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JP3674959B2 - PTC heating element - Google Patents
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JP3674959B2 - PTC heating element - Google Patents

PTC heating element Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3674959B2
JP3674959B2 JP05550094A JP5550094A JP3674959B2 JP 3674959 B2 JP3674959 B2 JP 3674959B2 JP 05550094 A JP05550094 A JP 05550094A JP 5550094 A JP5550094 A JP 5550094A JP 3674959 B2 JP3674959 B2 JP 3674959B2
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Prior art keywords
heating element
temperature
ptc heating
value
ptc
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JPH07263127A (en
Inventor
直仁 福家
忍 池野
光司 高木
裕子 森田
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Panasonic Electric Works Co Ltd
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Matsushita Electric Works Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、例えば電気カーペットや電気フロアヒータ等の暖房装置、一般加熱器具等に使用される正の抵抗温度係数を有するPTC発熱体に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、PTC発熱体として、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等の結晶性の熱可塑性樹脂とカーボンブラック、グラファイト等の導電性粒子との混練物からなる発熱体が知られている。この場合の正の抵抗温度係数特性(PTC特性)はマトリックス樹脂の融解/固化による体積膨張/収縮により導電性粒子間を流れる電流値が制御されることから発現されるものと考えられている。
【0003】
しかしながら、マトリックス樹脂であるポリマーは結晶化過程で過冷却現象が生じやすい。そのためDSCカーブのピーク温度が、昇温時と降温時とで差が
生じるのが一般的である。これは速度(時間)のパラメータが加わっていることを意味している。そして、PTC特性についても同様に昇温時と降温時とで差が生じるのが一般的であり、昇温時にはマトリックス樹脂の融解が遅れることから抵抗値は低めにでやすく、一方、降温時には結晶化が遅れることから抵抗値は高めになる。すなわち、PTC特性が昇温過程と降温過程で異なるというPTC特性のヒステリシスが生じている。暖房装置等の温度制御を精度よく行うためには、このような温度に対する抵抗値が履歴により変動することは好ましくないので、PTC特性のヒステリシスが低減されたPTC発熱体が望まれている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記の事情に鑑み、本発明が解決しようとする課題は、PTC発熱体のPTC特性のヒステリシスを低減することである。そして、本発明の目的はPTC発熱体を用いた暖房装置等の温度制御の精度向上が可能となるように、PTC特性のヒステリシスが低減されたPTC発熱体を提供することである。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の請求項1に係るPTC発熱体は、結晶性ポリマー及び導電性粒子を含んでなるPTC発熱体において、結晶性ポリマーと導電性粒子の合計量100重量部に対しアスファルトを1〜5重量部含むことを特徴とする。本発明の参考となるPTC発熱体として、結晶性ポリマーと導電性粒子の合計量100重量部に対し、下記式(1)で示されるソルビトール誘導体を0.1〜1.0重量部含むPTC発熱体があり、詳細は後述することとする。
【0006】
【化2】

Figure 0003674959
【0009】
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。
結晶性ポリマーからなるPTC発熱体のヒステリシスは昇温時よりも冷却時に起こりやすいので、結晶化の際の結晶化速度を速めることにより、ヒステリシスが低減できると考えられる。そこで、結晶化速度を速める手段として、結晶性ポリマーに結晶核剤を添加する方法について検討したところ、結晶核剤として、前記式(1)で示されるソルビトール誘導体またはアスファルトを添加することが有効なことを見出した。このことを昇温時と降温時の融点差の低減によって確認したのが図1に示すDSCカーブである。図1(a)には結晶核剤無添加のポリエチレンの昇温時と降温時のDSCカーブを示しており、図1(b)には結晶核剤として前記式(1)で示されるソルビトール誘導体をポリエチレン100重量部に対し0.6重量部添加したものの昇温時と降温時のDSCカーブを示している。なお、図1の場合に使用したポリエチレンは密度が0.92のものである。図1(a)と図1(b)を比較で明らかなように、結晶核剤を添加した図1(b)ではDSCカーブの昇温時ピーク温度と降温時ピーク温度との温度差が少なくなっている。そして、このような結晶核剤の添加は結晶化の際に結晶粒を微細化するとともに結晶化速度を速めているが、結晶化度にはさほど影響していないと考えられる。
【0010】
また、マトリックスである結晶性ポリマーの結晶化度を下げることもヒステリシスの低減に有効なことを見出した。具体的にはマトリックスとして密度が0.89以下のポリエチレンを用いることが有効である。これは結晶化度を下げることにより融解−結晶化過程における結晶量変化の絶対値が少なくなるためと考えられる。
【0011】
【実施例】
(実施例1(参考例1)
密度が0.92のポリエチレン(住友化学工業(株)製、品番GA?801)70重量部、カーボンブラック(電気化学工業(株)製、商品名「デンカブラック」)30重量部及び結晶核材として前記式(1)で示されるソルビトール誘導体(新日本理化(株)製、商品名「ゲルオール」)0.4重量部を配合し、混練し、次いで成型して成型品を得た。得られた成型品を60Mradの照射量で電子線架橋処理をし、次いで150℃、5分の熱処理(アニール)をしてPTC発熱体を得た。得られたPTC発熱体の温度/抵抗特性の測定を、測定温度範囲を20■90℃とする昇温測定と降温測定により行った。なおこの場合の抵抗はインピーダンスと一致するので、実際にはインピーダンスを測定した。この温度/インピーダンス特性の測定結果から下記の方法でヒステリシス値(Hy値)を算出し、得られた結果を表1に示した。
【0012】
〔Hy値を求める方法〕
PTC発熱体の温度/インピーダンス特性のモデル的な測定結果を図2にグラフで示す。昇温時における60℃のインピーダンス値をZ60,Aとし、降温時における60℃のインピーダンス値をZ60,Bとし、それぞれの位置を図2中に示す。そして、これらのインピーダンス値を用いてヒステリシス値(Hy値)を下式により算出する。
【0013】
Hy値=(Z60,B/Z60,A −1)×100
【0014】
(実施例2)
結晶核材としてソルビトール誘導体0.4重量部に替えて、アスファルト(日本石油(株)製、ストレートアスファルト)2重量部を配合するようにした以外は実施例1と同様にして、PTC発熱体を得た。得られたPTC発熱体について、実施例1と同様にして温度/抵抗(インピーダンス)特性を測定し、次いでヒステリシス値(Hy値)を算出し、得られた結果を表1に示した。
【0015】
(実施例3(参考例2)
密度が0.87のポリエチレン(三井石油化学工業(株)製、品番P?0880K)69重量部及びカーボンブラック(電気化学工業(株)製、商品名「デンカブラック」)31重量部を配合し、混練した。以降の条件は実施例1と同様にして、PTC発熱体を得た。得られたPTC発熱体について、実施例1と同様にして温度/抵抗(インピーダンス)特性を測定し、次いでヒステリシス値(Hy値)を算出し、得られた結果を表1に示した。
【0016】
(比較例1)
密度が0.92のポリエチレン(住友化学工業(株)製、品番GA−801)70重量部及びカーボンブラック(電気化学工業(株)製、商品名「デンカブラック」)30重量部を配合し、混練した。以降の条件は実施例1と同様にして、PTC発熱体を得た。得られたPTC発熱体について、実施例1と同様にして温度/抵抗(インピーダンス)特性を測定し、ヒステリシス値(Hy値)を算出し、得られた結果を表1に示した。
【0017】
【表1】
Figure 0003674959
【0018】
表1にみるように、実施例のPTC発熱体は比較例のPTC発熱体に比べヒステリシス値(Hy値)が小さくなっていることが確認された。
【0019】
【発明の効果】
本発明に係るPTC発熱体は上述のとおり構成されているので、本発明によれば温度に対する抵抗値が履歴により変動するというPTC特性のヒステリシスが低減されたPTC発熱体が得られ、PTC発熱体を用いた場合の温度制御の精度向上が可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】結晶性ポリマーへの結晶核剤添加の影響を示すグラフ(DSCカーブ)である。図1(a)は結晶核剤無添加のポリエチレンのグラフであり、図1(b)は結晶核剤を添加したもののグラフである。
【図2】PTC発熱体の温度/インピーダンス特性のモデル的な測定結果を示すグラフである。[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention relates to a PTC heating element having a positive resistance temperature coefficient used for, for example, a heating device such as an electric carpet or an electric floor heater, or a general heating appliance.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, as a PTC heating element, a heating element made of a kneaded product of a crystalline thermoplastic resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene and conductive particles such as carbon black or graphite is known. The positive resistance temperature coefficient characteristic (PTC characteristic) in this case is considered to be manifested because the value of the current flowing between the conductive particles is controlled by volume expansion / contraction due to melting / solidification of the matrix resin.
[0003]
However, a polymer that is a matrix resin tends to cause a supercooling phenomenon during the crystallization process. For this reason, it is common for the peak temperature of the DSC curve to differ between when the temperature is raised and when the temperature is lowered. This means that a speed (time) parameter is added. As for the PTC characteristics, a difference is generally generated between when the temperature is raised and when the temperature is lowered. Since the melting of the matrix resin is delayed when the temperature is raised, the resistance value is easy to be lowered. The resistance value becomes higher because of the delay in the process. That is, there is a hysteresis of the PTC characteristic that the PTC characteristic is different between the temperature rising process and the temperature decreasing process. In order to accurately control the temperature of a heating device or the like, it is not preferable that the resistance value with respect to such temperature fluctuates depending on the history. Therefore, a PTC heating element with reduced hysteresis of the PTC characteristic is desired.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of the above circumstances, the problem to be solved by the present invention is to reduce the hysteresis of the PTC characteristic of the PTC heating element. An object of the present invention is to provide a PTC heating element in which the hysteresis of the PTC characteristic is reduced so that the accuracy of temperature control of a heating device or the like using the PTC heating element can be improved.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The PTC heating element according to claim 1 of the present invention is a PTC heating element comprising a crystalline polymer and conductive particles, wherein the asphalt is 1 to 5 weights per 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the crystalline polymer and conductive particles. It is characterized by including a part. As a PTC heating element used as a reference of the present invention, a PTC heating element containing 0.1 to 1.0 part by weight of the sorbitol derivative represented by the following formula (1) with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the crystalline polymer and the conductive particles. There is a body, and details will be described later.
[0006]
[Chemical formula 2]
Figure 0003674959
[0009]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
Since hysteresis of a PTC heating element made of a crystalline polymer is more likely to occur during cooling than during temperature rise, it is considered that hysteresis can be reduced by increasing the crystallization speed during crystallization. Therefore, as a means for increasing the crystallization speed, a method for adding a crystal nucleating agent to a crystalline polymer was examined. As a crystal nucleating agent, it is effective to add a sorbitol derivative represented by the above formula (1) or asphalt. I found out. The DSC curve shown in FIG. 1 is confirmed by reducing the difference in melting point between the temperature rise and the temperature drop. FIG. 1 (a) shows DSC curves of polyethylene without addition of a crystal nucleating agent at the time of temperature rise and temperature drop, and FIG. 1 (b) shows a sorbitol derivative represented by the above formula (1) as a crystal nucleating agent. The DSC curve at the time of temperature rise and temperature fall of what added 0.6 weight part to 100 weight part of polyethylene is shown. The polyethylene used in the case of FIG. 1 has a density of 0.92. As is clear from a comparison between FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, in FIG. 1B in which a crystal nucleating agent is added, the temperature difference between the peak temperature during temperature rise and the peak temperature during temperature drop is small in the DSC curve. It has become. Addition of such a crystal nucleating agent refines the crystal grains and accelerates the crystallization speed during crystallization, but it is considered that the degree of crystallinity is not significantly affected.
[0010]
Further, it has been found that reducing the crystallinity of the crystalline polymer as a matrix is also effective in reducing hysteresis. Specifically, it is effective to use polyethylene having a density of 0.89 or less as the matrix. This is presumably because the absolute value of the change in the amount of crystal in the melting-crystallization process is reduced by lowering the crystallinity.
[0011]
【Example】
(Example 1 (Reference Example 1) )
Density of 0.92 polyethylene (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., product number GA? 801) 70 parts by weight, carbon black (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., trade name “Denka Black”) and crystal core material As a blended product, 0.4 part by weight of a sorbitol derivative represented by the above formula (1) (manufactured by Shin Nippon Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name “Gelol”) was kneaded and then molded to obtain a molded product. The obtained molded article was subjected to electron beam cross-linking treatment at an irradiation amount of 60 Mrad, and then heat-treated (annealed) at 150 ° C. for 5 minutes to obtain a PTC heating element. The temperature / resistance characteristics of the obtained PTC heating element were measured by temperature rise measurement and temperature fall measurement with a measurement temperature range of 20 ° C./90° C. Since the resistance in this case matches the impedance, the impedance was actually measured. The hysteresis value (Hy value) was calculated from the measurement result of the temperature / impedance characteristic by the following method, and the obtained result is shown in Table 1.
[0012]
[Method of obtaining Hy value]
FIG. 2 is a graph showing a model measurement result of the temperature / impedance characteristics of the PTC heating element. The impedance value at 60 ° C. at the time of temperature rise is Z 60, A, and the impedance value at 60 ° C. at the time of temperature fall is Z 60, B , and the respective positions are shown in FIG. Then, using these impedance values, a hysteresis value (Hy value) is calculated by the following equation.
[0013]
Hy value = (Z 60, B / Z 60, A −1) × 100
[0014]
(Example 2)
A PTC heating element was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 2 parts by weight of asphalt (manufactured by Nippon Oil Co., Ltd., straight asphalt) was added instead of 0.4 part by weight of the sorbitol derivative as the crystal nucleus material. Obtained. With respect to the obtained PTC heating element, the temperature / resistance (impedance) characteristics were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the hysteresis value (Hy value) was then calculated, and the obtained results are shown in Table 1.
[0015]
(Example 3 (Reference Example 2) )
Blended with 69 parts by weight of polyethylene with a density of 0.87 (Mitsui Petrochemical Co., Ltd., product number P-0880K) and 31 parts by weight of carbon black (trade name “Denka Black”, manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) Kneaded. Subsequent conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain a PTC heating element. With respect to the obtained PTC heating element, the temperature / resistance (impedance) characteristics were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the hysteresis value (Hy value) was then calculated, and the obtained results are shown in Table 1.
[0016]
(Comparative Example 1)
70 parts by weight of polyethylene having a density of 0.92 (manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., product number GA-801) and 30 parts by weight of carbon black (trade name “Denka Black” manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) Kneaded. Subsequent conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain a PTC heating element. With respect to the obtained PTC heating element, the temperature / resistance (impedance) characteristics were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, the hysteresis value (Hy value) was calculated, and the obtained results are shown in Table 1.
[0017]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003674959
[0018]
As shown in Table 1, it was confirmed that the hysteresis value (Hy value) of the PTC heating element of the example was smaller than that of the PTC heating element of the comparative example.
[0019]
【The invention's effect】
Since the PTC heating element according to the present invention is configured as described above, according to the present invention, a PTC heating element with reduced hysteresis of the PTC characteristic in which the resistance value with respect to temperature varies depending on the history is obtained. It is possible to improve the accuracy of temperature control when using.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph (DSC curve) showing the effect of adding a crystal nucleating agent to a crystalline polymer. FIG. 1 (a) is a graph of polyethylene without addition of a crystal nucleating agent, and FIG. 1 (b) is a graph of the case where a crystal nucleating agent is added.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing model measurement results of temperature / impedance characteristics of a PTC heating element.

Claims (1)

結晶性ポリマー及び導電性粒子を含んでなるPTC発熱体において、結晶性ポリマーと導電性粒子の合計量100重量部に対しアスファルトを1〜5重量部含むことを特徴とするPTC発熱体。A PTC heating element comprising a crystalline polymer and conductive particles, wherein the PTC heating element contains 1 to 5 parts by weight of asphalt with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the crystalline polymer and conductive particles.
JP05550094A 1994-03-25 1994-03-25 PTC heating element Expired - Fee Related JP3674959B2 (en)

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