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JP3657082B2 - Combustion equipment - Google Patents
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JP3657082B2 - Combustion equipment - Google Patents

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Publication number
JP3657082B2
JP3657082B2 JP16078097A JP16078097A JP3657082B2 JP 3657082 B2 JP3657082 B2 JP 3657082B2 JP 16078097 A JP16078097 A JP 16078097A JP 16078097 A JP16078097 A JP 16078097A JP 3657082 B2 JP3657082 B2 JP 3657082B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
combustion
secondary air
oxidation reaction
combustion chamber
flame
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JP16078097A
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Japanese (ja)
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JPH1114039A (en
Inventor
利幸 東野
保昭 桑原
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Sharp Corp
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Sharp Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]

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  • Direct Air Heating By Heater Or Combustion Gas (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は燃焼装置に関し、特に石油ファンヒータ等の液体燃料燃焼装置に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
図6は従来の燃焼装置の側面断面図であり、図7は図6に示す燃焼装置の燃焼室の斜視図であり、図8は燃焼装置のバーナ近傍の断面図である。
【0003】
まず、従来の燃焼装置の構成について説明する。
【0004】
従来の燃焼装置は、図8に示すように、液体燃料を加熱して気化した気化燃料11が気化器7のノズル8よりバーナ13内に噴射され、この燃料ガス噴射のエゼクター効果により燃焼用の一次空気10の必要量もバーナ13内に自然吸入され、その内部で混合された後、バーナ13の炎孔部16にて燃焼する。
【0005】
前記バーナ13は、図6に示すように、燃焼室3およびバーナボックス4によって形成された燃焼囲部5内に収められている。
【0006】
そして、前記燃焼室3の後部に設けた対流送風機17は燃焼開始とともに回転し、室内空気を燃焼熱と混合して温風として吹出口23から排出させる。
【0007】
燃焼室3内に供給される二次空気は、燃焼室3の背面の中間部の高さに設けられた第1の二次空気導入口21および燃焼室3の左右側面の中間部から上部にかけて設けられた第2の二次空気導入口22から、それぞれ対流送風機17から送風される一部を強制的に燃焼用二次空気として供給される。そして、該二次空気はバーナ13周辺に勢いよく供給されて酸化反応を促進させている。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上述したように従来の燃焼装置においては、発熱量に応じて送風ファン17の回転数制御によって燃焼室3内の燃焼炎24に対する二次空気の供給量を制御している。そして、燃焼室13内への二次空気の供給方法は、燃焼室13背面の複数個の第1の二次空気導入口21からと燃焼室13側面を切欠いた第2の二次空気導入口22からそれぞれ行っている。
【0009】
しかしながら、前記第1の二次空気導入口21の穴径や第2の二次空気導入口22の切欠きの程度によっては多量の二次空気が供給されることになり、バーナ13上で燃焼炎24が不安定になったり、燃焼臭がしたり、さらに炎孔部16の周辺に二次空気が供給されるとNOXが増大するような欠点があった。
【0010】
本発明は、上記課題に鑑み、NOXの低減が図れる燃焼装置の提供を目的とするものである。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するために、本発明の燃焼装置は、一次空気と混合された気化燃料を燃焼させるバーナーと、該バーナーの燃焼炎を囲う燃焼室と、前記バーナーに対して上方に配設され前記燃焼炎を完全酸化反応させる二次空気を前記燃焼室内に導入する導入口とを備えた燃焼装置において、前記燃焼室内に、前記燃焼室の背面、側面に設けた導入口からの二次空気が前記燃焼炎の酸化反応開始域に導入されることを防止する遮蔽手段を強制燃焼時における前記燃焼炎の酸化反応終了域と酸化反応活発域との境界、または該境界の下方であって且つ前記燃焼炎の酸化反応開始域の上方に設けたことを特徴とするものである。
【0012】
また、前記燃焼室は、前記遮蔽手段から下側では二次空気の供給が遮蔽された状態で、前記遮蔽手段から上側では二次空気を強制的に供給し酸素リッチな状態
とする2層構造の燃焼室であることを特徴とするものである。
【0015】
上記構成によれば、本発明の燃焼装置は、燃焼室内に、導入口からの二次空気が燃焼炎の酸化反応開始域に導入されることを防止する遮蔽手段を設けた構成なので、前記燃焼炎の酸化反応開始域に二次空気が導入されて急速に酸化反応して前記酸化反応開始域が高温度となることを防止することができる。
【0017】
さらに、前記遮蔽手段の取付位置を、強燃焼時における前記燃焼炎の酸化反応終了域と酸化反応活発域との境界、または該境界の下方であって且つ前記燃焼炎の酸化反応開始域の上方とした構成なので、前記酸化反応終了域に二次空気を強制導入して、前記酸化反応終了域が残りの気化燃料の完全酸化反応により高温度となることを防止することができる。
【0019】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態にかかる燃焼装置について、図面とともに説明する。
【0020】
図1は本発明の実施の形態にかかる燃焼装置の側面断面図であり、図2は図1に示す燃焼装置の燃焼室の斜視図であり、図3は図2に示す燃焼室の正面断面図であり、図4は他の燃焼室の正面断面図である。なお、図2においては二次空気遮蔽用仕切板を透視している。また、従来例と同一の構成部分については同一符号を付している。
【0021】
本実施の形態にかかる石油ファンヒータ等の燃焼装置において、液体燃料を加熱して気化した気化燃料11と燃焼用の一次空気10とは、バーナ13へ送り込まれ、その内部で混合された後、炎孔部16にて燃焼する(図8参照)。
【0022】
前記バーナ13を囲う燃焼囲部5は、燃焼室3およびバーナボックス4により形成されている。
【0023】
前記燃焼室3内には、後述する導入口21,22からの二次空気がバーナ13の炎孔部16の周辺、すなわち燃焼炎24の酸化反応開始域(A域)に導入されることを防止する二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25が適当な位置に取付けられている。
【0024】
具体的には、前記二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25を、強燃焼時における前記燃焼炎24の酸化反応終了域(C域)と酸化反応活発域(B域)との境界、または該境界の下方であって且つ前記燃焼炎24の酸化反応開始域(A域)の上方の位置に取付てなる。さらには、微弱燃焼時における前記燃焼炎24の酸化反応活発域(B域)の上方の位置に取付てなる(図5参照)。
【0025】
この二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25により、当該二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25から下側(バーナ13に近い側)では二次空気の供給を減少させた雰囲気とし、また当該二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25から上側(燃焼室出口に近い側)では二次空気を強制的に供給し、酸素(空気)リッチな状態にして燃焼炎24の酸化反応を促進させる、2層構造の燃焼室3としている。
【0026】
前記燃焼室3の背面には第1の二次空気導入口21が、さらに燃焼室3の左右側面それぞれには切起こしにて形成した第2の二次空気導入口22,22がそれぞれ配設され、対流送風機17からの風の一部が前記導入口21,22から燃焼室3内に供給され、燃焼用二次空気となる。
【0027】
燃焼炎24はドラフト効果によって略燃焼室3の中央部から立上がることになるため、燃焼室3内に供給された二次空気は、燃焼室3の内壁またはその近くに沿った所から下方へ進み、二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25にぶち当って燃焼炎24に作用する。
【0028】
したがって、二次空気は前記二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25から上部で燃焼炎24と接触することになり、この接触する酸化反応終了域で未分解ガスの分解,酸化反応をすみやかに終了させると同時に、酸化反応終了の火炎後流では燃焼ガスの高温化を抑制し、低NOX化を図ることができる。
【0029】
また、二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25の下方では当該二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25の遮蔽によって二次空気の供給は遮蔽された状態となり、一次空気のみで未燃ガスの分解,酸化反応を行うことで、火炎面での反応を緩慢にして燃焼ガスが高温度になることを抑制している。
【0030】
図5は燃焼炎の説明図であり、燃焼時におけるNOX生成については次のように考えられる。
【0031】
図5に示すA域は、未燃ガスが炎孔部16の薄い火炎面を通過する時に急速に酸化反応して高温度ガスになろうとする酸化反応開始域であり、火炎面よりやや上のB域は未燃ガスの分解,酸化反応が活発に行われる酸化反応活発域であり、C域は酸化反応活発域を過ぎた火炎後流で酸化反応がほぼ終了する酸化反応終了域である。
【0032】
NOX生成はA域の火炎面の酸化反応開始域とC域の火炎後流の酸化反応終了域である。B域は完全燃焼する酸化反応活発域であるため、人為的に火炎温度を下げたりするとかえって不完全燃焼をきたしCO増加や未燃臭ガスを誘発する危険がある。このため、前記燃焼室3内における前記二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25の取付位置を上記の位置としている。
【0033】
図3および図4はそれぞれ二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25の形状を示したものであり、その先端(燃焼室3の中心側)は、図3に示すような燃焼室3の底面と少なくとも平行(水平)から図4に示すような燃焼室3の上方に向いていることが必要であり、二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25の先端が燃焼室3の下方に向いていると二次空気が二次空気遮蔽用仕切板25よりも下方へ供給されることとなり、低NOX化の効果がみられなくなる。
【0034】
下記表に本発明の実施の形態にかかる燃焼装置と従来の燃焼装置との排ガス比較データを示す。
【0035】
【表1】

Figure 0003657082
【0036】
このように、本発明の実施の形態にかかる燃焼装置によれば、30%弱のNOX低減を図ることができる。
【0037】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明の燃焼装置によれば、燃焼炎の酸化反応開始域に二次空気が導入されて急速に酸化反応して前記酸化反応開始域が高温度となることを防止できる。したがって、前記酸化反応開始域におけるNOXの生成を低減することができる。また、二次空気の導入口に若干のバラツキがあっても、それを吸収することができる。
【0038】
さらに、燃焼炎の酸化反応終了域が残りの気化燃料の完全酸化反応により高温度となることを防止できる。したがって、酸化反応終了域におけるNOXの生成を低減することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施の形態にかかる燃焼装置の側面断面図である。
【図2】本発明の実施の形態にかかる燃焼装置の燃焼室の斜視図である。
【図3】本発明の実施の形態にかかる燃焼装置の燃焼室の正面断面図である。
【図4】他の燃焼室の正面断面図である。
【図5】燃焼炎の説明図である。
【図6】従来の燃焼装置の側面断面図である。
【図7】従来の燃焼装置の燃焼室の斜視図である。
【図8】燃焼装置のバーナ近傍の断面図である。
【符号の説明】
3 燃焼室
13 バーナ
21 第1の二次空気導入口
22 第2の二次空気導入口
24 燃焼炎
25 二次空気遮蔽用仕切板[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a combustion apparatus, and more particularly to a liquid fuel combustion apparatus such as an oil fan heater.
[0002]
[Prior art]
6 is a side sectional view of a conventional combustion apparatus, FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a combustion chamber of the combustion apparatus shown in FIG. 6, and FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the vicinity of a burner of the combustion apparatus.
[0003]
First, the configuration of a conventional combustion apparatus will be described.
[0004]
In the conventional combustion apparatus, as shown in FIG. 8, vaporized fuel 11 obtained by heating and vaporizing liquid fuel is injected into the burner 13 from the nozzle 8 of the vaporizer 7, and the fuel gas injection ejector effect is used for combustion. A necessary amount of the primary air 10 is also naturally sucked into the burner 13 and mixed in the burner 13, and then burned in the flame hole 16 of the burner 13.
[0005]
As shown in FIG. 6, the burner 13 is accommodated in a combustion enclosure 5 formed by the combustion chamber 3 and the burner box 4.
[0006]
And the convection blower 17 provided in the rear part of the said combustion chamber 3 rotates with the start of combustion, mixes indoor air with combustion heat, and is discharged from the blower outlet 23 as warm air.
[0007]
The secondary air supplied into the combustion chamber 3 extends from the first secondary air inlet 21 provided at the height of the intermediate portion on the back surface of the combustion chamber 3 and the intermediate portion on the left and right side surfaces of the combustion chamber 3 to the upper portion. A part of the air blown from the convection blower 17 is forcibly supplied as secondary air for combustion from the provided second secondary air inlet 22. The secondary air is vigorously supplied around the burner 13 to promote the oxidation reaction.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As described above, in the conventional combustion apparatus, the amount of secondary air supplied to the combustion flame 24 in the combustion chamber 3 is controlled by controlling the rotational speed of the blower fan 17 in accordance with the amount of heat generated. The secondary air is supplied to the combustion chamber 13 from the plurality of first secondary air inlets 21 on the rear surface of the combustion chamber 13 and the second secondary air inlet that is cut out from the side of the combustion chamber 13. 22 each.
[0009]
However, depending on the hole diameter of the first secondary air inlet 21 and the degree of notch in the second secondary air inlet 22, a large amount of secondary air is supplied and burns on the burner 13. becomes unstable flames 24, combustion odor or, if the secondary air is supplied to the further periphery of the flame holes 16 NO X has a drawback that to increase.
[0010]
In view of the above problems, it is an object to provide a combustion apparatus which can be reduced in NO X.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, a combustion apparatus of the present invention is disposed above a burner that burns vaporized fuel mixed with primary air, a combustion chamber that surrounds the combustion flame of the burner, and the burner. A combustion apparatus comprising: an inlet for introducing secondary air that causes the combustion flame to undergo a complete oxidation reaction into the combustion chamber; and secondary air from an inlet provided on the back and side surfaces of the combustion chamber in the combustion chamber. Is a boundary between the oxidation reaction end region of the combustion flame and the oxidation reaction active region at the time of forced combustion, or below the boundary. It is provided above the oxidation reaction start region of the combustion flame.
[0012]
The combustion chamber is in an oxygen-rich state in which the supply of secondary air is shielded on the lower side from the shielding means and the secondary air is forcibly supplied on the upper side from the shielding means.
The combustion chamber has a two-layer structure .
[0015]
According to the above configuration, the combustion apparatus of the present onset Ming, the combustion chamber, since secondary air from the inlet was provided a shielding means for preventing from being introduced into the oxidation reaction start zone of the combustion flame configuration, the It is possible to prevent secondary air from being introduced into the oxidation reaction start region of the combustion flame and causing rapid oxidation reaction so that the oxidation reaction start region reaches a high temperature.
[0017]
In addition, prior Symbol the mounting position of the shielding means, strong oxidizing reaction starting zone of the boundary of the oxidation reaction completion zone of the combustion flame and the oxidation reaction vigorously zone or boundary of a downward and the combustion flame during combustion Since the secondary air is forcibly introduced into the oxidation reaction end region, the oxidation reaction end region can be prevented from becoming a high temperature due to the complete oxidation reaction of the remaining vaporized fuel.
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, a combustion apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0020]
1 is a side sectional view of a combustion apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a combustion chamber of the combustion apparatus shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a front sectional view of the combustion chamber shown in FIG. FIG. 4 is a front sectional view of another combustion chamber. In FIG. 2, the secondary air shielding partition plate is seen through. Further, the same components as those in the conventional example are denoted by the same reference numerals.
[0021]
In the combustion apparatus such as the oil fan heater according to the present embodiment, the vaporized fuel 11 that is vaporized by heating the liquid fuel and the primary air 10 for combustion are fed into the burner 13 and mixed therein, It combusts in the flame hole part 16 (refer FIG. 8).
[0022]
A combustion enclosure 5 surrounding the burner 13 is formed by a combustion chamber 3 and a burner box 4.
[0023]
In the combustion chamber 3, secondary air from inlets 21 and 22, which will be described later, is introduced around the flame hole portion 16 of the burner 13, that is, into the oxidation reaction start region (A region) of the combustion flame 24. A secondary air shielding partition plate 25 for preventing is attached at an appropriate position.
[0024]
Specifically, the secondary air shielding partition plate 25 is connected to the boundary between the oxidation reaction end region (C region) and the oxidation reaction active region (B region) of the combustion flame 24 during strong combustion, or the boundary It is attached at a position below and above the oxidation reaction start area (A area) of the combustion flame 24. Furthermore, it is attached at a position above the oxidation reaction active region (B region) of the combustion flame 24 during weak combustion (see FIG. 5).
[0025]
With this secondary air shielding partition plate 25, an atmosphere in which the supply of secondary air is reduced on the lower side (side closer to the burner 13) from the secondary air shielding partition plate 25 is used. On the upper side (side closer to the combustion chamber outlet) from the partition plate 25, secondary air is forcibly supplied to make the oxygen (air) rich state and promote the oxidation reaction of the combustion flame 24. It is said.
[0026]
A first secondary air inlet 21 is provided on the rear surface of the combustion chamber 3, and second secondary air inlets 22, 22 formed by cutting and raising are provided on the left and right side surfaces of the combustion chamber 3, respectively. Then, a part of the wind from the convection blower 17 is supplied into the combustion chamber 3 from the inlets 21 and 22 and becomes secondary combustion air.
[0027]
Since the combustion flame 24 rises from the center of the combustion chamber 3 by the draft effect, the secondary air supplied into the combustion chamber 3 moves downward from a location along or near the inner wall of the combustion chamber 3. Then, it strikes the secondary air shielding partition plate 25 and acts on the combustion flame 24.
[0028]
Accordingly, the secondary air comes into contact with the combustion flame 24 at the upper part from the partition plate 25 for shielding the secondary air, and when the decomposition of the undecomposed gas and the oxidation reaction are immediately terminated in this contacting oxidation reaction end region. at the same time, the flame downstream of the completion of the oxidation reaction is suppressed the high temperature combustion gas, it is possible to reduce the NO X reduction.
[0029]
In addition, the supply of the secondary air is shielded by the shielding of the secondary air shielding partition plate 25 below the secondary air shielding partition plate 25, and the unburned gas is decomposed and oxidized by the primary air alone. By doing so, the reaction on the flame surface is slowed to prevent the combustion gas from reaching a high temperature.
[0030]
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of the combustion flame, and NO X generation during combustion is considered as follows.
[0031]
Area A shown in FIG. 5 is an oxidation reaction start area where the unburned gas passes through the thin flame surface of the flame hole portion 16 and rapidly undergoes an oxidation reaction to become a high temperature gas, and is slightly above the flame surface. Area B is an oxidation reaction active area where the decomposition and oxidation reaction of unburned gas is actively performed, and area C is an oxidation reaction end area where the oxidation reaction is almost completed at the downstream of the flame after the oxidation reaction active area.
[0032]
NO x generation is an oxidation reaction start area on the flame surface in the A area and an oxidation reaction end area in the wake of the flame in the C area. Since the B region is an oxidation reaction active region in which complete combustion occurs, there is a risk of causing incomplete combustion and inducing CO increase or unburned odor gas if the flame temperature is lowered artificially. For this reason, the attachment position of the partition plate 25 for shielding the secondary air in the combustion chamber 3 is set as the above position.
[0033]
3 and 4 each show the shape of the partition plate 25 for shielding the secondary air, and the tip (center side of the combustion chamber 3) is at least parallel to the bottom surface of the combustion chamber 3 as shown in FIG. 4 (horizontal) is required to face upward of the combustion chamber 3 as shown in FIG. 4. When the tip of the secondary air shielding partition plate 25 faces downward of the combustion chamber 3, the secondary air is will be than the secondary air shielding partition plate 25 is fed downward, the effect of the low NO X reduction is no longer observed.
[0034]
The following table shows exhaust gas comparison data between the combustion apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention and the conventional combustion apparatus.
[0035]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003657082
[0036]
Thus, according to the combustion apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to NO X reduction of just under 30%.
[0037]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the combustion device of the present invention, prevents the oxidation reaction start zone rapidly oxidation secondary air to the oxidation reaction start zone is introduced in the combustion flame becomes high temperature it can. Therefore, the production of NO x in the oxidation reaction start region can be reduced. Further, even if there is some variation in the inlet of the secondary air, it can be absorbed.
[0038]
In addition, it is possible to prevent the oxidation reaction completion zone of combustion flame becomes high temperature by complete oxidation of the remaining fuel gas. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the production of the NO X in the oxidation reaction completion zone.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a side sectional view of a combustion apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a combustion chamber of the combustion apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a front sectional view of a combustion chamber of the combustion apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a front sectional view of another combustion chamber.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of a combustion flame.
FIG. 6 is a side sectional view of a conventional combustion apparatus.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a combustion chamber of a conventional combustion apparatus.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the vicinity of the burner of the combustion apparatus.
[Explanation of symbols]
3 Combustion chamber 13 Burner 21 First secondary air inlet 22 Second secondary air inlet 24 Combustion flame 25 Secondary air shielding partition plate

Claims (2)

一次空気と混合された気化燃料を燃焼させるバーナーと、該バーナーの燃焼炎を囲う燃焼室と、前記バーナーに対して上方に配設され前記燃焼炎を完全酸化反応させる二次空気を前記燃焼室内に導入する導入口とを備えた燃焼装置において、
前記燃焼室内に、前記燃焼室の背面、側面に設けた導入口からの二次空気が前記燃焼炎の酸化反応開始域に導入されることを防止する遮蔽手段を強制燃焼時における前記燃焼炎の酸化反応終了域と酸化反応活発域との境界、または該境界の下方であって且つ前記燃焼炎の酸化反応開始域の上方に設けたことを特徴とする燃焼装置。
A burner that burns vaporized fuel mixed with primary air, a combustion chamber that surrounds the combustion flame of the burner, and secondary air that is disposed above the burner and completely oxidizes the combustion flame. In a combustion apparatus having an inlet for introduction into
Shielding means for preventing secondary air from being introduced into the combustion chamber from the introduction port provided on the back and side surfaces of the combustion chamber into the oxidation reaction start region of the combustion flame is provided for the combustion flame during forced combustion. A combustion apparatus, characterized by being provided at a boundary between an oxidation reaction end region and an oxidation reaction active region, or below the boundary and above an oxidation reaction start region of the combustion flame.
前記燃焼室は、
前記遮蔽手段から下側では二次空気の供給が遮蔽された状態で、
前記遮蔽手段から上側では二次空気を強制的に供給し酸素リッチな状態
とする2層構造の燃焼室であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の燃焼装置。
The combustion chamber is
In a state where the supply of secondary air is shielded below the shielding means,
2. A combustion apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the combustion chamber is a two-layered combustion chamber which is forced to supply secondary air to the oxygen rich state on the upper side from the shielding means.
JP16078097A 1997-06-18 1997-06-18 Combustion equipment Expired - Fee Related JP3657082B2 (en)

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