもの(打撃後と記す)と30回打撃後のもの(打撃後々と記す)として表示した。また強度試験の結果を表5に示した。
【0019】
【表1】
【0020】
【表2】
【0021】
【表3】
【0022】
【表4】
【0023】
【表5】
【0024】
表4の結果に見られるように,基本配合コンクリートはスランプが0.5cmであり,実用に供し得ないものであったが,水粉体比100%のフライアッシュスラリーの添加により,その添加量に応じてスランプ値が高くなり,No.4の添加量(50kg/m3)でダムコンクリートとしては適正なスランプ値3.0cm(打撃前)を示し,打撃後では5.5cm,打撃後々では6.5cmを示した。なお,各フレッシュコンクリートに打撃を与えるとスランプ値が高くなるが,これは未洗浄砂礫の表面に付着する泥分が打撃により分散するからであろうと考えられる。この効果は混和剤の配合によって助成される。したがって,未洗浄砂礫を用いたコンクリートでは振動締固めを行うことが有益である。
【0025】
また,表5に見られるように,No.4のコンクリートは基本配合(対照例)のものに比べて強度の変化は殆んどない。
【0026】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように,本発明によれば,未洗浄砂礫を骨材として使用しても,必要な流動性をもつコンクリートを安定して製造することができる。このため,河川砂礫を洗浄するための作業や骨材プラントの省略が可能となり,ダムコンクリート等の製造コストを大きく低減できる。また,本発明法はアジテータ車をミキサーの代わりに使用可能であり,これによると,バッチャープラントの省略も可能となるので,一層製造コストが低減できる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for producing concrete using unwashed gravel.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In dam concrete, the amount of unit cement is less than that of ordinary concrete in order to suppress temperature cracking due to the heat of hydration of cement as much as possible, and the amount of unit water is reduced in order to obtain the required strength and durability. Therefore, the result is a low slumped concrete mixture.
[0003]
At that time, fine and coarse aggregates are usually used after cleaning and classifying crushed stones and gravel collected from rocky mountains and riverbeds and confirming that the quality of JIS standards is satisfied. Mixing is usually done in a batcher plant mixer.
[0004]
Recently, the use of unwashed riverbed gravel as an aggregate has been proposed and attracted attention for the production of internal concrete for dam bodies and concrete for sand storage dams. If river sand and gravel can be used without washing, great economic efficiency is expected due to the elimination of washing and classification work and large machinery, and the problem of river pollution can be avoided. If the agitator truck drum can be used as a concrete mixer to mix concrete using unwashed gravel with an agitator truck while measuring with a simple weighing device at the river sand gravel collection site, an aggregate production plant can be used. , It is more economical because muddy water plant and batcher plant are not required.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, on the other hand, unwashed gravel differs in the particle size, particle size distribution, surface water ratio, etc. of unwashed gravel used for each input batch, which makes it difficult to obtain stable quality concrete. There's a problem. Such changes in concrete quality are often found only after mixing the concrete, since unwashed gravel is uncertain. In particular, when mixing with an agitator car at the site where unwashed gravel is generated, it is practically difficult to predict the quality of concrete such as slump value and strength for each batch.
[0006]
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to solve such problems and easily obtain a concrete having a stable quality even when unwashed gravel is used.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, unwashed gravel, water and cement are put into a drum of an agitator car and kneaded, and when the rotational load value of the drum is outside a predetermined value, fly ash with an adjusted water powder ratio is adjusted. Provided is a method for producing concrete using unwashed gravel characterized by adding slurry and kneading. At that time, admixtures such as a fluidizing agent and a water reducing agent can be appropriately blended. For example, an AE water reducing agent, a high-performance AE water reducing agent, a water reducing agent, an AE auxiliary agent and the like can be used as appropriate.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, the “unwashed gravel” means that the collected river gravel has not been subjected to a general process of classifying and washing it at an aggregate plant. Therefore, fine sand and mud are often attached to the surface of unwashed gravel coarse aggregate. In addition, unwashed gravel is desirably removed from unduly large gravels such as gravels exceeding 80 mm. Unwashed gravel may be coarsely classified without washing. In other words, it may be roughly divided into a portion corresponding to the fine aggregate and a portion corresponding to the coarse aggregate in an unwashed state.
[0009]
When mixing concrete using unwashed gravel as aggregate, the grain size, particle size distribution, surface water ratio, etc. of unwashed gravel are not constant. The properties of can not be specified, and after mixing, the properties may not be adjusted. For this reason, anxiety remains in terms of strength.
[0010]
For example, when a simple weighing device is installed at a river sand gravel collection site and a predetermined amount of unwashed gravel is added to the drum of an agitator car in addition to a predetermined amount of cement and water, The fluidity of the kneaded material changes depending on the situation. This change in fluidity is indicated, for example, as a change in slump value. In this case, when the slump value is lower than the predetermined value and the concrete is too hard, or conversely, the slump value is higher than the predetermined value and the concrete is too soft, it is difficult to cope with it. . This is the basic bottleneck in using unwashed gravel.
[0011]
In the former case (when it is too hard), the agitator vehicle may not be able to mix well, and may not be discharged from the agitator vehicle. However, when water is poured into the concrete, the quality of the concrete, such as strength and durability, is clearly deteriorated, which is a problem in terms of quality. In addition, when dealing with the addition of high-performance AE water reducing agents and fluidizing agents, not only is it expensive, but these admixtures are inherently less effective in improving the fluidity of low-cement concrete. Therefore, the effect cannot be fully demonstrated. Conversely, in the latter case (when it is too soft), not only is the construction difficult, but even if it is constructed, there is a high possibility that the strength and the like are reduced.
[0012]
In the present invention, a fly ash slurry having a large water powder ratio is added in the former case, and a fly ash slurry having a small water powder ratio is added in the latter case. In other words, fly ash slurries with different concentrations (different water-powder ratios) are blended according to the hardness and softness of concrete that has been kneaded with unwashed gravel as an aggregate, thereby achieving proper fluidity. Adjust to concrete with
[0013]
As for fly ash, not only the old JIS standard products but also new JIS standard low-quality and inexpensive ones can be used. By mixing water and fly ash with a hand mixer, the water powder ratio (water A fly ash slurry in which the weight ratio of fly ash to fly ash (%) is adjusted can be obtained. When the kneaded product is too hard than the proper range, a fly ash slurry having a water powder ratio of 50 to 150% is used. When the kneaded product is too soft than the proper range, a fly ash having a water powder ratio of 25 to 40% is used. It is good to mix | blend a slurry with this kneaded material. Typically, a fly ash slurry having a water powder ratio of 100% is used in the former, and a fly ash slurry having a water powder ratio of 35% is used in the latter. The slurry is added intermittently or continuously. When the fluidity falls within the appropriate range, the operation of finishing the addition may be performed.
[0014]
The concrete production method using unwashed gravel according to the present invention can be advantageously applied to dam concrete. Dam concrete different formulations within concrete and external concrete, usually water cement ratio is within concrete (W / C) is 60% to 90%, the amount of the unit cement is about 110~180Kg / m 3, the external concrete usually water The cement ratio (W / C) is 50 to 60%, and the unit cement amount is about 180 to 260 Kg / m 3 . The method of the present invention can be applied to any dam concrete.
[0015]
In the present invention, when the gravel on the riverbed is used as an aggregate without being washed, it can be used by transporting the unwashed gravel to the batcher plant, but in reality, the drum of the agitator car is used as a mixer. Convenient. In particular, it is preferable to use an agitator vehicle with a drum load measuring device capable of measuring the rotational load of the agitator vehicle drum. This is because the fluidity of the contents during mixing can be evaluated based on the measured drum load value. That is, when the fluidity of the contents is poor (hard kneading), the drum load measurement value becomes high, and when it is soft, the drum measurement value becomes small. Therefore, it can be determined that it is too hard when the drum load measurement value is higher than the set appropriate range and it is too soft when the drum load measurement value is lower than this range. That's fine. Then, by adding the fly ash slurry, it can be determined that the measured value of the drum load is within the appropriate range, and it can be determined that a kneaded material having an appropriate fluidity has been obtained.
[0016]
In concrete using unwashed gravel, mud adhering to the gravel affects its properties, but the effect can be reduced by adding an appropriate admixture. Admixtures that can be used include AE water-reducing agents, high-performance AE water-reducing agents, water-reducing agents, AE assistants, etc., and vibration fluidizers mainly composed of water-soluble vinyl copolymers composed of carboxyl group-containing polyethers. Etc. can also be used. The vibration fluidizing agent is an admixture that can impart to the concrete the property of improving fluidity while maintaining the plastic properties when vibration is applied to the concrete that has not yet solidified.
[0017]
【Example】
The materials used in the test are shown in Table 1. Unwashed fine aggregate and unwashed coarse aggregate are coarsely classified river gravel without washing, and “FM” in the table indicates fineness modulus. Table 2 shows the basic concrete composition. Addition of fly ash slurry having a water powder ratio of 100% as shown in Table 3 to the basic blend concrete (control example) shown in Table 2 was carried out with a mixer (No. 1 to No. 1). 5). The fly ash used conforms to the JIS standard, and water and fly ash were poured into a hand mixer at equal weights and stirred to produce a fly ash slurry.
[0018]
Table 4 shows the fresh test results of the obtained concretes. The slump values in Table 4 are as follows. After performing a test according to the concrete slump test method of JIS A 1101 (the slump value is described as “before hitting”), the slump plate is placed vertically from a height of 15 cm. The slump value when 15 times and 30 times natural fall were measured and displayed as those after 15 strikes (denoted after strike) and those after 30 strikes (denoted after strike). The results of the strength test are shown in Table 5.
[0019]
[Table 1]
[0020]
[Table 2]
[0021]
[Table 3]
[0022]
[Table 4]
[0023]
[Table 5]
[0024]
As can be seen from the results in Table 4, the basic blended concrete had a slump of 0.5 cm and could not be put to practical use, but the amount added was increased by adding fly ash slurry with a water powder ratio of 100%. The slump value increases according to the The addition amount of 4 (50 kg / m 3 ) showed an appropriate slump value of 3.0 cm (before hitting) as dam concrete, 5.5 cm after hitting, and 6.5 cm after hitting. In addition, the slump value increases when hitting each fresh concrete, which is thought to be due to the dispersion of mud adhering to the surface of unwashed gravel. This effect is supported by the blending of the admixture. Therefore, it is beneficial to perform vibration compaction on concrete using unwashed gravel.
[0025]
As can be seen from Table 5, The concrete of No. 4 has almost no change in strength compared to that of the basic composition (control example).
[0026]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, even if unwashed gravel is used as an aggregate, concrete having necessary fluidity can be stably produced. For this reason, it is possible to omit work for cleaning river gravel and an aggregate plant, and the manufacturing cost of dam concrete and the like can be greatly reduced. Further, according to the method of the present invention, an agitator vehicle can be used in place of the mixer, and according to this, the batcher plant can be omitted, so that the manufacturing cost can be further reduced.
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP16914899A JP3622779B2 (en) | 1999-06-16 | 1999-06-16 | Making concrete using unwashed gravel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP16914899A JP3622779B2 (en) | 1999-06-16 | 1999-06-16 | Making concrete using unwashed gravel |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2001002459A JP2001002459A (en) | 2001-01-09 |
| JP3622779B2 true JP3622779B2 (en) | 2005-02-23 |
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| JP16914899A Expired - Fee Related JP3622779B2 (en) | 1999-06-16 | 1999-06-16 | Making concrete using unwashed gravel |
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| JP4028966B2 (en) * | 2001-02-07 | 2008-01-09 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | Method for producing cement-based composition |
| CN113336462B (en) * | 2021-07-05 | 2023-03-10 | 洛阳理工学院 | Degradation method of washing machine-made sand residual flocculant in mixed concrete |
| CN115534107B (en) * | 2022-10-20 | 2025-11-21 | 龙岩学院 | Preparation technology for improving performance of machine-made sand concrete |
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