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JP3627530B2 - Control power supply compatible with AC / DC input - Google Patents
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JP3627530B2 - Control power supply compatible with AC / DC input - Google Patents

Control power supply compatible with AC / DC input Download PDF

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JP3627530B2
JP3627530B2 JP26207698A JP26207698A JP3627530B2 JP 3627530 B2 JP3627530 B2 JP 3627530B2 JP 26207698 A JP26207698 A JP 26207698A JP 26207698 A JP26207698 A JP 26207698A JP 3627530 B2 JP3627530 B2 JP 3627530B2
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input
voltage
power supply
circuit
output
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JP2000089833A (en
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孝正 野口
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Fuji Electric Co Ltd
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Fuji Electric Systems Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、直流及び交流入力に対応が可能な制御電源に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
制御電源は、入力電圧が何らかの理由で低下した場合、出力を一定に維持するために入力電流を大きく取り込む動作をする。このため、制御電源は、入力回路を入力の過剰電流から保護する目的で、復電電圧(電源出力を開始する電圧)と停電電圧(電源出力を停止するための電圧)を検出する入力電圧検出回路を必要とする。これらの検出電圧は、入力電圧の許容変動電圧(AC85〜AC121V,DC88V〜DC143V)の下限値(AC85V,DC88V)以下に、3〜5Vのヒステリシスを持って設定するのが一般的である。設定値の例を以下に示す。
【0003】

Figure 0003627530
図3は、従来の制御電源を示すものであって、電源入力端INに入力される交流を整流し、平滑して出力する(または電源入力端INに入力される直流を出力する)入力電圧平滑回路1は、入力整流ダイオードD1と、このダイオードD1の出力に接続した入力平滑コンデンサC1とを有し、入力電圧検出回路2は、ダイオードD1の出力端間に接続した2個の入力電圧検出抵抗R1,R2と、その非反転入力端(+入力端)に抵抗R1,R2間の接続点を入力し、反転入力端(−入力端)に第1基準電圧Vref1を接続したオペレーショナルアンプ(オペアンプ)IC1とを有する。Vp15は、オペアンプIC1の駆動電圧である。このオペアンプIC1は、その+入力端の電圧が(すなわち、ダイオードD1の出力)が第1基準電圧Vref1より大きいときに出力が“H”(すなわち、High)になっており、この状態から、入力電圧が低下して、例えば、上述した停電電圧に至ると、+入力端の電圧が第1基準電圧Vref1よりも低下して出力が“L”(すなわち、Low)になる。また、オペアンプIC1は、入力電圧が停電電圧以下の電圧から復電電圧にまで上昇すると、その+入力端の電圧が第1基準電圧Vref1よりも上昇して出力が“H”になる。なお、上述したようにオペアンプIC1が“H”から“L”になるときの+入力端の電圧と、“L”から“H”になるときの+入力端の電圧との間には、例えば3〜5Vのヒステリシスがある。
【0004】
3は入力電圧平滑回路1の出力を制御して一定電圧を電源出力端OUTに出力する電源回路であって、入力電圧検出回路2のオペアンプIC1の出力端の“H”/“L”に応答してON/OFF(起動/停止)する。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
従来の制御電源は、図3に示すように、電源入力端INに入力電圧平滑回路1の出力電圧(コンデンサC1の両端の電圧)を交流入力または直流入力の区別なく入力電圧検出回路2により検出していた。この方法だと入力が直流仕様で停電電圧を設定(入力直流として、DC78V)しなければならない。従って、この場合、交流入力は、入力電圧平滑回路1で電圧の波高値で平滑されるので入力電圧検出回路2の停電電圧が上記のDC78Vであると、停電が検出される交流の入力電圧は、AC55V(78V/√2)の低電圧に設定されてしまうことになる。
【0006】
従って、従来の制御電源をAC仕様で使用する場合、入力電圧がAC55Vまで下がっても入力回路部品(パターンも含む)を保護できるように設計しなければならないので、電流容量を交流専用の(すなわち、交流の停電電圧がAC75Vの)制御電源の約1.5倍に設計しなければならない。そのため、さらに以下のような問題があった。
【0007】
(1)部品が大きくなる、パターン面積が増える、ダイオードの冷却フィンが大きくなる等の理由により、小型化ができない。
【0008】
(2)(1)と同じ理由により、コストが高くなる。実際は、出力容量が大きいほど掲記の問題が大きくなるので、交流/直流共用にしないで、別々に製品化する場合が多い。
【0009】
そこで本発明の目的は以上のような問題を解消した交流・直流入力対応可能な制御電源を提供することにある。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するため、本発明は、電源入力端からの交流または直流を入力し、交流が入力されたときに当該交流を直流に平滑する入力電圧平滑回路と、該入力電圧平滑回路の出力を一定電圧にして電源出力端に出力する電源回路と、前記電源入力端からの入力が交流か直流かを判別する判別回路と、前記入力電圧平滑回路の出力電圧を入力して、当該出力電圧が所定の検出値に到達したときに前記電源回路を制御する信号を前記電源回路に供給する入力電圧検出回路とを具え、前記入力電圧検出回路は、前記判別回路が交流を検出した場合は、前記所定の検出値を、直流を検出するための値よりも高くなるように変更する電圧検出値変更手段を有することを特徴とする。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の交流・直流入力対応可能な制御電源の実施例を以下に示す。
【0012】
図1において、入力電圧平滑回路1は、電源入力端INに入力された交流電圧を全波整流する整流ダイオードD1と、その全波整流電圧Vd1を直流電圧に平滑する平滑コンデンサClと、全波整流電圧Vd1と平滑コンデンサClの両端の平滑直流電圧Vc1とを分離するためのダイオードD2とによって構成される。電源入力端INへの入力が直流の場合は、Vd1=Vc1である。
【0013】
入力電圧検出回路2は、入力電圧平滑回路1の出力である平滑直流電圧Vc1を抵抗R5とR6で分圧してオペアンプIC1の+入力端に入力し、オペアンプIC1の−入力端には、第1基準電圧Vref1を入力する。抵抗R6には、フォトカプラPC1を構成する受光トランジスタを介して抵抗R7を並列に接続し、後述するように、この受光トランジスタがONしたときに抵抗R5に抵抗R7が並列に接続される。すなわち、オペアンプIC1は、フォトカプラPC1を構成する受光トランジスタがONのときは、直流入力(電源入力端INに直流入力されたとき)に対して動作する。また、同受光トランジスタがOFFのときは、交流入力に対して動作する。このように動作することによって、交流入力時におけるオペアンプIC1の停電または復電電圧、すなわち、そのときの+入力端の電圧を、直流入力時の+入力端の電圧よりも高くすることができる。例えば、抵抗R5〜R7までの値を適切に選定し、且つ抵抗R5の値を図1の抵抗R1の値と同じ値とし、抵抗R6と抵抗R7の並列抵抗値を図1の抵抗R2の値と同じ値とすることによって、フォトカプラPC1を構成する受光トランジスタがONのときは(直流入力時)、例えば停電電圧をDC78Vとし、同受光トランジスタがOFFのときは(交流入力時)、例えば停電電圧をAC75Vとすることができる。
【0014】
交流・直流判別回路4は、オペアンプIC2の+入力端に、全波整流電圧Vd1を抵抗R8とR9で分圧した電圧を入力し、−入力端に第2基準電圧Vref2を入力し、その比較結果を出力する。放電ダイオードD3は、カソードをオペアンプIC2の出力端に接続する。充電抵抗R3は、一端に駆動電圧Vp15を印加し、他端に放電ダイオードD3のアノード、充放電コンデンサC2及びオペアンプIC3の+入力端を接続する。オペアンプIC3の−入力端には第3基準電圧Vref3を入力し、出力端には、電流制限抵抗R4を介して、フォトカプラPC1を構成する発光ダイオードを接続する。Vp15は、オペアンプIC2,IC3を駆動する。
【0015】
オペアンプIC2の比較結果である出力が“H”である時にVp15Vに充電されている充放電コンデンサC2の電圧VC2は、オペアンプIC2の比較結果である出力が“L”になったときに、放電ダイオードD3を介して放電する。この充放電コンデンサC2の電圧VC2が第3基準電圧を越えたときは、オペアンプIC3の出力が“L”から“H”になり、フォトカプラPC1の発光ダイオードに電流が流れて発光し、受光トランジスタが導通して抵抗R6に抵抗R7が並列接続される。
【0016】
この交流・直流判別回路4の動作のポイントを図2に基づいて、下記に示す。
【0017】
<交流入力の場合>
オペアンプIC2の+入力端の電圧は、10ms周期(50Hz交流の場合)で必ずゼロクロス点になるので、出力が10msで“L”になる(抵抗R8,R9と第2基準電圧については後述する)。
【0018】
充放電コンデンサC2の電圧VC2が10ms以内で第3基準電圧Vref3を超えないように抵抗R3,コンデンサC2の定数を設定する。
【0019】
したがって、オペアンプIC3における出力、すなわちVC2とVref3との比較結果は“L”となる。
【0020】
<直流の場合>
オペアンプIC2の+入力端の電圧が例えば直流入力時の停電電圧DC78V以下の電圧(例えばDC50V)で第2基準電圧Vref2以上になるように、抵抗R8,R9の値を設定する(または第2基準電圧Vref2を設定する)。
【0021】
オペアンプIC2の出力は、停電電圧DC78V以上で必ず“H”となる。
【0022】
(※DC78V以下では、入力電圧検出回路2は絶対に“停電”を検出しないので、この回路4の判定結果が“H”でも“L”でもかまわない。)
オペアンプIC3における出力、すなわちVC2とVref3との比較結果は“H”となる。
【0023】
以上のように設定すれば、交流・直流判別回路4のオペアンプIC3における出力、すなわちVC2とVref3との比較結果は、入力電圧が交流の場合“L”となり(フォトカプラPC1の発光ダイオードは発光停止し、受光トランジスタはOFFとなる)、直流の場合“H”となる(フォトカプラPC1の発光ダイオードは発光し、受光トランジスタはONとなる)ので、交流・直流の判別ができる。すなわち、上述したように、入力電圧検出回路2のオペアンプIC1が、フォトカプラPC1を構成する受光トランジスタがONのときは、直流入力に対して設定した停電または復電電圧(例えば、DC78VまたはDC83V)を検出可能となり、また、同受光トランジスタがOFFのときは、交流入力に対して設定した停電または復電電圧(例えば、AC75VまたはAC80V)を検出可能となる。
【0024】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように本発明によれば、交流入力及び直流入力の両方に対して停電・復電検出のための電圧値を適正な値に設定することができる。そのため、交流・直流入力の共用化が可能となり、さらに、入力部品の小型化、パターン面積の縮小、放熱フィンの小型化が可能になり、電源の小型化・コストダウンが可能になった。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施例を示す回路図である。
【図2】本発明の動作を説明するための波形図である。
【図3】従来技術の回路図である。
【符号の説明】
1 入力電圧平滑回路
2 入力電圧検出回路
3 電源回路
4 交流・直流判別回路
D1 整流ダイオード
D2 ダイオード
D3 放電ダイオード
C1 入力平滑コンデンサ
Rl,R2 入力電圧検出抵抗
R3 充電抵抗
R4 電流制限抵抗
C2 充放電コンデンサ
IC1〜3 オペアンプ
PC1 フォトカプラ
R5〜R9 入力電圧検出抵抗[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a control power supply that can handle direct current and alternating current input.
[0002]
[Prior art]
When the input voltage drops for some reason, the control power supply operates to take in a large input current in order to keep the output constant. For this reason, the control power supply detects input voltage to detect power recovery voltage (voltage to start power output) and power failure voltage (voltage to stop power output) for the purpose of protecting the input circuit from excessive input current. Requires a circuit. These detection voltages are generally set with a hysteresis of 3 to 5 V below the lower limit value (AC 85 V, DC 88 V) of the allowable variation voltage (AC 85 to AC 121 V, DC 88 V to DC 143 V) of the input voltage. Examples of setting values are shown below.
[0003]
Figure 0003627530
FIG. 3 shows a conventional control power supply, which rectifies and smoothes an alternating current input to the power input terminal IN (or outputs a direct current input to the power input terminal IN). The smoothing circuit 1 has an input rectifier diode D1 and an input smoothing capacitor C1 connected to the output of the diode D1, and the input voltage detection circuit 2 has two input voltage detections connected between the output terminals of the diode D1. An operational amplifier (an operational amplifier) in which a connection point between the resistors R1 and R2 is input to the resistors R1 and R2 and its non-inverting input terminal (+ input terminal) and the first reference voltage Vref1 is connected to the inverting input terminal (−input terminal). ) IC1. Vp15 is a drive voltage of the operational amplifier IC1. The operational amplifier IC1 has an output of “H” (that is, High) when the voltage at the positive input terminal (that is, the output of the diode D1) is higher than the first reference voltage Vref1, and from this state, When the voltage decreases, for example, when the above-described power failure voltage is reached, the voltage at the + input terminal decreases below the first reference voltage Vref1 and the output becomes “L” (ie, Low). Further, when the input voltage rises from a voltage equal to or lower than the power failure voltage to the power recovery voltage, the operational amplifier IC1 has its + input terminal voltage higher than the first reference voltage Vref1 and the output becomes “H”. As described above, between the voltage at the + input terminal when the operational amplifier IC1 changes from “H” to “L” and the voltage at the + input terminal when the operational amplifier IC1 changes from “L” to “H”, for example, There is a hysteresis of 3-5V.
[0004]
A power supply circuit 3 controls the output of the input voltage smoothing circuit 1 and outputs a constant voltage to the power supply output terminal OUT, and responds to “H” / “L” of the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC1 of the input voltage detection circuit 2. ON / OFF (start / stop).
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As shown in FIG. 3, the conventional control power supply detects the output voltage of the input voltage smoothing circuit 1 (voltage at both ends of the capacitor C1) at the power input terminal IN by the input voltage detection circuit 2 regardless of the AC input or DC input. Was. With this method, the input must be a direct current specification and the power failure voltage must be set (DC 78V as the input direct current). Therefore, in this case, since the AC input is smoothed by the peak value of the voltage in the input voltage smoothing circuit 1, if the power failure voltage of the input voltage detection circuit 2 is DC78V, the AC input voltage at which the power failure is detected is Therefore, the voltage is set to a low voltage of AC55V (78V / √2).
[0006]
Therefore, when a conventional control power supply is used with AC specifications, it must be designed to protect input circuit components (including patterns) even when the input voltage drops to AC55V. The AC power supply voltage must be designed to be about 1.5 times the control power supply (AC75V). Therefore, there were the following problems.
[0007]
(1) The size cannot be reduced due to reasons such as an increase in parts, an increase in pattern area, and an increase in cooling fins of the diode.
[0008]
(2) For the same reason as (1), the cost is increased. Actually, the larger the output capacity, the greater the problem described above, and there are many cases where products are separately manufactured without using AC / DC.
[0009]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a control power supply capable of dealing with AC / DC input which solves the above-described problems.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention inputs an alternating current or a direct current from a power supply input terminal, and smoothes the alternating current into a direct current when the alternating current is input, and an output of the input voltage smoothing circuit A power supply circuit that outputs a constant voltage to the power supply output terminal, a determination circuit that determines whether the input from the power supply input terminal is AC or DC, and the output voltage of the input voltage smoothing circuit are input, and the output voltage And an input voltage detection circuit that supplies a signal for controlling the power supply circuit to the power supply circuit when a predetermined detection value is reached, and the input voltage detection circuit, when the discrimination circuit detects alternating current, Voltage detection value changing means for changing the predetermined detection value so as to be higher than a value for detecting direct current is provided.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment of a control power supply capable of handling AC / DC input according to the present invention is shown below.
[0012]
In FIG. 1, an input voltage smoothing circuit 1 includes a rectifier diode D1 that full-wave rectifies an AC voltage input to a power input terminal IN, a smoothing capacitor Cl that smoothes the full-wave rectified voltage Vd1 to a DC voltage, and a full-wave. It is constituted by a diode D2 for separating the rectified voltage Vd1 and the smoothed DC voltage Vc1 across the smoothing capacitor Cl. When the input to the power input terminal IN is DC, Vd1 = Vc1.
[0013]
The input voltage detection circuit 2 divides the smoothed DC voltage Vc1 that is the output of the input voltage smoothing circuit 1 by the resistors R5 and R6, and inputs the divided voltage to the + input terminal of the operational amplifier IC1. The reference voltage Vref1 is input. A resistor R7 is connected in parallel to the resistor R6 via a light receiving transistor constituting the photocoupler PC1, and as will be described later, when the light receiving transistor is turned on, the resistor R7 is connected in parallel to the resistor R5. That is, the operational amplifier IC1 operates with respect to a direct current input (when a direct current is input to the power supply input terminal IN) when the light receiving transistor constituting the photocoupler PC1 is ON. Further, when the light receiving transistor is OFF, it operates with respect to an AC input. By operating in this way, the power failure or power recovery voltage of the operational amplifier IC1 at the time of AC input, that is, the voltage at the + input terminal at that time can be made higher than the voltage at the + input terminal at the time of DC input. For example, the values of the resistors R5 to R7 are appropriately selected, the value of the resistor R5 is set to the same value as the value of the resistor R1 in FIG. 1, and the parallel resistance value of the resistors R6 and R7 is the value of the resistor R2 in FIG. When the light receiving transistor constituting the photocoupler PC1 is ON (when DC input), for example, the power failure voltage is set to DC78V, and when the light receiving transistor is OFF (when AC input), for example, a power failure occurs. The voltage can be AC75V.
[0014]
The AC / DC discriminating circuit 4 inputs a voltage obtained by dividing the full-wave rectified voltage Vd1 by the resistors R8 and R9 to the + input terminal of the operational amplifier IC2, and inputs the second reference voltage Vref2 to the − input terminal, and compares Output the result. The discharge diode D3 connects the cathode to the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC2. The charging resistor R3 applies a driving voltage Vp15 at one end, and connects the anode of the discharge diode D3, the charge / discharge capacitor C2, and the + input terminal of the operational amplifier IC3 to the other end. The third reference voltage Vref3 is input to the negative input terminal of the operational amplifier IC3, and the light emitting diode constituting the photocoupler PC1 is connected to the output terminal via the current limiting resistor R4. Vp15 drives the operational amplifiers IC2 and IC3.
[0015]
The voltage VC2 of the charge / discharge capacitor C2 charged to Vp15V when the output as the comparison result of the operational amplifier IC2 is “H” is a discharge diode when the output as the comparison result of the operational amplifier IC2 becomes “L”. Discharge via D3. When the voltage VC2 of the charge / discharge capacitor C2 exceeds the third reference voltage, the output of the operational amplifier IC3 changes from “L” to “H”, current flows through the light emitting diode of the photocoupler PC1, and light is emitted. Is conducted, and the resistor R7 is connected in parallel to the resistor R6.
[0016]
The points of operation of the AC / DC discriminating circuit 4 are shown below based on FIG.
[0017]
<For AC input>
Since the voltage at the + input terminal of the operational amplifier IC2 always becomes a zero cross point in a cycle of 10 ms (in the case of 50 Hz alternating current), the output becomes “L” in 10 ms (the resistors R8 and R9 and the second reference voltage will be described later). .
[0018]
The constants of the resistor R3 and the capacitor C2 are set so that the voltage VC2 of the charge / discharge capacitor C2 does not exceed the third reference voltage Vref3 within 10 ms.
[0019]
Therefore, the output from the operational amplifier IC3, that is, the comparison result between VC2 and Vref3 is “L”.
[0020]
<For DC>
The values of the resistors R8 and R9 are set so that the voltage at the + input terminal of the operational amplifier IC2 is equal to or higher than the second reference voltage Vref2 at a power failure voltage DC78V or less (for example, DC50V) at the time of direct current input, for example. Voltage Vref2 is set).
[0021]
The output of the operational amplifier IC2 is always “H” when the power failure voltage is DC78V or higher.
[0022]
(* Below DC78V, the input voltage detection circuit 2 never detects “power failure”, so the determination result of this circuit 4 may be “H” or “L”.)
The output from the operational amplifier IC3, that is, the comparison result between VC2 and Vref3 is “H”.
[0023]
With the above setting, the output from the operational amplifier IC3 of the AC / DC discrimination circuit 4, that is, the comparison result between VC2 and Vref3 is “L” when the input voltage is AC (the light emitting diode of the photocoupler PC1 stops emitting light). Then, the light receiving transistor is turned off), and in the case of direct current, it becomes “H” (the light emitting diode of the photocoupler PC1 emits light and the light receiving transistor is turned on), so that it is possible to distinguish between AC and DC. That is, as described above, the operational amplifier IC1 of the input voltage detection circuit 2 has a power failure or recovery voltage (for example, DC78V or DC83V) set for the DC input when the light receiving transistor that constitutes the photocoupler PC1 is ON. Further, when the light receiving transistor is OFF, it is possible to detect a power failure or power recovery voltage (for example, AC75V or AC80V) set for the AC input.
[0024]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, the voltage value for power failure / recovery detection can be set to an appropriate value for both AC input and DC input. As a result, AC / DC input can be shared, input components can be made smaller, the pattern area can be reduced, and heat radiation fins can be made smaller. This makes it possible to reduce the size and cost of the power supply.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a waveform diagram for explaining the operation of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the prior art.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Input voltage smoothing circuit 2 Input voltage detection circuit 3 Power supply circuit 4 AC / DC discrimination circuit D1 Rectifier diode D2 Diode D3 Discharge diode C1 Input smoothing capacitor Rl, R2 Input voltage detection resistor R3 Charging resistor R4 Current limiting resistor C2 Charging / discharging capacitor IC1 ~ 3 Operational amplifier PC1 Photocoupler R5 ~ R9 Input voltage detection resistor

Claims (1)

電源入力端からの交流または直流を入力し、交流が入力されたときに当該交流を直流に平滑する入力電圧平滑回路と、該入力電圧平滑回路の出力を一定電圧にして電源出力端に出力する電源回路と、前記電源入力端からの入力が交流か直流かを判別する判別回路と、前記入力電圧平滑回路の出力電圧を入力して、当該出力電圧が所定の検出値に到達したときに前記電源回路を制御する信号を前記電源回路に供給する入力電圧検出回路とを具え、前記入力電圧検出回路は、前記判別回路が交流を検出した場合は、前記所定の検出値を、直流を検出するための値よりも高くなるように変更する電圧検出値変更手段を有することを特徴とする制御電源。Inputs AC or DC from the power input end, smooths the AC to DC when AC is input, and outputs the input voltage smoothing circuit to the power output end with a constant voltage output A power supply circuit, a determination circuit for determining whether the input from the power supply input terminal is AC or DC, and an output voltage of the input voltage smoothing circuit are input, and when the output voltage reaches a predetermined detection value, An input voltage detection circuit for supplying a signal for controlling the power supply circuit to the power supply circuit, and the input voltage detection circuit detects the predetermined detection value when the discrimination circuit detects an alternating current. A control power supply comprising voltage detection value changing means for changing the value so as to be higher than the value for
JP26207698A 1998-09-16 1998-09-16 Control power supply compatible with AC / DC input Expired - Fee Related JP3627530B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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JP26207698A JP3627530B2 (en) 1998-09-16 1998-09-16 Control power supply compatible with AC / DC input

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP26207698A JP3627530B2 (en) 1998-09-16 1998-09-16 Control power supply compatible with AC / DC input

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JP3627530B2 true JP3627530B2 (en) 2005-03-09

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2002199717A (en) * 2000-12-27 2002-07-12 Furukawa Battery Co Ltd:The Common power supply device enabling dc/ac input
JP5187008B2 (en) * 2008-06-06 2013-04-24 横河電機株式会社 Protection circuit
JP2016152686A (en) * 2015-02-17 2016-08-22 三菱電機株式会社 Lighting device

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