JP3671701B2 - Toner for developing electrostatic image and method for producing the same - Google Patents
Toner for developing electrostatic image and method for producing the same Download PDFInfo
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、静電荷像現像用トナーとその製造法に関するもので、より詳細には小粒径で且つ粒度分布が狭く、トナーの粒子形状が均一であり、流動性、帯電性に優れた静電荷像現像用トナー及びその製造法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
電子写真の分野では、静電荷像を可視像化する為にトナーを用いている。このトナー粒子は、樹脂中に着色剤、必要に応じて荷電制御剤、定着性改良剤等の物質を配合してなる組成物であり、一定の平均粒径、粒度分布を持つものである。樹脂としては、例えばスチレン系樹脂等が用いられ、着色剤としてはカーボンブラックや他の有機系又は無機系の染顔料が用いられる。
【0003】
電子写真用トナーの最も代表的な製造方法としては、前述の樹脂と着色剤を熔融混練し、この混練組成物を粉砕後、粉砕物を分級し一定の粒度分布に揃える工程からなる。しかしながらこの粉砕・分級工程により得られるトナーの収率は低く、更により高精細な画像を得る為、平均粒径を小さくすると収率は更に悪化する。又、得られたトナー粒子の形状が不規則である為トナーの流動性が低く、ブロッキングが発生しやすいという欠点を有している。
【0004】
一方、粉砕工程を含まず直接的に着色重合体粒子を得る方法として、例えば特公昭53−17736号公報等に記載されている様に、重合法による方法が提案されている。
【0005】
これらはいわゆる懸濁重合法によるものであり、重合性単量体及び着色剤を成分とする重合組成物を水性分散媒中に懸濁し重合して直接トナーを得る製造方法である。この方法は製造が容易であるが、小粒径のトナーの製造が難しく、粒度分布の良好なものを製造する事が困難であり、更に粒子形状が真球であることから、ブレードクリーニングが困難であるという欠点を有している。
【0006】
更に特開平5−224462号公報、特開平5−115572号公報等に記載の方法として、重合体微粒子水性分散液及び着色剤微粒子水性分散液に、凝集剤及び安定剤を添加し、重合体微粒子のガラス転移温度以上の温度で熱融着させ直接トナーを得る方法が提案されている。この方法はトナー粒子形状も任意に制御が可能であり、小粒径の粒度分布の狭いトナーを得ることができ、前述の懸濁重合法を用いたトナーに比べ良好な特性を得られることが知られている。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、微粒子凝集によるトナー製造方法は粒径の調節が難しく又トナー形状を均一にすることが困難である。この為帯電特性にばらつきが生じ易いため、精度の高い制御が必要となる。又、小粒径トナーを造ることが出来るが、この場合、流動性が低下し帯電特性にも影響を与える。この結果、製造時の制御精度を上げざるを得ず、粉砕法トナーに比較しコストアップを生じるという問題点を有している。
【0008】
従って、本発明の目的は、コストアップを伴わず従来の静電荷像現像用トナーの欠点を解決し、粒径の制御が容易で狭い粒度分布を有し、粒子形状の均一性が高く、帯電特性に優れ流動性が高いトナーとその製造方法を提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は鋭意検討した結果、本発明の目的は、下記構成の何れかを採ることにより達成出来ることが見いだされた。
【0010】
〔1〕 少なくとも重合体微粒子、着色剤微粒子を含む水性分散液に、凝集剤及び安定剤を添加し多数個の上記微粒子を会合し、該重合体微粒子のガラス転移温度以上の温度で会合粒子を熱融着させる静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法において、熱融着時に反応液中の粒子がトナーとして所定の粒径に成長した段階で凝集剤と安定剤のいずれの濃度も低下させることを特徴とする静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法。
【0011】
〔2〕 上記凝集剤が1乃至3価の金属の塩であることを特徴とする〔1〕記載の静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法。
【0012】
〔3〕 上記凝集剤が水に無限溶解する有機溶媒であることを特徴とする〔1〕記載の静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法。
【0013】
〔4〕 上記安定剤がノニオン界面活性剤であることを特徴とする〔1〕記載の静電荷像現像用トナーの製造方法。
【0014】
〔5〕 少なくとも重合体微粒子、着色剤微粒子を含む水性分散液に、凝集剤及び安定剤を添加し多数個の上記微粒子を会合し、該重合体微粒子のガラス転移温度以上の温度で会合粒子を熱融着させて作製された静電荷像現像用トナーにおいて、熱融着時に反応液中の粒子がトナーとして所定の粒径に成長した段階で凝集剤と安定剤のいずれの濃度も低下させて作製されたことを特徴とする静電荷像現像用トナー。
【0015】
本発明について更に説明する。
【0016】
本発明の静電荷像現像用トナーとは、例えば複数個の重合体微粒子が会合してなる非球形粒子であって、該粒子が重合体微粒子分散液の臨界凝集濃度以上の金属塩又は金属塩水溶液及び/又は水に無限溶解する有機溶媒(本発明ではこれら双方を凝集剤と呼んでいる)、及び例えばノニオン界面活性剤(本発明においては安定剤と呼んでいる)で処理され、ガラス転移点以上にて会合された後熱融着された粒子によって造られる。この時熱融着時に安定剤と凝集剤の少なくともいずれかの濃度を変化させるものであるが、特に装置や製造工程を大きく変える必要はないので、生産性ひいては製造コストアップには結びつかない。
【0017】
本発明でいう凝集剤とは、上記の如く1価乃至3価の金属の塩及び水に無限溶解する有機溶媒である。
【0018】
金属塩としては、1価の金属、例えばナトリウム、カリウム、リチウム等のアルカリ金属の塩、2価の金属、例えばカルシウム、マグネシウム等のアルカリ土類金属の塩、マンガン、銅等の2価の金属塩、鉄、アルミニウム等の3価の金属塩等が挙げられる。
【0019】
これら金属塩の具体的な数例を以下に示す。1価の金属の金属塩の具体例として、塩化ナトリウム、塩化カリウム、塩化リチウム、2価の金属の金属塩として塩化カルシウム、塩化亜鉛、硫酸銅、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸マンガン等が挙げられる。3価の金属塩としては、塩化アルミニウム、塩化鉄等が挙げられる。これらは目的に応じて適宜選択される。一般的には1価の金属塩より2価の金属塩のほうが臨界凝集濃度(凝析値あるいは凝析点)が小さく、更に3価の金属塩の臨界凝集濃度は小さい。
【0020】
本発明に係る臨界凝集濃度とは、水性分散液中の分散物の安定性に関する指標であり、凝集剤を添加し、凝集が起こる点の濃度を示している。この臨界凝集濃度は、ラテックス自身及び分散剤により大きく変化する。例えば、岡村誠三他著高分子化学17,601(1960)等に記述されており、これらの記載に従えばその値を知ることが出来る。又、別の方法として、目的とする粒子分散液に所望の塩を濃度を変えて添加し、その分散液のζ電位を測定し、ζ電位が変化しだす点の塩濃度を臨界凝集濃度とすることも可能である。
【0021】
本発明の金属塩を用いて臨界凝集濃度以上の濃度になるように重合体微粒子分散液を処理する。この時、当然の事ながら、金属塩を直接加えるか、水溶液として加えるかは、その目的に応じて任意に選択される。水溶液として加える場合には、重合体微粒子分散液の容量と金属塩水溶液の総容量に対し、添加した金属塩が重合体微粒子分散液の臨界凝集濃度以上になる必要がある。
【0022】
本発明における凝集剤たる金属塩の濃度は、臨界凝集濃度以上であれば良いが、好ましくは臨界凝集濃度の1.2倍以上、更に好ましくは1.5倍以上添加される。
【0023】
一方、水に無限溶解する溶媒とは、水とどのような比率でも均一に混合溶液を作ることが出来る溶媒であり、これを用いる場合は、重合体微粒子を溶解させないものが好ましい。具体例としてメタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール、t−ブタノール、メトキシエタノール、エトキシエタノール、ブトキシエタノール等のアルコール類、アセトニトリル等のニトリル類、ジオキサン等が挙げられる。
【0024】
水に対して無限溶解する有機溶媒は、凝集剤含有重合体微粒子分散液に対し1〜300%の範囲から適宜選択される。
【0025】
又、安定剤とは主にノニオン界面活性剤を示す。ノニオン界面活性剤なら特に限定無く用いることが出来る。
【0026】
凝集剤及び安定剤の濃度を変化させる為には、凝集剤及び安定剤を加える、又は水により希釈を行うことにより達成できる。例えば凝集剤の濃度のみ低下させる場合には、安定剤を含む水を添加すれば良い。又、凝集剤の一方のみ例えば電解質濃度を下げ、水に無限溶解する有機溶媒濃度は変化させない為には、有機溶媒と水の混合液を添加すれば良い。逆の場合も同様であり、濃度を上げる場合も全く同じに考えれば良い。この濃度変化の操作は、反応過程において1回のみ行うことも複数回に分割し行うことも可能である。
【0027】
濃度を変化させるとは、上記のごとく特定のものを添加する等して、短時間のうちに数%以上濃度変化させる行為をさす。又、熱融着時とは、重合体微粒子のガラス転移温度以上の温度で会合粒子を熱融着させている工程時をさす。
【0028】
以下、本発明に係わる事項について更に詳しく説明する。
【0029】
〔重合体微粒子〕
重合体微粒子は、一般に、乳化重合法、懸濁重合法、分散重合法、沈澱重合法、界面重合法、合成樹脂の粉砕微粉等を用いることが可能であるが、好ましくは乳化重合法により製造される重合体微粒子が用いられる。
【0030】
着色剤その他の本発明に係る固体成分を重合体微粒子と複合化させる為には、例えば懸濁重合法を採用するのがよい。これらは本発明に係る固体成分を所望の単量体中に固体成分を分散するか、又は固体成分が溶解可能であれば、単量体中に溶解させた後に分散剤中に分散し、重合することで合成可能である。
【0031】
他の重合方法に関しても、固体成分を単量体中に分散又は溶解した溶液を用い、各々の重合法に従い重合することで固体成分を複合化した重合体微粒子を得ることが可能である。又、重合体微粒子を合成後、これらを会合させてトナー粒子を造るときに、固体成分を混合してもよい。
【0032】
これらの重合体微粒子の粒径は目的とする非球状粒子の粒径以下であれば任意に用いることが可能であるが、一般的に用いられる重合体微粒子の粒径としては0.01〜10μmの範囲のものが好ましい。
【0033】
〔単量体〕
本発明の重合体微粒子を得る為には、疎水性単量体が用いられる。更にイオン性解離基を有する単量体を含有させることが好ましい。このイオン性解離基を有する単量体は全体の単量体に対し0.1〜30重量%、好ましくは0.5〜20重量%の範囲で含有することが出来る。イオン性解離基の少なくも一部はトナー粒子形成後も解離状態にあることが好ましい。
【0034】
本発明の疎水性単量体の例としては、スチレン誘導体、例えばスチレン、p−メチルスチレン、o−メチルスチレン、p−クロルスチレン、o−クロルスチレン、p−メトキシスチレン、o−メトキシスチレン、p−エトキシスチレン、p−ブトキシスチレン、2,4−ジメチルスチレン、2,4−ジクロルスチレン、p−クロルメチルスチレン、o−クロルメチルスチレン、p−ヒドロキシスチレン、o−ヒドロキシスチレン等が挙げられる。(メタ)アクリル酸メチル、(メタ)アクリル酸エチル、(メタ)アクリル酸n−ブチル、(メタ)アクリル酸2−エチルヘキシル、(メタ)アクリル酸シクロヘキシル、(メタ)アクリル酸ドデシル等の(メタ)アクリル酸エステル類も挙げられる。又、アクリロニトリル、メタアクリロニトリル等のニトリル系単量体、ビニルメチルエーテル、ビニルエチルエーテル等のビニルエーテル系単量体、酢酸ビニルや酪酸ビニル等のビニルエステル系単量体、エチレン、プロピレン、イソブチレン等のオレフィン系単量体、ブタジエン、イソプレン、クロロプレン、ジメチルブタジエン等の共役ジエン類等も挙げられる。これらは必要に応じて単独又は二種以上で用いられる。又、以下のイオン解離性基を有する単量体と組み合わせて用いられる。
【0035】
イオン性解離基を有する単量体単位とは、カルボキシル基、スルホン酸基、リン酸基、アミノ基(第一級アミン、第二級アミン、第三級アミン等を含む)、第四級アンモニウム塩等の基が単量体構造中に含まれる単量体を示す。具体例としては、例えばカルボキシル基を含む単量体としてアクリル酸、メタクリル酸、マレイン酸、イタコン酸、ケイ皮酸、フマール酸、マレイン酸モノアルキルエステル、イタコン酸モノアルキルエステル等が挙げられる。スルホン酸基を有する単量体としてスチレンスルホン酸、アリルスルホコハク酸、2−アクリルアミド−2−メチルプロパンスルホン酸、2−スルホエチルメタクリレート及びこれらの塩等が挙げられる。リン酸基を有する単量体としてアシッドホスホオキシエチルメタクリレート、アシッドホスホオキシプロピルメタクリレート、3−クロロ−2−アシッドホスホオキシプロピルメタクリレート等が挙げられる。
【0036】
更に、アミノ基置換アクリル(メタクリル)酸エステル又はアクリル(メタクリル)酸アミドあるいは任意N上で炭素原子数1〜18のアルキル基でモノ又はジ置換されたアクリル(メタクリル)酸アミド、又はNを環員として有する複素環で置換されたビニル化合物及びN,N−ジアリルアルキルアミン或いはその第四級アンモニウム塩が挙げられる。これらアクリル(メタクリル)酸エステルの具体例として、ジアルキルアミノアルキル(メタ)アクリレート(例えば、ジメチルアミノエチルアクリレート、ジメチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、ジエチルアミノエチルアクリレート、ジエチルアミノエチルメタクリレート等)及びこれらの酸塩又は第四級アンモニウム塩、3−ジメチルアミノフェニルアクリレート、2−ヒドロキシ−3−メタクリルオキシプロピルトリメチルアンモニウム塩等を挙げることができる。
【0037】
アクリル(メタクリル)酸アミド或いは任意N上で炭素原子数1〜18のアルキル基でモノ又はジ置換されたアクリル(メタクリル)酸アミドの具体例としては、例えば(メタ)アクリルアミド、N−ブチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、N,N−ジエチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、ピペラジル(メタ)アクリルアミド、N−オクタデシル(メタ)アクリルアミド等を挙げることができる。
【0038】
Nを環員として有する複素環で置換されたビニル化合物及びN,N−ジアリルアルキルアミン或いはその第四級アンモニウム塩の具体例として、例えばビニルピリジン、ビニルピロリドン、ビニルイミダゾール及びこれらの第四級アンモニウム塩、更にN,N−ジアリルメチルアンモニウムクロリド、N,N−ジアリルエチルアンモニウムクロリド等を挙げることができる。
【0039】
更に、ビニルベンジルクロライド、ビニルフェネチルクロライド等の活性ハロゲンを有する単量体も用いることが可能である。例えば、このまま共重合成分として、共重合を行った後に適当なアミンを用い、3級アミン又は第四級アンモニウム塩にする事も可能である。又、ジアルキルアミン或いは第四級アンモニウム塩として共重合する事もできる。例えば、ビニルベンジルクロライドにジアルキルアミンを単量体に反応或いは高分子反応で導入することができる。
【0040】
これら上記各種単量体は、目的に応じ、例えば所望のガラス転移温度、溶融温度等にしたがって選択される。
【0041】
〔ラジカル重合開始剤〕
本発明の重合体微粒子を合成する際には、その重合方法に従ってラジカル重合開始剤の選択がなされる。即ち、懸濁重合法の場合、油溶性ラジカル重合開始剤が用いられ、乳化重合法の場合、水溶性ラジカル重合開始剤が用いられる。更に、分散重合の場合、用いられる分散媒によって適宜選択されるが、非水溶媒を用いる場合及び水混和性有機溶媒と水の混合溶媒を用いる際は、水溶性ラジカル重合開始剤を用いることが可能である。
【0042】
水溶性ラジカル重合開始剤の例として過硫酸塩、例えば過硫酸カリウム、過硫酸アンモニウム等、水溶性アゾ化合物、例えばアゾビスアミノジプロパン酢酸塩、アゾビスシアノ吉草酸及びその塩等、水溶性過酸化物、例えば過酸化水素等が挙げられる。
【0043】
油溶性ラジカル重合開始剤の例としては、油溶性過酸化物、例えばベンゾイルパーオキサイド、ラウロイルパーオキサイド等が挙げられる。油溶性アゾ系重合開始剤としてアゾビスイソブチロニトリル、アゾビスバレロニトリル等が挙げられる。これらは目的とする重合体微粒子の分子量等にしたがって添加量を決定する事が可能である。更には、必要に応じて、分子量調節剤、例えばチオール化合物に代表される連鎖移動剤、例えばドデカンチオール、オクチルチオール等を挙げることが可能である。
【0044】
本発明に係る重合体微粒子は、そのTgが−10〜120℃の範囲にあれば良く、更に好ましくは0〜90℃である。又、軟化点は80〜220℃の範囲である。上記重合体微粒子の単量体組成はこの範囲を満足するものであり、かつ、解離性基を有する重合体単位を重合体に対し0.1〜20重量%含有されておれば良く、その他の共重合モノマーの種類及び組成は問わない。
【0045】
本発明に係る重合体微粒子の分子量は特に限定されないが、重量平均分子量で2000〜1000000、好ましくは8000〜500000である。又、分子量分布は重量平均分子量と数平均分子量の比(Mw/Mnと略記する)で1.5〜100、好ましくは1.8〜50である。
【0046】
〔着色剤〕
着色剤としては、無機顔料、有機顔料が挙げられる。無機顔料としてはカーボンブラック、グラフト化カーボン、ファーネスブラック、サーマトミックカボーン等のカーボン系顔料、マグネタイト、フェライト、ベンガラ、酸化チタン、亜鉛華、シリカ、酸化クロム、コバルトブルー、ウルトラマリーン、セルリアンブルー、ミネラルバイオレット、四酸化三鉛等の金属酸化物系顔料、亜鉛粉、鉄粉、銅粉等の金属粉系顔料、硫化亜鉛、カドミウムレッド、硫化水銀、セレンレッド、カドミウムイエロー等の硫化物系顔料、モリブデンレッド、バリウムイエロー、スチロンチウムイエロー、クロムイエロー等のクロム酸塩系顔料、フェロシアン化塩系顔料などが例として挙げられる。
【0047】
有機顔料としては、カラーインデックス等に記載されているような化合物が挙げられる。例えば、シアン又はグリーン顔料として、C.I.ピグメントブルー15、C.I.ピグメントブルー15:2、C.I.ピグメントブルー15:3、C.I.ピグメントブルー16、C.I.ピグメントブルー60、C.I.ピグメントグリーン7等が挙げられる。
【0048】
マゼンタ又はレッド顔料としてC.I.ピグメントレッド2、C.I.ピグメントレッド3、C.I.ピグメントレッド5、C.I.ピグメントレッド7、C.I.ピグメントレッド15、C.I.ピグメントレッド16、C.I.ピグメントレッド48:1、C.I.ピグメントレッド53:1、C.I.ピグメントレッド57:1、C.I.ピグメントレッド122、C.I.ピグメントレッド123、C.I.ピグメントレッド139、C.I.ピグメントレッド144、C.I.ピグメントレッド149、C.I.ピグメントレッド166、C.I.ピグメントレッド178、C.I.ピグメントレッド222等が挙げられる。
【0049】
イエロー又はオレンジ顔料としてはC.I.ピグメントイエロー12、C.I.ピグメントイエロー13、C.I.ピグメントイエロー14、C.I.ピグメントイエロー15、C.I.ピグメントイエロー17、C.I.ピグメントイエロー93、C.I.ピグメントイエロー94、C.I.ピグメントイエロー138、C.I.ピグメントイエロー180等が挙げられる。
【0050】
一般的には、シアン有機顔料としてはC.I.ピグメントブルー15:3として知られる銅−フタロシアニンが、マゼンタ有機顔料としてはC.I.ピグメントレッド122として知られるジメチルキナクリドンが、イエロー有機顔料としてはC.I.ピグメントイエロー17として知られるジスアゾイエローが用いられる。
【0051】
〔固体成分〕
本発明に係る重合体微粒子は、固体成分と複合することができる。固体成分として一般的なものは、定着性改良剤、帯電制御剤等を挙げることができる。これらは単独又は併用して複合することができる。
【0052】
例えば低分子量ポリエチレン、低分子量ポリプロピレン、酸化処理されたポリエチレン、酸化処理されたポリプロピレン、酸変性処理されたポリエチレン、酸変性処理されたポリプロピレン、ポリオレフィン系ワックス(例えば、東邦化学工業社製のハイテック)等の定着性改良剤を用いることが出来る。
【0053】
又、ニグロシン系の電子供与性染料、ナフテン酸や高級脂肪酸の金属塩、アルコキシル化アミン、第4級アンモニウム塩、アルキルアミド、金属錯体、顔料、フッ素処理活性剤などのプラスの帯電制御剤や、電子受容性の有機錯体、塩素化パラフィン、塩素化ポリエステル、銅フタロシアニンのスルホニルアミン等のマイナスの帯電制御剤を用いることが出来る。
【0054】
通常これらは各々重合体に対し0.1〜25重量%含有される。
【0055】
〔非球形化反応〕
本発明に係る着色粒子(後述するごとくこれをそのままトナーとして用いる場合も、さらに外添剤を加えてトナーとする場合もある)は、本発明の重合体微粒子を複数個会合させて製造される。前記したごとく、この際、着色剤は、重合体微粒子を複数個会合させる際、同時に分散液として添加し、会合時に複合化させる。
【0056】
本発明に係わる着色粒子(非球形粒子)は、本発明に係る重合体微粒子分散液に攪拌下、安定剤と凝集剤である金属塩を臨界凝集濃度以上に添加し、更に好ましくは水に無限溶解する有機溶媒を添加し、重合体微粒子のTg以上の温度で加熱することで作製できる。
【0057】
本発明は、その非球形粒子の平均粒径、粒度分布は凝集剤濃度、水に無限溶解する有機溶媒の添加濃度、更に重合体粒子のイオン性解離基を有する単量体単位の解離度により決定される。例えば、水に無限溶解する有機溶媒の添加濃度、温度及び重合体粒子のイオン性解離基を有する単量体単位の解離度が一定の場合、凝集剤濃度が大きくなれば一般的に粒径は大きくなり、凝集剤濃度が小さくなれば粒径も小さくなる。同様に、凝集剤濃度、重合体粒子のイオン性解離基を有する単量体単位の解離度が一定の場合、水に無限溶解する有機溶媒の添加濃度が大きくなれば粒径は大きくなり、小さいと粒径は小さくなる。更に、重合体粒子のイオン性解離基を有する単量体単位の解離度を変化させると、解離度が大きくなると粒径は小さく、解離度が小さい場合は生成粒子の粒径は大きくなる。
【0058】
すなわち、本発明において、前記三つの因子を適宜変化させる事で所望の粒径を得ることが出来る。又、この三つの因子の働きにより、非常に狭い粒度分布の粒子を得ることが出来る。
【0059】
〔製造方法〕
本発明のトナーは、代表的には重合体微粒子分散液に対し、必要量の安定剤と、金属塩又は金属塩水溶液を攪拌下で添加する。更に、水に対して無限溶解する有機溶媒を添加し、重合体微粒子のガラス転移点Tg以上の温度で加熱する工程が基本となる。但し、各添加剤の添加順序は特に規定されないし、製造方法も特にこれに限定されるものではない。
【0060】
例えば、加熱温度が一定の場合、加熱時間が長くなるにつれて形状は真球状に近づく。又、加熱温度を高くすると、真球状になる速度が早くなる。
【0061】
〔静電荷像現像用トナー〕
本発明の非球形粒子は、静電荷像現像用トナーとして用いるので、その平均粒径は3〜25μm、特に好ましくは5〜15μmが良い。特に、本発明のトナー粒子は、小粒径になっても粒度分布に変化が無く、小さいままであり、分級操作等の後処理がなくとも収率高く得ることができる為、小粒径トナーとして用いるのに好ましい。
【0062】
前記した非球形粒子は単独でもトナーとして用いられるが、流動化剤としてシリカ、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム及びこれらの疏水化処理物等を併用できる。流動化剤はトナー100重量部に対し0.01〜20重量部添加されることが好ましく、0.1〜10重量部添加されることが更に好ましい。
【0063】
更に滑剤としてステアリン酸のカドミウム、バリウム、ニッケル、コバルト、ストロンチウム、銅、マグネシウム、カルシウム塩等、オレイン酸の亜鉛、マンガン、鉄、コバルト、銅、鉛、マグネシウム塩、パルミチン酸の亜鉛、コバルト、銅、マグネシウム、ケイ素、カルシウム塩、リノール酸の亜鉛、コバルト、カルシウム塩、リシノール酸の亜鉛、カドミウム塩、カプリル酸の鉛塩、カプロン酸の鉛塩等の高級脂肪酸の金属塩が挙げられる。これらは必要に応じて添加される。
【0064】
【実施例】
以下、実施例にて更に本発明の内容を説明するが、本発明はこれに限定されるものではない。
【0065】
実施例1
(重合体微粒子の合成1)
攪拌装置、冷却管、温度センサー及び窒素導入管をつけた5lセパラブルフラスコに蒸留水2400ml、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム2.8g、マレイン酸変性ポリプロピレンワックス乳化液(酸価:20mgKOH/g、ワックス固形分:20%、平均粒径:100nm)240g、スチレン620g、n−ブチルアクリレート128g、メタクリル酸52g及びtert−ドデシルメルカプタン27.4gを添加し、窒素気流下攪拌を行い、内温を70℃まで昇温した。内温が70℃に到達した時点で、過硫酸カリウム11.2gを蒸留水600mlに溶解した重合開始剤水溶液を投入し、内温70℃に維持しつつ、窒素気流下攪拌を3時間行い重合を完結させた後、室温まで冷却した。この重合体微粒子は、動的光散乱粒径測定装置ELS−800(大塚電子工業社製)を用い粒径測定、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィーHLC−8020(東ソー社製)を用い分子量測定、示差走査熱量計DSC−50(島津製作所社製)を用いガラス転移温度測定を行った。結果は平均粒径d50=110nm,重量平均分子量Mw=12,500、分子量分布Mw/Mn=2.48、ガラス転移温度Tg=57℃であった。又、ポリマー固形分濃度は20%であった。この重合体微粒子分散液を本発明の重合体微粒子分散液(1)とする。
【0066】
(重合体微粒子の合成2)
攪拌装置、冷却管、温度センサー及び窒素導入管をつけた5lセパラブルフラスコに蒸留水2400ml、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム2.8g、マレイン酸変性ポリプロピレンワックス乳化液(酸価:20mgKOH/g、ワックス固形分:20%、平均粒径:100nm)240g、スチレン548g、n−ブチルアクリレート200g、メタクリル酸52g及びtert−ドデシルメルカプタン0.45gを添加し、窒素気流下攪拌を行い、内温を70℃まで昇温した。内温が70℃に到達した時点で、過硫酸カリウム10.0gを蒸留水600mlに溶解した重合開始剤水溶液を投入し、内温70℃に維持しつつ、窒素気流下攪拌を3時間行い重合を完結させた後、室温まで冷却した。この重合体微粒子は、動的光散乱粒径測定装置ELS−800(大塚電子工業社製)を用い粒径測定、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィーHLC−8020(東ソー社製)を用い分子量測定、示差走査熱量計DSC−50(島津製作所社製)を用いガラス転移温度測定を行った。結果は平均粒径d50=110nm,重量平均分子量Mw=195,500、分子量分布Mw/Mn=2.96,ガラス転移温度Tg=57℃であった。又ポリマー固形分濃度は20%であった。この重合体微粒子分散液を本発明の重合体微粒子分散液(2)とする。
【0067】
(着色剤分散液の調製1)
蒸留水1500ml、ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム106.2g及びモーガルL(カーボンブラック;キャボット社より入手)230.8gを混合後、加圧分散機MINI−LAB(ラーニー社製)を用い平均粒径が100nm以下になる様、分散を行った。平均粒径は動的光散乱粒径測定装置ELS−800(大塚電子工業(株)製)を用い測定した。結果はd50=84nmであった。この着色剤分散液を着色剤分散液(1)とした。
【0068】
(着色剤分散液の調製2)
着色剤分散液の調製1のモーガルLをToner Yellow 3GP(C.I.Pigment Yellow 155:クラリアント社より入手)に変えた以外は全く同一に分散を行った。平均粒径はd50=97nmであった。この着色剤分散液を着色剤分散液(2)とした。
【0069】
(着色剤分散液の調製3)
着色剤分散液の調整1のモーガルLをToner PinK EO2(C.I.Pigment Red 122:クラリアント社より入手)に変えた以外は全く同一に分散を行った。平均粒径はd50=88nmであった。この着色剤分散液を着色剤分散液(3)とした。
【0070】
(着色剤分散液の調製4)
着色剤分散液の調製1のモーガルLをKET Blue 104(C.I.Pigment Blue 15:3:大日本インキ化学工業社より入手)に変えた以外は全く同一に分散を行った。平均粒径はd50=82nmであった。この着色剤分散液を着色剤分散液(4)とした。
【0071】
(トナーの合成1)
攪拌装置、冷却管、温度センサーを装着した1lセパラブルフラスコに、重合体分散液(1)212g及び重合体分散液(2)54g、着色剤分散液(1)31.85g及び蒸留水202.15gを添加しこの混合液を5N−水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=9.5に調整した。このpH調整済みの混合液を攪拌を行いつつ、塩化ナトリウム42.75gを蒸留水156.6mlに溶解した塩化ナトリウム水溶液、イソプロパノール76.8ml及びフロラードFC−170C(住友3M社より入手、フッ素系ノニオン界面活性剤)10mgを蒸留水10mlに溶解したノニオン界面活性剤水溶液を順次添加し、攪拌しつつ内温を85℃まで昇温し、この温度を維持しつつ攪拌を続けた。コールターカウンターII(コールター社製)を用い、反応液中の粒子が6.5μmに成長した段階で蒸留水100mlを添加し電解質濃度、イソプロパノール濃度及びノニオン活性剤濃度を低下させ、更に加熱攪拌を続け10時間後に内温を室温まで低下し反応を終了した。この反応液を水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=13に調整した後、濾過、蒸留水を添加し再懸濁、濾過を繰り返し、トナーを精製した。これを本発明のトナー1−1とし精製したトナーは乾燥を行った。
【0072】
乾燥終了後、コールターカウンターIIを用い粒径、粒度分布を測定した。平均粒径はd50=6.48μm、変動係数C.V.=18.2%であった。
【0073】
(トナーの合成2)
攪拌装置、冷却管、温度センサーを装着した1lセパラブルフラスコに、重合体分散液(1)212g及び重合体分散液(2)54g、着色剤分散液(1)31.85g及び蒸留水202.15gを添加しこの混合液を5N−水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=9.5に調整した。このpH調整済みの混合液を攪拌を行いつつ、塩化ナトリウム32.75gを蒸留水126.6mlに溶解した塩化ナトリウム水溶液、イソプロパノール76.8ml及びフロラードFC−170C(住友3M社より入手、フッ素系ノニオン界面活性剤)10mgを蒸留水10mlに溶解したノニオン界面活性剤水溶液を順次添加し、攪拌しつつ内温を85℃まで昇温し、この温度を維持しつつ攪拌を続けた。コールターカウンターII(コールター社製)を用い、反応液中の粒子が5.5μmに成長した段階で塩化ナトリウム10gを蒸留水30mlに溶解した塩化ナトリウム水溶液を添加し更に加熱攪拌を続け、コールターカウンターIIの測定で平均粒径d50=6.5μmになった時点で蒸留水100mlを添加し10時間後加熱攪拌をつつけた後に内温を室温まで低下し反応を終了した。この反応液を水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=13に調整した後、濾過、蒸留水を添加し再懸濁、濾過を繰り返し、トナーを精製した。このトナーを本発明のトナー2とし、精製したトナーは乾燥を行った。乾燥終了後、コールターカウンターIIを用い粒径、粒度分布を測定した。平均粒径はd50=6.49μm,変動係数C.V.=17.4%であった。
【0074】
(トナーの合成3)
攪拌装置、冷却管、温度センサーを装着した1lセパラブルフラスコに、重合体分散液(1)212g及び重合体分散液(2)54g、着色剤分散液(2)39.81g及び蒸留水194.19gを添加し、この混合液を5N−水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=9.5に調整した。このpH調整済みの混合液を攪拌を行いつつ、塩化ナトリウム42.75gを蒸留水156.6mlに溶解した塩化ナトリウム水溶液、イソプロパノール76.8ml及びフロラードFC−170C(住友3M社より入手、フッ素系ノニオン界面活性剤)10mgを蒸留水10mlに溶解したノニオン界面活性剤水溶液を順次添加し、攪拌しつつ内温を85℃まで昇温し、この温度を維持しつつ攪拌を続けた。コールターカウンターII(コールター社製)を用い、反応液中の粒子が6.5μmに成長した段階で蒸留水100mlを添加し更に加熱攪拌を続け10時間後に内温を室温まで低下し反応を終了した。この反応液を水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=13に調整した後、濾過、蒸留水を添加し再懸濁、濾過を繰り返し、トナーを精製した。このトナーを本発明のトナー3とし、精製したトナーは乾燥を行った。
【0075】
乾燥終了後、コールターカウンターIIを用い粒径、粒度分布を測定した。平均粒径はd50=6.48μm,変動係数C.V.=18.2%であった。
【0076】
(トナーの合成4)
攪拌装置、冷却管、温度センサーを装着した1lセパラブルフラスコに、重合体分散液(1)212g及び重合体分散液(2)54g、着色剤分散液(3)31.85g及び蒸留水202.15gを添加しこの混合液を5N−水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=9.5に調整した。このpH調整済みの混合液を攪拌を行いつつ、塩化ナトリウム42.75gを蒸留水156.6mlに溶解した塩化ナトリウム水溶液、イソプロパノール76.8ml及びフロラードFC−170C(住友3M社より入手、フッ素系ノニオン界面活性剤)10mgを蒸留水10mlに溶解したノニオン界面活性剤水溶液を順次添加し、攪拌しつつ内温を85℃まで昇温し、この温度を維持しつつ攪拌を続けた。コールターカウンターII(コールター社製)を用い、反応液中の粒子が6.5μmに成長した段階で蒸留水100mlを添加し更に加熱攪拌を続け10時間後に内温を室温まで低下し反応を終了した。この反応液を水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=13に調整した後、濾過、蒸留水を添加し再懸濁、濾過を繰り返し、トナーを精製した。このトナーを本発明のトナー4とし、精製したトナーは乾燥を行った。
【0077】
乾燥終了後、コールターカウンターIIを用い粒径、粒度分布を測定した。平均粒径はd50=6.51μm、変動係数C.V.=17.2%であった。
【0078】
(トナーの合成5)
攪拌装置、冷却管、温度センサーを装着した1lセパラブルフラスコに、重合体分散液(1)212g及び重合体分散液(2)54g、着色剤分散液(4)15.92g及び蒸留水218.08gを添加しこの混合液を5N−水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=9.5に調整した。このpH調整済みの混合液を攪拌を行いつつ、塩化ナトリウム42.75gを蒸留水156.6mlに溶解した塩化ナトリウム水溶液、イソプロパノール76.8ml及びフロラードFC−170C(住友3M社より入手、フッ素系ノニオン界面活性剤)10mgを蒸留水10mlに溶解したノニオン界面活性剤水溶液を順次添加し、攪拌しつつ内温を85℃まで昇温し、この温度を維持しつつ攪拌を続けた。コールターカウンターII(コールター社製)を用い、反応液中の粒子が6.5μmに成長した段階で蒸留水100mlを添加し更に加熱攪拌を続け10時間後に内温を室温まで低下し反応を終了した。この反応液を水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=13に調整した後、濾過、蒸留水を添加し再懸濁、濾過を繰り返し、トナーを精製した。このトナーを本発明のトナー5とし、精製したトナーは乾燥を行った。
【0079】
乾燥終了後、コールターカウンターIIを用い粒径、粒度分布を測定した。平均粒径はd50=6.53μm,変動係数C.V.=17.6%であった。
【0080】
(トナーの合成6)
本発明のトナーの合成1を用い、全く同じ操作を10回繰り返しこれを本発明のトナー1−2〜11とした。
【0081】
(比較トナーの合成1)
攪拌装置、冷却管、温度センサーを装着した1lセパラブルフラスコに、重合体分散液(1)212g及び重合体分散液(2)54g、着色剤分散液(1)31.85g及び蒸留水202.15gを添加しこの混合液を5N−水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=9.5に調整した。このpH調整済みの混合液を攪拌を行いつつ、塩化ナトリウム42.75gを蒸留水156.6mlに溶解した塩化ナトリウム水溶液、イソプロパノール76.8ml及びフロラードFC−170C(住友3M社より入手、フッ素系ノニオン界面活性剤)10mgを蒸留水10mlに溶解したノニオン界面活性剤水溶液を順次添加し、攪拌しつつ内温を85℃まで昇温し、この温度を維持しつつ攪拌を続けた。10時間反応を続けた後、内温を室温まで低下し反応を終了させた。この反応液を水酸化ナトリウムを用いpH=13に調整した後、濾過、蒸留水を添加し再懸濁、濾過を繰り返し、トナーを精製した。これを、比較トナー1−1とし、精製したトナーは乾燥を行った。
【0082】
乾燥終了後、コールターカウンターIIを用い粒径、粒度分布を測定した。平均粒径はd50=6.63μm、変動係数C.V.=28.4%であった。
【0083】
(比較トナーの合成2)
比較トナーの合成1と全く同じ条件で10回繰り返した。これらを比較トナー1−2〜11とした。
【0084】
(比較トナーの合成3〜5)
比較トナーの合成1の着色剤分散液(1)を着色剤分散液(2)、(3)、(4)に、その添加量を本発明のトナー合成3,4,5に変えた以外は、比較トナー合成例1を用いトナーを合成した。これらのトナーを各々比較トナー2,3,4とした。
【0085】
本発明のトナー1−1〜11,2〜5及び比較トナー1−1〜11,2〜4の平均粒径とその変動係数、静カサ密度、帯電量を示す。帯電量は平均粒径30μmのマグネタイトコアにスチレン−メタクリル酸メチル共重合体を、コートしたキャリアをトナー濃度5%になる様調整し常温常湿(20℃,55%RH)で測定を行った。
【0086】
静カサ密度は、流動性の高い粉流体ほど圧縮度が小さいことを利用して直径28mm、容積100mlの容器の上方から100メッシュの篩を通して試料を充填し重量を測定することで求めた。
【0087】
【表1】
【0088】
同一反応条件で繰り返しの再現性を求めた本発明のトナー1−1〜1−11の平均粒径の平均はd50=6.50μmで、ほとんど差がない。又、帯電量に関しても、本発明のトナーはロット間の変動が小さく、これに対し、比較トナーは変動が大きいことがわかる。又、個々のロット内の粒度分布も比較トナーに比べ本発明のトナーは狭いことがわかる。更に流動性の指標である静カサ密度も、比較トナーに比べて本発明のトナーは大きく、流動性が高いことを示している。
【0089】
実施例2
図1に評価に用いた画像形成装置を示す。
【0090】
図中、1:帯電器、2:現像器、3:クリーニングユニット、4:感光体ドラム、5:搬送ユニット、6:転写極をそれぞれ示している。
【0091】
画像形成は、導電性基体上に静電潜像を形成する光半導体を有する積層型有機感光体ドラム4の周面に近接してコロナ放電によって感光体ドラム4面に電荷を付与する帯電器1、単色の現像剤を収納した現像器を複数配列した現像器2、感光体ドラム4上に残留したトナーを清掃するクリーニングユニット3を配置してある。感光体ドラム上に多色のトナーを重ね合わせ搬送ユニット5から感光体ドラム4へ搬送された転写材に、転写極6により一度に転写され後述の定着装置にて転写材上に定着され、多色画像を形成する。感光体ドラム4上に残留したトナーはクリーニングユニット3により清掃される。
【0092】
上記評価において、感光体の帯電は負帯電であり、露光は半導体レーザーにより行われ、現像は露光部に対して行われる反転現像方式を使用した。
【0093】
評価はコニカ社製カラー複写機Konica 9028を改造して使用した。条件は下記にしめす。感光体としては、積層型有機感光体を使用した。
【0094】
感光体表面電位=−550V
DCバイアス=−250V
ACバイアス=Vp−p:−50〜450V
交番電界周波数=1800Hz
Dsd=300μm
押圧規制力=10gf/mm
押圧規制力棒=SUS416(磁性ステンレス製)/直径3mm
現像剤層厚=150μm
現像スリーブ=20mm
尚、現像剤は本発明のトナー2,3,4,5及び比較トナー1−1,2,3,4に疎水性シリカ2%を添加し外添剤処理を行った。更に平均粒径35μmのマグネタイトコアにスチレン/メチルメタアクリレート共重合体をコートしたキャリアをトナー濃度5%になるよう混合した。これら現像剤を本発明の現像剤1〜4,及び比較現像剤1〜4とした。
【0095】
評価方法は、フルカラーで画素率75%の画像を用い、5万枚まで連続印字を行い初期及び終期のトナー粒径、更に転写ムラ、現像器内の汚染に関し評価を行った。
【0096】
【表2】
【0097】
以上の結果のごとく、比較現像剤ではトナー粒径の低下が認められ選択現像が起こっていることを示しているが、本発明の現像剤は粒径低下が少なく選択現像がほとんど起きていないことを示している。又、転写ムラ、現像器内汚染に関しても本発明の現像剤では認められず、安定した性能を有する現像剤であることがわかる。又、本発明の現像剤を用いた画像は初期から終期まで非常に良好な画像を示していた。
【0098】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、コストアップを伴わず従来の静電荷像現像用トナーの欠点を解決し、粒径の制御が容易で狭い粒度分布を有し、粒子形状の均一性が高く、帯電特性に優れ流動性が高いトナーとその製造方法を提供することが出来る。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の静電荷像現像用トナーの評価に用いた画像形成装置。
【符号の説明】
1 帯電器
2 現像器
3 クリーニングユニット
4 感光体ドラム
5 搬送ユニット
6 転写極[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a toner for developing an electrostatic image and a method for producing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a toner having a small particle size, a narrow particle size distribution, a uniform toner particle shape, and excellent fluidity and chargeability. The present invention relates to a toner for developing a charge image and a method for producing the same.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In the field of electrophotography, toner is used to make an electrostatic image visible. The toner particles are a composition obtained by blending a resin with a colorant, and if necessary, a charge control agent, a fixing property improving agent, and the like, and have a certain average particle size and particle size distribution. As the resin, for example, a styrene resin or the like is used, and as the colorant, carbon black or other organic or inorganic dye / pigment is used.
[0003]
The most typical method for producing an electrophotographic toner includes a step of melt-kneading the aforementioned resin and a colorant, pulverizing the kneaded composition, classifying the pulverized product, and aligning the particles with a certain particle size distribution. However, the yield of the toner obtained by this pulverization / classification step is low, and in order to obtain a higher-definition image, the yield is further deteriorated when the average particle diameter is reduced. Further, since the shape of the obtained toner particles is irregular, there are disadvantages that the fluidity of the toner is low and blocking is likely to occur.
[0004]
On the other hand, as a method for directly obtaining colored polymer particles without including a pulverization step, a method using a polymerization method has been proposed as described in, for example, JP-B-53-17736.
[0005]
These are based on a so-called suspension polymerization method, which is a production method in which a polymerization composition containing a polymerizable monomer and a colorant as components is suspended in an aqueous dispersion medium and polymerized to directly obtain a toner. Although this method is easy to manufacture, it is difficult to manufacture a toner having a small particle size, it is difficult to manufacture a toner having a good particle size distribution, and since the particle shape is a true sphere, blade cleaning is difficult. It has the disadvantage of being.
[0006]
Further, as a method described in JP-A-5-224462, JP-A-5-115572, etc., a polymer fine particle is added by adding a flocculant and a stabilizer to the polymer fine particle aqueous dispersion and the colorant fine particle aqueous dispersion. There has been proposed a method of directly obtaining toner by heat-sealing at a temperature equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature. In this method, the toner particle shape can be arbitrarily controlled, a toner having a small particle size and a narrow particle size distribution can be obtained, and good characteristics can be obtained as compared with the toner using the suspension polymerization method described above. Are known.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the toner production method by fine particle aggregation, it is difficult to adjust the particle diameter and to make the toner shape uniform. For this reason, since the charging characteristics are likely to vary, highly accurate control is required. In addition, a toner having a small particle diameter can be produced, but in this case, the fluidity is lowered and the charging characteristics are also affected. As a result, there is a problem that the control accuracy at the time of manufacture must be increased, and the cost is increased as compared with the pulverized toner.
[0008]
Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to solve the drawbacks of conventional electrostatic image developing toner without increasing the cost, to easily control the particle size, to have a narrow particle size distribution, to have high uniformity of particle shape, An object of the present invention is to provide a toner having excellent characteristics and high fluidity and a method for producing the same.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies by the inventors, it has been found that the object of the present invention can be achieved by adopting one of the following configurations.
[0010]
[1] A flocculant and a stabilizer are added to an aqueous dispersion containing at least polymer fine particles and colorant fine particles to associate a large number of the fine particles, and the associated particles are formed at a temperature equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature of the polymer fine particles. In the method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image to be heat-fused, the particles of the reaction liquid at the time of heat-fusion are grown to a predetermined particle size as a toner. Decrease in any concentration And a method of producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image.
[0011]
[2] The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to [1], wherein the flocculant is a salt of a monovalent to trivalent metal.
[0012]
[3] The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to [1], wherein the flocculant is an organic solvent infinitely soluble in water.
[0013]
[4] The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to [1], wherein the stabilizer is a nonionic surfactant.
[0014]
[5] A flocculant and a stabilizer are added to an aqueous dispersion containing at least polymer fine particles and colorant fine particles to associate a large number of the fine particles, and the associated particles are formed at a temperature equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature of the polymer fine particles. In the electrostatic image developing toner produced by heat fusion, the particles in the reaction liquid at the time of heat fusion are grown to a predetermined particle size as a toner, and the flocculant and stabilizer are mixed. Decrease in any concentration A toner for developing an electrostatic image, wherein the toner is developed.
[0015]
The present invention will be further described.
[0016]
The electrostatic image developing toner of the present invention is, for example, a non-spherical particle formed by associating a plurality of polymer fine particles, and the particle is a metal salt or metal salt having a critical aggregation concentration or higher of the polymer fine particle dispersion. Treated with an organic solvent that is infinitely soluble in an aqueous solution and / or water (in the present invention, both of these are called flocculants) and, for example, a nonionic surfactant (called a stabilizer in the present invention), and the glass transition It is made up of particles that are heat-fused after meeting at or above the point. At this time, the concentration of at least one of the stabilizer and the flocculant is changed at the time of heat-sealing, but it is not particularly necessary to greatly change the apparatus and the manufacturing process, so that the productivity and the manufacturing cost are not increased.
[0017]
The flocculant referred to in the present invention is an organic solvent that is infinitely soluble in monovalent to trivalent metal salts and water as described above.
[0018]
Examples of the metal salt include monovalent metals such as alkali metal salts such as sodium, potassium and lithium, divalent metals such as alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium, and divalent metals such as manganese and copper. Examples thereof include trivalent metal salts such as salt, iron and aluminum.
[0019]
Specific examples of these metal salts are shown below. Specific examples of the monovalent metal salt include sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, and divalent metal salts such as calcium chloride, zinc chloride, copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and manganese sulfate. Examples of the trivalent metal salt include aluminum chloride and iron chloride. These are appropriately selected according to the purpose. In general, the divalent metal salt has a smaller critical aggregation concentration (coagulation value or coagulation point) than the monovalent metal salt, and the trivalent metal salt has a smaller critical aggregation concentration.
[0020]
The critical flocculation concentration according to the present invention is an index relating to the stability of the dispersion in the aqueous dispersion, and indicates the concentration at which flocculation occurs when a flocculant is added. This critical coagulation concentration varies greatly depending on the latex itself and the dispersant. For example, it is described in Seizo Okamura et al., Polymer Chemistry 17,601 (1960), etc., and the value can be known by following these descriptions. As another method, a desired salt is added to the target particle dispersion at different concentrations, the ζ potential of the dispersion is measured, and the salt concentration at the point where the ζ potential begins to change is defined as the critical aggregation concentration. It is also possible.
[0021]
Using the metal salt of the present invention, the polymer fine particle dispersion is treated so as to have a concentration equal to or higher than the critical aggregation concentration. At this time, as a matter of course, whether the metal salt is added directly or as an aqueous solution is arbitrarily selected according to the purpose. When added as an aqueous solution, the added metal salt needs to be equal to or higher than the critical aggregation concentration of the polymer fine particle dispersion with respect to the volume of the polymer fine particle dispersion and the total volume of the metal salt aqueous solution.
[0022]
The concentration of the metal salt as a flocculant in the present invention may be not less than the critical aggregation concentration, but is preferably 1.2 times or more, more preferably 1.5 times or more the critical aggregation concentration.
[0023]
On the other hand, the solvent that is infinitely soluble in water is a solvent that can form a mixed solution uniformly at any ratio with water, and when it is used, a solvent that does not dissolve polymer fine particles is preferable. Specific examples include methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, alcohols such as methoxyethanol, ethoxyethanol and butoxyethanol, nitriles such as acetonitrile, and dioxane.
[0024]
The organic solvent infinitely soluble in water is appropriately selected from the range of 1 to 300% with respect to the coagulant-containing polymer fine particle dispersion.
[0025]
The stabilizer mainly refers to a nonionic surfactant. Any nonionic surfactant can be used without particular limitation.
[0026]
In order to change the concentration of the flocculant and the stabilizer, it can be achieved by adding the flocculant and the stabilizer or diluting with water. For example, when only the concentration of the flocculant is reduced, water containing a stabilizer may be added. Further, in order to reduce the electrolyte concentration of only one of the flocculants, for example, and not to change the concentration of the organic solvent that is infinitely soluble in water, a mixed solution of the organic solvent and water may be added. The same applies to the reverse case, and the same can be considered for increasing the density. This concentration change operation can be performed only once or divided into a plurality of times in the reaction process.
[0027]
Changing the concentration refers to an act of changing the concentration by several percent or more in a short time by adding a specific substance as described above. The term “heat fusion” refers to the time during which the associated particles are thermally fused at a temperature equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature of the polymer fine particles.
[0028]
Hereinafter, the matters relating to the present invention will be described in more detail.
[0029]
(Polymer fine particles)
As the polymer fine particles, generally, an emulsion polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, a dispersion polymerization method, a precipitation polymerization method, an interfacial polymerization method, a pulverized fine powder of a synthetic resin, and the like can be used. Polymer fine particles are used.
[0030]
In order to complex the colorant and other solid components according to the present invention with the polymer fine particles, for example, a suspension polymerization method is preferably employed. These are solid components according to the present invention dispersed in a desired monomer, or if the solid component can be dissolved, the solid component is dissolved in the monomer and then dispersed in a dispersing agent. Can be synthesized.
[0031]
As for other polymerization methods, it is possible to obtain polymer fine particles in which the solid components are combined by polymerizing according to each polymerization method using a solution in which the solid components are dispersed or dissolved in the monomer. In addition, after synthesizing the polymer fine particles, when these are assembled to form toner particles, solid components may be mixed.
[0032]
Any particle diameter of these polymer fine particles can be used as long as it is equal to or smaller than the particle size of the desired non-spherical particles, but the particle diameter of generally used polymer fine particles is 0.01 to 10 μm. The thing of the range of is preferable.
[0033]
(Monomer)
In order to obtain the polymer fine particles of the present invention, a hydrophobic monomer is used. Furthermore, it is preferable to contain a monomer having an ionic dissociation group. The monomer having an ionic dissociation group can be contained in the range of 0.1 to 30% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, based on the whole monomer. It is preferable that at least a part of the ionic dissociation group is in a dissociated state after the toner particles are formed.
[0034]
Examples of the hydrophobic monomer of the present invention include styrene derivatives such as styrene, p-methylstyrene, o-methylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene, o-chlorostyrene, p-methoxystyrene, o-methoxystyrene, p. -Ethoxystyrene, p-butoxystyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, 2,4-dichlorostyrene, p-chloromethylstyrene, o-chloromethylstyrene, p-hydroxystyrene, o-hydroxystyrene and the like. (Meth) such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, dodecyl (meth) acrylate Acrylic esters are also included. Also, nitrile monomers such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile, vinyl ether monomers such as vinyl methyl ether and vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl ester monomers such as vinyl acetate and vinyl butyrate, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, etc. Examples also include olefinic monomers, conjugated dienes such as butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene and dimethylbutadiene. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more as required. Further, it is used in combination with a monomer having the following ion dissociable group.
[0035]
Monomer units having an ionic dissociation group include carboxyl groups, sulfonic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, amino groups (including primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, etc.), quaternary ammonium A monomer in which a group such as a salt is included in the monomer structure. Specific examples include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, cinnamic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid monoalkyl ester, itaconic acid monoalkyl ester, and the like as monomers containing a carboxyl group. Examples of the monomer having a sulfonic acid group include styrene sulfonic acid, allyl sulfosuccinic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate, and salts thereof. Examples of the monomer having a phosphoric acid group include acid phosphooxyethyl methacrylate, acid phosphooxypropyl methacrylate, and 3-chloro-2-acid phosphooxypropyl methacrylate.
[0036]
Further, an amino group-substituted acrylic (methacrylic) acid ester or acrylic (methacrylic) amide or an acrylic (methacrylic) amide mono- or di-substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms on any N or ring N And a vinyl compound substituted with a heterocyclic ring as a member and N, N-diallylalkylamine or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof. Specific examples of these acrylic (methacrylic) esters include dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates (eg, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and their acid salts or quaternary salts. Ammonium salt, 3-dimethylaminophenyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyltrimethylammonium salt, etc. can be mentioned.
[0037]
Specific examples of acrylic (methacrylic) amide or acrylic (methacrylic) amide mono- or disubstituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms on any N include (meth) acrylamide, N-butyl (meta ) Acrylamide, N, N-diethyl (meth) acrylamide, piperazyl (meth) acrylamide, N-octadecyl (meth) acrylamide and the like.
[0038]
Specific examples of a vinyl compound substituted with a heterocyclic ring having N as a ring member and N, N-diallylalkylamine or a quaternary ammonium salt thereof include, for example, vinylpyridine, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylimidazole and their quaternary ammonium. Examples of the salt include N, N-diallylmethylammonium chloride and N, N-diallylethylammonium chloride.
[0039]
Furthermore, monomers having active halogen such as vinyl benzyl chloride and vinyl phenethyl chloride can also be used. For example, as the copolymer component, a tertiary amine or a quaternary ammonium salt can be obtained using a suitable amine after copolymerization. Further, it can be copolymerized as a dialkylamine or a quaternary ammonium salt. For example, dialkylamine can be introduced into vinylbenzyl chloride by reaction with a monomer or polymer reaction.
[0040]
These various monomers are selected according to the purpose, for example, according to a desired glass transition temperature, melting temperature, and the like.
[0041]
[Radical polymerization initiator]
When the polymer fine particles of the present invention are synthesized, a radical polymerization initiator is selected according to the polymerization method. That is, in the case of the suspension polymerization method, an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator is used, and in the case of the emulsion polymerization method, a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator is used. Furthermore, in the case of dispersion polymerization, it is appropriately selected depending on the dispersion medium to be used, but when using a non-aqueous solvent or when using a mixed solvent of a water-miscible organic solvent and water, a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be used. Is possible.
[0042]
Examples of water-soluble radical polymerization initiators are persulfates such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate, water-soluble azo compounds such as azobisaminodipropane acetate, azobiscyanovaleric acid and its salts, water-soluble peroxides, For example, hydrogen peroxide etc. are mentioned.
[0043]
Examples of the oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator include oil-soluble peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide and lauroyl peroxide. Examples of the oil-soluble azo polymerization initiator include azobisisobutyronitrile and azobisvaleronitrile. These can be added according to the molecular weight of the target polymer fine particles. Furthermore, molecular weight regulators, for example, chain transfer agents represented by thiol compounds, such as dodecane thiol, octyl thiol and the like can be mentioned as necessary.
[0044]
The polymer fine particles according to the present invention may have a Tg in the range of −10 to 120 ° C., more preferably 0 to 90 ° C. The softening point is in the range of 80 to 220 ° C. The monomer composition of the polymer fine particles satisfies this range, and the polymer unit having a dissociable group may be contained in an amount of 0.1 to 20% by weight with respect to the polymer. The kind and composition of a copolymerization monomer are not ask | required.
[0045]
Although the molecular weight of the polymer fine particles according to the present invention is not particularly limited, the weight average molecular weight is 2,000 to 1,000,000, preferably 8,000 to 500,000. The molecular weight distribution is 1.5 to 100, preferably 1.8 to 50 in terms of the ratio of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight (abbreviated as Mw / Mn).
[0046]
[Colorant]
Examples of the colorant include inorganic pigments and organic pigments. Inorganic pigments include carbon pigments such as carbon black, grafted carbon, furnace black, and thermatomic carbon, magnetite, ferrite, bengara, titanium oxide, zinc white, silica, chromium oxide, cobalt blue, ultramarine, cerulean blue, mineral Metal oxide pigments such as violet and trilead tetroxide, metal powder pigments such as zinc powder, iron powder and copper powder, sulfide pigments such as zinc sulfide, cadmium red, mercury sulfide, selenium red and cadmium yellow, Examples thereof include chromate pigments such as molybdenum red, barium yellow, strontium yellow, and chrome yellow, and ferrocyanide pigments.
[0047]
Examples of the organic pigment include compounds described in the color index and the like. For example, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 2, C.I. I. Pigment blue 15: 3, C.I. I. Pigment blue 16, C.I. I. Pigment blue 60, C.I. I. And CI Pigment Green 7.
[0048]
C.I. as magenta or red pigment
[0049]
Examples of yellow or orange pigments include C.I. I. Pigment yellow 12, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 13, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 14, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 15, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 17, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 93, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 94, C.I. I. Pigment yellow 138, C.I. I. And CI Pigment Yellow 180.
[0050]
In general, cyan organic pigments include C.I. I. Copper-phthalocyanine known as Pigment Blue 15: 3 is C.I. as a magenta organic pigment. I. Dimethylquinacridone known as Pigment Red 122 is C.I. I. Disazo yellow known as Pigment Yellow 17 is used.
[0051]
(Solid component)
The polymer fine particles according to the present invention can be combined with a solid component. Examples of common solid components include fixability improvers and charge control agents. These can be combined alone or in combination.
[0052]
For example, low molecular weight polyethylene, low molecular weight polypropylene, oxidized polyethylene, oxidized polypropylene, acid-modified polyethylene, acid-modified polypropylene, polyolefin wax (for example, Hitech manufactured by Toho Chemical Co., Ltd.), etc. Can be used.
[0053]
Also, positive charge control agents such as nigrosine-based electron donating dyes, metal salts of naphthenic acid and higher fatty acids, alkoxylated amines, quaternary ammonium salts, alkylamides, metal complexes, pigments, fluorination activators, Negative charge control agents such as electron-accepting organic complexes, chlorinated paraffin, chlorinated polyester, and sulfonylamine of copper phthalocyanine can be used.
[0054]
These are usually contained in an amount of 0.1 to 25% by weight based on the polymer.
[0055]
[Non-sphericalization reaction]
The colored particles according to the present invention (whether they are used as toners as they are described later, or may be made by adding an external additive) are produced by associating a plurality of the polymer fine particles of the present invention. . As described above, at this time, the colorant is added as a dispersion at the same time when a plurality of polymer fine particles are associated with each other, and is combined at the time of the association.
[0056]
The colored particles (non-spherical particles) according to the present invention are prepared by adding a stabilizer and a metal salt that is a flocculant to a critical aggregation concentration or higher with stirring to the polymer fine particle dispersion according to the present invention, and more preferably infinitely in water. It can be produced by adding a dissolving organic solvent and heating at a temperature equal to or higher than the Tg of the polymer fine particles.
[0057]
In the present invention, the average particle size of the non-spherical particles, the particle size distribution is determined depending on the flocculant concentration, the addition concentration of an organic solvent that is infinitely soluble in water, and the degree of dissociation of the monomer units having an ionic dissociation group of the polymer particles It is determined. For example, when the addition concentration of an organic solvent that is infinitely soluble in water, the temperature, and the degree of dissociation of the monomer unit having an ionic dissociation group of the polymer particles are constant, the particle size generally increases as the flocculant concentration increases. The particle size decreases as the flocculant concentration increases and the flocculant concentration decreases. Similarly, when the concentration of the flocculant and the degree of dissociation of the monomer unit having an ionic dissociation group of the polymer particles are constant, the particle size increases and decreases as the concentration of the organic solvent infinitely soluble in water increases. And the particle size becomes smaller. Furthermore, when the degree of dissociation of the monomer unit having an ionic dissociation group of the polymer particles is changed, the particle size decreases as the degree of dissociation increases, and the particle size of the generated particles increases when the degree of dissociation is small.
[0058]
That is, in the present invention, a desired particle size can be obtained by appropriately changing the above three factors. In addition, particles having a very narrow particle size distribution can be obtained by the action of these three factors.
[0059]
〔Production method〕
In the toner of the present invention, a necessary amount of stabilizer and a metal salt or a metal salt aqueous solution are typically added to a polymer fine particle dispersion with stirring. In addition, an organic solvent that is infinitely soluble in water is added and heated at a temperature equal to or higher than the glass transition point Tg of the polymer fine particles. However, the order of addition of each additive is not particularly defined, and the production method is not particularly limited to this.
[0060]
For example, when the heating temperature is constant, the shape approaches a true sphere as the heating time increases. Moreover, when heating temperature is made high, the speed | rate which becomes a spherical shape will become quick.
[0061]
[Toner for electrostatic image development]
Since the non-spherical particles of the present invention are used as a toner for developing an electrostatic image, the average particle size is preferably 3 to 25 μm, particularly preferably 5 to 15 μm. In particular, the toner particles of the present invention do not change in the particle size distribution even when the particle size is small, remain small, and can be obtained in high yield without post-treatment such as classification operation. It is preferable to use as.
[0062]
Although the above-mentioned non-spherical particles can be used alone as a toner, silica, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, and their water-repellent treated materials can be used in combination as a fluidizing agent. The fluidizing agent is preferably added in an amount of 0.01 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the toner.
[0063]
In addition, cadmium, barium, nickel, cobalt, strontium, copper, magnesium, calcium salts of stearic acid, zinc oleate, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium salts, zinc palmitate, cobalt, copper as lubricants Metal salts of higher fatty acids such as magnesium, silicon, calcium salts, zinc linoleate, cobalt, calcium salts, zinc ricinoleate, cadmium salts, lead salts of caprylic acid, lead salts of caproic acid. These are added as needed.
[0064]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the contents of the present invention will be further described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0065]
Example 1
(Synthesis of polymer fine particles 1)
In a 5 l separable flask equipped with a stirrer, cooling tube, temperature sensor and nitrogen introduction tube, 2400 ml of distilled water, 2.8 g of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a maleic acid-modified polypropylene wax emulsion (acid value: 20 mg KOH / g, wax solid) (Min: 20%, average particle size: 100 nm) 240 g, 620 g of styrene, 128 g of n-butyl acrylate, 52 g of methacrylic acid, and 27.4 g of tert-dodecyl mercaptan are added and stirred under a nitrogen stream, and the internal temperature is increased to 70 ° C. The temperature rose. When the internal temperature reached 70 ° C., a polymerization initiator aqueous solution in which 11.2 g of potassium persulfate was dissolved in 600 ml of distilled water was added, and the polymerization was carried out for 3 hours with stirring under a nitrogen stream while maintaining the internal temperature at 70 ° C. Was completed, and then cooled to room temperature. The polymer fine particles are measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size measuring device ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), molecular weight measurement using gel permeation chromatography HLC-8020 (manufactured by Tosoh Corp.), differential scanning. The glass transition temperature was measured using a calorimeter DSC-50 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The result is the average particle size d 50 = 110 nm, weight average molecular weight Mw = 12,500, molecular weight distribution Mw / Mn = 2.48, glass transition temperature Tg = 57 ° C. The polymer solid content concentration was 20%. This polymer fine particle dispersion is designated as polymer fine particle dispersion (1) of the present invention.
[0066]
(Synthesis of polymer fine particles 2)
In a 5 l separable flask equipped with a stirrer, cooling tube, temperature sensor and nitrogen introduction tube, 2400 ml of distilled water, 2.8 g of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a maleic acid-modified polypropylene wax emulsion (acid value: 20 mg KOH / g, wax solid) (Min: 20%, average particle diameter: 100 nm) 240 g, 548 g of styrene, 200 g of n-butyl acrylate, 52 g of methacrylic acid and 0.45 g of tert-dodecyl mercaptan are added and stirred under a nitrogen stream, and the internal temperature is increased to 70 ° C. The temperature rose. When the internal temperature reached 70 ° C, a polymerization initiator aqueous solution in which 10.0 g of potassium persulfate was dissolved in 600 ml of distilled water was added, and the polymerization was carried out for 3 hours with stirring under a nitrogen stream while maintaining the internal temperature at 70 ° C. Was completed, and then cooled to room temperature. The polymer fine particles are measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size measuring device ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.), molecular weight measurement using gel permeation chromatography HLC-8020 (manufactured by Tosoh Corp.), differential scanning. The glass transition temperature was measured using a calorimeter DSC-50 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The result is the average particle size d 50 = 110 nm, weight average molecular weight Mw = 195,500, molecular weight distribution Mw / Mn = 2.96, glass transition temperature Tg = 57 ° C. The polymer solid content concentration was 20%. This polymer particle dispersion is designated as polymer particle dispersion (2) of the present invention.
[0067]
(Preparation of colorant dispersion 1)
After mixing 1500 ml of distilled water, 106.2 g of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 230.8 g of Mogal L (carbon black; obtained from Cabot), the average particle size is adjusted to 100 nm or less using a pressure disperser MINI-LAB (manufactured by Lani). Dispersion was performed. The average particle size was measured using a dynamic light scattering particle size measuring device ELS-800 (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.). The result is d 50 = 84 nm. This colorant dispersion was designated as colorant dispersion (1).
[0068]
(Preparation of colorant dispersion 2)
Preparation of Colorant Dispersion Solution Mogal L in Preparation 1 was changed to Toner Yellow 3GP (CI Pigment Yellow 155: obtained from Clariant). The average particle size is d 50 = 97 nm. This colorant dispersion was designated as colorant dispersion (2).
[0069]
(Preparation of colorant dispersion 3)
Dispersion was carried out in exactly the same manner except that the Mogal L in Preparation 1 of the colorant dispersion was changed to Toner PinK EO2 (CI Pigment Red 122: obtained from Clariant). The average particle size is d 50 = 88 nm. This colorant dispersion was designated as a colorant dispersion (3).
[0070]
(Preparation of colorant dispersion 4)
Dispersion was performed in exactly the same manner except that Mogal L in Preparation 1 of Colorant Dispersion was changed to KET Blue 104 (CI Pigment Blue 15: 3: obtained from Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc.). The average particle size is d 50 = 82 nm. This colorant dispersion was designated as a colorant dispersion (4).
[0071]
(Toner synthesis 1)
In a 1 l separable flask equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, and a temperature sensor, 212 g of polymer dispersion (1) and 54 g of polymer dispersion (2), 31.85 g of colorant dispersion (1) and distilled water 202. 15 g was added and the mixture was adjusted to pH = 9.5 using 5N sodium hydroxide. While stirring the pH-adjusted mixed solution, an aqueous sodium chloride solution in which 42.75 g of sodium chloride was dissolved in 156.6 ml of distilled water, 76.8 ml of isopropanol and Fluorard FC-170C (obtained from Sumitomo 3M, fluorine nonion) Nonionic surfactant aqueous solution in which 10 mg of (surfactant) was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water was sequentially added, the temperature was raised to 85 ° C. while stirring, and stirring was continued while maintaining this temperature. Using Coulter Counter II (manufactured by Coulter Co., Ltd.), when the particles in the reaction solution grew to 6.5 μm, add 100 ml of distilled water to lower the electrolyte concentration, isopropanol concentration and nonionic activator concentration, and continue heating and stirring. After 10 hours, the internal temperature was lowered to room temperature to complete the reaction. The reaction solution was adjusted to pH = 13 using sodium hydroxide, filtered, distilled water was added, resuspension and filtration were repeated to purify the toner. The toner purified as toner 1-1 of the present invention was dried.
[0072]
After drying, the particle size and particle size distribution were measured using Coulter Counter II. The average particle size is d 50 = 6.48 μm, coefficient of variation C.I. V. = 18.2%.
[0073]
(Toner synthesis 2)
In a 1 l separable flask equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, and a temperature sensor, 212 g of polymer dispersion (1) and 54 g of polymer dispersion (2), 31.85 g of colorant dispersion (1) and distilled water 202. 15 g was added and the mixture was adjusted to pH = 9.5 using 5N sodium hydroxide. While stirring this pH-adjusted liquid mixture, a sodium chloride aqueous solution in which 32.75 g of sodium chloride was dissolved in 126.6 ml of distilled water, 76.8 ml of isopropanol, and Fluorard FC-170C (obtained from Sumitomo 3M, fluorine nonion) Nonionic surfactant aqueous solution in which 10 mg of (surfactant) was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water was sequentially added, the temperature was raised to 85 ° C. while stirring, and stirring was continued while maintaining this temperature. Using a Coulter Counter II (manufactured by Coulter Co., Ltd.), when the particles in the reaction solution grew to 5.5 μm, an aqueous sodium chloride solution in which 10 g of sodium chloride was dissolved in 30 ml of distilled water was added, and the mixture was further stirred with heating. Average particle diameter d 50 When it reached 6.5 μm, 100 ml of distilled water was added, and after 10 hours, heating and stirring were continued, and then the internal temperature was lowered to room temperature to complete the reaction. The reaction solution was adjusted to pH = 13 using sodium hydroxide, filtered, distilled water was added, resuspension and filtration were repeated to purify the toner. This toner was designated as
[0074]
(Toner synthesis 3)
In a 1 l separable flask equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, and a temperature sensor, 212 g of the polymer dispersion (1) and 54 g of the polymer dispersion (2), 39.81 g of the colorant dispersion (2) and 194. distilled water. 19 g was added and the mixture was adjusted to pH = 9.5 using 5N sodium hydroxide. While stirring the pH-adjusted mixed solution, an aqueous sodium chloride solution in which 42.75 g of sodium chloride was dissolved in 156.6 ml of distilled water, 76.8 ml of isopropanol and Fluorard FC-170C (obtained from Sumitomo 3M, fluorine nonion) Nonionic surfactant aqueous solution in which 10 mg of (surfactant) was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water was sequentially added, the temperature was raised to 85 ° C. while stirring, and stirring was continued while maintaining this temperature. Using a Coulter Counter II (manufactured by Coulter), 100 ml of distilled water was added when the particles in the reaction solution grew to 6.5 μm, and the mixture was further heated and stirred. After 10 hours, the internal temperature was lowered to room temperature to complete the reaction. . The reaction solution was adjusted to pH = 13 using sodium hydroxide, filtered, distilled water was added, resuspension and filtration were repeated to purify the toner. This toner was designated as Toner 3 of the present invention, and the purified toner was dried.
[0075]
After drying, the particle size and particle size distribution were measured using Coulter Counter II. The average particle size is d 50 = 6.48 μm, coefficient of variation C.I. V. = 18.2%.
[0076]
(Toner Synthesis 4)
In a 1 l separable flask equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, and a temperature sensor, 212 g of polymer dispersion (1) and 54 g of polymer dispersion (2), 31.85 g of colorant dispersion (3) and 202. 15 g was added and the mixture was adjusted to pH = 9.5 using 5N sodium hydroxide. While stirring the pH-adjusted mixed solution, an aqueous sodium chloride solution in which 42.75 g of sodium chloride was dissolved in 156.6 ml of distilled water, 76.8 ml of isopropanol and Fluorard FC-170C (obtained from Sumitomo 3M, fluorine nonion) Nonionic surfactant aqueous solution in which 10 mg of (surfactant) was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water was sequentially added, the temperature was raised to 85 ° C. while stirring, and stirring was continued while maintaining this temperature. Using a Coulter Counter II (manufactured by Coulter), 100 ml of distilled water was added when the particles in the reaction solution grew to 6.5 μm, and the mixture was further heated and stirred. After 10 hours, the internal temperature was lowered to room temperature to complete the reaction. . The reaction solution was adjusted to pH = 13 using sodium hydroxide, filtered, distilled water was added, resuspension and filtration were repeated to purify the toner. This toner was designated as Toner 4 of the present invention, and the purified toner was dried.
[0077]
After drying, the particle size and particle size distribution were measured using Coulter Counter II. The average particle size is d 50 = 6.51 μm, coefficient of variation C.I. V. = 17.2%.
[0078]
(Toner Synthesis 5)
Into a 1 liter separable flask equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, and a temperature sensor, 212 g of the polymer dispersion (1) and 54 g of the polymer dispersion (2), 15.92 g of the colorant dispersion (4) and distilled water 218. 08 g was added and the mixture was adjusted to pH = 9.5 using 5N sodium hydroxide. While stirring the pH-adjusted mixed solution, an aqueous sodium chloride solution in which 42.75 g of sodium chloride was dissolved in 156.6 ml of distilled water, 76.8 ml of isopropanol and Fluorard FC-170C (obtained from Sumitomo 3M, fluorine nonion) Nonionic surfactant aqueous solution in which 10 mg of (surfactant) was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water was sequentially added, the temperature was raised to 85 ° C. while stirring, and stirring was continued while maintaining this temperature. Using a Coulter Counter II (manufactured by Coulter), 100 ml of distilled water was added when the particles in the reaction solution grew to 6.5 μm, and the mixture was further heated and stirred. After 10 hours, the internal temperature was lowered to room temperature to complete the reaction. . The reaction solution was adjusted to pH = 13 using sodium hydroxide, filtered, distilled water was added, resuspension and filtration were repeated to purify the toner. This toner was designated as
[0079]
After drying, the particle size and particle size distribution were measured using Coulter Counter II. The average particle size is d 50 = 6.53 μm, coefficient of variation C.I. V. = 17.6%.
[0080]
(Toner Synthesis 6)
Using Toner Synthesis 1 of the present invention, exactly the same operation was repeated 10 times to obtain toners 1-2 to 11 of the present invention.
[0081]
(Comparative toner synthesis 1)
In a 1 l separable flask equipped with a stirrer, a condenser, and a temperature sensor, 212 g of polymer dispersion (1) and 54 g of polymer dispersion (2), 31.85 g of colorant dispersion (1) and distilled water 202. 15 g was added and the mixture was adjusted to pH = 9.5 using 5N sodium hydroxide. While stirring the pH-adjusted mixed solution, an aqueous sodium chloride solution in which 42.75 g of sodium chloride was dissolved in 156.6 ml of distilled water, 76.8 ml of isopropanol and Fluorard FC-170C (obtained from Sumitomo 3M, fluorine nonion) Nonionic surfactant aqueous solution in which 10 mg of (surfactant) was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water was sequentially added, the temperature was raised to 85 ° C. while stirring, and stirring was continued while maintaining this temperature. After continuing the reaction for 10 hours, the internal temperature was lowered to room temperature and the reaction was terminated. The reaction solution was adjusted to pH = 13 using sodium hydroxide, filtered, distilled water was added, resuspension and filtration were repeated to purify the toner. This was designated as comparative toner 1-1, and the purified toner was dried.
[0082]
After drying, the particle size and particle size distribution were measured using Coulter Counter II. The average particle size is d 50 = 6.63 μm, coefficient of variation C.I. V. = 28.4%.
[0083]
(Comparative toner synthesis 2)
The test was repeated 10 times under exactly the same conditions as Comparative toner synthesis 1. These were designated as comparative toners 1-2 to 11.
[0084]
(Comparative toner synthesis 3-5)
Except that the colorant dispersion (1) of the comparative toner synthesis 1 was changed to the colorant dispersions (2), (3) and (4), and the amount added was changed to the
[0085]
The average particle diameters of the toners 1-1 to 11, 2 to 5 and the comparative toners 1-1 to 11, and 2 to 4 of the present invention, the coefficient of variation, the static bulk density, and the charge amount are shown. The charge amount was measured at room temperature and normal humidity (20 ° C., 55% RH) by adjusting a carrier coated with a styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer on a magnetite core having an average particle diameter of 30 μm and a toner concentration of 5%. .
[0086]
The static bulk density was determined by filling the sample through a 100-mesh sieve from the upper side of a container having a diameter of 28 mm and a volume of 100 ml, and measuring the weight using the fact that the higher the fluidity, the smaller the compressibility.
[0087]
[Table 1]
[0088]
The average of the average particle diameters of the toners 1-1 to 1-11 of the present invention for which repeat reproducibility was obtained under the same reaction conditions is d 50 = 6.50 μm, there is almost no difference. Further, regarding the charge amount, it can be seen that the toner of the present invention has a small variation between lots, while the comparative toner has a large variation. It can also be seen that the toner of the present invention is narrower in particle size distribution within each lot than the comparative toner. Further, the static bulk density, which is an index of fluidity, is larger than that of the comparative toner, indicating that the toner of the present invention is larger and has higher fluidity.
[0089]
Example 2
FIG. 1 shows an image forming apparatus used for evaluation.
[0090]
In the figure, 1 represents a charging device, 2 represents a developing device, 3 represents a cleaning unit, 4 represents a photosensitive drum, 5 represents a transport unit, and 6 represents a transfer pole.
[0091]
In the image formation, a charger 1 that applies a charge to the surface of the photosensitive drum 4 by corona discharge in the vicinity of the peripheral surface of the laminated organic photosensitive drum 4 having an optical semiconductor that forms an electrostatic latent image on a conductive substrate. A developing
[0092]
In the above evaluation, a reversal development method was used in which the photosensitive member was negatively charged, exposure was performed by a semiconductor laser, and development was performed on the exposed portion.
[0093]
For the evaluation, a color copying machine Konica 9028 manufactured by Konica Corporation was modified and used. The conditions are as follows. As the photoreceptor, a laminated organic photoreceptor was used.
[0094]
Photoconductor surface potential = -550V
DC bias = -250V
AC bias = Vp-p: -50 to 450V
Alternating electric field frequency = 1800Hz
Dsd = 300 μm
Pressure regulating force = 10 gf / mm
Pressure regulating force bar = SUS416 (made of magnetic stainless steel) / diameter 3 mm
Developer layer thickness = 150 μm
Development sleeve = 20mm
In addition, as a developer, 2% of hydrophobic silica was added to the
[0095]
The evaluation method used a full-color image with a pixel rate of 75%, continuously printed up to 50,000 sheets, and evaluated the initial and final toner particle sizes, transfer unevenness, and contamination in the developing device.
[0096]
[Table 2]
[0097]
As can be seen from the above results, the comparative developer showed a decrease in toner particle size, indicating that selective development occurred, but the developer of the present invention had little particle size reduction and almost no selective development occurred. Is shown. In addition, transfer unevenness and contamination in the developing device are not recognized in the developer of the present invention, and it can be seen that the developer has stable performance. Further, the image using the developer of the present invention showed a very good image from the initial stage to the final stage.
[0098]
【The invention's effect】
The present invention solves the disadvantages of conventional toners for developing electrostatic images without increasing the cost, has a narrow particle size distribution with easy particle size control, high particle shape uniformity, and excellent charging characteristics. It is possible to provide a high-performance toner and a method for producing the same.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an image forming apparatus used for evaluation of an electrostatic charge image developing toner of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Charger
2 Developer
3 Cleaning unit
4 Photosensitive drum
5 Transport unit
6 Transfer pole
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP30399498A JP3671701B2 (en) | 1998-10-26 | 1998-10-26 | Toner for developing electrostatic image and method for producing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP30399498A JP3671701B2 (en) | 1998-10-26 | 1998-10-26 | Toner for developing electrostatic image and method for producing the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2000131882A JP2000131882A (en) | 2000-05-12 |
| JP3671701B2 true JP3671701B2 (en) | 2005-07-13 |
Family
ID=17927779
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP30399498A Expired - Fee Related JP3671701B2 (en) | 1998-10-26 | 1998-10-26 | Toner for developing electrostatic image and method for producing the same |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3671701B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7741002B2 (en) | 2005-11-11 | 2010-06-22 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Toner, toner production method, and image forming method |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6720123B2 (en) | 2001-02-09 | 2004-04-13 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Process for producing toner for developing electrostatic image |
| JP2005099233A (en) | 2003-09-24 | 2005-04-14 | Konica Minolta Business Technologies Inc | Toner for developing electrostatic charge image and its production method |
| JP5018174B2 (en) * | 2007-03-28 | 2012-09-05 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | Yellow toner and manufacturing method thereof |
| US8652748B2 (en) | 2009-12-22 | 2014-02-18 | Kao Corporation | Process for producing a toner for electrophotography |
| JP5482477B2 (en) * | 2010-06-11 | 2014-05-07 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | Method for producing electrostatic charge developing toner and electrostatic charge developing toner |
| JP7844979B2 (en) | 2022-03-24 | 2026-04-14 | 富士フイルムビジネスイノベーション株式会社 | Method for manufacturing toner for electrostatic image development, toner for electrostatic image development, and electrostatic image developer |
| JP2023143218A (en) | 2022-03-25 | 2023-10-06 | 富士フイルムビジネスイノベーション株式会社 | Method for manufacturing toner for developing electrostatic images |
-
1998
- 1998-10-26 JP JP30399498A patent/JP3671701B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7741002B2 (en) | 2005-11-11 | 2010-06-22 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Toner, toner production method, and image forming method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2000131882A (en) | 2000-05-12 |
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