JP3662151B2 - Heat-resistant cast steel and heat treatment method thereof - Google Patents
Heat-resistant cast steel and heat treatment method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、高温での使用に際しても強度、靭性に富む鋳鋼に係り、特に使用温度が高温となる蒸気タービン車室材料、弁箱材料等に用いられる鋳鋼の組成及びその熱処理方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
高温で使用に供される鋳鋼、特に火力発電設備に用いられる蒸気タービン車室、弁箱等の高温部品、従来より1.25Cr-0.5Mo鋳鋼や1Cr-1Mo-0.25V鋳鋼等の低合金耐熱鋳鋼が多用されている。一方で、近年の火力発電設備は蒸気条件の高温化が急速に進められ、特公平4-53928、特公平3-80865等の公報に開示されるような高強度で耐環境特性等に優れた高Cr系耐熱鋳鋼の使用が増加してきた。ここで開示されている高強度鋳鋼を用いることで部材の肉厚増加を抑制でき、結果として発電設備を構成するタービン等の起動/停止に伴う温度差に起因する熱応力の低減も可能になることから、タービンの運用性の向上にも貢献している。
【0003】
近年の火力発電プラントは、高い熱効率とともに優れた経済性が要求される傾向にあり、プラント構成機器の材料に対しても従来と同等あるいはそれ以上の機械的性質や製造性を有し、さらに経済性に優れていることが不可欠となりつつある。特開平2-217438、特開平8-269616等の公報に開示される鋼はこの様な目的に合致したものである。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、厚肉の鋳造品として製造し、高Cr系耐熱鋳鋼の代替材として使用することを前提とした場合、より高強度・高靭性かつ安定な金属組織を得ることが必要となる。本発明の目的は、このような課題に対処するためになされたもので、高温の蒸気環境中で安定な運用ができ、かつ経済性に優れた蒸気タービン車室材料あるいは弁箱材料等に適用可能な耐熱鋳鋼およびその熱処理方法を得ることにある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の第一の耐熱鋳鋼は、重量%で、C:0.15〜0.30、Si:0.1〜0.4、Mn:0.1〜0.5、Cr:2.0〜2.5、Mo:0.3〜0.8、V:0.15〜0.23、W:1.5〜2.5、Ti:0.005〜0.015、Nb:0.01〜0.06、N:0.005〜0.03、B:0.004〜0.008を含み、残部がFe及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする。
【0006】
また、本発明の第二の耐熱鋳鋼は、重量 % で、 C : 0.15 〜 0.30 、 Si : 0.1 〜 0.4 、 Mn : 0.1 〜 0.5 、 Cr : 2.0 〜 2.5 、 Mo : 0.3 〜 0.8 、 V : 0.23 ( 0.23 を含まず)〜 0.35 、 W : 1.5 〜 2.5 、 Ti : 0.005 〜 0.015 、 N : 0.005 〜 0.03 、 B : 0.004 〜 0.008 を含み、残部が Fe 及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする。
【0007】
また、本発明の第三の耐熱鋳鋼は、重量 % で、 C : 0.15 〜 0.30 、 Si : 0.1 〜 0.4 、 Mn : 0.1 〜 0.5 、 Cr : 2.0 〜 2.5 、 Mo : 0.3 〜 0.8 、 V : 0.15 〜 0.23 、 W : 1.5 〜 2.5 、 Ti : 0.015 ( 0.015 を含まず)〜 0.03 、 N : 0.005 〜 0.03 、 B : 0.004 〜 0.008 を含み、残部が Fe 及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする。
【0008】
また、本発明の第四の耐熱鋳鋼は、重量 % で、 C : 0.15 〜 0.30 、 Si : 0.1 〜 0.4 、 Mn : 0.1 〜 0.5 、 Cr : 2.0 〜 2.5 、 Mo : 0.3 〜 0.8 、 V : 0.23 ( 0.23 を含まず)〜 0.35 、 W : 1.5 〜 2.5 、 Ti : 0.015 ( 0.015 を含まず)〜 0.03 、 N : 0.005 〜 0.03 、 B : 0.004 〜 0.008 を含み、残部が Fe 及び不可避的不純物からなることを特徴とする。
【0009】
また、本発明の第五の耐熱鋳鋼は、第二ないし第四の耐熱鋳鋼に含まれるFeの一部にかえて、重量%で、Ni:0.1〜0.3を含むことを特徴とする。
【0010】
また、本発明の第六の耐熱鋳鋼は、第二ないし第四の耐熱鋳鋼に含まれるFeの一部にかえて、重量%でCu:0.3〜0.7を含むことを特徴とする。
【0011】
また、本願の第七の発明である耐熱鋳鋼の熱処理方法は、第一ないし第六の耐熱鋳鋼のいずれかの鋳鋼を1,030〜1,070℃の温度で焼ならしを行い、この温度から油冷することを特徴とする。ここでいう油冷とは、油を入れた容器に焼きなまし後の鋳鋼を浸すことにより冷却することを意味している。
【0012】
以下に本発明で組成範囲を限定した理由を説明する。なお、以下の記載において組成を表す「%」は、特に断らない限り重量%とする。
【0013】
Cは焼入れ性の確保とともに、析出強化に寄与する炭化物の構成元素として有用な元素であるが、0.15%未満では焼入れ性が低く炭化物の析出量が不足するため十分な強度が得られず、0.3%を超えると炭化物の凝集が過剰に促進されるとともに加工性、溶接性が低下する。このため本発明に係る鋳鋼では、含有量を0.15〜0.3%とした。特に下限を0.17%、上限を0.25%とすることでさらに好適な特性を得ることができる。
【0014】
Siは脱酸剤として有用であり、良好な鋳造性の確保にも不可欠である。また、耐水蒸気酸化特性を向上させる。しかし、その含有量が高い場合は靭性の低下及び脆化の促進という問題があるため、この観点からは含有量は可能な限り抑制することが望ましい。本発明に係る鋳鋼ではその含有量が0.4%を超えると上述の問題が発生するため、その含有量を0.1〜0.4%とした。特にその下限を0.15%、上限を0.35%とすることでさらに好適な特性を得ることができる。
【0015】
Mnは脱硫剤として有用な元素であるが、0.1%未満では脱硫効果が認められず、0.5%を超えるとクリ−プ強度を低下させるため、本発明の鋳鋼ではその含有量を0.1〜0.5%とした。
【0016】
Crは耐酸化性、耐食性の改善に有効であるとともに析出強化に寄与する析出物の構成元素としても有用な元素であるが、2.0%未満では上述の効果が小さく、2.5%を超えると靭性、溶接性及び組織安定性が低下するため、本発明の鋳鋼ではその含有量を2.0〜2.5%とした。
【0017】
Moは固溶強化及び炭化物析出強化の構成元素として有用であり、0.3%以上の添加によりその効果が大きくなる。しかし、0.8%を超えると靭性の低下及びフェライトの生成を促進するため、本発明の鋳鋼においてはその含有量を0.3〜0.8%とした。
【0018】
VはCやNと結合して微細な炭窒化物の形成に寄与し、0.15%以上の添加でこれらの微細析出物が十分に析出し回復を抑制する。Ti及びNbと複合添加する場合、0.23%を超えると靭性の低下と粗大炭窒化物の生成傾向が高くなるため、本発明に係る鋳鋼ではその含有量を0.15〜0.23%とした。また、Nbを意図的に添加しない場合は、微細析出物の密度を確保するため下限を0.23%(0.23%を含まず)とし、凝集粗大化を抑制するために上限を0.35%とした。
【0019】
Wは固溶強化及び炭化物析出強化の構成元素として有用である。Wの固溶量を長時間にわたり高く維持するためには1.5%以上の添加が必要であるが、2.5%を超えると靭性の低下及びフェライトの生成を促進するため、本発明の鋳鋼ではその含有量を1.5〜2.5%とした。
【0020】
Tiは脱酸効果を有するとともに、0.01%以上の添加で微細炭窒化物を形成することにより析出強化に寄与する。V及びNbと複合添加した場合、0.015%以上の添加では粗大な炭窒化物を多量に形成し、析出強化作用が認められなくなる。また、Nbを意図的に添加しない場合は、微細析出物の密度を確保するため、本発明に係る鋳鋼では、その下限を0.015%(0.015%を含まず)とし、凝集粗大化を抑制するために上限を0.03%とした。
【0021】
NbはCやNと結合して炭窒化物を形成することによりクリープ強度に寄与する。0.01%未満ではこれらの効果が認められず、0.06%以上では粗大な炭窒化物を多量に形成し、析出量の促進が認められなくなるため、本発明に係る鋳鋼ではその含有量を0.01〜0.06%とした。NbはV及びTiと類似の効果を有する元素であり、V及びTi若しくはこれらのうちのいずれかの添加量を増加させることによりNbの代替が可能となり、この場合はNbは意図的に添加しない。
【0022】
Nは窒化物あるいは炭窒化物を形成することにより析出強化に寄与する。さらに母相中に残存するNは固溶強化にも寄与するが、0.005%未満ではこれらの効果が認められない。一方0.03%以上では窒化物あるいは炭窒化物の粗大化を促進し靭性を損なうため、本発明に係る鋳鋼ではその含有量を0.005〜0.03%とした。特に下限を0.01%、上限を0.025%に制限することでさらに好適な特性を得ることができる。
【0023】
Bは微量の添加で焼入れ性を高めるとともに、炭化物の分散、高温長時間での安定化を可能にする。その効果は0.004%以上の添加で認められ、結晶粒界及びその近傍に析出する炭化物の粗大化抑制効果を発揮するが、0.008%を超えると溶接性が著しく低下するため、本発明に係る鋳鋼ではその含有量を0.004〜0.008%とした。
【0024】
Niは、フェライト形成元素を多量に添加する場合に、組織安定性を高めるうえで有効であり、0.1%以上でこの効果が認められる。一方、0.3%を超えると高温クリープ強度を低下させるため、本発明に係る鋳鋼ではその含有量を0.1〜0.3%とした。
【0025】
Cuは、フェライト形成元素を多量に添加する場合に、組織安定性を高める上で有効であり、0.3%以上でこの効果が認められる。一方、0.7%を超えると硬化が著しくなるため、本発明に係る鋳鋼ではその含有量を0.3〜0.7%とした。
【0026】
上記成分ならびに主成分であるFeを添加する際に付随的に混入する不純物は極力低減することが望ましい。
【0027】
次に、焼ならし温度、焼ならし後の冷却及び焼戻し温度について、その限定理由を含めて説明する。本発明に係る鋳鋼は、炭窒化物形成元素であるTi、V、Nbを多量に含有するため、鋳造後の冷却過程でこれらの元素が粗大な状態で鋼中に残存する。これらは焼ならしにより溶解した後、焼戻しにより分散させ、微細な炭窒化物として再度析出させることで強度向上に寄与するが、粗大な炭窒化物は1,030℃未満では溶解しない。一方1,070℃を超えるとオーステナイト単相領域からはずれ、焼入れ後にフェライトが残存するなどの金属組織的な不均一が生じるため、焼ならし温度として1,030〜1,070℃を設定した。
【0028】
また、本発明に係る鋳鋼はCr、Mo、W、V等のフェライト形成元素を比較的多く含有するため、焼ならし後の冷却過程で靭性低下や亀裂の発生促進等、強度向上を図るうえで好ましくないαフェライトを生成する傾向が高い。この現象を回避するためには冷却過程でαフェライトの生成領域を通過しない冷却速度が必要であり、本発明の鋳鋼の場合は化学組成の違いによらず、油冷によってαフェライトを生成しないベイナイト単相組織を得ることができる。
【0029】
一方、焼ならし後に空冷した場合、材料組成によってはベイナイト中にαフェライトを含む組織が得られる鋳鋼が知られている。この場合、表4に示すように、αフェライトの面積率が5%を超えると一部の上記特性が低下する。そこで、特性に影響を及ぼさない範囲でαフェライトの生成を許容し、焼ならし後の冷却方法によっては金属組織上の制限を設定することも考えられる。
【0030】
さらに、本発明の鋳鋼を用いて蒸気タービン車室あるいは弁箱を製造した場合、その形状が複雑で、かつ肉厚は数10〜400mm程度の範囲になることが想定される。製品全体にわたり十分な焼戻しを施すには、660℃未満での焼戻しでは著しく長時間の熱処理を必要とし、一方740℃を超える温度では焼戻しが過剰になり残留ひずみの緩和等所望の効果を得られない部位が発生することから、焼戻し温度として660〜740℃を設定することも考えられる。
【0031】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の第一の実施の形態を表1に示した化学組成範囲の鋳鋼を用いた実施例により説明する。表1に示した供試鋳鋼のうち、P1〜P30は本発明に係る鋳鋼の材料組成であり、C1〜C10はその組成が本発明の材料組成の範囲にない比較例である。これらは電気炉溶解後、砂型に鋳込んだ鋳塊を焼なました後に徐冷し、続いて本発明の焼ならし温度範囲にて焼ならしの後、油冷により焼入れを行い、所定の焼戻し温度範囲にて焼戻しを施し、常温引張強さを710〜750MPaに調整した。なお、所定の焼き戻し温度範囲とは、課題を解決するための手段の項で述べた660〜740℃の範囲を想定している。
【0032】
各鋳鋼についてJIS 4号2mmVノッチシャルピー衝撃試験片を採取して20℃で実施したシャルピー衝撃試験を行い、これにより得られた衝撃吸収エネルギーを表2に示す。本発明の組成範囲にある鋳鋼は比較例の鋳鋼より優れた衝撃吸収エネルギーを示した。
【0033】
また、各鋳鋼について600℃-196MPaで実施したクリープ破断試験を行い、これにより得られたクリープ破断時間を表2に示す。本発明の組成範囲にある鋳鋼は、比較例の鋳鋼より長いクリープ破断時間を示した。
【0034】
比較例のうちC4〜C7のように本発明の組成範囲にある鋳鋼と同等の衝撃吸収エネルギーを示す鋳鋼はクリープ破断時間が短く、また、比較例のうちC8及びC9のように本発明の組成範囲にある鋳鋼と同等のクリープ破断時間を示す鋳鋼は20℃での衝撃吸収エネルギーが低いことがわかる。これらの結果、鋳鋼の材料組成を本発明の組成範囲とすることにより、比較例に比べ衝撃性質及びクリープ破断性質に優れた耐熱鋳鋼を得ることができる。
【0035】
本発明の第二の実施の形態では、本発明の材料組成の範囲にある鋳鋼を本発明の焼ならし温度範囲で焼ならした場合に均質な金属組織が得られることを説明する。供試鋳鋼は表1に示したもののうちP2、P11、P15、P20及びP27であり、これらは電気炉溶解後、砂型に鋳込んだ鋳塊を焼鈍後徐冷し、続いて焼ならし空冷により焼入れを行ったものである。
【0036】
各焼ならし温度から空冷した後の各鋳鋼の材料組織における粗大生成物及びベイナイト以外の相の生成の有無を表3に示す。1,030℃未満の温度で焼ならした場合は、未固溶の粗大生成物が残存し、1,070℃を超える温度で焼ならした場合は、単相組織にならなかった。
【0037】
すなわち、本発明の焼ならし温度範囲で焼ならしを施した場合、未固溶の粗大生成物が残存せず、かつ、単相の金属組織が得られることがわかる。この結果、鋳鋼の材料組成を本発明の組成範囲とし、この鋳鋼を所定の温度範囲で焼きならすとにより、比較例に比べ衝撃性質及びクリープ破断性質に優れた耐熱鋳鋼を得ることができる。
【0038】
本発明の第三の実施の形態では、本発明の材料組成の範囲にある鋳鋼を本発明の焼ならし温度範囲で焼ならした後、油冷した場合に優れた焼入れ性と均質な金属組織が得られることを説明する。供試鋳鋼は表1に示した材料組成を有し、電気炉溶解後、砂型に鋳込んだ鋳塊を焼鈍後徐冷し、続いて本発明の焼ならし温度範囲にある1,050℃にて焼ならし後油冷により焼入れを行ったものである。
【0039】
焼入れ後の各鋳鋼のビッカース硬さ及び金属組織におけるフェライトの生成の有無を表4に示す。本発明の材料組成の範囲にある鋳鋼は高い硬さ値を示し、金属組織におけるαフェライトの生成は認められなかった。
【0040】
比較例においては、焼入れ後の硬さ値が低い鋳鋼あるいはαフェライトが生成する鋳鋼が認められ、焼入れ性、金属組織の安定性ともに低かった。
【0041】
すなわち、本発明の化学組成範囲にある耐熱鋳鋼を本発明の焼ならし温度範囲で焼ならした後、油冷した場合、制限した材料組成の範囲全般にわたり優れた焼入れ性と均質な金属組織が得られることがわかる。この結果、鋳鋼の材料組成を本発明の組成範囲とし、この鋳鋼を所定の温度範囲で焼きならすとにより、比較例に比べ衝撃性質及びクリープ破断性質に優れた耐熱鋳鋼を得ることができる。
【0042】
本発明の第四の実施の形態では、本発明の材料組成の範囲にある耐熱鋳鋼を本発明の焼ならし温度範囲にある1,050℃で焼ならした後、空冷した場合に、良好な焼入れ性と制限以下の面積率のフェライトが得られることを説明する。供試鋳鋼は表1に示した材料組成を有し、電気炉溶解後、砂型に鋳込んだ鋳塊を焼鈍後徐冷し、続いて本発明の焼ならし温度の範囲にて焼ならし後空冷により焼入れを行ったものである。
【0043】
焼入れ後の各鋳鋼のビッカース硬さ及び生成したαフェライトの面積率を表4に示す。本発明の材料組成の範囲にある鋳鋼は良好な硬さ値を示し、金属組織におけるフェライト面積率は最大でも5%未満であった。
【0044】
比較例においては、焼入れ後の硬さ値が低い鋳鋼あるいは生成したαフェライトの面積率が5%を超える鋳鋼が認められ、焼入れ性、金属組織の安定性ともに本発明の化学組成範囲にある鋳鋼より低かった。
【0045】
すなわち、本発明の材料組成の範囲にある耐熱鋳鋼を本発明の焼ならし温度範囲で焼ならした後、空冷した場合、制限した化学組成範囲全般にわたり良好な焼入れ性が得られるとともに、制限値以下のαフェライトを含む金属組織が得られることがわかる。この結果、鋳鋼の材料組成を本発明の組成範囲とし、この鋳鋼を所定の温度範囲で焼きならすとにより、比較例に比べ衝撃性質及びクリープ破断性質に優れた耐熱鋳鋼を得ることができる。
【0046】
第五の実施の形態では、本発明の材料組成の範囲にある耐熱鋳鋼を焼入れ後、所定の焼戻し温度範囲で焼戻しを施した場合に限り、十分な焼戻しが可能であることを説明する。
【0047】
供試鋳鋼は表1に示したうちP2、P11、P15、P20及びP27であり、これらは電気炉溶解後、砂型に鋳込んだ鋳塊を焼鈍後徐冷し、続いて焼ならし後、焼入れを行い、その後、一片が80mm、厚さが15mmの板に切断し、常温引張強さの目標値を約730MPaとして焼戻しを施した。
【0048】
表5は常温引張強さの目標値を達成するために要する時間を焼戻し温度ごとに示したものである。所定の焼戻し温度の範囲にて焼戻しを施した場合は、約3〜40hで常温引張強さの目標値を確保したが、所定の焼戻し温度の範囲を下回る温度で焼戻しを施した場合は、目標値を達成するために約200hと著しく長時間を要した。一方、所定の焼戻し温度の範囲を上回る温度で焼戻しを施した場合は、著しく短時間で目標値を達成できたが、実寸大の蒸気タービン車室あるいは弁箱は数10〜数100mmの肉厚を有するため、素材全体にわたり均一かつ十分な焼戻しは期待できない。
【0049】
すなわち、本発明の材料組成の範囲にある耐熱鋳鋼を焼入れ後、所定の焼戻し温度範囲で焼戻しを施すことにより、実操業上許容可能な所用時間で、かつ、実寸大の厚肉大型部材においても十分な焼戻しが可能であることがわかる。この結果、鋳鋼の材料組成を本発明の組成範囲とし、この鋳鋼を所定の温度範囲で焼きならし、所定の焼き戻し温度範囲で焼き戻すことにより、比較例に比べ衝撃性質及びクリープ破断性質に優れた耐熱鋳鋼を得ることが期待できる。
【0050】
【発明の効果】
以上の結果、本発明の材料組成の範囲にある耐熱鋳鋼、及びその熱処理方法によれば過酷な蒸気条件下においても高い信頼性を発揮し、特にこの鋳鋼を蒸気タービン車室あるいは弁箱等の高温部品に適用した場合、その性能、運用性、経済性の向上に貢献が可能な耐熱鋳鋼を得ることができる。
【0051】
【表1】
【0052】
【表2】
【0053】
【表3】
【0054】
【表4】
【0055】
【表5】
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to cast steel having high strength and toughness even when used at a high temperature, and more particularly to a composition of cast steel used for steam turbine casing material, valve box material, etc., at which the use temperature becomes high, and a heat treatment method therefor.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Cast steel for use at high temperatures, especially high-temperature parts such as steam turbine casings and valve boxes used in thermal power generation facilities, and low alloy heat-resistant cast steels such as 1.25Cr-0.5Mo cast steel and 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V cast steel Is frequently used. On the other hand, in recent years, thermal power generation equipment has been rapidly increased in steam conditions, and has high strength and excellent environmental resistance as disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 4-53928 and 3-80865. The use of high Cr heat-resistant cast steel has increased. By using the high-strength cast steel disclosed here, it is possible to suppress an increase in the thickness of the member, and as a result, it is also possible to reduce the thermal stress caused by the temperature difference associated with the start / stop of the turbine or the like constituting the power generation equipment Therefore, it contributes to the improvement of turbine operability.
[0003]
Thermal power plants in recent years tend to require high economic efficiency as well as high thermal efficiency, and have mechanical properties and manufacturability that are equal to or higher than conventional materials for plant components. It is becoming indispensable to be superior. The steels disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2-217438 and 8-269616 are suitable for such purposes.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when manufactured as a thick cast product and used as a substitute for high Cr heat-resistant cast steel, it is necessary to obtain a metal structure with higher strength, higher toughness and stability. The object of the present invention is to cope with such a problem, and is applicable to a steam turbine casing material or a valve box material which can be stably operated in a high-temperature steam environment and is excellent in economy. The object is to obtain a heat-resistant cast steel and a heat treatment method thereof.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The first heat-resistant cast steel of the present invention is, by weight, C: 0.15-0.30, Si: 0.1-0.4, Mn: 0.1-0.5, Cr: 2.0-2.5, Mo: 0.3-0.8, V: 0.15-0.23, W: 1.5 to 2.5, Ti: 0.005 to 0.015, Nb: 0.01 to 0.06, N: 0.005 to 0.03, B: 0.004 to 0.008, with the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities.
[0006]
The second heat-resistant cast steel of the present invention, in weight%, C: 0.15 ~ 0.30, Si: 0.1 ~ 0.4, Mn: 0.1 ~ 0.5, Cr: 2.0 ~ 2.5, Mo: 0.3 ~ 0.8, V: 0.23 ( 0.23 not included) to 0.35 , W : 1.5 to 2.5 , Ti : 0.005 to 0.015 , N : 0.005 to 0.03 , B : 0.004 to 0.008 , the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities.
[0007]
The third heat-resistant cast steel of the present invention is, by weight % , C : 0.15 to 0.30 , Si : 0.1 to 0.4 , Mn : 0.1 to 0.5 , Cr : 2.0 to 2.5 , Mo : 0.3 to 0.8 , V : 0.15 to 0.23 , W : 1.5 to 2.5 , Ti : 0.015 ( not including 0.015 ) to 0.03 , N : 0.005 to 0.03 , B : 0.004 to 0.008 , the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities.
[0008]
Further, a fourth heat-resistant cast steel of the present invention, in weight%, C: 0.15 ~ 0.30, Si: 0.1 ~ 0.4, Mn: 0.1 ~ 0.5, Cr: 2.0 ~ 2.5, Mo: 0.3 ~ 0.8, V: 0.23 ( 0.23 not included) to 0.35 , W : 1.5 to 2.5 , Ti : 0.015 ( not including 0.015 ) to 0.03 , N : 0.005 to 0.03 , B : 0.004 to 0.008 , the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities It is characterized by.
[0009]
The fifth heat-resistant cast steel of the present invention is characterized by containing Ni: 0.1 to 0.3 by weight% in place of a part of Fe contained in the second to fourth heat-resistant cast steels.
[0010]
The sixth heat-resistant cast steel of the present invention is characterized by containing Cu: 0.3 to 0.7 by weight% in place of a part of Fe contained in the second to fourth heat-resistant cast steels.
[0011]
The heat treatment method for heat-resistant cast steel according to the seventh invention of the present application includes normalizing a cast steel of any one of the first to sixth heat-resistant cast steels at a temperature of 1,030 to 1,070 ° C., and oil cooling from this temperature. It is characterized by that. Oil cooling here means cooling by immersing the cast steel after annealing in a container containing oil.
[0012]
The reason why the composition range is limited in the present invention will be described below. In the following description, “%” representing the composition is weight% unless otherwise specified.
[0013]
C is an element useful as a constituent element of carbide contributing to precipitation strengthening while ensuring hardenability, but if it is less than 0.15%, the hardenability is low and the precipitation amount of carbide is insufficient, so sufficient strength cannot be obtained, 0.3 If it exceeds%, the agglomeration of carbides is excessively promoted and the workability and weldability deteriorate. For this reason, in the cast steel which concerns on this invention, content was made into 0.15-0.3%. In particular, more preferable characteristics can be obtained by setting the lower limit to 0.17% and the upper limit to 0.25%.
[0014]
Si is useful as a deoxidizer and is essential for ensuring good castability. In addition, the steam oxidation resistance is improved. However, when the content is high, there is a problem that the toughness is reduced and embrittlement is promoted. From this viewpoint, it is desirable to suppress the content as much as possible. In the cast steel according to the present invention, when the content exceeds 0.4%, the above-described problem occurs. Therefore, the content is set to 0.1 to 0.4%. In particular, more preferable characteristics can be obtained by setting the lower limit to 0.15% and the upper limit to 0.35%.
[0015]
Mn is an element useful as a desulfurization agent, but if it is less than 0.1%, no desulfurization effect is observed, and if it exceeds 0.5%, the creep strength is reduced. Therefore, the cast steel of the present invention has a content of 0.1 to 0.5%. It was.
[0016]
Cr is effective in improving oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance and is also a useful element as a constituent element of precipitates contributing to precipitation strengthening.However, if the amount is less than 2.0%, the above effect is small, and if it exceeds 2.5%, toughness, Since the weldability and the structural stability are lowered, the content of the cast steel of the present invention is set to 2.0 to 2.5%.
[0017]
Mo is useful as a constituent element for solid solution strengthening and carbide precipitation strengthening, and the effect is increased by adding 0.3% or more. However, if it exceeds 0.8%, the toughness is reduced and the formation of ferrite is promoted. Therefore, the content of the cast steel of the present invention is set to 0.3 to 0.8%.
[0018]
V combines with C and N to contribute to the formation of fine carbonitrides, and addition of 0.15% or more sufficiently precipitates these fine precipitates and suppresses recovery. When Ti and Nb are added in combination, if the content exceeds 0.23%, the toughness decreases and the tendency to produce coarse carbonitrides increases. Therefore, the content of the cast steel according to the present invention is 0.15 to 0.23%. Further, when Nb was not intentionally added, the lower limit was set to 0.23% (not including 0.23%) in order to ensure the density of fine precipitates, and the upper limit was set to 0.35% in order to suppress aggregation coarsening.
[0019]
W is useful as a constituent element for solid solution strengthening and carbide precipitation strengthening. In order to keep the solid solution amount of W high for a long time, addition of 1.5% or more is necessary, but if it exceeds 2.5%, the toughness is reduced and the formation of ferrite is promoted. The amount was 1.5-2.5%.
[0020]
Ti has a deoxidizing effect and contributes to precipitation strengthening by forming fine carbonitride with addition of 0.01% or more. When combined with V and Nb, addition of 0.015% or more forms a large amount of coarse carbonitride and no precipitation strengthening effect is observed. In addition, when Nb is not intentionally added, in order to ensure the density of fine precipitates, the lower limit is set to 0.015% (not including 0.015%) in the cast steel according to the present invention, in order to suppress agglomeration and coarsening. The upper limit was set to 0.03%.
[0021]
Nb contributes to creep strength by combining with C and N to form carbonitrides. If less than 0.01%, these effects are not observed, and if it is 0.06% or more, a large amount of coarse carbonitride is formed, and acceleration of the precipitation amount is not recognized, so the content of the cast steel according to the present invention is 0.01 to 0.06. %. Nb is an element having an effect similar to V and Ti, and it is possible to replace Nb by increasing the amount of V and Ti or one of these, in which case Nb is not intentionally added .
[0022]
N contributes to precipitation strengthening by forming nitrides or carbonitrides. Further, N remaining in the matrix contributes to solid solution strengthening, but if it is less than 0.005%, these effects are not observed. On the other hand, if it is 0.03% or more, the coarsening of the nitride or carbonitride is promoted and the toughness is impaired, so the content of the cast steel according to the present invention is set to 0.005 to 0.03%. In particular, more preferable characteristics can be obtained by limiting the lower limit to 0.01% and the upper limit to 0.025%.
[0023]
B adds hardenability with a small amount of addition, and enables dispersion of carbides and stabilization at a high temperature for a long time. The effect is recognized by addition of 0.004% or more, and exhibits the effect of suppressing the coarsening of carbides precipitated at the grain boundaries and in the vicinity thereof, but if it exceeds 0.008%, the weldability is remarkably reduced, so the cast steel according to the present invention. Then, the content was made 0.004 to 0.008%.
[0024]
Ni is effective in enhancing the structural stability when a large amount of ferrite forming elements is added, and this effect is recognized at 0.1% or more. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.3%, the high-temperature creep strength is lowered. Therefore, the content of the cast steel according to the present invention is 0.1 to 0.3%.
[0025]
Cu is effective in increasing the structural stability when a large amount of ferrite forming elements is added, and this effect is recognized at 0.3% or more. On the other hand, since hardening will become remarkable when it exceeds 0.7%, in the cast steel which concerns on this invention, the content was 0.3-0.7%.
[0026]
It is desirable to reduce as much as possible the impurities mixed incidentally when adding the above component and the main component Fe.
[0027]
Next, the normalizing temperature, the cooling after normalizing, and the tempering temperature will be described including the reasons for limitation. Since the cast steel according to the present invention contains a large amount of carbonitride-forming elements Ti, V, and Nb, these elements remain in the steel in a coarse state during the cooling process after casting. These are dissolved by normalization, dispersed by tempering, and reprecipitated as fine carbonitrides to contribute to strength improvement. However, coarse carbonitrides do not dissolve below 1,030 ° C. On the other hand, when it exceeds 1,070 ° C., it deviates from the austenite single phase region, and metal structure non-uniformity such as ferrite remains after quenching occurs, so the normalizing temperature was set to 1,030 to 1,070 ° C.
[0028]
In addition, since the cast steel according to the present invention contains a relatively large amount of ferrite forming elements such as Cr, Mo, W, V, etc., in order to improve strength, such as lowering toughness and promoting crack formation in the cooling process after normalization. Therefore, there is a high tendency to form undesirable α ferrite. In order to avoid this phenomenon, it is necessary to have a cooling rate that does not pass through the formation region of α ferrite in the cooling process. In the case of the cast steel of the present invention, bainite that does not produce α ferrite by oil cooling regardless of the chemical composition. A single phase structure can be obtained.
[0029]
On the other hand, there is known a cast steel that can obtain a structure containing α-ferrite in bainite when air-cooled after normalization. In this case, as shown in Table 4, when the area ratio of α ferrite exceeds 5%, some of the above characteristics are deteriorated. Therefore, it is conceivable to allow the formation of α-ferrite within a range that does not affect the characteristics, and to set a limit on the metal structure depending on the cooling method after normalization.
[0030]
Furthermore, when a steam turbine casing or a valve box is manufactured using the cast steel of the present invention, the shape is complicated and the thickness is assumed to be in the range of several tens to 400 mm. To fully temper the entire product, tempering below 660 ° C requires an extremely long heat treatment, while at temperatures exceeding 740 ° C, tempering becomes excessive and desired effects such as relaxation of residual strain can be obtained. It is also conceivable to set 660 to 740 ° C. as the tempering temperature because no part is generated.
[0031]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to examples using cast steel having a chemical composition range shown in Table 1. Among the test cast steels shown in Table 1, P1 to P30 are the material compositions of the cast steel according to the present invention, and C1 to C10 are comparative examples whose compositions are not within the range of the material composition of the present invention. After melting in the electric furnace, the ingot cast into the sand mold is annealed and then gradually cooled, followed by normalizing within the normalizing temperature range of the present invention, followed by quenching with oil cooling, Tempering was performed in the tempering temperature range, and the normal temperature tensile strength was adjusted to 710 to 750 MPa. The predetermined tempering temperature range is assumed to be the range of 660 to 740 ° C. described in the section of means for solving the problem.
[0032]
For each cast steel, a JIS No. 2 2 mm V notch Charpy impact test piece was collected and subjected to a Charpy impact test carried out at 20 ° C. The impact absorption energy obtained by this test is shown in Table 2. The cast steel in the composition range of the present invention showed an impact absorption energy superior to that of the comparative cast steel.
[0033]
Each cast steel was subjected to a creep rupture test conducted at 600 ° C. to 196 MPa, and the creep rupture time obtained by this test is shown in Table 2. The cast steel within the composition range of the present invention exhibited a longer creep rupture time than the cast steel of the comparative example.
[0034]
Among the comparative examples, cast steels having an impact absorption energy equivalent to that of the cast steel in the composition range of the present invention, such as C4 to C7, have a short creep rupture time, and among the comparative examples, the composition of the present invention, such as C8 and C9. It can be seen that cast steel showing creep rupture time equivalent to cast steel in the range has low impact energy absorption at 20 ° C. As a result, by setting the material composition of the cast steel within the composition range of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a heat-resistant cast steel having superior impact properties and creep rupture properties as compared with the comparative example.
[0035]
In the second embodiment of the present invention, it will be described that a homogeneous metal structure can be obtained when cast steel having the material composition range of the present invention is normalized in the normalization temperature range of the present invention. The cast steels shown in Table 1 are P2, P11, P15, P20 and P27, and after melting the electric furnace, the ingot cast into the sand mold is annealed and then slowly cooled, followed by normalizing and air cooling. It has been quenched.
[0036]
Table 3 shows the presence or absence of formation of coarse products and phases other than bainite in the material structure of each cast steel after air cooling from each normalizing temperature. When normalizing at a temperature lower than 1,030 ° C., undissolved coarse products remained, and when normalizing at a temperature higher than 1,070 ° C., a single-phase structure was not formed.
[0037]
That is, it can be seen that when normalization is performed in the normalization temperature range of the present invention, undissolved coarse products do not remain and a single-phase metal structure is obtained. As a result, by setting the material composition of the cast steel within the composition range of the present invention and normalizing the cast steel within a predetermined temperature range, it is possible to obtain a heat-resistant cast steel superior in impact properties and creep rupture properties as compared with the comparative example.
[0038]
In the third embodiment of the present invention, the cast steel having the material composition range of the present invention is normalized in the normalizing temperature range of the present invention, and then is excellent in hardenability and homogeneous metal structure when cooled with oil. Explain that is obtained. The test cast steel has the material composition shown in Table 1, and after melting in the electric furnace, the ingot cast into the sand mold is annealed and then slowly cooled, followed by the normalization temperature range of 1,050 ° C. of the present invention. It has been quenched by oil cooling after normalization.
[0039]
Table 4 shows the Vickers hardness of each cast steel after quenching and the presence or absence of ferrite in the metal structure. The cast steel within the range of the material composition of the present invention showed a high hardness value, and the formation of α ferrite in the metal structure was not recognized.
[0040]
In the comparative example, cast steel having a low hardness value after quenching or cast steel in which α-ferrite was formed was observed, and both hardenability and metal structure stability were low.
[0041]
That is, when heat-resistant cast steel in the chemical composition range of the present invention is normalized in the normalization temperature range of the present invention and then oil-cooled, excellent hardenability and a homogeneous metal structure over the entire range of limited material composition are obtained. It turns out that it is obtained. As a result, by setting the material composition of the cast steel within the composition range of the present invention and normalizing the cast steel within a predetermined temperature range, it is possible to obtain a heat-resistant cast steel superior in impact properties and creep rupture properties as compared with the comparative example.
[0042]
In the fourth embodiment of the present invention, when the heat-resistant cast steel within the material composition range of the present invention is normalized at 1,050 ° C. within the normalization temperature range of the present invention and then air-cooled, good hardenability is obtained. It will be explained that ferrite with an area ratio below the limit can be obtained. The test cast steel has the material composition shown in Table 1, and after melting in the electric furnace, the ingot cast into the sand mold is annealed and then slowly cooled, followed by normalizing within the normalizing temperature range of the present invention. Quenched by post-air cooling.
[0043]
Table 4 shows the Vickers hardness of each cast steel after quenching and the area ratio of the produced α ferrite. The cast steel within the range of the material composition of the present invention showed a good hardness value, and the ferrite area ratio in the metal structure was less than 5% at the maximum.
[0044]
In the comparative example, a cast steel having a low hardness value after quenching or a cast steel in which the area ratio of the produced α ferrite exceeds 5% is recognized, and both the hardenability and the stability of the metal structure are within the chemical composition range of the present invention. It was lower.
[0045]
That is, when the heat-resistant cast steel within the range of the material composition of the present invention is air-cooled after normalizing within the normalizing temperature range of the present invention, good hardenability is obtained over the entire limited chemical composition range, and the limit value It turns out that the metal structure containing the following (alpha) ferrite is obtained. As a result, by setting the material composition of the cast steel within the composition range of the present invention and normalizing the cast steel within a predetermined temperature range, it is possible to obtain a heat-resistant cast steel superior in impact properties and creep rupture properties as compared with the comparative example.
[0046]
In the fifth embodiment, it will be described that sufficient tempering is possible only when tempering is performed within a predetermined tempering temperature range after quenching the heat-resistant cast steel having the material composition range of the present invention.
[0047]
The cast steels shown in Table 1 are P2, P11, P15, P20 and P27 shown in Table 1, and after melting the electric furnace, the ingot cast into the sand mold is annealed and then slowly cooled, and subsequently normalized. After quenching, each piece was cut into a plate having a thickness of 80 mm and a thickness of 15 mm, and tempering was performed with a target value of room temperature tensile strength set to about 730 MPa.
[0048]
Table 5 shows the time required to achieve the target value of the room temperature tensile strength for each tempering temperature. When tempering was performed within the range of the specified tempering temperature, the target value of room temperature tensile strength was secured in about 3 to 40 hours, but when tempering was performed at a temperature lower than the range of the specified tempering temperature, the target It took a very long time of about 200h to achieve the value. On the other hand, when tempering was performed at a temperature exceeding the predetermined tempering temperature range, the target value was achieved in a very short time, but the actual size steam turbine casing or valve box had a wall thickness of several tens to several hundreds of millimeters. Therefore, uniform and sufficient tempering cannot be expected over the entire material.
[0049]
That is, after quenching the heat-resistant cast steel within the range of the material composition of the present invention, tempering within a predetermined tempering temperature range, it is possible to have a practically acceptable time, and even in an actual large-sized thick member. It can be seen that sufficient tempering is possible. As a result, the material composition of the cast steel is set to the composition range of the present invention, and the cast steel is normalized in a predetermined temperature range and tempered in a predetermined tempering temperature range, so that the impact property and creep rupture property are improved as compared with the comparative example. It can be expected to obtain excellent heat-resistant cast steel.
[0050]
【The invention's effect】
As a result, according to the heat-resistant cast steel within the range of the material composition of the present invention and the heat treatment method thereof, high reliability is exhibited even under severe steam conditions. Particularly, this cast steel is used in a steam turbine casing or a valve box. When applied to high-temperature parts, it is possible to obtain heat-resistant cast steel that can contribute to improvements in performance, operability, and economy.
[0051]
[Table 1]
[0052]
[Table 2]
[0053]
[Table 3]
[0054]
[Table 4]
[0055]
[Table 5]
Claims (7)
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| JP4844188B2 (en) | 2006-03-23 | 2011-12-28 | 株式会社日立製作所 | casing |
| CN103436767B (en) * | 2013-07-13 | 2015-11-25 | 瞿立双 | A kind of manufacture method of wear-resistant cast steel parts |
| CN105441797A (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2016-03-30 | 铜陵市明诚铸造有限责任公司 | Wear-resisting liner plate of jaw crusher |
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